data-structure-typed 2.5.0 → 2.5.2

package/dist/cjs-legacy/queue.cjs

@@ -0,0 +1,4262 @@
+'use strict';
+
+var __defProp = Object.defineProperty;
+var __defNormalProp = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
+var __name = (target, value) => __defProp(target, "name", { value, configurable: true });
+var __publicField = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
+
+// src/common/error.ts
+function raise(ErrorClass, message) {
+  throw new ErrorClass(message);
+}
+__name(raise, "raise");
+
+// src/data-structures/base/iterable-element-base.ts
+var _IterableElementBase = class _IterableElementBase {
+  /**
+   * Create a new iterable base.
+   *
+   * @param options Optional behavior overrides. When provided, a `toElementFn`
+   * is used to convert a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(1), Space O(1).
+   */
+  constructor(options) {
+    /**
+     * The converter used to transform a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).
+     *
+     * @remarks
+     * Time O(1), Space O(1).
+     */
+    __publicField(this, "_toElementFn");
+    if (options) {
+      const { toElementFn } = options;
+      if (typeof toElementFn === "function") this._toElementFn = toElementFn;
+      else if (toElementFn) raise(TypeError, "toElementFn must be a function type");
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Exposes the current `toElementFn`, if configured.
+   *
+   * @returns The converter function or `undefined` when not set.
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(1), Space O(1).
+   */
+  get toElementFn() {
+    return this._toElementFn;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns an iterator over the structure's elements.
+   *
+   * @param args Optional iterator arguments forwarded to the internal iterator.
+   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` that yields the elements in traversal order.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Producing the iterator is O(1); consuming the entire iterator is Time O(n) with O(1) extra space.
+   */
+  *[Symbol.iterator](...args) {
+    yield* this._getIterator(...args);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns an iterator over the values (alias of the default iterator).
+   *
+   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` over all elements.
+   * @remarks
+   * Creating the iterator is O(1); full iteration is Time O(n), Space O(1).
+   */
+  *values() {
+    for (const item of this) yield item;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests whether all elements satisfy the predicate.
+   *
+   * @template TReturn
+   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.
+   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.
+   * @returns `true` if every element passes; otherwise `false`.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early when the first failure is found. Space O(1).
+   */
+  every(predicate, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (thisArg === void 0) {
+        if (!predicate(item, index++, this)) return false;
+      } else {
+        const fn = predicate;
+        if (!fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests whether at least one element satisfies the predicate.
+   *
+   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.
+   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.
+   * @returns `true` if any element passes; otherwise `false`.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early on first success. Space O(1).
+   */
+  some(predicate, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (thisArg === void 0) {
+        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return true;
+      } else {
+        const fn = predicate;
+        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Invokes a callback for each element in iteration order.
+   *
+   * @param callbackfn Function invoked per element with signature `(value, index, self)`.
+   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.
+   * @returns `void`.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n), Space O(1).
+   */
+  forEach(callbackfn, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (thisArg === void 0) {
+        callbackfn(item, index++, this);
+      } else {
+        const fn = callbackfn;
+        fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Implementation signature
+  find(predicate, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (thisArg === void 0) {
+        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return item;
+      } else {
+        const fn = predicate;
+        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return item;
+      }
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Checks whether a strictly-equal element exists in the structure.
+   *
+   * @param element The element to test with `===` equality.
+   * @returns `true` if an equal element is found; otherwise `false`.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n) in the worst case. Space O(1).
+   */
+  has(element) {
+    for (const ele of this) if (ele === element) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Reduces all elements to a single accumulated value.
+   *
+   * @overload
+   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`. The first element is used as the initial accumulator.
+   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.
+   *
+   * @overload
+   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`.
+   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `E`.
+   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.
+   *
+   * @overload
+   * @template U The accumulator type when it differs from `E`.
+   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc: U, value, index, self) => U`.
+   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `U`.
+   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `U`.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n), Space O(1). Throws if called on an empty structure without `initialValue`.
+   */
+  reduce(callbackfn, initialValue) {
+    let index = 0;
+    const iter = this[Symbol.iterator]();
+    let acc;
+    if (arguments.length >= 2) {
+      acc = initialValue;
+    } else {
+      const first = iter.next();
+      if (first.done) raise(TypeError, "Reduce of empty structure with no initial value");
+      acc = first.value;
+      index = 1;
+    }
+    for (const value of iter) {
+      acc = callbackfn(acc, value, index++, this);
+    }
+    return acc;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Materializes the elements into a new array.
+   *
+   * @returns A shallow array copy of the iteration order.
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n), Space O(n).
+   */
+  toArray() {
+    return [...this];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns a representation of the structure suitable for quick visualization.
+   * Defaults to an array of elements; subclasses may override to provide richer visuals.
+   *
+   * @returns A visual representation (array by default).
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n), Space O(n).
+   */
+  toVisual() {
+    return [...this];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Prints `toVisual()` to the console. Intended for quick debugging.
+   *
+   * @returns `void`.
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(n) due to materialization, Space O(n) for the intermediate representation.
+   */
+  print() {
+    console.log(this.toVisual());
+  }
+};
+__name(_IterableElementBase, "IterableElementBase");
+var IterableElementBase = _IterableElementBase;
+
+// src/data-structures/base/linear-base.ts
+var _LinkedListNode = class _LinkedListNode {
+  /**
+   * Initialize a node.
+   * @param value - Element value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  constructor(value) {
+    __publicField(this, "_value");
+    __publicField(this, "_next");
+    this._value = value;
+    this._next = void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Element payload getter.
+   * @returns Element value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  get value() {
+    return this._value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Element payload setter.
+   * @param value - New value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  set value(value) {
+    this._value = value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Next node getter.
+   * @returns Next node or `undefined`.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  get next() {
+    return this._next;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Next node setter.
+   * @param value - Next node or `undefined`.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  set next(value) {
+    this._next = value;
+  }
+};
+__name(_LinkedListNode, "LinkedListNode");
+var LinkedListNode = _LinkedListNode;
+var _LinearBase = class _LinearBase extends IterableElementBase {
+  /**
+   * Construct a linear container with runtime options.
+   * @param options - `{ maxLen?, ... }` bounds/behavior options.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+    __publicField(this, "_maxLen", -1);
+    if (options) {
+      const { maxLen } = options;
+      if (typeof maxLen === "number" && maxLen > 0 && maxLen % 1 === 0) this._maxLen = maxLen;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Upper bound for length (if positive), or `-1` when unbounded.
+   * @returns Maximum allowed length.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   */
+  get maxLen() {
+    return this._maxLen;
+  }
+  /**
+   * First index of a value from the left.
+   * @param searchElement - Value to match.
+   * @param fromIndex - Start position (supports negative index).
+   * @returns Index or `-1` if not found.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  indexOf(searchElement, fromIndex = 0) {
+    if (this.length === 0) return -1;
+    if (fromIndex < 0) fromIndex = this.length + fromIndex;
+    if (fromIndex < 0) fromIndex = 0;
+    for (let i = fromIndex; i < this.length; i++) {
+      const element = this.at(i);
+      if (element === searchElement) return i;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Last index of a value from the right.
+   * @param searchElement - Value to match.
+   * @param fromIndex - Start position (supports negative index).
+   * @returns Index or `-1` if not found.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex = this.length - 1) {
+    if (this.length === 0) return -1;
+    if (fromIndex >= this.length) fromIndex = this.length - 1;
+    if (fromIndex < 0) fromIndex = this.length + fromIndex;
+    for (let i = fromIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const element = this.at(i);
+      if (element === searchElement) return i;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Find the first index matching a predicate.
+   * @param predicate - `(element, index, self) => boolean`.
+   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
+   * @returns Index or `-1`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  findIndex(predicate, thisArg) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+      const item = this.at(i);
+      if (item !== void 0 && predicate.call(thisArg, item, i, this)) return i;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Concatenate elements and/or containers.
+   * @param items - Elements or other containers.
+   * @returns New container with combined elements (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(sum(length)), Space O(sum(length))
+   */
+  concat(...items) {
+    const newList = this.clone();
+    for (const item of items) {
+      if (item instanceof _LinearBase) {
+        newList.pushMany(item);
+      } else {
+        newList.push(item);
+      }
+    }
+    return newList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * In-place stable order via array sort semantics.
+   * @param compareFn - Comparator `(a, b) => number`.
+   * @returns This container.
+   * @remarks Time O(n log n), Space O(n) (materializes to array temporarily)
+   */
+  sort(compareFn) {
+    const arr = this.toArray();
+    arr.sort(compareFn);
+    this.clear();
+    for (const item of arr) this.push(item);
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Remove and/or insert elements at a position (array-compatible).
+   * @param start - Start index (supports negative index).
+   * @param deleteCount - How many to remove.
+   * @param items - Elements to insert.
+   * @returns Removed elements as a new list (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(n + m), Space O(min(n, m)) where `m = items.length`
+   */
+  splice(start, deleteCount = 0, ...items) {
+    const removedList = this._createInstance();
+    start = start < 0 ? this.length + start : start;
+    start = Math.max(0, Math.min(start, this.length));
+    deleteCount = Math.max(0, Math.min(deleteCount, this.length - start));
+    for (let i = 0; i < deleteCount; i++) {
+      const removed = this.deleteAt(start);
+      if (removed !== void 0) {
+        removedList.push(removed);
+      }
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+      this.addAt(start + i, items[i]);
+    }
+    return removedList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Join all elements into a string.
+   * @param separator - Separator string.
+   * @returns Concatenated string.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  join(separator = ",") {
+    return this.toArray().join(separator);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Snapshot elements into a reversed array.
+   * @returns New reversed array.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  toReversedArray() {
+    const array = [];
+    for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      array.push(this.at(i));
+    }
+    return array;
+  }
+  reduceRight(callbackfn, initialValue) {
+    let accumulator = initialValue != null ? initialValue : 0;
+    for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      accumulator = callbackfn(accumulator, this.at(i), i, this);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a shallow copy of a subrange.
+   * @param start - Inclusive start (supports negative index).
+   * @param end - Exclusive end (supports negative index).
+   * @returns New list with the range (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  slice(start = 0, end = this.length) {
+    start = start < 0 ? this.length + start : start;
+    end = end < 0 ? this.length + end : end;
+    const newList = this._createInstance();
+    for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      newList.push(this.at(i));
+    }
+    return newList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Fill a range with a value.
+   * @param value - Value to set.
+   * @param start - Inclusive start.
+   * @param end - Exclusive end.
+   * @returns This list.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  fill(value, start = 0, end = this.length) {
+    start = start < 0 ? this.length + start : start;
+    end = end < 0 ? this.length + end : end;
+    if (start < 0) start = 0;
+    if (end > this.length) end = this.length;
+    if (start >= end) return this;
+    for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      this.setAt(i, value);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+};
+__name(_LinearBase, "LinearBase");
+var LinearBase = _LinearBase;
+var _LinearLinkedBase = class _LinearLinkedBase extends LinearBase {
+  constructor(options) {
+    super(options);
+    if (options) {
+      const { maxLen } = options;
+      if (typeof maxLen === "number" && maxLen > 0 && maxLen % 1 === 0) this._maxLen = maxLen;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Linked-list optimized `indexOf` (forwards scan).
+   * @param searchElement - Value to match.
+   * @param fromIndex - Start position.
+   * @returns Index or `-1`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  indexOf(searchElement, fromIndex = 0) {
+    const iterator = this._getIterator();
+    let current = iterator.next();
+    let index = 0;
+    while (index < fromIndex) {
+      current = iterator.next();
+      index++;
+    }
+    while (!current.done) {
+      if (current.value === searchElement) return index;
+      current = iterator.next();
+      index++;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Linked-list optimized `lastIndexOf` (reverse scan).
+   * @param searchElement - Value to match.
+   * @param fromIndex - Start position.
+   * @returns Index or `-1`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex = this.length - 1) {
+    const iterator = this._getReverseIterator();
+    let current = iterator.next();
+    let index = this.length - 1;
+    while (index > fromIndex) {
+      current = iterator.next();
+      index--;
+    }
+    while (!current.done) {
+      if (current.value === searchElement) return index;
+      current = iterator.next();
+      index--;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Concatenate lists/elements preserving order.
+   * @param items - Elements or `LinearBase` instances.
+   * @returns New list with combined elements (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(sum(length)), Space O(sum(length))
+   */
+  concat(...items) {
+    const newList = this.clone();
+    for (const item of items) {
+      if (item instanceof LinearBase) {
+        newList.pushMany(item);
+      } else {
+        newList.push(item);
+      }
+    }
+    return newList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Slice via forward iteration (no random access required).
+   * @param start - Inclusive start (supports negative index).
+   * @param end - Exclusive end (supports negative index).
+   * @returns New list (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  slice(start = 0, end = this.length) {
+    start = start < 0 ? this.length + start : start;
+    end = end < 0 ? this.length + end : end;
+    const newList = this._createInstance();
+    const iterator = this._getIterator();
+    let current = iterator.next();
+    let c = 0;
+    while (c < start) {
+      current = iterator.next();
+      c++;
+    }
+    for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
+      newList.push(current.value);
+      current = iterator.next();
+    }
+    return newList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Splice by walking node iterators from the start index.
+   * @param start - Start index.
+   * @param deleteCount - How many elements to remove.
+   * @param items - Elements to insert after the splice point.
+   * @returns Removed elements as a new list (`this` type).
+   * @remarks Time O(n + m), Space O(min(n, m)) where `m = items.length`
+   */
+  splice(start, deleteCount = 0, ...items) {
+    const removedList = this._createInstance();
+    start = start < 0 ? this.length + start : start;
+    start = Math.max(0, Math.min(start, this.length));
+    deleteCount = Math.max(0, deleteCount);
+    let currentIndex = 0;
+    let currentNode = void 0;
+    let previousNode = void 0;
+    const iterator = this._getNodeIterator();
+    for (const node of iterator) {
+      if (currentIndex === start) {
+        currentNode = node;
+        break;
+      }
+      previousNode = node;
+      currentIndex++;
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < deleteCount && currentNode; i++) {
+      removedList.push(currentNode.value);
+      const nextNode = currentNode.next;
+      this.delete(currentNode);
+      currentNode = nextNode;
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+      if (previousNode) {
+        this.addAfter(previousNode, items[i]);
+        previousNode = previousNode.next;
+      } else {
+        this.addAt(0, items[i]);
+        previousNode = this._getNodeIterator().next().value;
+      }
+    }
+    return removedList;
+  }
+  reduceRight(callbackfn, initialValue) {
+    let accumulator = initialValue != null ? initialValue : 0;
+    let index = this.length - 1;
+    for (const item of this._getReverseIterator()) {
+      accumulator = callbackfn(accumulator, item, index--, this);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+};
+__name(_LinearLinkedBase, "LinearLinkedBase");
+var LinearLinkedBase = _LinearLinkedBase;
+
+// src/data-structures/linked-list/singly-linked-list.ts
+var _SinglyLinkedListNode = class _SinglyLinkedListNode extends LinkedListNode {
+  /**
+   * Create a list node.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - Element value to store.
+   * @returns New node instance.
+   */
+  constructor(value) {
+    super(value);
+    __publicField(this, "_next");
+    this._value = value;
+    this._next = void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the next node.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Next node or undefined.
+   */
+  get next() {
+    return this._next;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the next node.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - Next node or undefined.
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  set next(value) {
+    this._next = value;
+  }
+};
+__name(_SinglyLinkedListNode, "SinglyLinkedListNode");
+var SinglyLinkedListNode = _SinglyLinkedListNode;
+var _SinglyLinkedList = class _SinglyLinkedList extends LinearLinkedBase {
+  /**
+   * Create a SinglyLinkedList and optionally bulk-insert elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable of elements or nodes (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).
+   * @param [options] - Options such as maxLen and toElementFn.
+   * @returns New SinglyLinkedList instance.
+   */
+  constructor(elements = [], options) {
+    super(options);
+    __publicField(this, "_equals", /* @__PURE__ */ __name((a, b) => Object.is(a, b), "_equals"));
+    __publicField(this, "_head");
+    __publicField(this, "_tail");
+    __publicField(this, "_length", 0);
+    this.pushMany(elements);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the head node.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Head node or undefined.
+   */
+  get head() {
+    return this._head;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the tail node.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Tail node or undefined.
+   */
+  get tail() {
+    return this._tail;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the number of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Current length.
+   */
+  get length() {
+    return this._length;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the first element value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns First element or undefined.
+   */
+  get first() {
+    var _a;
+    return (_a = this.head) == null ? void 0 : _a.value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the last element value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Last element or undefined.
+   */
+  get last() {
+    var _a;
+    return (_a = this.tail) == null ? void 0 : _a.value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a new list from an iterable of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template E
+   * @template R
+   * @template S
+   * @param this - The constructor (subclass) to instantiate.
+   * @param data - Iterable of elements to insert.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A new list populated with the iterable's elements.
+   */
+  static from(data, options) {
+    const list = new this([], options);
+    for (const x of data) list.push(x);
+    return list;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Append an element/node to the tail.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to append.
+    * @returns True when appended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic SinglyLinkedList creation and push operation
+  *  // Create a simple SinglyLinkedList with initial values
+  *     const list = new SinglyLinkedList([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the list maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Push a new element to the end
+  *     list.push(6);
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 6;
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    */
+  push(elementOrNode) {
+    const newNode = this._ensureNode(elementOrNode);
+    if (!this.head) {
+      this._head = this._tail = newNode;
+    } else {
+      this.tail.next = newNode;
+      this._tail = newNode;
+    }
+    this._length++;
+    if (this._maxLen > 0 && this.length > this._maxLen) this.shift();
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove and return the tail element.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList pop and shift operations
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
+  *
+  *     // Pop removes from the end
+  *     const last = list.pop();
+  *     console.log(last); // 50;
+  *
+  *     // Shift removes from the beginning
+  *     const first = list.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 3;
+    */
+  pop() {
+    var _a;
+    if (!this.head) return void 0;
+    if (this.head === this.tail) {
+      const value2 = this.head.value;
+      this._head = void 0;
+      this._tail = void 0;
+      this._length--;
+      return value2;
+    }
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current.next && current.next !== this.tail) current = current.next;
+    const value = (_a = this.tail) == null ? void 0 : _a.value;
+    current.next = void 0;
+    this._tail = current;
+    this._length--;
+    return value;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove and return the head element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the front
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([10, 20, 30]);
+  *     console.log(list.shift()); // 10;
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 2;
+    */
+  shift() {
+    if (!this.head) return void 0;
+    const removed = this.head;
+    this._head = this.head.next;
+    if (!this._head) this._tail = void 0;
+    this._length--;
+    return removed.value;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Prepend an element/node to the head.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param elementOrNode - Element or node to prepend.
+    * @returns True when prepended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList unshift and forward traversal
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Unshift adds to the beginning
+  *     list.unshift(10);
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     // Access elements (forward traversal only for singly linked)
+  *     const second = list.at(1);
+  *     console.log(second); // 20;
+  *
+  *     // SinglyLinkedList allows forward iteration only
+  *     const elements: number[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of list) {
+  *       elements.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(elements); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 4;
+    */
+  unshift(elementOrNode) {
+    const newNode = this._ensureNode(elementOrNode);
+    if (!this.head) {
+      this._head = this._tail = newNode;
+    } else {
+      newNode.next = this.head;
+      this._head = newNode;
+    }
+    this._length++;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Append a sequence of elements/nodes.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elements - Iterable of elements or nodes (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).
+   * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements) {
+    const ans = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el)));
+      else ans.push(this.push(el));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Prepend a sequence of elements/nodes.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elements - Iterable of elements or nodes (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).
+   * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
+   */
+  unshiftMany(elements) {
+    const ans = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) ans.push(this.unshift(this.toElementFn(el)));
+      else ans.push(this.unshift(el));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Find the first value matching a predicate (by node).
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementNodeOrPredicate - Element, node, or node predicate to match.
+   * @returns Matched value or undefined.
+   */
+  search(elementNodeOrPredicate) {
+    const predicate = this._ensurePredicate(elementNodeOrPredicate);
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current) {
+      if (predicate(current)) return current.value;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+    return void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the element at a given index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access element by index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
+  *     console.log(list.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(list.at(2)); // 'c';
+  *     console.log(list.at(3)); // 'd';
+    */
+  at(index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
+    let current = this.head;
+    for (let i = 0; i < index && current; i++) current = current.next;
+    return current == null ? void 0 : current.value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Type guard: check whether the input is a SinglyLinkedListNode.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementNodeOrPredicate - Element, node, or predicate.
+   * @returns True if the value is a SinglyLinkedListNode.
+   */
+  isNode(elementNodeOrPredicate) {
+    return elementNodeOrPredicate instanceof SinglyLinkedListNode;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the node reference at a given index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Node or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get node at index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(list.getNodeAt(1)?.value); // 'b';
+    */
+  getNodeAt(index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
+    let current = this.head;
+    for (let i = 0; i < index && current; i++) current = current.next;
+    return current;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Delete the element at an index.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove by index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     list.deleteAt(1);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // ['a', 'c'];
+    */
+  deleteAt(index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this._length) return void 0;
+    if (index === 0) return this.shift();
+    const targetNode = this.getNodeAt(index);
+    const prevNode = this._getPrevNode(targetNode);
+    const value = targetNode.value;
+    prevNode.next = targetNode.next;
+    if (targetNode === this.tail) this._tail = prevNode;
+    this._length--;
+    return value;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Delete the first match by value/node.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param [elementOrNode] - Element or node to remove; if omitted/undefined, nothing happens.
+    * @returns True if removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove first occurrence
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]);
+  *     list.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // [1, 3, 2];
+    */
+  delete(elementOrNode) {
+    if (elementOrNode === void 0 || !this.head) return false;
+    const node = this.isNode(elementOrNode) ? elementOrNode : this.getNode(elementOrNode);
+    if (!node) return false;
+    const prevNode = this._getPrevNode(node);
+    if (!prevNode) {
+      this._head = node.next;
+      if (node === this.tail) this._tail = void 0;
+    } else {
+      prevNode.next = node.next;
+      if (node === this.tail) this._tail = prevNode;
+    }
+    this._length--;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Insert a new element/node at an index, shifting following nodes.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index.
+    * @param newElementOrNode - Element or node to insert.
+    * @returns True if inserted.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Insert at index
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 3]);
+  *     list.addAt(1, 2);
+  *     console.log(list.toArray()); // [1, 2, 3];
+    */
+  addAt(index, newElementOrNode) {
+    if (index < 0 || index > this._length) return false;
+    if (index === 0) return this.unshift(newElementOrNode);
+    if (index === this._length) return this.push(newElementOrNode);
+    const newNode = this._ensureNode(newElementOrNode);
+    const prevNode = this.getNodeAt(index - 1);
+    newNode.next = prevNode.next;
+    prevNode.next = newNode;
+    this._length++;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the element value at an index.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param index - Zero-based index.
+   * @param value - New value.
+   * @returns True if updated.
+   */
+  setAt(index, value) {
+    const node = this.getNodeAt(index);
+    if (!node) return false;
+    node.value = value;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Check whether the list is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check empty
+  *  console.log(new SinglyLinkedList().isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this._length === 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove all nodes and reset length.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     list.clear();
+  *     console.log(list.isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
+  clear() {
+    this._head = void 0;
+    this._tail = void 0;
+    this._length = 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Reverse the list in place.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns This list.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reverse the list in-place
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+  *     list.reverse();
+  *     console.log([...list]); // [4, 3, 2, 1];
+    */
+  reverse() {
+    if (!this.head || this.head === this.tail) return this;
+    let prev;
+    let current = this.head;
+    let next;
+    while (current) {
+      next = current.next;
+      current.next = prev;
+      prev = current;
+      current = next;
+    }
+    [this._head, this._tail] = [this.tail, this.head];
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Find a node by value, reference, or predicate.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param [elementNodeOrPredicate] - Element, node, or node predicate to match.
+   * @returns Matching node or undefined.
+   */
+  getNode(elementNodeOrPredicate) {
+    if (elementNodeOrPredicate === void 0) return;
+    if (this.isNode(elementNodeOrPredicate)) return elementNodeOrPredicate;
+    const predicate = this._ensurePredicate(elementNodeOrPredicate);
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current) {
+      if (predicate(current)) return current;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+    return void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Insert a new element/node before an existing one.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param existingElementOrNode - Existing element or node.
+   * @param newElementOrNode - Element or node to insert.
+   * @returns True if inserted.
+   */
+  addBefore(existingElementOrNode, newElementOrNode) {
+    const existingNode = this.getNode(existingElementOrNode);
+    if (!existingNode) return false;
+    const prevNode = this._getPrevNode(existingNode);
+    const newNode = this._ensureNode(newElementOrNode);
+    if (!prevNode) {
+      newNode.next = this._head;
+      this._head = newNode;
+      if (!this._tail) this._tail = newNode;
+      this._length++;
+    } else {
+      prevNode.next = newNode;
+      newNode.next = existingNode;
+      this._length++;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Insert a new element/node after an existing one.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param existingElementOrNode - Existing element or node.
+   * @param newElementOrNode - Element or node to insert.
+   * @returns True if inserted.
+   */
+  addAfter(existingElementOrNode, newElementOrNode) {
+    const existingNode = this.getNode(existingElementOrNode);
+    if (!existingNode) return false;
+    const newNode = this._ensureNode(newElementOrNode);
+    newNode.next = existingNode.next;
+    existingNode.next = newNode;
+    if (existingNode === this.tail) this._tail = newNode;
+    this._length++;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Remove and/or insert elements at a position (array-like behavior).
+   * @remarks Time O(N + M), Space O(M)
+   * @param start - Start index (clamped to [0, length]).
+   * @param [deleteCount] - Number of elements to remove (default 0).
+   * @param [items] - Elements to insert after `start`.
+   * @returns A new list containing the removed elements (typed as `this`).
+   */
+  splice(start, deleteCount = 0, ...items) {
+    start = Math.max(0, Math.min(start, this.length));
+    deleteCount = Math.max(0, deleteCount);
+    const removedList = this._createInstance();
+    const prevNode = start === 0 ? void 0 : this.getNodeAt(start - 1);
+    let cur = prevNode ? prevNode.next : this.head;
+    let removedCount = 0;
+    while (removedCount < deleteCount && cur) {
+      removedList.push(cur.value);
+      cur = cur.next;
+      removedCount++;
+    }
+    const afterNode = cur;
+    if (prevNode) {
+      prevNode.next = afterNode;
+    } else {
+      this._head = afterNode;
+    }
+    if (!afterNode) this._tail = prevNode;
+    if (items.length > 0) {
+      let firstInserted;
+      let lastInserted;
+      for (const it of items) {
+        const node = this._ensureNode(it);
+        if (!firstInserted) firstInserted = node;
+        if (lastInserted) lastInserted.next = node;
+        lastInserted = node;
+      }
+      if (prevNode) prevNode.next = firstInserted;
+      else this._head = firstInserted;
+      lastInserted.next = afterNode;
+      if (!afterNode) this._tail = lastInserted;
+    }
+    this._length += items.length - removedCount;
+    if (this._length === 0) {
+      this._head = void 0;
+      this._tail = void 0;
+    }
+    return removedList;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Count how many nodes match a value/node/predicate.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementOrNode - Element, node, or node predicate to match.
+   * @returns Number of matches in the list.
+   */
+  countOccurrences(elementOrNode) {
+    const predicate = elementOrPredicate(elementOrNode, this._equals);
+    let count = 0;
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current) {
+      if (predicate(current)) count++;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the equality comparator used to compare values.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param equals - Equality predicate (a, b) → boolean.
+   * @returns This list.
+   */
+  setEquality(equals) {
+    this._equals = equals;
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Delete the first node whose value matches a predicate.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param predicate - Predicate (value, index, list) → boolean to decide deletion.
+   * @returns True if a node was removed.
+   */
+  deleteWhere(predicate) {
+    let prev;
+    let current = this.head;
+    let i = 0;
+    while (current) {
+      if (predicate(current.value, i++, this)) {
+        if (!prev) {
+          this._head = current.next;
+          if (current === this._tail) this._tail = void 0;
+        } else {
+          prev.next = current.next;
+          if (current === this._tail) this._tail = prev;
+        }
+        this._length--;
+        return true;
+      }
+      prev = current;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Deep clone this list (values are copied by reference).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new list with the same element sequence.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deep copy
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = list.clone();
+  *     copy.pop();
+  *     console.log(list.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
+  clone() {
+    const out = this._createInstance();
+    for (const v of this) out.push(v);
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Filter values into a new list of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param callback - Predicate (value, index, list) → boolean to keep value.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new list with kept values.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // SinglyLinkedList filter and map operations
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Filter even numbers
+  *     const filtered = list.filter(value => value % 2 === 0);
+  *     console.log(filtered.length); // 2;
+  *
+  *     // Map to double values
+  *     const doubled = list.map(value => value * 2);
+  *     console.log(doubled.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Use reduce to sum
+  *     const sum = list.reduce((acc, value) => acc + value, 0);
+  *     console.log(sum); // 15;
+    */
+  filter(callback, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance();
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const value of this) if (callback.call(thisArg, value, index++, this)) out.push(value);
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Map values into a new list of the same class.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, list) → newValue.
+   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+   * @returns A new list with mapped values.
+   */
+  mapSame(callback, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance();
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const value of this) {
+      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(value, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, value, index++, this);
+      out.push(mv);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Map values into a new list (possibly different element type).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, list) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output list (e.g., maxLen, toElementFn).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new SinglyLinkedList with mapped values.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const list = new SinglyLinkedList<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const doubled = list.map(n => n * 2);
+  *     console.log([...doubled]); // [2, 4, 6];
+    */
+  map(callback, options, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createLike([], { ...options != null ? options : {}, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const value of this) out.push(callback.call(thisArg, value, index++, this));
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create a node from a value.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - Value to wrap in a node.
+   * @returns A new SinglyLinkedListNode instance.
+   */
+  createNode(value) {
+    return new SinglyLinkedListNode(value);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Check if input is a node predicate function.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementNodeOrPredicate - Element, node, or node predicate.
+   * @returns True if input is a predicate function.
+   */
+  _isPredicate(elementNodeOrPredicate) {
+    return typeof elementNodeOrPredicate === "function";
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Normalize input into a node instance.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementOrNode - Element or node.
+   * @returns A SinglyLinkedListNode for the provided input.
+   */
+  _ensureNode(elementOrNode) {
+    if (this.isNode(elementOrNode)) return elementOrNode;
+    return this.createNode(elementOrNode);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Normalize input into a node predicate.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param elementNodeOrPredicate - Element, node, or predicate.
+   * @returns A predicate taking a node and returning true/false.
+   */
+  _ensurePredicate(elementNodeOrPredicate) {
+    if (this.isNode(elementNodeOrPredicate)) return (node) => node === elementNodeOrPredicate;
+    if (this._isPredicate(elementNodeOrPredicate)) return elementNodeOrPredicate;
+    const value = elementNodeOrPredicate;
+    return (node) => this._equals(node.value, value);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Get the previous node of a given node.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param node - A node in the list.
+   * @returns Previous node or undefined.
+   */
+  _getPrevNode(node) {
+    if (!this.head || this.head === node) return void 0;
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current.next && current.next !== node) current = current.next;
+    return current.next === node ? current : void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate values from head to tail.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of values (E).
+   */
+  *_getIterator() {
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current) {
+      yield current.value;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate values from tail to head.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @returns Iterator of values (E).
+   */
+  *_getReverseIterator() {
+    const reversedArr = [...this].reverse();
+    for (const item of reversedArr) yield item;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate nodes from head to tail.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of nodes.
+   */
+  *_getNodeIterator() {
+    let current = this.head;
+    while (current) {
+      yield current;
+      current = current.next;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns An empty like-kind list instance.
+   */
+  _createInstance(options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor([], options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create a like-kind instance and seed it from an iterable.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template EM
+   * @template RM
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new list.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A like-kind SinglyLinkedList instance.
+   */
+  _createLike(elements = [], options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor(elements, options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Spawn an empty like-kind list instance.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @template EM
+   * @template RM
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns An empty like-kind SinglyLinkedList instance.
+   */
+  _spawnLike(options) {
+    return this._createLike([], options);
+  }
+};
+__name(_SinglyLinkedList, "SinglyLinkedList");
+var SinglyLinkedList = _SinglyLinkedList;
+function elementOrPredicate(input, equals) {
+  if (input instanceof SinglyLinkedListNode) return (node) => node === input;
+  if (typeof input === "function") return input;
+  const value = input;
+  return (node) => equals(node.value, value);
+}
+__name(elementOrPredicate, "elementOrPredicate");
+
+// src/data-structures/queue/queue.ts
+var _Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
+  /**
+   * Create a Queue and optionally bulk-insert elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable of elements (or raw records if toElementFn is set).
+   * @param [options] - Options such as toElementFn, maxLen, and autoCompactRatio.
+   * @returns New Queue instance.
+   */
+  constructor(elements = [], options) {
+    super(options);
+    __publicField(this, "_elements", []);
+    __publicField(this, "_offset", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_autoCompactRatio", 0.5);
+    if (options) {
+      const { autoCompactRatio = 0.5 } = options;
+      this._autoCompactRatio = autoCompactRatio;
+    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the underlying array buffer.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Backing array of elements.
+   */
+  get elements() {
+    return this._elements;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the current start offset into the array.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Zero-based offset.
+   */
+  get offset() {
+    return this._offset;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the compaction threshold (offset/size).
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Auto-compaction ratio in (0,1].
+   */
+  get autoCompactRatio() {
+    return this._autoCompactRatio;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the compaction threshold.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - New ratio; compacts when offset/size exceeds this value.
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  set autoCompactRatio(value) {
+    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the number of elements currently in the queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Current length.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Track queue length
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+  *     q.push(1);
+  *     q.push(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 2;
+    */
+  get length() {
+    return this.elements.length - this._offset;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the first element (front) without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Front element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // View the front element
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['first', 'second', 'third']);
+  *     console.log(q.first); // 'first';
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
+  get first() {
+    return this.length > 0 ? this.elements[this._offset] : void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the last element (back) without removing it.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Back element or undefined.
+   */
+  get last() {
+    return this.length > 0 ? this.elements[this.elements.length - 1] : void 0;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a queue from an array of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template E
+   * @param elements - Array of elements to enqueue in order.
+   * @returns A new queue populated from the array.
+   */
+  static fromArray(elements) {
+    return new _Queue(elements);
+  }
+  /**
+    * Check whether the queue is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue for...of iteration and isEmpty check
+  *  const queue = new Queue<string>(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+  *
+  *     const elements: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of queue) {
+  *       elements.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     // Verify all elements are iterated in order
+  *     console.log(elements); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'];
+  *
+  *     // Process all elements
+  *     while (queue.length > 0) {
+  *       queue.shift();
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 0;
+    */
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this.length === 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Enqueue one element at the back.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to enqueue.
+    * @returns True on success.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic Queue creation and push operation
+  *  // Create a simple Queue with initial values
+  *     const queue = new Queue([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the queue maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 5;
+    */
+  push(element) {
+    this.elements.push(element);
+    if (this._maxLen > 0 && this.length > this._maxLen) this.shift();
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Enqueue many elements from an iterable.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elements - Iterable of elements (or raw records if toElementFn is set).
+   * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements) {
+    const ans = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el)));
+      else ans.push(this.push(el));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Dequeue one element from the front (amortized via offset).
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue shift and peek operations
+  *  const queue = new Queue<number>([10, 20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Peek at the front element without removing it
+  *     console.log(queue.first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Remove and get the first element (FIFO)
+  *     const first = queue.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements and length decreased
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 3;
+    */
+  shift() {
+    if (this.length === 0) return void 0;
+    const first = this.first;
+    this._offset += 1;
+    if (this.elements.length > 0 && this.offset / this.elements.length > this.autoCompactRatio) this.compact();
+    return first;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to remove (strict equality via Object.is).
+    * @returns True if an element was removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove specific element
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]);
+  *     q.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
+  delete(element) {
+    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) {
+      if (Object.is(this.elements[i], element)) {
+        this.elements.splice(i, 1);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the element at a given logical index.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access element by index
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(q.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(q.at(2)); // 'c';
+    */
+  at(index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this.length) return void 0;
+    return this._elements[this._offset + index];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Delete the element at a given index.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+   */
+  deleteAt(index) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this.length) return void 0;
+    const gi = this._offset + index;
+    const [deleted] = this.elements.splice(gi, 1);
+    return deleted;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Insert a new element at a given index.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+   * @param newElement - Element to insert.
+   * @returns True if inserted.
+   */
+  addAt(index, newElement) {
+    if (index < 0 || index > this.length) return false;
+    this._elements.splice(this._offset + index, 0, newElement);
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Replace the element at a given index.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+   * @param newElement - New element to set.
+   * @returns True if updated.
+   */
+  setAt(index, newElement) {
+    if (index < 0 || index >= this.length) return false;
+    this._elements[this._offset + index] = newElement;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Reverse the queue in-place by compacting then reversing.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @returns This queue.
+   */
+  reverse() {
+    this._elements = this.elements.slice(this._offset).reverse();
+    this._offset = 0;
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove all elements and reset offset.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     q.clear();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+    */
+  clear() {
+    this._elements = [];
+    this._offset = 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Compact storage by discarding consumed head elements.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns True when compaction performed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reclaim unused memory
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.compact();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
+  compact() {
+    this._elements = this.elements.slice(this._offset);
+    this._offset = 0;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Remove and/or insert elements at a position (array-like).
+   * @remarks Time O(N + M), Space O(M)
+   * @param start - Start index (clamped to [0, length]).
+   * @param [deleteCount] - Number of elements to remove (default 0).
+   * @param [items] - Elements to insert after `start`.
+   * @returns A new queue containing the removed elements (typed as `this`).
+   */
+  splice(start, deleteCount = 0, ...items) {
+    start = Math.max(0, Math.min(start, this.length));
+    deleteCount = Math.max(0, Math.min(deleteCount, this.length - start));
+    const gi = this._offset + start;
+    const removedArray = this._elements.splice(gi, deleteCount, ...items);
+    if (this.elements.length > 0 && this.offset / this.elements.length > this.autoCompactRatio) this.compact();
+    const removed = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    removed._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    removed.pushMany(removedArray);
+    return removed;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Deep clone this queue and its parameters.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new queue with the same content and options.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Create independent copy
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = q.clone();
+  *     copy.shift();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
+  clone() {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) out.push(this.elements[i]);
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Filter elements into a new queue of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param predicate - Predicate (element, index, queue) → boolean to keep element.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
+    * @returns A new queue with kept elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     const evens = q.filter(x => x % 2 === 0);
+  *     console.log(evens.length); // 2;
+    */
+  filter(predicate, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const v of this) {
+      if (predicate.call(thisArg, v, index, this)) out.push(v);
+      index++;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Map each element to a new element in a possibly different-typed queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output queue (e.g., toElementFn, maxLen, autoCompactRatio).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new Queue with mapped elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const doubled = q.map(x => x * 2);
+  *     console.log(doubled.toArray()); // [2, 4, 6];
+    */
+  map(callback, options, thisArg) {
+    var _a, _b;
+    const out = new this.constructor([], {
+      toElementFn: options == null ? void 0 : options.toElementFn,
+      maxLen: (_a = options == null ? void 0 : options.maxLen) != null ? _a : this._maxLen,
+      autoCompactRatio: (_b = options == null ? void 0 : options.autoCompactRatio) != null ? _b : this._autoCompactRatio
+    });
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const v of this)
+      out.push(thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this));
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Map each element to a new value of the same type.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → element.
+   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+   * @returns A new queue with mapped elements (same element type).
+   */
+  mapSame(callback, thisArg) {
+    var _a;
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    const out = new Ctor([], {
+      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,
+      maxLen: this._maxLen,
+      autoCompactRatio: this._autoCompactRatio
+    });
+    (_a = out._setAutoCompactRatio) == null ? void 0 : _a.call(out, this._autoCompactRatio);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const v of this) {
+      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this);
+      out.push(mv);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Set the internal auto-compaction ratio.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - New ratio to assign.
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  _setAutoCompactRatio(value) {
+    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from front to back.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of E.
+   */
+  *_getIterator() {
+    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) yield this.elements[i];
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from back to front.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of E.
+   */
+  *_getReverseIterator() {
+    for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const cur = this.at(i);
+      if (cur !== void 0) yield cur;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns An empty like-kind queue instance.
+   */
+  _createInstance(options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor([], options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create a like-kind queue and seed it from an iterable.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template EM
+   * @template RM
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new queue.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A like-kind Queue instance.
+   */
+  _createLike(elements = [], options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor(elements, options);
+  }
+};
+__name(_Queue, "Queue");
+var Queue = _Queue;
+var _LinkedListQueue = class _LinkedListQueue extends SinglyLinkedList {
+  /**
+   * Deep clone this linked-list-based queue.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @returns A new queue with the same sequence of elements.
+   */
+  clone() {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    for (const v of this) out.push(v);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+__name(_LinkedListQueue, "LinkedListQueue");
+var LinkedListQueue = _LinkedListQueue;
+
+// src/utils/utils.ts
+var rangeCheck = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, message) => {
+  if (index < min || index > max) {
+    throw new RangeError(message != null ? message : `Index ${index} is out of range [${min}, ${max}].`);
+  }
+}, "rangeCheck");
+var calcMinUnitsRequired = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((totalQuantity, unitSize) => Math.floor((totalQuantity + unitSize - 1) / unitSize), "calcMinUnitsRequired");
+
+// src/data-structures/queue/deque.ts
+var _Deque = class _Deque extends LinearBase {
+  constructor(elements = [], options) {
+    super(options);
+    __publicField(this, "_equals", /* @__PURE__ */ __name((a, b) => Object.is(a, b), "_equals"));
+    __publicField(this, "_bucketSize", 1 << 12);
+    __publicField(this, "_autoCompactRatio", 0.5);
+    /**
+     * Counter for shift/pop operations since last compaction check.
+     * Only checks ratio every `_bucketSize` operations to minimize overhead.
+     */
+    __publicField(this, "_compactCounter", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_bucketFirst", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_firstInBucket", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_bucketLast", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_lastInBucket", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_bucketCount", 0);
+    __publicField(this, "_buckets", []);
+    __publicField(this, "_length", 0);
+    if (options) {
+      const { bucketSize, autoCompactRatio } = options;
+      if (typeof bucketSize === "number") this._bucketSize = bucketSize;
+      if (typeof autoCompactRatio === "number") this._autoCompactRatio = autoCompactRatio;
+    }
+    let _size;
+    if ("length" in elements) {
+      _size = typeof elements.length === "function" ? elements.length() : elements.length;
+    } else {
+      _size = typeof elements.size === "function" ? elements.size() : elements.size;
+    }
+    this._bucketCount = calcMinUnitsRequired(_size, this._bucketSize) || 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._bucketCount; ++i) {
+      this._buckets.push(new Array(this._bucketSize));
+    }
+    const needBucketNum = calcMinUnitsRequired(_size, this._bucketSize);
+    this._bucketFirst = this._bucketLast = (this._bucketCount >> 1) - (needBucketNum >> 1);
+    this._firstInBucket = this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize - _size % this._bucketSize >> 1;
+    this.pushMany(elements);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the current bucket size.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Bucket capacity per bucket.
+   */
+  get bucketSize() {
+    return this._bucketSize;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the auto-compaction ratio.
+   * When `elements / (bucketCount * bucketSize)` drops below this ratio after
+   * enough shift/pop operations, the deque auto-compacts.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Current ratio threshold. 0 means auto-compact is disabled.
+   */
+  get autoCompactRatio() {
+    return this._autoCompactRatio;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the auto-compaction ratio.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - Ratio in [0,1]. 0 disables auto-compact.
+   */
+  set autoCompactRatio(value) {
+    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the index of the first bucket in use.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Zero-based bucket index.
+   */
+  get bucketFirst() {
+    return this._bucketFirst;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the index inside the first bucket.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Zero-based index within the first bucket.
+   */
+  get firstInBucket() {
+    return this._firstInBucket;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the index of the last bucket in use.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Zero-based bucket index.
+   */
+  get bucketLast() {
+    return this._bucketLast;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the index inside the last bucket.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Zero-based index within the last bucket.
+   */
+  get lastInBucket() {
+    return this._lastInBucket;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the number of buckets allocated.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Bucket count.
+   */
+  get bucketCount() {
+    return this._bucketCount;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the internal buckets array.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Array of buckets storing values.
+   */
+  get buckets() {
+    return this._buckets;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the number of elements in the deque.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Current length.
+   */
+  get length() {
+    return this._length;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the first element without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns First element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque peek at both ends
+  *  const deque = new Deque<number>([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
+  *
+  *     // Get first element without removing
+  *     const first = deque.at(0);
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Get last element without removing
+  *     const last = deque.at(deque.length - 1);
+  *     console.log(last); // 50;
+  *
+  *     // Length unchanged
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 5;
+    */
+  get first() {
+    if (this._length === 0) return;
+    return this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the last element without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Last element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Peek at the back element
+  *  const dq = new Deque<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(dq.last); // 'c';
+  *     console.log(dq.first); // 'a';
+    */
+  get last() {
+    if (this._length === 0) return;
+    return this._buckets[this._bucketLast][this._lastInBucket];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a Deque from an array of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template E
+   * @template R
+   * @param this - Constructor (subclass) to instantiate.
+   * @param data - Array of elements to insert in order.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A new Deque populated from the array.
+   */
+  static fromArray(data, options) {
+    return new this(data, options);
+  }
+  /**
+    * Append one element at the back.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to append.
+    * @returns True when appended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic Deque creation and push/pop operations
+  *  // Create a simple Deque with initial values
+  *     const deque = new Deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the deque maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 5;
+  *
+  *     // Push to the end
+  *     deque.push(6);
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 6;
+  *
+  *     // Pop from the end
+  *     const last = deque.pop();
+  *     console.log(last); // 6;
+    */
+  push(element) {
+    if (this._length) {
+      if (this._lastInBucket < this._bucketSize - 1) {
+        this._lastInBucket += 1;
+      } else if (this._bucketLast < this._bucketCount - 1) {
+        this._bucketLast += 1;
+        this._lastInBucket = 0;
+      } else {
+        this._bucketLast = 0;
+        this._lastInBucket = 0;
+      }
+      if (this._bucketLast === this._bucketFirst && this._lastInBucket === this._firstInBucket) this._reallocate();
+    }
+    this._length += 1;
+    this._buckets[this._bucketLast][this._lastInBucket] = element;
+    if (this._maxLen > 0 && this._length > this._maxLen) this.shift();
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove and return the last element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the back
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     console.log(dq.pop()); // 3;
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
+  pop() {
+    if (this._length === 0) return;
+    const element = this._buckets[this._bucketLast][this._lastInBucket];
+    if (this._length !== 1) {
+      if (this._lastInBucket > 0) {
+        this._lastInBucket -= 1;
+      } else if (this._bucketLast > 0) {
+        this._bucketLast -= 1;
+        this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize - 1;
+      } else {
+        this._bucketLast = this._bucketCount - 1;
+        this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize - 1;
+      }
+    }
+    this._length -= 1;
+    this._autoCompact();
+    return element;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove and return the first element.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove from the front
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     console.log(dq.shift()); // 1;
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
+  shift() {
+    if (this._length === 0) return;
+    const element = this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
+    if (this._length !== 1) {
+      if (this._firstInBucket < this._bucketSize - 1) {
+        this._firstInBucket += 1;
+      } else if (this._bucketFirst < this._bucketCount - 1) {
+        this._bucketFirst += 1;
+        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+      } else {
+        this._bucketFirst = 0;
+        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    this._length -= 1;
+    this._autoCompact();
+    return element;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Prepend one element at the front.
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to prepend.
+    * @returns True when prepended.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque shift and unshift operations
+  *  const deque = new Deque<number>([20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Unshift adds to the front
+  *     deque.unshift(10);
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [10, 20, 30, 40];
+  *
+  *     // Shift removes from the front (O(1) complexity!)
+  *     const first = deque.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements
+  *     console.log([...deque]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(deque.length); // 3;
+    */
+  unshift(element) {
+    if (this._length) {
+      if (this._firstInBucket > 0) {
+        this._firstInBucket -= 1;
+      } else if (this._bucketFirst > 0) {
+        this._bucketFirst -= 1;
+        this._firstInBucket = this._bucketSize - 1;
+      } else {
+        this._bucketFirst = this._bucketCount - 1;
+        this._firstInBucket = this._bucketSize - 1;
+      }
+      if (this._bucketFirst === this._bucketLast && this._firstInBucket === this._lastInBucket) this._reallocate();
+    }
+    this._length += 1;
+    this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket] = element;
+    if (this._maxLen > 0 && this._length > this._maxLen) this.pop();
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Append a sequence of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param elements - Iterable (or iterable-like) of elements/records.
+   * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements) {
+    const ans = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el)));
+      } else {
+        ans.push(this.push(el));
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Prepend a sequence of elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable (or iterable-like) of elements/records.
+   * @returns Array of per-element success flags.
+   */
+  unshiftMany(elements = []) {
+    const ans = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(this.toElementFn(el)));
+      } else {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(el));
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Check whether the deque is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check if empty
+  *  const dq = new Deque();
+  *     console.log(dq.isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this._length === 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Remove all elements and reset structure.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     dq.clear();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 0;
+    */
+  clear() {
+    this._buckets = [new Array(this._bucketSize)];
+    this._bucketCount = 1;
+    this._bucketFirst = this._bucketLast = this._length = 0;
+    this._firstInBucket = this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize >> 1;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Get the element at a given position.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access by index
+  *  const dq = new Deque<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(dq.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(dq.at(2)); // 'c';
+    */
+  at(pos) {
+    if (pos < 0 || pos >= this._length) return void 0;
+    const { bucketIndex, indexInBucket } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
+    return this._buckets[bucketIndex][indexInBucket];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Replace the element at a given position.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
+   * @param element - New element value.
+   * @returns True if updated.
+   */
+  setAt(pos, element) {
+    rangeCheck(pos, 0, this._length - 1);
+    const { bucketIndex, indexInBucket } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
+    this._buckets[bucketIndex][indexInBucket] = element;
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Insert repeated copies of an element at a position.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
+   * @param element - Element to insert.
+   * @param [num] - Number of times to insert (default 1).
+   * @returns True if inserted.
+   */
+  addAt(pos, element, num = 1) {
+    const length = this._length;
+    rangeCheck(pos, 0, length);
+    if (pos === 0) {
+      while (num--) this.unshift(element);
+    } else if (pos === this._length) {
+      while (num--) this.push(element);
+    } else {
+      const arr = [];
+      for (let i = pos; i < this._length; ++i) {
+        const v = this.at(i);
+        if (v !== void 0) arr.push(v);
+      }
+      this.cut(pos - 1, true);
+      for (let i = 0; i < num; ++i) this.push(element);
+      for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i) this.push(arr[i]);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Cut the deque to keep items up to index; optionally mutate in-place.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - Last index to keep.
+   * @param [isCutSelf] - When true, mutate this deque; otherwise return a new deque.
+   * @returns This deque if in-place; otherwise a new deque of the prefix.
+   */
+  cut(pos, isCutSelf = false) {
+    if (isCutSelf) {
+      if (pos < 0) {
+        this.clear();
+        return this;
+      }
+      const { bucketIndex, indexInBucket } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
+      this._bucketLast = bucketIndex;
+      this._lastInBucket = indexInBucket;
+      this._length = pos + 1;
+      return this;
+    } else {
+      const newDeque = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this._toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+      newDeque._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
+      for (let i = 0; i <= pos; i++) {
+        const v = this.at(i);
+        if (v !== void 0) newDeque.push(v);
+      }
+      return newDeque;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Remove and/or insert elements at a position (array-like behavior).
+   * @remarks Time O(N + M), Space O(M)
+   * @param start - Start index (clamped to [0, length]).
+   * @param [deleteCount] - Number of elements to remove (default: length - start).
+   * @param [items] - Elements to insert after `start`.
+   * @returns A new deque containing the removed elements (typed as `this`).
+   */
+  splice(start, deleteCount = this._length - start, ...items) {
+    rangeCheck(start, 0, this._length);
+    if (deleteCount < 0) deleteCount = 0;
+    if (start + deleteCount > this._length) deleteCount = this._length - start;
+    const removed = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this._toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    removed._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
+    for (let i = 0; i < deleteCount; i++) {
+      const v = this.at(start + i);
+      if (v !== void 0) removed.push(v);
+    }
+    const tail = [];
+    for (let i = start + deleteCount; i < this._length; i++) {
+      const v = this.at(i);
+      if (v !== void 0) tail.push(v);
+    }
+    this.cut(start - 1, true);
+    for (const it of items) this.push(it);
+    for (const v of tail) this.push(v);
+    return removed;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Cut the deque to keep items from index onward; optionally mutate in-place.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - First index to keep.
+   * @param [isCutSelf] - When true, mutate this deque; otherwise return a new deque.
+   * @returns This deque if in-place; otherwise a new deque of the suffix.
+   */
+  cutRest(pos, isCutSelf = false) {
+    if (isCutSelf) {
+      if (pos < 0) {
+        return this;
+      }
+      const { bucketIndex, indexInBucket } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
+      this._bucketFirst = bucketIndex;
+      this._firstInBucket = indexInBucket;
+      this._length = this._length - pos;
+      return this;
+    } else {
+      const newDeque = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this._toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+      newDeque._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
+      if (pos < 0) pos = 0;
+      for (let i = pos; i < this._length; i++) {
+        const v = this.at(i);
+        if (v !== void 0) newDeque.push(v);
+      }
+      return newDeque;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Delete the element at a given position.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - Zero-based position from the front.
+   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+   */
+  deleteAt(pos) {
+    rangeCheck(pos, 0, this._length - 1);
+    let deleted;
+    if (pos === 0) {
+      return this.shift();
+    } else if (pos === this._length - 1) {
+      deleted = this.last;
+      this.pop();
+      return deleted;
+    } else {
+      const length = this._length - 1;
+      const { bucketIndex: targetBucket, indexInBucket: targetPointer } = this._getBucketAndPosition(pos);
+      deleted = this._buckets[targetBucket][targetPointer];
+      for (let i = pos; i < length; i++) {
+        const { bucketIndex: curBucket, indexInBucket: curPointer } = this._getBucketAndPosition(i);
+        const { bucketIndex: nextBucket, indexInBucket: nextPointer } = this._getBucketAndPosition(i + 1);
+        this._buckets[curBucket][curPointer] = this._buckets[nextBucket][nextPointer];
+      }
+      this.pop();
+      return deleted;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+    * Delete the first occurrence of a value.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to remove (using the configured equality).
+    * @returns True if an element was removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove element
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     dq.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 2;
+    */
+  delete(element) {
+    const size = this._length;
+    if (size === 0) return false;
+    let i = 0;
+    let index = 0;
+    while (i < size) {
+      const oldElement = this.at(i);
+      if (!this._equals(oldElement, element)) {
+        this.setAt(index, oldElement);
+        index += 1;
+      }
+      i += 1;
+    }
+    this.cut(index - 1, true);
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Delete the first element matching a predicate.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @param predicate - Function (value, index, deque) → boolean.
+   * @returns True if a match was removed.
+   */
+  deleteWhere(predicate) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._length; i++) {
+      const v = this.at(i);
+      if (predicate(v, i, this)) {
+        this.deleteAt(i);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Set the equality comparator used by delete operations.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param equals - Equality predicate (a, b) → boolean.
+   * @returns This deque.
+   */
+  setEquality(equals) {
+    this._equals = equals;
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Reverse the deque by reversing buckets and pointers.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns This deque.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deque for...of iteration and reverse
+  *  const deque = new Deque<string>(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+  *
+  *     // Iterate forward
+  *     const forward: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of deque) {
+  *       forward.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(forward); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'];
+  *
+  *     // Reverse the deque
+  *     deque.reverse();
+  *     const backward: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of deque) {
+  *       backward.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *     console.log(backward); // ['D', 'C', 'B', 'A'];
+    */
+  reverse() {
+    this._buckets.reverse().forEach(function(bucket) {
+      bucket.reverse();
+    });
+    const { _bucketFirst, _bucketLast, _firstInBucket, _lastInBucket } = this;
+    this._bucketFirst = this._bucketCount - _bucketLast - 1;
+    this._bucketLast = this._bucketCount - _bucketFirst - 1;
+    this._firstInBucket = this._bucketSize - _lastInBucket - 1;
+    this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize - _firstInBucket - 1;
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Deduplicate consecutive equal elements in-place.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns This deque.
+   */
+  unique() {
+    if (this._length <= 1) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    let index = 1;
+    let prev = this.at(0);
+    for (let i = 1; i < this._length; ++i) {
+      const cur = this.at(i);
+      if (!this._equals(cur, prev)) {
+        prev = cur;
+        this.setAt(index++, cur);
+      }
+    }
+    this.cut(index - 1, true);
+    return this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Trim unused buckets to fit exactly the active range.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Trigger auto-compaction if space utilization drops below threshold.
+   * Only checks every `_bucketSize` operations to minimize hot-path overhead.
+   * Uses element-based ratio: `elements / (bucketCount * bucketSize)`.
+   */
+  _autoCompact() {
+    if (this._autoCompactRatio <= 0 || this._bucketCount <= 1) return;
+    this._compactCounter++;
+    if (this._compactCounter < this._bucketSize) return;
+    this._compactCounter = 0;
+    const utilization = this._length / (this._bucketCount * this._bucketSize);
+    if (utilization < this._autoCompactRatio) {
+      this.shrinkToFit();
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Compact the deque by removing unused buckets.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns True if compaction was performed (bucket count reduced).
+   */
+  /**
+    * Compact the deque by removing unused buckets.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if compaction was performed (bucket count reduced).
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reclaim memory
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     dq.shift();
+  *     dq.shift();
+  *     dq.compact();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 3;
+    */
+  compact() {
+    const before = this._bucketCount;
+    this.shrinkToFit();
+    return this._bucketCount < before;
+  }
+  shrinkToFit() {
+    if (this._length === 0) return;
+    const newBuckets = [];
+    if (this._bucketFirst <= this._bucketLast) {
+      for (let i = this._bucketFirst; i <= this._bucketLast; ++i) {
+        newBuckets.push(this._buckets[i]);
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (let i = this._bucketFirst; i < this._bucketCount; ++i) {
+        newBuckets.push(this._buckets[i]);
+      }
+      for (let i = 0; i <= this._bucketLast; ++i) {
+        newBuckets.push(this._buckets[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    this._bucketFirst = 0;
+    this._bucketLast = newBuckets.length - 1;
+    this._buckets = newBuckets;
+    this._bucketCount = newBuckets.length;
+    this._compactCounter = 0;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Deep clone this deque, preserving options.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new deque with the same content and options.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Create independent copy
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = dq.clone();
+  *     copy.pop();
+  *     console.log(dq.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
+  clone() {
+    return this._createLike(this, {
+      bucketSize: this.bucketSize,
+      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,
+      maxLen: this._maxLen
+    });
+  }
+  /**
+    * Filter elements into a new deque of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param predicate - Predicate (value, index, deque) → boolean to keep element.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
+    * @returns A new deque with kept elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+  *     const result = dq.filter(x => x > 2);
+  *     console.log(result.length); // 2;
+    */
+  filter(predicate, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const el of this) {
+      if (predicate.call(thisArg, el, index, this)) out.push(el);
+      index++;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Map elements into a new deque of the same element type.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, deque) → newValue.
+   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+   * @returns A new deque with mapped values.
+   */
+  mapSame(callback, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this._toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setBucketSize(this._bucketSize);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const v of this) {
+      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this);
+      out.push(mv);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+    * Map elements into a new deque (possibly different element type).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (value, index, deque) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output deque (e.g., bucketSize, toElementFn, maxLen).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new Deque with mapped elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const dq = new Deque<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const result = dq.map(x => x * 10);
+  *     console.log(result.toArray()); // [10, 20, 30];
+    */
+  map(callback, options, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createLike([], {
+      ...options != null ? options : {},
+      bucketSize: this._bucketSize,
+      maxLen: this._maxLen
+    });
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const el of this) {
+      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(el, index, this) : callback.call(thisArg, el, index, this);
+      out.push(mv);
+      index++;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Set the internal bucket size.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param size - Bucket capacity to assign.
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  _setBucketSize(size) {
+    this._bucketSize = size;
+    if (this._length === 0) {
+      this._buckets = [new Array(this._bucketSize)];
+      this._bucketCount = 1;
+      this._bucketFirst = this._bucketLast = 0;
+      this._firstInBucket = this._lastInBucket = this._bucketSize >> 1;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from front to back.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of elements.
+   */
+  *_getIterator() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._length; ++i) {
+      const v = this.at(i);
+      if (v !== void 0) yield v;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Reallocate buckets to make room near the ends.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param [needBucketNum] - How many extra buckets to add; defaults to half of current.
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  _reallocate(needBucketNum) {
+    const newBuckets = [];
+    const addBucketNum = needBucketNum || this._bucketCount >> 1 || 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < addBucketNum; ++i) {
+      newBuckets[i] = new Array(this._bucketSize);
+    }
+    for (let i = this._bucketFirst; i < this._bucketCount; ++i) {
+      newBuckets[newBuckets.length] = this._buckets[i];
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < this._bucketLast; ++i) {
+      newBuckets[newBuckets.length] = this._buckets[i];
+    }
+    newBuckets[newBuckets.length] = [...this._buckets[this._bucketLast]];
+    this._bucketFirst = addBucketNum;
+    this._bucketLast = newBuckets.length - 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < addBucketNum; ++i) {
+      newBuckets[newBuckets.length] = new Array(this._bucketSize);
+    }
+    this._buckets = newBuckets;
+    this._bucketCount = newBuckets.length;
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Translate a logical position to bucket/offset.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param pos - Zero-based position.
+   * @returns An object containing bucketIndex and indexInBucket.
+   */
+  _getBucketAndPosition(pos) {
+    let bucketIndex;
+    let indexInBucket;
+    const overallIndex = this._firstInBucket + pos;
+    bucketIndex = this._bucketFirst + Math.floor(overallIndex / this._bucketSize);
+    if (bucketIndex >= this._bucketCount) {
+      bucketIndex -= this._bucketCount;
+    }
+    indexInBucket = (overallIndex + 1) % this._bucketSize - 1;
+    if (indexInBucket < 0) {
+      indexInBucket = this._bucketSize - 1;
+    }
+    return { bucketIndex, indexInBucket };
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns An empty like-kind deque instance.
+   */
+  _createInstance(options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor([], options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Create a like-kind deque seeded by elements.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template T
+   * @template RR
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new deque.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A like-kind Deque instance.
+   */
+  _createLike(elements = [], options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor(elements, options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from back to front.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of elements.
+   */
+  *_getReverseIterator() {
+    for (let i = this._length - 1; i > -1; i--) {
+      const v = this.at(i);
+      if (v !== void 0) yield v;
+    }
+  }
+};
+__name(_Deque, "Deque");
+var Deque = _Deque;
+/**
+ * data-structure-typed
+ *
+ * @author Pablo Zeng
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
+ * @license MIT License
+ */
+
+exports.Deque = Deque;
+exports.LinkedListQueue = LinkedListQueue;
+exports.Queue = Queue;
+//# sourceMappingURL=queue.cjs.map
+//# sourceMappingURL=queue.cjs.map