devflow-kit 1.8.3 → 2.0.0

package/src/assets/skills/typescript/references/async.md

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+# TypeScript — Async Patterns
+
+Type-safe async patterns in TypeScript. See `sources.md` for full bibliography.
+
+---
+
+## Async Fundamentals [2][1, Item 25]
+
+TypeScript's async model layers on JavaScript's Promise-based event loop. The key
+addition is **typed Promise chains** — `Promise<T>` propagates type information through
+`.then()` and `async/await` without losing it [2].
+
+"Prefer async/await to raw Promise chains — they're easier to read and produce better
+stack traces." — Effective TypeScript [1, Item 25]
+
+---
+
+## Async Function Types [6]
+
+```typescript
+type AsyncFn<T, R> = (arg: T) => Promise<R>;
+type AsyncFn2<T1, T2, R> = (arg1: T1, arg2: T2) => Promise<R>;
+type AsyncResult<T, E = Error> = Promise<Result<T, E>>;
+type AsyncVoidFn<T> = (arg: T) => Promise<void>;
+```
+
+---
+
+## Result-Based Async [1, Item 25][6]
+
+Combine Result types with async for explicit, composable error handling.
+Returning errors as values instead of throwing enables chaining without try/catch noise.
+
+```typescript
+async function fetchUser(id: string): AsyncResult<User> {
+  try {
+    const user = await db.users.findById(id);
+    if (!user) return { ok: false, error: new Error('User not found') };
+    return { ok: true, value: user };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: error as Error };
+  }
+}
+
+// Generic tryCatch — wraps any async function in Result [6]
+async function tryCatch<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<Result<T, Error>> {
+  try {
+    return { ok: true, value: await fn() };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { ok: false, error: error as Error };
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage — no try/catch at call site
+const result = await tryCatch(() => fetchUser(id));
+if (!result.ok) {
+  console.error('Failed:', result.error.message);
+  return;
+}
+const user = result.value; // typed User
+```
+
+---
+
+## Promise Utilities [6]
+
+### Settle All — Individual Results per Item
+
+```typescript
+async function settleAll<T>(promises: Promise<T>[]): Promise<Array<Result<T, Error>>> {
+  const results = await Promise.allSettled(promises);
+  return results.map(r =>
+    r.status === 'fulfilled'
+      ? { ok: true as const, value: r.value }
+      : { ok: false as const, error: r.reason }
+  );
+}
+
+// Usage
+const results = await settleAll(ids.map(fetchUser));
+const successes = results.filter(r => r.ok).map(r => r.value);
+const failures  = results.filter(r => !r.ok).map(r => r.error);
+```
+
+### Timeout Wrapper
+
+```typescript
+function withTimeout<T>(promise: Promise<T>, ms: number, message = 'Timeout'): Promise<T> {
+  return Promise.race([
+    promise,
+    new Promise<never>((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(message)), ms)),
+  ]);
+}
+
+// Usage
+const user = await withTimeout(fetchUser(id), 5000, 'User fetch timed out');
+```
+
+### Retry with Exponential Backoff [6]
+
+```typescript
+interface RetryOptions {
+  attempts: number;
+  delayMs: number;
+  backoff?: 'linear' | 'exponential';
+  onRetry?: (error: Error, attempt: number) => void;
+}
+
+async function retry<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>, options: RetryOptions): Promise<T> {
+  const { attempts, delayMs, backoff = 'linear', onRetry } = options;
+  let lastError!: Error;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+    try {
+      return await fn();
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error as Error;
+      onRetry?.(lastError, i + 1);
+      if (i < attempts - 1) {
+        const delay = backoff === 'exponential' ? delayMs * Math.pow(2, i) : delayMs;
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError;
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Controlled Concurrency [6]
+
+### Bounded Parallel Map
+
+```typescript
+// pMap — like Promise.all but with concurrency limit [6]
+async function pMap<T, R>(
+  items: T[], fn: (item: T, index: number) => Promise<R>, concurrency: number
+): Promise<R[]> {
+  const results: R[] = [];
+  const executing: Promise<void>[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+    const idx = i;
+    const promise = fn(items[idx], idx).then(result => { results[idx] = result; });
+    executing.push(promise);
+    if (executing.length >= concurrency) {
+      await Promise.race(executing);
+      executing.splice(executing.findIndex(p => p === promise), 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  await Promise.all(executing);
+  return results;
+}
+
+// Usage — process 100 items, 5 at a time
+const results = await pMap(items, fetchItem, 5);
+```
+
+### Batch Processing
+
+```typescript
+async function batch<T, R>(
+  items: T[], batchSize: number, fn: (batch: T[]) => Promise<R[]>
+): Promise<R[]> {
+  const results: R[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += batchSize) {
+    const batchResults = await fn(items.slice(i, i + batchSize));
+    results.push(...batchResults);
+  }
+  return results;
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Cancellation via AbortController [2][8]
+
+```typescript
+interface Cancellable<T> { promise: Promise<T>; cancel: () => void }
+
+function cancellable<T>(fn: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>): Cancellable<T> {
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  return { promise: fn(controller.signal), cancel: () => controller.abort() };
+}
+
+// Usage
+const { promise, cancel } = cancellable(async (signal) => {
+  const response = await fetch(url, { signal });
+  return response.json() as Promise<User>;
+});
+
+setTimeout(cancel, 5000); // cancel if too slow
+
+try {
+  const user = await promise;
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
+    console.log('Request cancelled');
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Debounce and Throttle [6]
+
+```typescript
+// Debounce — delays execution until after calls stop [6]
+function debounce<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
+  fn: T, delayMs: number
+): (...args: Parameters<T>) => void {
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+  return (...args: Parameters<T>) => {
+    if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+    timer = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), delayMs);
+  };
+}
+
+// Throttle — limits execution to once per interval [6]
+function throttle<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
+  fn: T, limitMs: number
+): (...args: Parameters<T>) => void {
+  let lastRun = 0;
+  return (...args: Parameters<T>) => {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    if (now - lastRun >= limitMs) {
+      lastRun = now;
+      fn(...args);
+    }
+  };
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Lazy Async Initialization [6]
+
+```typescript
+// Execute once, cache forever — safe for concurrent callers [6]
+class LazyAsync<T> {
+  private promise: Promise<T> | null = null;
+
+  constructor(private readonly factory: () => Promise<T>) {}
+
+  get(): Promise<T> {
+    if (!this.promise) {
+      this.promise = this.factory(); // concurrent calls share this Promise
+    }
+    return this.promise;
+  }
+
+  reset(): void { this.promise = null; }
+}
+
+// Usage
+const config = new LazyAsync(async () => {
+  const response = await fetch('/config');
+  return response.json() as Promise<AppConfig>;
+});
+
+const cfg = await config.get(); // first call fetches
+const cfg2 = await config.get(); // returns same promise
+```
+
+---
+
+## Async Iteration [2]
+
+```typescript
+// Async generator — for streaming or paginated data [2]
+async function* paginate<T>(
+  fetcher: (cursor?: string) => Promise<{ items: T[]; nextCursor?: string }>
+): AsyncGenerator<T> {
+  let cursor: string | undefined;
+  do {
+    const page = await fetcher(cursor);
+    for (const item of page.items) yield item;
+    cursor = page.nextCursor;
+  } while (cursor);
+}
+
+// Usage — process items as they arrive
+for await (const user of paginate(fetchUserPage)) {
+  await processUser(user);
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Async Anti-Patterns [1, Item 25][6]
+
+```typescript
+// VIOLATION: Fire-and-forget — error silently lost [1, Item 25]
+async function save() {
+  saveToDatabase(data); // no await
+  console.log('Saved!'); // lie
+}
+
+// VIOLATION: forEach with async — doesn't await iterations [6]
+ids.forEach(async (id) => { await process(id); });
+// continues immediately, all errors swallowed
+
+// VIOLATION: Promise constructor with async executor [6]
+function fetch(): Promise<Data> {
+  return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {
+    // async executor: thrown errors don't reject the outer promise
+    const data = await doFetch();
+    resolve(data);
+  });
+}
+
+// VIOLATION: Unnecessary Promise wrapping [6]
+function getValue(): Promise<number> {
+  return new Promise(resolve => resolve(42)); // just: return Promise.resolve(42)
+}
+
+// VIOLATION: Unhandled rejection in Promise.all [6]
+async function loadAll(ids: string[]) {
+  return Promise.all(ids.map(id => fetch(`/api/${id}`)));
+  // one failure rejects entire batch — use settleAll for partial results
+}
+
+// VIOLATION: Callback inside async — inner return discarded [6]
+async function getData() {
+  fs.readFile('data.json', (err, data) => {
+    return JSON.parse(data); // return does nothing; no await possible
+  });
+  // function returns Promise<undefined>
+}
+```