data-structure-typed 2.0.5 → 2.1.0

package/dist/esm/data-structures/binary-tree/binary-tree.js

@@ -10,30 +10,40 @@ import { Queue } from '../queue';
 import { IterableEntryBase } from '../base';
 import { DFSOperation, Range } from '../../common';
 /**
- * Represents a node in a binary tree.
- * @template V - The type of data stored in the node.
- * @template BinaryTreeNode<K, V> - The type of the family relationship in the binary tree.
+ * @template K - The type of the key.
+ * @template V - The type of the value.
  */
 export class BinaryTreeNode {
     key;
     value;
     parent = undefined;
     /**
-     * The constructor function initializes an object with a key and an optional value in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter in the constructor function is used to store the key value
-     * for the key-value pair.
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the constructor is optional, meaning it does not
-     * have to be provided when creating an instance of the class. If a `value` is not provided, it will
-     * default to `undefined`.
+     * Creates an instance of BinaryTreeNode.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param key - The key of the node.
+     * @param [value] - The value associated with the key.
      */
     constructor(key, value) {
         this.key = key;
         this.value = value;
     }
     _left = undefined;
+    /**
+     * Gets the left child of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The left child.
+     */
     get left() {
         return this._left;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the left child of the node and updates its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param v - The node to set as the left child.
+     */
     set left(v) {
         if (v) {
             v.parent = this;
@@ -41,9 +51,21 @@ export class BinaryTreeNode {
         this._left = v;
     }
     _right = undefined;
+    /**
+     * Gets the right child of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The right child.
+     */
     get right() {
         return this._right;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the right child of the node and updates its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param v - The node to set as the right child.
+     */
     set right(v) {
         if (v) {
             v.parent = this;
@@ -51,26 +73,68 @@ export class BinaryTreeNode {
         this._right = v;
     }
     _height = 0;
+    /**
+     * Gets the height of the node (used in self-balancing trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The height.
+     */
     get height() {
         return this._height;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the height of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new height.
+     */
     set height(value) {
         this._height = value;
     }
     _color = 'BLACK';
+    /**
+     * Gets the color of the node (used in Red-Black trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The node's color.
+     */
     get color() {
         return this._color;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the color of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new color.
+     */
     set color(value) {
         this._color = value;
     }
     _count = 1;
+    /**
+     * Gets the count of nodes in the subtree rooted at this node (used in order-statistic trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The subtree node count.
+     */
     get count() {
         return this._count;
     }
+    /**
+     * Sets the count of nodes in the subtree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new count.
+     */
     set count(value) {
         this._count = value;
     }
+    /**
+     * Gets the position of the node relative to its parent.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The family position (e.g., 'ROOT', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT').
+     */
     get familyPosition() {
         if (!this.parent) {
             return this.left || this.right ? 'ROOT' : 'ISOLATED';
@@ -85,6 +149,15 @@ export class BinaryTreeNode {
     }
 }
 /**
+ * A general Binary Tree implementation.
+ *
+ * @remarks
+ * This class implements a basic Binary Tree, not a Binary Search Tree.
+ * The `add` operation inserts nodes level-by-level (BFS) into the first available slot.
+ *
+ * @template K - The type of the key.
+ * @template V - The type of the value.
+ * @template R - The type of the raw data object (if using `toEntryFn`).
  * 1. Two Children Maximum: Each node has at most two children.
  * 2. Left and Right Children: Nodes have distinct left and right children.
  * 3. Depth and Height: Depth is the number of edges from the root to a node; height is the maximum depth in the tree.
@@ -156,13 +229,11 @@ export class BinaryTreeNode {
 export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     iterationType = 'ITERATIVE';
     /**
-     * This TypeScript constructor function initializes a binary tree with optional options and adds
-     * elements based on the provided input.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - The `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter in the constructor is an
-     * iterable that can contain either objects of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It
-     * is used to initialize the binary tree with keys, nodes, entries, or raw data.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the constructor is an optional object that can
-     * contain the following properties:
+     * Creates an instance of BinaryTree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items in `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` and M is the tree size at insertion time (due to O(M) `add` operation). Space O(N) for storing the nodes.
+     *
+     * @param [keysNodesEntriesOrRaws=[]] - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [options] - Configuration options for the tree.
      */
     constructor(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws = [], options) {
         super();
@@ -183,81 +254,103 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             this.addMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws);
     }
     _isMapMode = true;
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the tree is in Map mode.
+     * @remarks In Map mode (default), values are stored in an external Map, and nodes only hold keys. If false, values are stored directly on the nodes. Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns True if in Map mode, false otherwise.
+     */
     get isMapMode() {
         return this._isMapMode;
     }
     _isDuplicate = false;
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the tree allows duplicate keys.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns True if duplicates are allowed, false otherwise.
+     */
     get isDuplicate() {
         return this._isDuplicate;
     }
     _store = new Map();
+    /**
+     * Gets the external value store (used in Map mode).
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The map storing key-value pairs.
+     */
     get store() {
         return this._store;
     }
     _root;
+    /**
+     * Gets the root node of the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The root node.
+     */
     get root() {
         return this._root;
     }
     _size = 0;
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of nodes in the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The size of the tree.
+     */
     get size() {
         return this._size;
     }
     _NIL = new BinaryTreeNode(NaN);
+    /**
+     * Gets the sentinel NIL node (used in self-balancing trees like Red-Black Tree).
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The NIL node.
+     */
     get NIL() {
         return this._NIL;
     }
     _toEntryFn;
+    /**
+     * Gets the function used to convert raw data objects (R) into [key, value] entries.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The conversion function.
+     */
     get toEntryFn() {
         return this._toEntryFn;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Creates a new node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function creates a new binary tree node with a specified key and optional value.
-     * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is the key of the node being created in the binary tree.
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `createNode` function is optional, meaning it is
-     * not required to be provided when calling the function. If a `value` is provided, it should be of
-     * type `V`, which is the type of the value associated with the node.
-     * @returns A new BinaryTreeNode instance with the provided key and value is being returned, casted
-     * as BinaryTreeNode<K, V>.
+     * @param key - The key for the new node.
+     * @param [value] - The value for the new node (used if not in Map mode).
+     * @returns The newly created node.
      */
-    createNode(key, value) {
+    _createNode(key, value) {
         return new BinaryTreeNode(key, this._isMapMode ? undefined : value);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Creates a new, empty tree of the same type and configuration.
+     * @remarks Time O(1) (excluding options cloning), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function creates a binary tree with the specified options.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the `createTree` function is an optional parameter
-     * that allows you to provide partial configuration options for creating a binary tree. It is of type
-     * `Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<K, V, R>>`, which means you can pass in an object containing a subset
-     * of properties
-     * @returns A new instance of a binary tree with the specified options is being returned.
+     * @param [options] - Optional overrides for the new tree's options.
+     * @returns A new, empty tree instance.
      */
     createTree(options) {
-        return new BinaryTree([], {
-            iterationType: this.iterationType,
-            isMapMode: this._isMapMode,
-            toEntryFn: this._toEntryFn,
-            ...options
-        });
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `ensureNode` in TypeScript checks if a given input is a node, entry, key, or raw
-     * value and returns the corresponding node or null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `ensureNode` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It
-     * is used to determine whether the input is a key, node, entry, or raw data. The
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `ensureNode` function
-     * is used to specify the type of iteration to be performed. It has a default value of
-     * `this.iterationType` if not explicitly provided.
-     * @returns The `ensureNode` function returns either a node, `null`, or `undefined` based on the
-     * conditions specified in the code snippet.
+        return this._createInstance(options);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Ensures the input is a node. If it's a key or entry, it searches for the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1) if a node is passed. O(N) if a key or entry is passed (due to `getNode` performing a full search). Space O(1) if iterative search, O(H) if recursive (where H is height, O(N) worst-case).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to resolve to a node.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method to use if searching.
+     * @returns The resolved node, or null/undefined if not found or input is null/undefined.
      */
     ensureNode(keyNodeOrEntry, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         if (keyNodeOrEntry === null)
@@ -279,47 +372,31 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return this.getNode(keyNodeOrEntry, this._root, iterationType);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a `BinaryTreeNode` instance.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function isNode checks if the input is an instance of BinaryTreeNode.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be either a key, a node, an entry, or raw data. The function is
-     * checking if the input is an instance of a `BinaryTreeNode` and returning a boolean value
-     * accordingly.
-     * @returns The function `isNode` is checking if the input `keyNodeOrEntry` is an instance of
-     * `BinaryTreeNode`. If it is, the function returns `true`, indicating that the input is a node. If
-     * it is not an instance of `BinaryTreeNode`, the function returns `false`, indicating that the input
-     * is not a node.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a node, false otherwise.
      */
     isNode(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         return keyNodeOrEntry instanceof BinaryTreeNode;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a raw data object (R) that needs conversion via `toEntryFn`.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRaw` checks if the input parameter is of type `R` by verifying if it is an object.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | R} keyNodeEntryOrRaw - K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined
-     * @returns The function `isRaw` is checking if the `keyNodeEntryOrRaw` parameter is of type `R` by
-     * checking if it is an object. If the parameter is an object, the function will return `true`,
-     * indicating that it is of type `R`.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrRaw - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a raw object, false otherwise.
      */
     isRaw(keyNodeEntryOrRaw) {
         return this._toEntryFn !== undefined && typeof keyNodeEntryOrRaw === 'object';
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a "real" node (i.e., not null, undefined, or NIL).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRealNode` checks if a given input is a valid node in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `isRealNode` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`.
-     * The function checks if the input parameter is a `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` type by verifying if it is not equal
-     * @returns The function `isRealNode` is checking if the input `keyNodeOrEntry` is a valid
-     * node by comparing it to `this._NIL`, `null`, and `undefined`. If the input is not one of these
-     * values, it then calls the `isNode` method to further determine if the input is a node. The
-     * function will return a boolean value indicating whether the
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a real node, false otherwise.
      */
     isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         if (keyNodeOrEntry === this._NIL || keyNodeOrEntry === null || keyNodeOrEntry === undefined)
@@ -327,97 +404,66 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return this.isNode(keyNodeOrEntry);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is either a "real" node or null.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function checks if a given input is a valid node or null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` in the `isRealNodeOrNull` function can be of type `BTNRep<K,
-     * V, BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>` or `R`. It is a union type that can either be a key, a node, an entry, or
-     * @returns The function `isRealNodeOrNull` is returning a boolean value. It checks if the input
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` is either `null` or a real node, and returns `true` if it is a node or
-     * `null`, and `false` otherwise.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a real node or null, false otherwise.
      */
     isRealNodeOrNull(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         return keyNodeOrEntry === null || this.isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is the sentinel NIL node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function isNIL checks if a given key, node, entry, or raw value is equal to the _NIL value.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - BTNRep<K, V,
-     * BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>
-     * @returns The function is checking if the `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter is equal to the `_NIL`
-     * property of the current object and returning a boolean value based on that comparison.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's the NIL node, false otherwise.
      */
     isNIL(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         return keyNodeOrEntry === this._NIL;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a `Range` object.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRange` checks if the input parameter is an instance of the `Range` class.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>> | Range<K>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `isRange` function can be
-     * of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  `, `NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>`, or
-     * `Range<K>`. The function checks if the `keyNodeEntry
-     * @returns The `isRange` function is checking if the `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter is an
-     * instance of the `Range` class. If it is an instance of `Range`, the function will return `true`,
-     * indicating that the parameter is a `Range<K>`. If it is not an instance of `Range`, the function
-     * will return `false`.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a Range, false otherwise.
      */
     isRange(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate) {
         return keyNodeEntryOrPredicate instanceof Range;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if a node is a leaf (has no real children).
+     * @remarks Time O(N) if a key/entry is passed (due to `ensureNode`). O(1) if a node is passed. Space O(1) or O(H) (from `ensureNode`).
      *
-     * The function determines whether a given key, node, entry, or raw data is a leaf node in a binary
-     * tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It represents a
-     * key, node, entry, or raw data in a binary tree structure. The function `isLeaf` checks whether the
-     * provided
-     * @returns The function `isLeaf` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` is a leaf node in a binary tree.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to check.
+     * @returns True if the node is a leaf, false otherwise.
      */
     isLeaf(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         keyNodeOrEntry = this.ensureNode(keyNodeOrEntry);
         if (keyNodeOrEntry === undefined)
             return false;
         if (keyNodeOrEntry === null)
-            return true;
+            return true; // A null spot is considered a leaf
         return !this.isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry.left) && !this.isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry.right);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a [key, value] entry pair.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isEntry` checks if the input is a BTNEntry object by verifying if it is an array
-     * with a length of 2.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `isEntry` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or type `R`.
-     * The function checks if the provided `keyNodeOrEntry` is of type `BTN
-     * @returns The `isEntry` function is checking if the `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter is an array
-     * with a length of 2. If it is, then it returns `true`, indicating that the parameter is of type
-     * `BTNEntry<K, V>`. If the condition is not met, it returns `false`.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's an entry, false otherwise.
      */
     isEntry(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         return Array.isArray(keyNodeOrEntry) && keyNodeOrEntry.length === 2;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity O(1)
-     * Space Complexity O(1)
+     * Checks if the given key is valid (comparable or null).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isValidKey` checks if a given key is comparable.
-     * @param {any} key - The `key` parameter is of type `any`, which means it can be any data type in
-     * TypeScript.
-     * @returns The function `isValidKey` is checking if the `key` parameter is `null` or if it is comparable.
-     * If the `key` is `null`, the function returns `true`. Otherwise, it returns the result of the
-     * `isComparable` function, which is not provided in the code snippet.
+     * @param key - The key to validate.
+     * @returns True if the key is valid, false otherwise.
      */
     isValidKey(key) {
         if (key === null)
@@ -425,27 +471,17 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return isComparable(key);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity O(n)
-     * Space Complexity O(1)
+     * Adds a new node to the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation adds the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
      *
-     * The `add` function in TypeScript adds a new node to a binary tree while handling duplicate keys
-     * and finding the correct insertion position.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `add` method you provided
-     * seems to be for adding a new node to a binary tree structure. The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the method can accept different types of values:
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `add` method represents the value associated
-     * with the key that you want to add to the binary tree. When adding a key-value pair to the binary
-     * tree, you provide the key and its corresponding value. The `add` method then creates a new node
-     * with this
-     * @returns The `add` method returns a boolean value. It returns `true` if the insertion of the new
-     * node was successful, and `false` if the insertion position could not be found or if a duplicate
-     * key was found and the node was replaced instead of inserted.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to add.
+     * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
+     * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
      */
     add(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
         const [newNode, newValue] = this._keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value);
         if (newNode === undefined)
             return false;
-        // If the tree is empty, directly set the new node as the root node
         if (!this._root) {
             this._setRoot(newNode);
             if (this._isMapMode)
@@ -454,25 +490,22 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return true;
         }
         const queue = new Queue([this._root]);
-        let potentialParent; // Record the parent node of the potential insertion location
+        let potentialParent;
         while (queue.length > 0) {
             const cur = queue.shift();
             if (!cur)
                 continue;
             if (!this._isDuplicate) {
-                // Check for duplicate keys when newNode is not null
                 if (newNode !== null && cur.key === newNode.key) {
                     this._replaceNode(cur, newNode);
                     if (this._isMapMode)
                         this._setValue(cur.key, newValue);
-                    return true; // If duplicate keys are found, no insertion is performed
+                    return true; // Replaced existing node
                 }
             }
-            // Record the first possible insertion location found
             if (potentialParent === undefined && (cur.left === undefined || cur.right === undefined)) {
                 potentialParent = cur;
             }
-            // Continue traversing the left and right subtrees
             if (cur.left !== null) {
                 if (cur.left)
                     queue.push(cur.left);
@@ -482,7 +515,6 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                     queue.push(cur.right);
             }
         }
-        // At the end of the traversal, if the insertion position is found, insert
         if (potentialParent) {
             if (potentialParent.left === undefined) {
                 potentialParent.left = newNode;
@@ -495,28 +527,17 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             this._size++;
             return true;
         }
-        return false; // If the insertion position cannot be found, return undefined
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(k)
-     *
-     * The `addMany` function takes in multiple keys or nodes or entries or raw values along with
-     * optional values, and adds them to a data structure while returning an array indicating whether
-     * each insertion was successful.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` is an iterable that can contain a
-     * mix of keys, nodes, entries, or raw values. Each element in this iterable can be of type
-     * `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`.
-     * @param [values] - The `values` parameter in the `addMany` function is an optional parameter that
-     * accepts an iterable of values. These values correspond to the keys or nodes being added in the
-     * `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter. If provided, the function will iterate over the values and
-     * assign them
-     * @returns The `addMany` method returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each key,
-     * node, entry, or raw value was successfully added to the data structure. Each boolean value
-     * corresponds to the success of adding the corresponding key or value in the input iterable.
+        return false; // Should not happen if tree is not full?
+    }
+    /**
+     * Adds multiple items to the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to add and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `add` operation). Space O(M) (from `add`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
+     *
+     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
+     * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `add` operation.
      */
     addMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values) {
-        // TODO not sure addMany not be run multi times
         const inserted = [];
         let valuesIterator;
         if (values) {
@@ -537,46 +558,31 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return inserted;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Merges another tree into this one by adding all its nodes.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), same as `addMany`, where N is the size of `anotherTree` and M is the size of this tree. Space O(M) (from `add`).
      *
-     * The `merge` function in TypeScript merges another binary tree into the current tree by adding all
-     * elements from the other tree.
-     * @param anotherTree - BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>
+     * @param anotherTree - The tree to merge.
      */
     merge(anotherTree) {
         this.addMany(anotherTree, []);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Clears the tree and refills it with new items.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (for `clear`) + O(N * M) (for `addMany`) = O(N * M). Space O(M) (from `addMany`).
      *
-     * The `refill` function clears the existing data structure and then adds new key-value pairs based
-     * on the provided input.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - The `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter in the `refill`
-     * method can accept an iterable containing a mix of `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` objects or `R`
-     * objects.
-     * @param [values] - The `values` parameter in the `refill` method is an optional parameter that
-     * accepts an iterable of values of type `V` or `undefined`.
+     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
      */
     refill(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values) {
         this.clear();
         this.addMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Deletes a node from the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation finds the node, and if it has two children, swaps it with the rightmost node of its left subtree (in-order predecessor) before deleting. Time O(N) in the worst case. O(N) to find the node (`getNode`) and O(H) (which is O(N) worst-case) to find the rightmost node. Space O(1) (if `getNode` is iterative, which it is).
      *
-     * The function `delete` in TypeScript implements the deletion of a node in a binary tree and returns
-     * the deleted node along with information for tree balancing.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry
-     * - The `delete` method you provided is used to delete a node from a binary tree based on the key,
-     * node, entry or raw data. The method returns an array of
-     * `BinaryTreeDeleteResult` objects containing information about the deleted node and whether
-     * balancing is needed.
-     * @returns The `delete` method returns an array of `BinaryTreeDeleteResult` objects. Each object in
-     * the array contains information about the node that was deleted (`deleted`) and the node that may
-     * need to be balanced (`needBalanced`).
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to delete.
+     * @returns An array containing deletion results (for compatibility with self-balancing trees).
      */
     delete(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         const deletedResult = [];
@@ -589,14 +595,20 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         let needBalanced;
         let orgCurrent = curr;
         if (!curr.left && !curr.right && !parent) {
+            // Deleting the root with no children
             this._setRoot(undefined);
         }
         else if (curr.left) {
+            // Node has a left child (or two children)
+            // Find the rightmost node in the left subtree
             const leftSubTreeRightMost = this.getRightMost(node => node, curr.left);
             if (leftSubTreeRightMost) {
                 const parentOfLeftSubTreeMax = leftSubTreeRightMost.parent;
+                // Swap properties
                 orgCurrent = this._swapProperties(curr, leftSubTreeRightMost);
+                // `orgCurrent` is now the node to be physically deleted (which was the rightmost)
                 if (parentOfLeftSubTreeMax) {
+                    // Unlink the rightmost node
                     if (parentOfLeftSubTreeMax.right === leftSubTreeRightMost)
                         parentOfLeftSubTreeMax.right = leftSubTreeRightMost.left;
                     else
@@ -606,6 +618,8 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             }
         }
         else if (parent) {
+            // Node has no left child, but has a parent
+            // Promote the right child (which could be null)
             const { familyPosition: fp } = curr;
             if (fp === 'LEFT' || fp === 'ROOT_LEFT') {
                 parent.left = curr.right;
@@ -616,6 +630,8 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             needBalanced = parent;
         }
         else {
+            // Deleting the root, which has no left child
+            // Promote the right child as the new root
             this._setRoot(curr.right);
             curr.right = undefined;
         }
@@ -626,28 +642,16 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return deletedResult;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(k + log n)
-     *
-     * The `search` function in TypeScript performs a depth-first or breadth-first search on a tree
-     * structure based on a given predicate or key, with options to return multiple results or just one.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The
-     * `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `search` function can accept three types of values:
-     * @param [onlyOne=false] - The `onlyOne` parameter in the `search` function is a boolean flag that
-     * determines whether the search should stop after finding the first matching node. If `onlyOne` is
-     * set to `true`, the search will return as soon as a matching node is found. If `onlyOne` is
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `search` function is a callback function
-     * that will be called on each node that matches the search criteria. It is of type `C`, which
-     * extends `NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>`. The default value for `callback` is `this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK` if
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `search` function is
-     * used to specify the node from which the search operation should begin. It represents the starting
-     * point in the binary tree where the search will be performed. If no specific `startNode` is
-     * provided, the search operation will start from the root
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `search` function
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be used when searching for nodes in a binary tree. It can have
-     * two possible values:
-     * @returns The `search` function returns an array of values that match the provided criteria based
-     * on the search algorithm implemented within the function.
+     * Searches the tree for nodes matching a predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Performs a full DFS (pre-order) scan of the tree. Time O(N), as it may visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+     * @param [onlyOne=false] - If true, stops after finding the first match.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on matching nodes.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - Whether to use 'RECURSIVE' or 'ITERATIVE' search.
+     * @returns An array of results from the callback function for each matching node.
      */
     search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, onlyOne = false, callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         if (keyNodeEntryOrPredicate === undefined)
@@ -694,74 +698,29 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
         return ans;
     }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(k + log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getNodes` retrieves nodes from a binary tree based on a key, node, entry, raw data,
-     * or predicate, with options for recursive or iterative traversal.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `getNodes` function you provided takes several parameters:
-     * @param [onlyOne=false] - The `onlyOne` parameter in the `getNodes` function is a boolean flag that
-     * determines whether to return only the first node that matches the criteria specified by the
-     * `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter. If `onlyOne` is set to `true`, the function will
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getNodes` function is used to specify the starting point for traversing the binary tree. It
-     * represents the root node of the binary tree or the node from which the traversal should begin. If
-     * not provided, the default value is set to `this._root
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getNodes` function
-     * determines the type of iteration to be performed when traversing the nodes of a binary tree. It
-     * can have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `getNodes` function returns an array of nodes that satisfy the provided condition
-     * based on the input parameters and the iteration type specified.
-     */
     getNodes(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, onlyOne = false, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, onlyOne, node => node, startNode, iterationType);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `getNode` function retrieves a node based on the provided key, node, entry, raw data, or
-     * predicate.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `getNode` function can accept a key,
-     * node, entry, raw data, or a predicate function.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getNode` function is used to specify the starting point for searching for a node in a binary
-     * tree. If no specific starting point is provided, the default value is set to `this._root`, which
-     * is typically the root node of the binary tree.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getNode` method is
-     * used to specify the type of iteration to be performed when searching for a node. It has a default
-     * value of `this.iterationType`, which means it will use the iteration type defined in the current
-     * context if no specific value is provided
-     * @returns The `getNode` function is returning the first node that matches the specified criteria,
-     * or `null` if no matching node is found.
+     * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(N) in the worst case (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
      */
     getNode(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, true, node => node, startNode, iterationType)[0];
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * This function overrides the `get` method to retrieve the value associated with a specified key,
-     * node, entry, raw data, or predicate in a data structure.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `get` method can accept one of the
-     * following types:
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `get`
-     * method is used to specify the starting point for searching for a key or node in the binary tree.
-     * If no specific starting point is provided, the default starting point is the root of the binary
-     * tree (`this._root`).
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `get` method is used
-     * to specify the type of iteration to be performed when searching for a key in the binary tree. It
-     * is an optional parameter with a default value of `this.iterationType`, which means it will use the
-     * iteration type defined in the
-     * @returns The `get` method is returning the value associated with the specified key, node, entry,
-     * raw data, or predicate in the binary tree map. If the specified key or node is found in the tree,
-     * the method returns the corresponding value. If the key or node is not found, it returns
-     * `undefined`.
+     * Gets the value associated with a key.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(1) if in Map mode. O(N) if not in Map mode (uses `getNode`). Space O(1) if in Map mode. O(H) or O(N) otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, or entry to get the value for.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start searching from (if not in Map mode).
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method (if not in Map mode).
+     * @returns The associated value, or undefined.
      */
     get(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         if (this._isMapMode) {
@@ -772,35 +731,12 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
         return this.getNode(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode, iterationType)?.value;
     }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `has` function in TypeScript checks if a specified key, node, entry, raw data, or predicate
-     * exists in the data structure.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `override has` method can accept one of
-     * the following types:
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `override` method is used to specify the starting point for the search operation within the data
-     * structure. It defaults to `this._root` if not provided explicitly.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `override has` method
-     * is used to specify the type of iteration to be performed. It has a default value of
-     * `this.iterationType`, which means it will use the iteration type defined in the current context if
-     * no value is provided when calling the method.
-     * @returns The `override has` method is returning a boolean value. It checks if there are any nodes
-     * that match the provided key, node, entry, raw data, or predicate in the tree structure. If there
-     * are matching nodes, it returns `true`, indicating that the tree contains the specified element.
-     * Otherwise, it returns `false`.
-     */
     has(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, true, node => node, startNode, iterationType).length > 0;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The clear function removes nodes and values in map mode.
+     * Clears the tree of all nodes and values.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) if in Map mode (due to `_store.clear()`), O(1) otherwise. Space O(1)
      */
     clear() {
         this._clearNodes();
@@ -808,55 +744,33 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             this._clearValues();
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the tree is empty.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The `isEmpty` function in TypeScript checks if a data structure has no elements and returns a
-     * boolean value.
-     * @returns The `isEmpty()` method is returning a boolean value, specifically `true` if the `_size`
-     * property is equal to 0, indicating that the data structure is empty, and `false` otherwise.
+     * @returns True if the tree has no nodes, false otherwise.
      */
     isEmpty() {
         return this._size === 0;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Checks if the tree is perfectly balanced.
+     * @remarks A tree is perfectly balanced if the difference between min and max height is at most 1. Time O(N), as it requires two full traversals (`getMinHeight` and `getHeight`). Space O(H) or O(N) (from height calculation).
      *
-     * The function checks if a binary tree is perfectly balanced by comparing its minimum height with
-     * its height.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter is the starting
-     * point for checking if the binary tree is perfectly balanced. It represents the root node of the
-     * binary tree or a specific node from which the balance check should begin.
-     * @returns The method `isPerfectlyBalanced` is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether
-     * the tree starting from the `startNode` node is perfectly balanced or not. The return value is
-     * determined by comparing the minimum height of the tree with the height of the tree. If the minimum
-     * height plus 1 is greater than or equal to the height of the tree, then it is considered perfectly
-     * balanced and
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
+     * @returns True if perfectly balanced, false otherwise.
      */
     isPerfectlyBalanced(startNode = this._root) {
         return this.getMinHeight(startNode) + 1 >= this.getHeight(startNode);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Checks if the tree is a valid Binary Search Tree (BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
      *
-     * The function `isBST` in TypeScript checks if a binary search tree is valid using either recursive
-     * or iterative methods.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `isBST`
-     * function represents the starting point for checking whether a binary search tree (BST) is valid.
-     * It can be a node in the BST or a reference to the root of the BST. If no specific node is
-     * provided, the function will default to
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `isBST` function
-     * determines whether the function should use a recursive approach or an iterative approach to check
-     * if the binary search tree (BST) is valid.
-     * @returns The `isBST` method is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether the binary
-     * search tree (BST) represented by the given root node is a valid BST or not. The method checks if
-     * the tree satisfies the BST property, where for every node, all nodes in its left subtree have keys
-     * less than the node's key, and all nodes in its right subtree have keys greater than the node's
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns True if it's a valid BST, false otherwise.
      */
     isBST(startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
-        // TODO there is a bug
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
         if (!startNode)
             return true;
@@ -870,14 +784,14 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                 return dfs(cur.left, min, numKey) && dfs(cur.right, numKey, max);
             };
             const isStandardBST = dfs(startNode, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
-            const isInverseBST = dfs(startNode, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER);
+            const isInverseBST = dfs(startNode, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER); // Check for reverse BST
             return isStandardBST || isInverseBST;
         }
         else {
+            // Iterative in-order traversal check
             const checkBST = (checkMax = false) => {
                 const stack = [];
                 let prev = checkMax ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER;
-                // @ts-ignore
                 let curr = startNode;
                 while (this.isRealNode(curr) || stack.length > 0) {
                     while (this.isRealNode(curr)) {
@@ -893,25 +807,18 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                 }
                 return true;
             };
-            const isStandardBST = checkBST(false), isInverseBST = checkBST(true);
+            const isStandardBST = checkBST(false);
+            const isInverseBST = checkBST(true);
             return isStandardBST || isInverseBST;
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the depth of a node (distance from `startNode`).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `dist` node relative to `startNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
      *
-     * The `getDepth` function calculates the depth between two nodes in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } dist - The `dist` parameter in the `getDepth`
-     * function represents the node or entry in a binary tree map, or a reference to a node in the tree.
-     * It is the target node for which you want to calculate the depth from the `startNode` node.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getDepth` function represents the starting point from which you want to calculate the depth of a
-     * given node or entry in a binary tree. If no specific starting point is provided, the default value
-     * for `startNode` is set to the root of the binary
-     * @returns The `getDepth` method returns the depth of a given node `dist` relative to the
-     * `startNode` node in a binary tree. If the `dist` node is not found in the path to the `startNode`
-     * node, it returns the depth of the `dist` node from the root of the tree.
+     * @param dist - The node to find the depth of.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to measure depth from (defaults to root).
+     * @returns The depth (0 if `dist` is `startNode`).
      */
     getDepth(dist, startNode = this._root) {
         let distEnsured = this.ensureNode(dist);
@@ -927,21 +834,12 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return depth;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the maximum height of the tree (longest path from startNode to a leaf).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative stack (storing node + depth).
      *
-     * The `getHeight` function calculates the maximum height of a binary tree using either a recursive
-     * or iterative approach in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter is the starting
-     * point from which the height of the binary tree will be calculated. It can be a node in the binary
-     * tree or a reference to the root of the tree. If not provided, it defaults to the root of the
-     * binary tree data structure.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine the type
-     * of iteration to be performed while calculating the height of the binary tree. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @returns The `getHeight` method returns the height of the binary tree starting from the specified
-     * root node. The height is calculated based on the maximum depth of the tree, considering either a
-     * recursive approach or an iterative approach depending on the `iterationType` parameter.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The height ( -1 for an empty tree, 0 for a single-node tree).
      */
     getHeight(startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -958,6 +856,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return _getMaxHeight(startNode);
         }
         else {
+            // Iterative (using DFS)
             const stack = [{ node: startNode, depth: 0 }];
             let maxHeight = 0;
             while (stack.length > 0) {
@@ -972,22 +871,12 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the minimum height of the tree (shortest path from startNode to a leaf).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative (due to `depths` Map).
      *
-     * The `getMinHeight` function calculates the minimum height of a binary tree using either a
-     * recursive or iterative approach in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getMinHeight` function represents the starting node from which the minimum height of the binary
-     * tree will be calculated. It is either a node in the binary tree or a reference to the root of the
-     * tree. If not provided, the default value is the root
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getMinHeight` method
-     * specifies the type of iteration to use when calculating the minimum height of a binary tree. It
-     * can have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `getMinHeight` method returns the minimum height of the binary tree starting from the
-     * specified root node. The height is calculated based on the shortest path from the root node to a
-     * leaf node in the tree. The method uses either a recursive approach or an iterative approach (using
-     * a stack) based on the `iterationType` parameter.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The minimum height (-1 for empty, 0 for single node).
      */
     getMinHeight(startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -998,7 +887,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                 if (!this.isRealNode(cur))
                     return 0;
                 if (!this.isRealNode(cur.left) && !this.isRealNode(cur.right))
-                    return 0;
+                    return 0; // Leaf node
                 const leftMinHeight = _getMinHeight(cur.left);
                 const rightMinHeight = _getMinHeight(cur.right);
                 return Math.min(leftMinHeight, rightMinHeight) + 1;
@@ -1006,6 +895,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return _getMinHeight(startNode);
         }
         else {
+            // Iterative (using post-order DFS)
             const stack = [];
             let node = startNode, last = null;
             const depths = new Map();
@@ -1034,24 +924,14 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getPathToRoot` in TypeScript retrieves the path from a given node to the root of a
-     * tree structure, applying a specified callback function along the way.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to process each node in
-     * the path to the root. It is expected to be a function that takes a node as an argument and returns
-     * a value based on that node. The return type of the callback function is determined by the generic
-     * type `C
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } beginNode - The `beginNode` parameter in the
-     * `getPathToRoot` function can be either a key, a node, an entry, or any other value of type `R`.
-     * @param [isReverse=true] - The `isReverse` parameter in the `getPathToRoot` function determines
-     * whether the resulting path from the given `beginNode` to the root should be in reverse order or
-     * not. If `isReverse` is set to `true`, the path will be reversed before being returned. If `is
-     * @returns The function `getPathToRoot` returns an array of the return values of the callback
-     * function `callback` applied to each node in the path from the `beginNode` to the root node. The
-     * array is either in reverse order or in the original order based on the value of the `isReverse`
-     * parameter.
+     * Gets the path from a given node up to the root.
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `beginNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for the result array.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param beginNode - The node to start the path from.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on each node in the path.
+     * @param [isReverse=false] - If true, returns the path from root-to-node.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     getPathToRoot(beginNode, callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, isReverse = false) {
         const result = [];
@@ -1059,40 +939,28 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         if (!beginNodeEnsured)
             return result;
         while (beginNodeEnsured.parent) {
-            // Array.push + Array.reverse is more efficient than Array.unshift
             result.push(callback(beginNodeEnsured));
             beginNodeEnsured = beginNodeEnsured.parent;
         }
-        result.push(callback(beginNodeEnsured));
+        result.push(callback(beginNodeEnsured)); // Add the root
         return isReverse ? result.reverse() : result;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getLeftMost` retrieves the leftmost node in a binary tree using either recursive or
-     * tail-recursive iteration.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called with the leftmost
-     * node of a binary tree or with `undefined` if the tree is empty. It is provided with a default
-     * value of `_DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK` if not specified.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getLeftMost` function represents the starting point for finding the leftmost node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If no specific
-     * starting point is provided, the function will default
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getLeftMost` function
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be used when traversing the binary tree nodes. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @returns The `getLeftMost` function returns the result of the callback function `C` applied to the
-     * leftmost node in the binary tree starting from the `startNode` node. If the `startNode` node is
-     * `NIL`, it returns the result of the callback function applied to `undefined`. If the `startNode`
-     * node is not a real node, it returns the result of the callback
+     * Finds the leftmost node in a subtree (the node with the smallest key in a BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the height of the left spine. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for recursive/trampoline stack.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on the leftmost node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The subtree root to search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The callback result for the leftmost node.
      */
     getLeftMost(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         if (this.isNIL(startNode))
             return callback(undefined);
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
         if (!this.isRealNode(startNode))
-            return callback(startNode);
+            return callback(undefined);
         if (iterationType === 'RECURSIVE') {
             const dfs = (cur) => {
                 const { left } = cur;
@@ -1103,7 +971,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return callback(dfs(startNode));
         }
         else {
-            // Indirect implementation of iteration using tail recursion optimization
+            // Iterative (trampolined to prevent stack overflow, though 'ITERATIVE' usually means a loop)
             const dfs = makeTrampoline((cur) => {
                 const { left } = cur;
                 if (!this.isRealNode(left))
@@ -1114,33 +982,21 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getRightMost` retrieves the rightmost node in a binary tree using either recursive
-     * or iterative traversal methods.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called with the result
-     * of finding the rightmost node in a binary tree. It is of type `NodeCallback<OptNodeOrNull<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>`,
-     * which means it is a callback function that can accept either an optional binary tree node or null
-     * as
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getRightMost` function represents the starting point for finding the rightmost node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If no specific
-     * starting point is provided, the function will default
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getRightMost`
-     * function specifies the type of iteration to be used when traversing the binary tree nodes. It can
-     * have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `getRightMost` function returns the result of the callback function `C`, which is
-     * passed as a parameter to the function. The callback function is called with the rightmost node in
-     * the binary tree structure, determined based on the specified iteration type ('RECURSIVE' or
-     * other).
+     * Finds the rightmost node in a subtree (the node with the largest key in a BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the height of the right spine. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for recursive/trampoline stack.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on the rightmost node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The subtree root to search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The callback result for the rightmost node.
      */
     getRightMost(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         if (this.isNIL(startNode))
             return callback(undefined);
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
         if (!startNode)
-            return callback(startNode);
+            return callback(undefined);
         if (iterationType === 'RECURSIVE') {
             const dfs = (cur) => {
                 const { right } = cur;
@@ -1151,7 +1007,6 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return callback(dfs(startNode));
         }
         else {
-            // Indirect implementation of iteration using tail recursion optimization
             const dfs = makeTrampoline((cur) => {
                 const { right } = cur;
                 if (!this.isRealNode(right))
@@ -1162,17 +1017,11 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the Morris traversal predecessor (rightmost node in the left subtree, or node itself).
+     * @remarks This is primarily a helper for Morris traversal. Time O(H), where H is the height of the left subtree. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
      *
-     * The function `getPredecessor` in TypeScript returns the predecessor node of a given node in a
-     * binary tree.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} node - The `getPredecessor` function you provided seems to be attempting to find the
-     * predecessor of a given node in a binary tree. However, there seems to be a logical issue in the
-     * while loop condition that might cause an infinite loop.
-     * @returns The `getPredecessor` function returns the predecessor node of the input `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` parameter.
-     * If the left child of the input node exists, it traverses to the rightmost node of the left subtree
-     * to find the predecessor. If the left child does not exist, it returns the input node itself.
+     * @param node - The node to find the predecessor for.
+     * @returns The Morris predecessor.
      */
     getPredecessor(node) {
         if (this.isRealNode(node.left)) {
@@ -1189,17 +1038,11 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the in-order successor of a node in a BST.
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the tree height. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) (due to `getLeftMost` stack).
      *
-     * The function `getSuccessor` in TypeScript returns the next node in an in-order traversal of a
-     * binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null} [x] - The `getSuccessor` function takes a parameter `x`, which can be of
-     * type `K`, `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>`, or `null`.
-     * @returns The `getSuccessor` function returns the successor node of the input node `x`. If `x` has
-     * a right child, the function returns the leftmost node in the right subtree of `x`. If `x` does not
-     * have a right child, the function traverses up the parent nodes until it finds a node that is not
-     * the right child of its parent, and returns that node
+     * @param [x] - The node to find the successor of.
+     * @returns The successor node, or null/undefined if none exists.
      */
     getSuccessor(x) {
         x = this.ensureNode(x);
@@ -1216,32 +1059,17 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return y;
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The function performs a depth-first search on a binary tree structure based on the specified
-     * parameters.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called for each node
-     * visited during the depth-first search. It should accept a `BinaryTreeNode` as an argument and
-     * return an optional node or null. The default value for this parameter is `_DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK`.
-     * @param {DFSOrderPattern} [pattern=IN] - The `pattern` parameter in the `dfs` function specifies
-     * the order in which the nodes are visited during a depth-first search traversal. The possible
-     * values for the `pattern` parameter are:
-     * @param {boolean} [onlyOne=false] - The `onlyOne` parameter in the `dfs` function is a boolean flag
-     * that determines whether the depth-first search should stop after finding the first matching node
-     * or continue searching for all matching nodes. If `onlyOne` is set to `true`, the search will stop
-     * after finding the first matching node
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined}
-     * startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `dfs` function can be one of the following types:
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `dfs` function
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be performed during the Depth-First Search traversal. It is
-     * used to determine the order in which nodes are visited during the traversal. The possible values
-     * for `iterationType` are typically defined as an enum or a
-     * @param [includeNull=false] - The `includeNull` parameter in the `dfs` function determines whether
-     * null nodes should be included in the depth-first search traversal. If `includeNull` is set to
-     * `true`, null nodes will be included in the traversal process. If it is set to `false`, null nodes
-     * will be skipped
-     * @returns The `dfs` method is returning an array of the return type of the callback function `C`.
+     * Performs a Depth-First Search (DFS) traversal.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(H) for the call/explicit stack. O(N) worst-case.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each node.
+     * @param [pattern='IN'] - The traversal order ('IN', 'PRE', 'POST').
+     * @param [onlyOne=false] - If true, stops after the first callback.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @param [includeNull=false] - If true, includes null nodes in the traversal.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     dfs(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, pattern = 'IN', onlyOne = false, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType, includeNull = false) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1250,27 +1078,15 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return this._dfs(callback, pattern, onlyOne, startNode, iterationType, includeNull);
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `bfs` function performs a breadth-first search traversal on a binary tree or binary search
-     * tree, executing a specified callback function on each node visited.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `bfs` function is a function that will be
-     * called on each node visited during the breadth-first search traversal. It is a generic type `C`
-     * that extends the `NodeCallback` type, which takes a parameter of type `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` or `null`.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `bfs`
-     * function represents the starting point for the breadth-first search traversal in a binary tree. It
-     * can be specified as a key, node, or entry in the binary tree structure. If not provided, the
-     * default value is the root node of the binary
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `bfs` function
-     * determines the type of iteration to be performed on the binary tree nodes. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @param [includeNull=false] - The `includeNull` parameter in the `bfs` function determines whether
-     * to include `null` values in the breadth-first search traversal of a binary tree. If `includeNull`
-     * is set to `true`, the traversal will include `null` values for nodes that do not have children
-     * (left
-     * @returns The `bfs` function returns an array of values that are the result of applying the
-     * provided callback function to each node in the binary tree in a breadth-first search manner.
+     * Performs a Breadth-First Search (BFS) or Level-Order traversal.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(N) in the worst case for the queue (e.g., a full last level).
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method ('RECURSIVE' BFS is less common but supported here).
+     * @param [includeNull=false] - If true, includes null nodes in the traversal.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     bfs(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType, includeNull = false) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1278,6 +1094,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return [];
         const ans = [];
         if (iterationType === 'RECURSIVE') {
+            // This is a "recursive" BFS, which is atypical. It uses a queue but calls itself.
             const queue = new Queue([
                 startNode
             ]);
@@ -1303,9 +1120,10 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             dfs(0);
         }
         else {
+            // Standard iterative BFS
             const queue = new Queue([startNode]);
             while (queue.length > 0) {
-                const levelSize = queue.length;
+                const levelSize = queue.length; // Not strictly needed here, but good for level-by-level
                 for (let i = 0; i < levelSize; i++) {
                     const current = queue.shift();
                     ans.push(callback(current));
@@ -1327,22 +1145,14 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return ans;
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
+     * Finds all leaf nodes in the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack or O(N) for iterative queue.
      *
-     * The `leaves` function in TypeScript returns an array of values from leaf nodes in a binary tree
-     * structure based on a specified callback and iteration type.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each leaf node
-     * in the binary tree. It is optional and defaults to a default callback function if not provided.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `leaves`
-     * method is used to specify the starting point for finding and processing the leaves of a binary
-     * tree. It can be provided as either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If not
-     * explicitly provided, the default value
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `leaves` method
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be performed when collecting the leaves of a binary tree. It
-     * can have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `leaves` method returns an array of values that are the result of applying the
-     * provided callback function to each leaf node in the binary tree.
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each leaf node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     leaves(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1350,6 +1160,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         if (!this.isRealNode(startNode))
             return [];
         if (iterationType === 'RECURSIVE') {
+            // DFS-based
             const dfs = (cur) => {
                 if (this.isLeaf(cur)) {
                     leaves.push(callback(cur));
@@ -1364,6 +1175,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             dfs(startNode);
         }
         else {
+            // BFS-based
             const queue = new Queue([startNode]);
             while (queue.length > 0) {
                 const cur = queue.shift();
@@ -1381,28 +1193,15 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return leaves;
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `listLevels` function in TypeScript generates a list of nodes at each level of a binary tree,
-     * using either recursive or iterative traversal based on the specified iteration type.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be applied to each node in
-     * the binary tree during the traversal. It is used to process each node and determine what
-     * information to include in the output for each level of the tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `listLevels` function represents the starting point for traversing the binary tree. It can be
-     * either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree. If not provided, the default value is the
-     * root of the binary tree.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `listLevels` function
-     * determines the type of iteration to be performed on the binary tree nodes. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @param [includeNull=false] - The `includeNull` parameter in the `listLevels` method determines
-     * whether or not to include null nodes in the traversal of the binary tree. If `includeNull` is set
-     * to `true`, the traversal will include null nodes in the levels of the tree. If set to `false`,
-     * null
-     * @returns The `listLevels` method returns an array of arrays, where each inner array represents a
-     * level in a binary tree. Each inner array contains the return value of the provided callback
-     * function applied to the nodes at that level.
+     * Returns a 2D array of nodes, grouped by level.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(N) for the result array and the queue/stack.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @param [includeNull=false] - If true, includes null nodes.
+     * @returns A 2D array of callback results.
      */
     listLevels(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType, includeNull = false) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1410,6 +1209,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         if (!startNode)
             return levelsNodes;
         if (iterationType === 'RECURSIVE') {
+            // Pre-order DFS based level listing
             const _recursive = (node, level) => {
                 if (!levelsNodes[level])
                     levelsNodes[level] = [];
@@ -1430,6 +1230,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             _recursive(startNode, 0);
         }
         else {
+            // Iterative DFS based level listing
             const stack = [[startNode, 0]];
             while (stack.length > 0) {
                 const head = stack.pop();
@@ -1454,24 +1255,14 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return levelsNodes;
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `morris` function in TypeScript performs a Depth-First Search traversal on a binary tree using
-     * Morris Traversal algorithm with different order patterns.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `morris` function is a function that will be
-     * called on each node in the binary tree during the traversal. It is of type `C`, which extends the
-     * `NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>` type. The default value for `callback` is `this._DEFAULT
-     * @param {DFSOrderPattern} [pattern=IN] - The `pattern` parameter in the `morris` function specifies
-     * the type of Depth-First Search (DFS) order pattern to traverse the binary tree. The possible
-     * values for the `pattern` parameter are:
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `morris`
-     * function is the starting point for the Morris traversal algorithm. It represents the root node of
-     * the binary tree or the node from which the traversal should begin. It can be provided as either a
-     * key, a node, an entry, or a reference
-     * @returns The `morris` function is returning an array of values that are the result of applying the
-     * provided callback function to each node in the binary tree in the specified order pattern (IN,
-     * PRE, or POST).
+     * Performs a Morris (threaded) traversal.
+     * @remarks This traversal uses O(1) extra space (excluding the result array) by temporarily modifying the tree's right child pointers. Time O(N), as each node is visited a constant number of times. Space O(1) (excluding the `ans` array).
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each node.
+     * @param [pattern='IN'] - The traversal order ('IN', 'PRE', 'POST').
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     morris(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, pattern = 'IN', startNode = this._root) {
         startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1479,6 +1270,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return [];
         const ans = [];
         let cur = startNode;
+        // Helper to reverse a linked list (formed by right pointers)
         const _reverseEdge = (node) => {
             let pre = null;
             let next = null;
@@ -1490,6 +1282,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             }
             return pre;
         };
+        // Helper to print the reversed edge (for post-order)
         const _printEdge = (node) => {
             const tail = _reverseEdge(node);
             let cur = tail;
@@ -1497,7 +1290,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                 ans.push(callback(cur));
                 cur = cur.right;
             }
-            _reverseEdge(tail);
+            _reverseEdge(tail); // Restore the edge
         };
         switch (pattern) {
             case 'IN':
@@ -1505,11 +1298,13 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                     if (cur.left) {
                         const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
                         if (!predecessor.right) {
+                            // Create thread
                             predecessor.right = cur;
                             cur = cur.left;
                             continue;
                         }
                         else {
+                            // Remove thread
                             predecessor.right = null;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1522,12 +1317,14 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                     if (cur.left) {
                         const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
                         if (!predecessor.right) {
+                            // Create thread and visit
                             predecessor.right = cur;
                             ans.push(callback(cur));
                             cur = cur.left;
                             continue;
                         }
                         else {
+                            // Remove thread
                             predecessor.right = null;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1542,108 +1339,77 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                     if (cur.left) {
                         const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
                         if (predecessor.right === null) {
+                            // Create thread
                             predecessor.right = cur;
                             cur = cur.left;
                             continue;
                         }
                         else {
+                            // Remove thread and print right spine of left child
                             predecessor.right = null;
                             _printEdge(cur.left);
                         }
                     }
                     cur = cur.right;
                 }
-                _printEdge(startNode);
+                _printEdge(startNode); // Print the right spine of the root
                 break;
         }
         return ans;
     }
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
+     * Clones the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of nodes and M is the tree size during insertion (due to `bfs` + `add`, and `add` is O(M)). Space O(N) for the new tree and the BFS queue.
      *
-     * The `clone` function creates a deep copy of a tree structure by traversing it using breadth-first
-     * search.
-     * @returns The `clone()` method is returning a cloned copy of the tree with the same structure and
-     * values as the original tree. The method creates a new tree, iterates over the nodes of the
-     * original tree using breadth-first search (bfs), and adds the nodes to the new tree. If a node in
-     * the original tree is null, a null node is added to the cloned tree. If a node
+     * @returns A new, cloned instance of the tree.
      */
     clone() {
-        const cloned = this.createTree();
-        this._clone(cloned);
-        return cloned;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `filter` function iterates over key-value pairs in a tree data structure and creates a new
-     * tree with elements that satisfy a given predicate.
-     * @param predicate - The `predicate` parameter in the `filter` method is a function that will be
-     * called with four arguments: the `value` of the current entry, the `key` of the current entry, the
-     * `index` of the current entry in the iteration, and the reference to the tree itself (`
-     * @param {any} [thisArg] - The `thisArg` parameter in the `filter` method allows you to specify the
-     * value of `this` that should be used when executing the `predicate` function. This is useful when
-     * the `predicate` function relies on the context of a specific object or value. By providing a
-     * `thisArg
-     * @returns The `filter` method is returning a new tree that contains entries that pass the provided
-     * predicate function.
+        const out = this._createInstance();
+        this._clone(out);
+        return out;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new tree containing only the entries that satisfy the predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion (O(N) iteration + O(M) `add` for each item). Space O(N) for the new tree.
+     *
+     * @param predicate - A function to test each [key, value] pair.
+     * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the predicate.
+     * @returns A new, filtered tree.
      */
     filter(predicate, thisArg) {
-        const newTree = this.createTree();
-        let index = 0;
-        for (const [key, value] of this) {
-            if (predicate.call(thisArg, key, value, index++, this)) {
-                newTree.add([key, value]);
-            }
-        }
-        return newTree;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `map` function in TypeScript creates a new BinaryTree by applying a callback function to each
-     * entry in the original BinaryTree.
-     * @param callback - A function that will be called for each entry in the current binary tree. It
-     * takes the key, value (which can be undefined), and an array containing the mapped key and value as
-     * arguments.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the `map` method is of type `BinaryTreeOptions<MK,
-     * MV, MR>`. It is an optional parameter that allows you to specify additional options for the binary
-     * tree being created during the mapping process. These options could include things like custom
-     * comparators, initial
-     * @param {any} [thisArg] - The `thisArg` parameter in the `map` method is used to specify the value
-     * of `this` when executing the `callback` function. It allows you to set the context (value of
-     * `this`) within the callback function. If `thisArg` is provided, it will be passed
-     * @returns The `map` function is returning a new `BinaryTree` instance filled with entries that are
-     * the result of applying the provided `callback` function to each entry in the original tree.
-     */
-    map(callback, options, thisArg) {
-        const newTree = new BinaryTree([], options);
-        let index = 0;
-        for (const [key, value] of this) {
-            newTree.add(callback.call(thisArg, key, value, index++, this));
-        }
-        return newTree;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The function `toVisual` in TypeScript overrides the visual representation of a binary tree with
-     * customizable options for displaying undefined, null, and sentinel nodes.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `toVisual` method is used to specify the starting point for visualizing the binary tree structure.
-     * It can be a node, key, entry, or the root of the tree. If no specific starting point is provided,
-     * the default is set to the root
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} [options] - The `options` parameter in the `toVisual` method is an
-     * object that contains the following properties:
-     * @returns The `override toVisual` method returns a string that represents the visual display of the
-     * binary tree based on the provided options for showing undefined, null, and Red-Black NIL nodes.
-     * The method constructs the visual representation by calling the `_displayAux` method and appending
-     * the lines to the output string. The final output string contains the visual representation of the
-     * binary tree with the specified options.
+        const out = this._createInstance();
+        let i = 0;
+        for (const [k, v] of this)
+            if (predicate.call(thisArg, k, v, i++, this))
+                out.add([k, v]);
+        return out;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new tree by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion. Space O(N) for the new tree.
+     *
+     * @template MK - New key type.
+     * @template MV - New value type.
+     * @template MR - New raw type.
+     * @param cb - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
+     * @returns A new, mapped tree.
+     */
+    map(cb, options, thisArg) {
+        const out = this._createLike([], options);
+        let i = 0;
+        for (const [k, v] of this)
+            out.add(cb.call(thisArg, k, v, i++, this));
+        return out;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Generates a string representation of the tree for visualization.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) in the worst case, as the string width can grow significantly.
+     *
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
+     * @param [options] - Options to control the output (e.g., show nulls).
+     * @returns The string representation of the tree.
      */
     toVisual(startNode = this._root, options) {
         const opts = { isShowUndefined: false, isShowNull: true, isShowRedBlackNIL: false, ...options };
@@ -1669,117 +1435,31 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return output;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
+     * Prints a visual representation of the tree to the console.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (via `toVisual`). Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) (via `toVisual`).
      *
-     * The function `print` in TypeScript overrides the default print behavior to log a visual
-     * representation of the binary tree to the console.
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} [options] - The `options` parameter is used to specify the
-     * printing options for the binary tree. It is an optional parameter that allows you to customize how
-     * the binary tree is printed, such as choosing between different traversal orders or formatting
-     * options.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `override print` method is used to specify the starting point for printing the binary tree. It can
-     * be either a key, a node, an entry, or the root of the tree. If no specific starting point is
-     * provided, the default value is set to
+     * @param [options] - Options to control the output.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
      */
     print(options, startNode = this._root) {
         console.log(this.toVisual(startNode, options));
     }
-    _clone(cloned) {
-        this.bfs(node => {
-            if (node === null)
-                cloned.add(null);
-            else {
-                if (this._isMapMode)
-                    cloned.add([node.key, this._store.get(node.key)]);
-                else
-                    cloned.add([node.key, node.value]);
-            }
-        }, this._root, this.iterationType, true);
-        if (this._isMapMode)
-            cloned._store = this._store;
-    }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Core DFS implementation.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node satisfying predicates. Space O(H) for call/explicit stack. O(N) worst-case.
      *
-     * The function `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` converts various input types into a node object
-     * or returns null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The
-     * `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function takes in a parameter `keyNodeOrEntry`, which
-     * can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. This parameter represents either a key, a
-     * node, an entry
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function is
-     * an optional parameter of type `V`. It represents the value associated with the key in the node
-     * being created. If a `value` is provided, it will be used when creating the node. If
-     * @returns The `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function returns an optional node
-     * (`BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined`) based on the input parameters provided. The function checks the type of the
-     * input parameter (`keyNodeOrEntry`) and processes it accordingly to return a node or null
-     * value.
-     */
-    _keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
-        if (keyNodeOrEntry === undefined)
-            return [undefined, undefined];
-        if (keyNodeOrEntry === null)
-            return [null, undefined];
-        if (this.isNode(keyNodeOrEntry))
-            return [keyNodeOrEntry, value];
-        if (this.isEntry(keyNodeOrEntry)) {
-            const [key, entryValue] = keyNodeOrEntry;
-            if (key === undefined)
-                return [undefined, undefined];
-            else if (key === null)
-                return [null, undefined];
-            const finalValue = value ?? entryValue;
-            return [this.createNode(key, finalValue), finalValue];
-        }
-        return [this.createNode(keyNodeOrEntry, value), value];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `_dfs` function performs a depth-first search traversal on a binary tree, with customizable
-     * options for traversal order and node processing.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a function that will be
-     * called on each node visited during the depth-first search traversal. It is a generic type `C` that
-     * extends `NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>`. The default value for `callback`
-     * @param {DFSOrderPattern} [pattern=IN] - The `pattern` parameter in the `_dfs` method specifies the
-     * order in which the nodes are visited during a depth-first search traversal. It can have one of the
-     * following values:
-     * @param {boolean} [onlyOne=false] - The `onlyOne` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a boolean flag
-     * that determines whether the traversal should stop after processing a single node. If `onlyOne` is
-     * set to `true`, the traversal will return as soon as a single node is processed. If it is set to
-     * `false
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined}
-     * startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `_dfs` method is used to specify the starting node
-     * for the depth-first search traversal. It can be provided in different forms:
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `_dfs` method
-     * specifies whether the traversal should be done recursively or iteratively. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @param [includeNull=false] - The `includeNull` parameter in the `_dfs` method determines whether
-     * null nodes should be included in the traversal process. If `includeNull` is set to `true`, the
-     * method will consider null nodes as valid nodes to visit or process. If `includeNull` is set to
-     * `false`,
-     * @param shouldVisitLeft - The `shouldVisitLeft` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a function that
-     * determines whether the left child of a node should be visited during the Depth-First Search
-     * traversal. By default, it checks if the node is not null or undefined before visiting the left
-     * child. You can customize this behavior
-     * @param shouldVisitRight - The `shouldVisitRight` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a function that
-     * determines whether to visit the right child node of the current node during a depth-first search
-     * traversal. The default implementation of this function checks if the node is not null or undefined
-     * before deciding to visit it.
-     * @param shouldVisitRoot - The `shouldVisitRoot` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a function that
-     * determines whether a given node should be visited during the depth-first search traversal. The
-     * function takes a node as an argument and returns a boolean value indicating whether the node
-     * should be visited.
-     * @param shouldProcessRoot - The `shouldProcessRoot` parameter in the `_dfs` method is a function
-     * that determines whether the root node should be processed during the Depth-First Search traversal.
-     * It takes a node (BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) as input and returns a boolean value. If
-     * the function
-     * @returns The `_dfs` method returns an array of the return type of the provided callback function
-     * `C`.
+     * @template C - Callback type.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on nodes.
+     * @param [pattern='IN'] - Traversal order.
+     * @param [onlyOne=false] - Stop after first match.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - Starting node.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - Traversal method.
+     * @param [includeNull=false] - Include nulls.
+     * @param [shouldVisitLeft] - Predicate to traverse left.
+     * @param [shouldVisitRight] - Predicate to traverse right.
+     * @param [shouldVisitRoot] - Predicate to visit root.
+     * @param [shouldProcessRoot] - Predicate to process root.
+     * @returns Array of callback results.
      */
     _dfs(callback = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK, pattern = 'IN', onlyOne = false, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType, includeNull = false, shouldVisitLeft = node => !!node, shouldVisitRight = node => !!node, shouldVisitRoot = node => {
         if (includeNull)
@@ -1835,6 +1515,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             dfs(startNode);
         }
         else {
+            // Iterative
             const stack = [{ opt: DFSOperation.VISIT, node: startNode }];
             const pushLeft = (cur) => {
                 if (shouldVisitLeft(cur.node))
@@ -1862,6 +1543,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                     }
                 }
                 else {
+                    // VISIT
                     switch (pattern) {
                         case 'IN':
                             pushRight(cur);
@@ -1885,19 +1567,11 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return ans;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Gets the iterator for the tree (default in-order).
+     * @remarks Time O(N) for full iteration. O(H) to get the first element. Space O(H) for the iterative stack. O(H) for recursive stack.
      *
-     * The function `_getIterator` returns an iterable iterator for a binary tree data structure, either
-     * using an iterative approach or a recursive approach based on the specified iteration type.
-     * @param node - The `node` parameter in the `_getIterator` method represents the current node being
-     * processed during iteration. It is initially set to the root node of the data structure (or the
-     * node passed as an argument), and then it is traversed through the data structure based on the
-     * iteration type specified (`ITER
-     * @returns The `_getIterator` method returns an IterableIterator containing key-value pairs of nodes
-     * in a binary tree structure. The method uses an iterative approach to traverse the tree based on
-     * the `iterationType` property. If the `iterationType` is set to 'ITERATIVE', the method uses a
-     * stack to perform an in-order traversal of the tree. If the `iterationType` is not 'ITERATIVE
+     * @param [node=this._root] - The node to start iteration from.
+     * @returns An iterator for [key, value] pairs.
      */
     *_getIterator(node = this._root) {
         if (!node)
@@ -1906,21 +1580,25 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             const stack = [];
             let current = node;
             while (current || stack.length > 0) {
+                // Go to the leftmost node
                 while (this.isRealNode(current)) {
                     stack.push(current);
                     current = current.left;
                 }
+                // Visit the node
                 current = stack.pop();
                 if (this.isRealNode(current)) {
                     if (this._isMapMode)
                         yield [current.key, this._store.get(current.key)];
                     else
                         yield [current.key, current.value];
+                    // Move to the right subtree
                     current = current.right;
                 }
             }
         }
         else {
+            // Recursive in-order traversal
             if (node.left && this.isRealNode(node)) {
                 yield* this[Symbol.iterator](node.left);
             }
@@ -1934,24 +1612,112 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
+     * (Protected) Default callback function, returns the node's key.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @param node - The node.
+     * @returns The node's key or undefined.
+     */
+    _DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK = (node) => (node ? node.key : undefined);
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Snapshots the current tree's configuration options.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the options.
+     * @returns The options object.
+     */
+    _snapshotOptions() {
+        return {
+            iterationType: this.iterationType,
+            toEntryFn: this.toEntryFn,
+            isMapMode: this.isMapMode,
+            isDuplicate: this.isDuplicate
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Creates a new, empty instance of the same tree constructor.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the new instance.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @returns A new, empty tree.
+     */
+    _createInstance(options) {
+        const Ctor = this.constructor;
+        return new Ctor([], { ...this._snapshotOptions(), ...(options ?? {}) });
+    }
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Creates a new instance of the same tree constructor, potentially with different generic types.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (or as per constructor) due to processing the iterable.
      *
-     * The function `_displayAux` in TypeScript is responsible for generating the display layout of nodes
-     * in a binary tree based on specified options.
-     * @param node - The `node` parameter in the `_displayAux` function represents a node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a valid node containing a key or a special type of node like null,
-     * undefined, or a Red-Black tree NIL node. The function checks the type of the node and its
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} options - The `options` parameter in the `_displayAux` function
-     * contains the following properties:
-     * @returns The `_displayAux` function returns a `NodeDisplayLayout`, which is an array containing
-     * information about how to display a node in a binary tree. The `NodeDisplayLayout` consists of four
-     * elements:
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the new instance.
+     * @param [iter=[]] - An iterable to populate the new tree.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @returns A new tree.
+     */
+    _createLike(iter = [], options) {
+        const Ctor = this.constructor;
+        return new Ctor(iter, { ...this._snapshotOptions(), ...(options ?? {}) });
+    }
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Converts a key, node, or entry into a standardized [node, value] tuple.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The input item.
+     * @param [value] - An optional value (used if input is just a key).
+     * @returns A tuple of [node, value].
+     */
+    _keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
+        if (keyNodeOrEntry === undefined)
+            return [undefined, undefined];
+        if (keyNodeOrEntry === null)
+            return [null, undefined];
+        if (this.isNode(keyNodeOrEntry))
+            return [keyNodeOrEntry, value];
+        if (this.isEntry(keyNodeOrEntry)) {
+            const [key, entryValue] = keyNodeOrEntry;
+            if (key === undefined)
+                return [undefined, undefined];
+            else if (key === null)
+                return [null, undefined];
+            const finalValue = value ?? entryValue;
+            return [this._createNode(key, finalValue), finalValue];
+        }
+        return [this._createNode(keyNodeOrEntry, value), value];
+    }
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Helper for cloning. Performs a BFS and adds all nodes to the new tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M) (O(N) BFS + O(M) `add` for each node).
+     *
+     * @param cloned - The new, empty tree instance to populate.
+     */
+    _clone(cloned) {
+        // Use BFS with nulls to preserve the tree structure
+        this.bfs(node => {
+            if (node === null)
+                cloned.add(null);
+            else {
+                if (this._isMapMode)
+                    cloned.add([node.key, this._store.get(node.key)]);
+                else
+                    cloned.add([node.key, node.value]);
+            }
+        }, this._root, this.iterationType, true // Include nulls
+        );
+        if (this._isMapMode)
+            cloned._store = this._store;
+    }
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Recursive helper for `toVisual`.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N*H) or O(N^2)
+     *
+     * @param node - The current node.
+     * @param options - Print options.
+     * @returns Layout information for this subtree.
      */
     _displayAux(node, options) {
         const { isShowNull, isShowUndefined, isShowRedBlackNIL } = options;
-        const emptyDisplayLayout = [['─'], 1, 0, 0];
-        // Check if node is null or undefined or key is NaN
+        const emptyDisplayLayout = [['─'], 1, 0, 0]; // Represents an empty spot
         if (node === null && !isShowNull) {
             return emptyDisplayLayout;
         }
@@ -1962,15 +1728,20 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             return emptyDisplayLayout;
         }
         else if (node !== null && node !== undefined) {
-            // Display logic of normal nodes
+            // Real node
             const key = node.key, line = this.isNIL(node) ? 'S' : String(key), width = line.length;
             return _buildNodeDisplay(line, width, this._displayAux(node.left, options), this._displayAux(node.right, options));
         }
         else {
-            // For cases where none of the conditions are met, null, undefined, and NaN nodes are not displayed
+            // Null or Undefined
             const line = node === undefined ? 'U' : 'N', width = line.length;
+            // Treat as a leaf
             return _buildNodeDisplay(line, width, [[''], 1, 0, 0], [[''], 1, 0, 0]);
         }
+        /**
+         * (Inner) Builds the display lines for a node.
+         * @remarks Time/Space: Proportional to the width and height of the subtrees.
+         */
         function _buildNodeDisplay(line, width, left, right) {
             const [leftLines, leftWidth, leftHeight, leftMiddle] = left;
             const [rightLines, rightWidth, rightHeight, rightMiddle] = right;
@@ -2000,32 +1771,26 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
             ];
         }
     }
-    _DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK = (node) => (node ? node.key : undefined);
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Swaps the key/value properties of two nodes.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The _swapProperties function swaps key and value properties between two nodes in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } srcNode - The `srcNode` parameter in the
-     * `_swapProperties` method can be either a BTNRep object containing key and value
-     * properties, or it can be of type R.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } destNode - The `destNode` parameter in the
-     * `_swapProperties` method represents the node or entry where the properties will be swapped with
-     * the `srcNode`. It can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. The method ensures that
-     * both `srcNode
-     * @returns The `_swapProperties` method returns either the `destNode` with its key and value swapped
-     * with the `srcNode`, or `undefined` if either `srcNode` or `destNode` is falsy.
+     * @param srcNode - The source node.
+     * @param destNode - The destination node.
+     * @returns The `destNode` (now holding `srcNode`'s properties).
      */
     _swapProperties(srcNode, destNode) {
         srcNode = this.ensureNode(srcNode);
         destNode = this.ensureNode(destNode);
         if (srcNode && destNode) {
             const { key, value } = destNode;
-            const tempNode = this.createNode(key, value);
+            const tempNode = this._createNode(key, value); // Use a temp node to hold dest properties
             if (tempNode) {
+                // Copy src to dest
                 destNode.key = srcNode.key;
                 if (!this._isMapMode)
                     destNode.value = srcNode.value;
+                // Copy temp (original dest) to src
                 srcNode.key = tempNode.key;
                 if (!this._isMapMode)
                     srcNode.value = tempNode.value;
@@ -2035,18 +1800,12 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return undefined;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Replaces a node in the tree with a new node, maintaining children and parent links.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The _replaceNode function replaces an old node with a new node in a binary tree structure.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} oldNode - The `oldNode` parameter represents the node that you want to replace in a
-     * tree data structure.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} newNode - The `newNode` parameter in the `_replaceNode` function represents the node
-     * that will replace the `oldNode` in a tree data structure. This function is responsible for
-     * updating the parent, left child, right child, and root (if necessary) references when replacing a
-     * node in the tree.
-     * @returns The method `_replaceNode` is returning the `newNode` that was passed as a parameter after
-     * replacing the `oldNode` with it in the binary tree structure.
+     * @param oldNode - The node to be replaced.
+     * @param newNode - The node to insert.
+     * @returns The `newNode`.
      */
     _replaceNode(oldNode, newNode) {
         if (oldNode.parent) {
@@ -2066,13 +1825,10 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return newNode;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Sets the root node and clears its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function _setRoot sets the root node of a data structure while updating the parent reference
-     * of the previous root node.
-     * @param v - The parameter `v` in the `_setRoot` method is of type `BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined`, which means
-     * it can either be an optional `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` type or `null`.
+     * @param v - The node to set as root.
      */
     _setRoot(v) {
         if (v) {
@@ -2080,18 +1836,6 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         }
         this._root = v;
     }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The function `_ensurePredicate` in TypeScript ensures that the input is converted into a valid
-     * predicate function for a binary tree node.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The
-     * `_ensurePredicate` method in the provided code snippet is responsible for ensuring that the input
-     * parameter `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` is transformed into a valid predicate function that can be
-     * used for filtering nodes in a binary tree.
-     * @returns A NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>> function is being returned.
-     */
     _ensurePredicate(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate) {
         if (keyNodeEntryOrPredicate === null || keyNodeEntryOrPredicate === undefined)
             return (node) => (node ? false : false);
@@ -2107,6 +1851,7 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
                 return node.key === key;
             };
         }
+        // Assume it's a key
         return (node) => {
             if (!node)
                 return false;
@@ -2114,32 +1859,21 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         };
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Checks if an item is a predicate function.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_isPredicate` checks if a given parameter is a function.
-     * @param {any} p - The parameter `p` is a variable of type `any`, which means it can hold any type
-     * of value. In this context, the function `_isPredicate` is checking if `p` is a function that
-     * satisfies the type `NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>`.
-     * @returns The function is checking if the input `p` is a function and returning a boolean value
-     * based on that check. If `p` is a function, it will return `true`, indicating that `p` is a
-     * predicate function for a binary tree node. If `p` is not a function, it will return `false`.
+     * @param p - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a function.
      */
     _isPredicate(p) {
         return typeof p === 'function';
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Extracts the key from a key, node, or entry.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_extractKey` in TypeScript returns the key from a given input, which can be a node,
-     * entry, raw data, or null/undefined.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `_extractKey` method you provided is a
-     * TypeScript method that takes in a parameter `keyNodeOrEntry` of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  `,
-     * where `BTNRep` is a generic type with keys `K`, `V`, and `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>`, and `
-     * @returns The `_extractKey` method returns the key value extracted from the `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter. The return value can be a key value of type `K`, `null`, or `undefined`, depending on
-     * the conditions checked in the method.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item.
+     * @returns The extracted key.
      */
     _extractKey(keyNodeOrEntry) {
         if (keyNodeOrEntry === null)
@@ -2155,41 +1889,31 @@ export class BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
         return keyNodeOrEntry;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Sets a value in the external store (Map mode).
+     * @remarks Time O(1) (average for Map.set).
      *
-     * The function `_setValue` sets a value in a store based on a key, handling cases where the key or
-     * value is null or undefined.
-     * @param {K | null | undefined} key - The `key` parameter can be of type `K`, `null`, or
-     * `undefined`.
-     * @param {V | undefined} value - The `value` parameter in the `_setValue` method can be of type `V`
-     * or `undefined`.
-     * @returns The method `_setValue` returns `false` if either the `key` is `null` or `undefined`, or
-     * if the `value` is `undefined`. Otherwise, it returns the result of calling the `set` method on the
-     * `_store` object with the `key` and `value` arguments.
+     * @param key - The key.
+     * @param value - The value.
+     * @returns True if successful.
      */
     _setValue(key, value) {
         if (key === null || key === undefined)
             return false;
         if (value === undefined)
-            return false;
+            return false; // Or allow setting undefined?
         return this._store.set(key, value);
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The _clearNodes function sets the root node to undefined and resets the size to 0.
+     * (Protected) Clears all nodes from the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      */
     _clearNodes() {
         this._setRoot(undefined);
         this._size = 0;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The _clearValues function clears all values stored in the _store object.
+     * (Protected) Clears all values from the external store.
+     * @remarks Time O(N)
      */
     _clearValues() {
         this._store.clear();