cronli5 0.3.4 → 0.7.2

package/src/lang/pt/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2803 @@
+// The Portuguese language module: renders an analyzed cron pattern (the
+// Schedule produced by core `analyze`) as natural Brazilian Portuguese.
+// Anchored to the pt-BR norm (VOLP / Academia Brasileira de Letras, plus
+// cronstrue `pt_BR`); see notes.md for the decisions and trade-offs.
+//
+// pt is sibling-derived from es (docs/i18n-design.md §7, the language
+// pipeline): it ports the Spanish module's STRUCTURE — the plan override, the
+// OR-union frame, the parity predicates, the re-strategies, the dialect
+// mechanism — and translates the lexicon, then diverges where Portuguese
+// grammar genuinely differs: preposition+article contraction (do/da/no/na/à),
+// gender agreement (feminine weekdays, gendered ordinals and determiners), the
+// "toda X" single-weekday recurrence, "na 2ª segunda-feira", no comma before
+// "e", and the ordinal "dia 1º". A language never imports another (this is a
+// copy-and-translate of es, not an import); the only shared dependency is core.
+
+import {clockDigits, numeral} from '../../core/format.js';
+import {maxClockTimes, weekdayNumbers} from '../../core/specs.js';
+import {isOpenStep} from '../../core/shapes.js';
+import {
+  arithmeticStep, hourListStride, offsetCleanStride,
+  renderStride as chooseStride, segmentsOf, singleValues, stepSegment
+} from '../../core/cadence.js';
+import {orderWeekdaysForDisplay} from '../../core/weekday.js';
+import {toFieldNumber} from '../../core/util.js';
+import type {Cronli5Options} from '../../types.js';
+import type {
+  HourTimesPlan, Schedule, Language, NormalizedOptions, PlanNode,
+  Segment
+} from '../../core/schedule.js';
+import {resolveDialect, type PortugueseStyle} from './dialects.js';
+
+// Normalized options carrying Portuguese's own style shape.
+type Opts = NormalizedOptions<PortugueseStyle>;
+
+// The erased renderer signature the dispatch table maps to.
+type Renderer = (schedule: Schedule, plan: PlanNode, opts: Opts) => string;
+
+// A `step` segment, narrowed from the discriminated `Segment` union.
+type StepSegment = Extract<Segment, {kind: 'step'}>;
+
+// A step cadence to phrase: the `interval` repeats over a `cycle`-long field
+// (60 for minute/second), running from `start` to `last`. `unit` is the
+// singular noun and `anchor` the larger unit the values count against. When
+// `anchor` is empty the caller supplies its own trailing scope, so the cadence
+// drops the "de cada <anchor>" tail.
+interface Stride {
+  interval: number;
+  start: number;
+  last: number;
+  cycle: number;
+  unit: string;
+  anchor: string;
+}
+
+// One end of a clock-time range. The second is optional and may be absent
+// (top-of-hour windows) or a folded clock second.
+type ClockEnd = {hour: number; minute: number; second?: number | null};
+
+// A name token: a cron name or numeric string from a segment, or a numeric
+// fire that `flattenSteps` expands a step into.
+type NameToken = string | number;
+
+// A flattened name segment. `flattenSteps` turns step segments into single
+// segments whose `value` is a numeric fire, so a single's value here may be
+// a number as well as a `Segment`'s string token; ranges keep their bounds.
+type NameSegment =
+  | {kind: 'single'; value: NameToken}
+  | {kind: 'range'; bounds: [string, string]};
+
+// The range and single arms of a flattened name segment.
+type RangeNameSegment = Extract<NameSegment, {kind: 'range'}>;
+type SingleNameSegment = Extract<NameSegment, {kind: 'single'}>;
+
+
+// Portuguese number names for the integers zero through ten.
+const numeros = [
+  'zero',
+  'um',
+  'dois',
+  'três',
+  'quatro',
+  'cinco',
+  'seis',
+  'sete',
+  'oito',
+  'nove',
+  'dez'
+];
+
+// Portuguese month names (lowercase, per VOLP).
+const monthNames = [
+  null,
+  'janeiro',
+  'fevereiro',
+  'março',
+  'abril',
+  'maio',
+  'junho',
+  'julho',
+  'agosto',
+  'setembro',
+  'outubro',
+  'novembro',
+  'dezembro'
+];
+
+// Portuguese weekday names (lowercase, per VOLP). Weekdays Mon-Fri carry the
+// "-feira" element; sábado and domingo do not. The bare stem ("segunda") is
+// kept separate so lists can suffix "-feira" on the last -feira day only and
+// ranges on the last term only (notes.md §"Weekday recurrence").
+const weekdayNames = [
+  'domingo',
+  'segunda-feira',
+  'terça-feira',
+  'quarta-feira',
+  'quinta-feira',
+  'sexta-feira',
+  'sábado'
+];
+
+// The bare weekday stems (no "-feira"), for list/range suffix-ellipsis.
+const weekdayStems = [
+  'domingo',
+  'segunda',
+  'terça',
+  'quarta',
+  'quinta',
+  'sexta',
+  'sábado'
+];
+
+// Whether a weekday (by canonical number) is feminine. The -feira days are
+// feminine ("a segunda-feira" → "às segundas-feiras"); sábado and domingo are
+// masculine ("o domingo" → "aos domingos"). Drives ordinal and article gender.
+function weekdayFeminine(number: number): boolean {
+  return number !== 0 && number !== 6;
+}
+
+// Gendered ordinals for Quartz `#` weekday occurrences (1-5). The renderer
+// selects by the weekday's gender ("a primeira segunda-feira", "o último
+// domingo"); es used invariant primer/último, pt must agree.
+const nthWeekdayMasculine =
+  [null, 'primeiro', 'segundo', 'terceiro', 'quarto', 'quinto'];
+const nthWeekdayFeminine =
+  [null, 'primeira', 'segunda', 'terceira', 'quarta', 'quinta'];
+
+// --- Contractions (the principal es->pt divergence). ---
+//
+// Portuguese fuses a preposition with the following article wherever es emitted
+// a bare preposition + article. These helpers form the contraction from a
+// phrase that begins with a bare article ("a 01:00", "as 09:00", "o dia",
+// "as segundas-feiras"): de+a/o/as/os -> da/do/das/dos; em+... -> na/no/nas;
+// a+a/as -> à/às, a+o/os -> ao/aos. It is gender/number-driven formation, not a
+// lexical substitution. Clock and weekday phrases carry their bare article so
+// these fuse uniformly.
+
+// The genitive noon/midnight words carry an implicit gendered article: meio-dia
+// is masculine (o → ao/do), meia-noite feminine (a → à/da). These are words,
+// not bare-article phrases, so the contraction helpers special-case them.
+function noonMidnightArticle(phrase: string): 'o' | 'a' | null {
+  if (phrase === 'meio-dia') {
+    return 'o';
+  }
+
+  if (phrase === 'meia-noite') {
+    return 'a';
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+// The contraction of `a` + a bare-article phrase: a+a=à, a+as=às, a+o=ao,
+// a+os=aos. Noon/midnight word forms carry an implicit gendered article
+// (ao meio-dia, à meia-noite); any other word form falls through with "a".
+function withA(phrase: string): string {
+  const word = noonMidnightArticle(phrase);
+
+  if (word) {
+    return (word === 'o' ? 'ao ' : 'à ') + phrase;
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('as ')) {
+    return 'às ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('a ')) {
+    return 'à ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('os ')) {
+    return 'aos ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('o ')) {
+    return 'ao ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  return 'a ' + phrase;
+}
+
+// The contraction of `de` + a bare-article phrase: de+a=da, de+as=das,
+// de+o=do, de+os=dos. Noon/midnight take their gendered article (do meio-dia,
+// da meia-noite).
+function withDe(phrase: string): string {
+  const word = noonMidnightArticle(phrase);
+
+  if (word) {
+    return (word === 'o' ? 'do ' : 'da ') + phrase;
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('as ')) {
+    return 'das ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('a ')) {
+    return 'da ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('os ')) {
+    return 'dos ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('o ')) {
+    return 'do ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  return 'de ' + phrase;
+}
+
+// Whether a phrase begins with a bare article the contraction helpers fuse
+// (or a noon/midnight word, which carries an implicit one). A phrase that does
+// not — the Quartz "5 dias antes do último dia do mês" offset form — takes no
+// preposition in the leading/arm position, so the caller leaves it bare.
+function hasLeadingArticle(phrase: string): boolean {
+  return noonMidnightArticle(phrase) !== null ||
+    phrase.startsWith('a ') || phrase.startsWith('as ') ||
+    phrase.startsWith('o ') || phrase.startsWith('os ');
+}
+
+// The contraction of `em` + a bare-article phrase: em+a=na, em+as=nas,
+// em+o=no, em+os=nos.
+function withEm(phrase: string): string {
+  if (phrase.startsWith('as ')) {
+    return 'nas ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('a ')) {
+    return 'na ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('os ')) {
+    return 'nos ' + phrase.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (phrase.startsWith('o ')) {
+    return 'no ' + phrase.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  return 'em ' + phrase;
+}
+
+// Normalize raw user options.
+function normalizeOptions(options?: Cronli5Options): Opts {
+  options = options || {};
+  const style = resolveDialect(options.dialect);
+
+  return {
+    // The clock default comes from the dialect (24-hour for pt-BR); an explicit
+    // `{ampm}` option overrides it.
+    ampm: typeof options.ampm === 'boolean' ? options.ampm : style.ampm,
+    lenient: !!options.lenient,
+    seconds: !!options.seconds,
+    short: !!options.short,
+    style,
+    years: !!options.years
+  };
+}
+
+// Render an analyzed cron pattern (the Schedule) as Portuguese.
+function describe(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  return applyYear(render(schedule, schedule.plan, opts), schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// Render one plan node. `composeSeconds` recurses with its `rest` plan.
+// When BOTH date and weekday are restricted (a date-OR-weekday union), the
+// result is wrapped in the unified `[month] [time], seja <DOM> ou <DOW>`
+// frame regardless of arm shapes or month type.
+function render(schedule: Schedule, plan: PlanNode, opts: Opts): string {
+  // Each renderer narrows `plan` to its own `kind`; the dispatch table is
+  // keyed by that discriminant, so the union-to-specific match is sound but
+  // not expressible without a cast.
+  const phrase = (renderers[plan.kind] as Renderer)(schedule, plan, opts);
+
+  if (!isDateWeekdayUnion(schedule)) {
+    return phrase;
+  }
+
+  // The time/frequency phrase arrives from the renderer with no day qualifier
+  // (leadingQualifier and trailingQualifier both return '' for union patterns).
+  // Front the shared month (possibly with a trailing comma for enumerations),
+  // then append the union correlative last.
+  const lead = unionMonthLeadFull(schedule);
+
+  return (lead ? lead + ' ' : '') + phrase + unionSejaSuffix(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// --- Seconds renderers. ---
+
+function renderEverySecond(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'everySecond'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return 'a cada segundo' + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderStandaloneSeconds(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'standaloneSeconds'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderSecondPastMinute(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'secondPastMinute'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return 'no segundo ' + schedule.pattern.second + ' de cada minuto' +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// A meaningful second combined with a single specific minute (and an open
+// hour): a single second folds into the minute anchor; a list, range, or
+// step leads with its own clause.
+function renderSecondsWithinMinute(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'secondsWithinMinute'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const minuteField = schedule.pattern.minute;
+
+  if (plan.singleSecond) {
+    return 'no minuto ' + minuteField + ' e no segundo ' +
+      schedule.pattern.second + ' de cada hora' +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ', no minuto ' + minuteField +
+    ' de cada hora' + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// A seconds list nested into one or more fixed clock times ("..., nos
+// segundos 5 e 30 das 09:00 e 17:00"). An offset/uneven second step the core
+// enumerated to this list reads as a stride cadence; otherwise the fires are
+// listed. The clock time follows with the genitive "de" (fused to "das"), so
+// the stride drops its "de cada minuto" anchor.
+function secondsListAtClock(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  rest: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'clockTimes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const clockPhrases = rest.times.map(function clock(time) {
+    return atTime(timePhrase(time.hour, time.minute, null, opts));
+  });
+  const grouped = groupClockTimesByArticle(clockPhrases);
+  // Reframe the grouped "a(s)/à(s)" result to the genitive "de" form so the
+  // caller produces "das 09:00 e 17:00".
+  const clockList = degenitive(grouped);
+  const stride =
+    strideFromSegments(segmentsOf(schedule, 'second'), 'segundo', '', opts);
+  const secondsPhrase = stride ?? 'nos segundos ' +
+    joinList(segmentWords(segmentsOf(schedule, 'second')));
+  const dayFrame = trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+
+  return (dayFrame ? dayFrame.trimStart() + ', ' : '') +
+    secondsPhrase + ' ' + clockList;
+}
+
+// The hour-cadence rendering of a compose-seconds plan whose clock-time rest
+// would cross-multiply an hour stride under a single pinned minute, or null
+// when that does not apply (a non-clock rest, a multi-valued minute, or an
+// hour that is not a stride).
+function composeHourCadence(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'composeSeconds'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string | null {
+  const clockRest = plan.rest.kind === 'clockTimes' ||
+    plan.rest.kind === 'compactClockTimes';
+
+  if (!clockRest || schedule.shapes.minute !== 'single') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const minute = +schedule.pattern.minute;
+
+  return hourCadence(schedule, minute, opts) ??
+    hourRangeCadence(schedule, minute, opts);
+}
+
+// A wildcard or stepped second with a fixed minute across one or more specific
+// hours: the seconds confine to the clock time(s), each minute named.
+function isPinnedMinuteSeconds(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'composeSeconds'}>
+): plan is Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'composeSeconds'}> &
+  {rest: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'clockTimes'}>} {
+  return plan.rest.kind === 'clockTimes' &&
+    (schedule.shapes.second === 'wildcard' ||
+      schedule.shapes.second === 'step');
+}
+
+function renderComposeSeconds(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'composeSeconds'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // An hour step (or arithmetic-progression hour list) under a single pinned
+  // minute is a cadence, not a wall of clock times: the second/minute lead,
+  // then the hour cadence ("no segundo 30 de cada hora, a cada duas horas").
+  // The clock-time rest would otherwise cross-multiply the hours.
+  const hourCad = composeHourCadence(schedule, plan, opts);
+
+  if (hourCad !== null) {
+    return hourCad;
+  }
+
+  // A wildcard or stepped second with the minute pinned to a single value
+  // across one or more specific hours: the seconds confine to the clock time.
+  if (isPinnedMinuteSeconds(schedule, plan)) {
+    return pinnedMinuteSeconds(schedule, plan.rest, opts);
+  }
+
+  // Seconds list + fixed clock time: nest the seconds into the clock time(s)
+  // with genitive "das HH:MM" instead of "de cada minuto"; the minute is
+  // fixed so "de cada minuto" is misleading. Single seconds already fold into
+  // the time in the clockTimes renderer; step seconds keep their own clause.
+  if (plan.rest.kind === 'clockTimes' && schedule.shapes.second === 'list') {
+    return secondsListAtClock(schedule, plan.rest, opts);
+  }
+
+  // Second-step + fixed minute + hour range + weekday: anchor the cadence to
+  // the minute after the weekday + hour-range frame.
+  if (plan.rest.kind === 'hourRange' && schedule.shapes.second === 'step' &&
+      schedule.pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    const restNode = plan.rest;
+    const window = hourWindow(boundedWindow(restNode), opts);
+    const dayFrame = weekdayQualifier(schedule) + monthScope(schedule);
+    const cadence = 'a cada ' +
+      numero(stepSegment(schedule, 'second').interval, opts) +
+      ' segundos do minuto ' + schedule.pattern.minute;
+
+    return dayFrame + ', ' + window + ', ' + cadence;
+  }
+
+  // A wildcard second under a minute */2 with a wildcard hour juxtaposes two
+  // cadences that read as contradictory ("a cada segundo, a cada dois
+  // minutos"). Bind them with the genitive "de" ("a cada segundo de cada dois
+  // minutos"), mirroring English. The rest renders "a cada dois minutos"; the
+  // genitive "de" absorbs its leading "a", giving "de cada dois minutos".
+  // Other strides, a restricted hour, and an hour cadence keep the juxtaposed
+  // form.
+  if (isEveryOtherMinuteSeconds(schedule, plan)) {
+    const rest = render(schedule, plan.rest, opts).replace(/^a /u, '');
+
+    return secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ' de ' + rest;
+  }
+
+  // A compact clock-time rest folds a meaningful SINGLE second into its own
+  // leading clause, so the composer must not prepend a second lead that would
+  // double it. A wildcard or stepped second is not folded there (no
+  // clockSecond), so it still leads its own clause here.
+  const restOwnsLead = plan.rest.kind === 'compactClockTimes' &&
+    schedule.analyses.clockSecond;
+  const lead = restOwnsLead ? '' : secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ', ';
+
+  return lead + render(schedule, plan.rest, opts);
+}
+
+// A wildcard second over an unoffset minute */2 with a wildcard hour: the two
+// cadences read as contradictory side by side, so they bind into one.
+function isEveryOtherMinuteSeconds(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'composeSeconds'}>
+): boolean {
+  if (plan.rest.kind !== 'minuteFrequency' ||
+      schedule.shapes.second !== 'wildcard' ||
+      schedule.shapes.hour !== 'wildcard') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const minuteStep = stepSegment(schedule, 'minute');
+
+  return minuteStep.startToken === '*' && minuteStep.interval === 2;
+}
+
+// A wildcard or stepped second under a single pinned minute and specific
+// hour(s). The clock-time rest folds the minute into the hour, and on the
+// 12-hour clock a pinned minute-0 drops the :00 entirely ("às 9 da manhã") —
+// and even "às 9" reads aloud as the whole hour, hiding the one-minute
+// confinement (60 fires in :00, not 3,600 across the hour). Minute 0 is the
+// one-minute window at the top of each named hour: a duration frame ("durante
+// um minuto às 9") states the confinement outright, with the hour as a bare
+// hour so it cannot be heard as the whole hour. A non-zero pinned minute is an
+// unambiguous clock time, so the genitive "das 09:05" form reads it as the
+// minute, never the hour.
+function pinnedMinuteSeconds(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  rest: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'clockTimes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // The day qualifier trails after a comma here, so the weekday reads the
+  // plural recurrence ("às segundas-feiras"), never the leading "toda X" head.
+  const dayTrail = trailingDayClause(schedule, opts);
+  const trail = dayTrail ? ', ' + dayTrail : '';
+
+  // The "durante um minuto às 9" duration form drops the clock minute, so it
+  // is correct only when the minute is a SINGLE 0 — every clock time at :00. A
+  // minute LIST whose first value is 0 (e.g. */45 → :00, :45) must name each
+  // minute, never collapse to the bare hour, so it takes the explicit clock
+  // list.
+  if (+rest.times[0].minute === 0 && schedule.shapes.minute === 'single') {
+    return secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ' durante um minuto ' +
+      durationHourList(rest.times, opts) + trail;
+  }
+
+  return secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ' ' +
+    explicitClockList(rest.times, opts) + trail;
+}
+
+// The leading clause describing a second field relative to the minute.
+function secondsLeadClause(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  return secondsClause(schedule, 'minuto', opts);
+}
+
+// The second clause counted against an arbitrary anchor. The anchor is
+// "minuto" in the standalone seconds path; the hour-cadence path folds a
+// pinned minute 0 into the hour and counts the second "de cada hora" instead
+// ("no segundo 30 de cada hora"), so the minute-0 confinement is stated,
+// not dropped.
+function secondsClause(schedule: Schedule, anchor: string, opts: Opts): string {
+  const secondField = schedule.pattern.second;
+  const shape = schedule.shapes.second;
+
+  if (secondField === '*') {
+    return 'a cada segundo';
+  }
+
+  if (shape === 'step') {
+    return stepCycle60(stepSegment(schedule, 'second'), 'segundo',
+      anchor, opts);
+  }
+
+  if (shape === 'range') {
+    const bounds = secondField.split('-');
+
+    return 'a cada segundo do ' + bounds[0] + ' ao ' + bounds[1] +
+      ' de cada ' + anchor;
+  }
+
+  if (shape === 'single') {
+    return 'no segundo ' + secondField + ' de cada ' + anchor;
+  }
+
+  return strideFromSegments(segmentsOf(schedule, 'second'), 'segundo', anchor,
+    opts) ?? 'nos segundos ' +
+    joinList(segmentWords(segmentsOf(schedule, 'second'))) +
+    ' de cada ' + anchor;
+}
+
+// --- Minute renderers. ---
+
+function renderEveryMinute(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'everyMinute'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return 'a cada minuto' + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderSingleMinute(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'singleMinute'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return 'no minuto ' + schedule.pattern.minute + ' de cada hora' +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderRangeOfMinutes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'rangeOfMinutes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return minuteRangeLead(schedule.pattern.minute) + ' de cada hora' +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderMultipleMinutes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'multipleMinutes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return minutesList(schedule, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// "nos minutos 5, 10 e 30 de cada hora". An offset/uneven step the core
+// enumerated to this list reads as a stride cadence when the fires form a
+// long-enough progression.
+function minutesList(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  return strideFromSegments(segmentsOf(schedule, 'minute'), 'minuto', 'hora',
+    opts) ?? 'nos minutos ' +
+    joinList(segmentWords(segmentsOf(schedule, 'minute'))) + ' de cada hora';
+}
+
+// "a cada minuto do 0 ao 30". The standalone renderer adds "de cada hora";
+// when an hour qualifier follows ("..., às 09:00", "..., a cada duas horas")
+// it would contradict, so it is not baked in here.
+function minuteRangeLead(minuteField: string): string {
+  const bounds = minuteField.split('-');
+
+  return 'a cada minuto do ' + bounds[0] + ' ao ' + bounds[1];
+}
+
+// Whether the hour field is a single step, which pt renders as a confinement
+// phrase rather than a window list.
+function singleHourStep(segments: Segment[] | null): boolean {
+  return segments !== null && segments.length === 1 &&
+    segments[0].kind === 'step';
+}
+
+// A single hour step as a confinement. A stride of two over the whole day
+// reads idiomatically as the even ("as horas pares") or odd ("ímpares")
+// hours; any other step names its active hours, which pins the schedule
+// precisely (ordinal/colloquial forms would be imprecise here).
+function stepHourSpan(segment: StepSegment, opts: Opts): string {
+  const bounded = segment.startToken.indexOf('-') !== -1;
+  const start = segment.startToken === '*' ? 0 : +segment.startToken;
+
+  if (segment.interval === 2 && !bounded && start <= 1) {
+    return start === 0 ?
+      'durante as horas pares' :
+      'durante as horas ímpares';
+  }
+
+  return 'durante as horas ' + hourSpanList(segment.fires, opts);
+}
+
+// The active hours of a confined cadence, dialect-aware. The 24-hour clock
+// shares one article over bare numbers ("das 14, 18, 20 e 22"). The 12-hour
+// clock groups the hours by day period, naming each period once ("das 9 e 11
+// da manhã e da 1, das 3 e das 5 da tarde"); noon and midnight stand alone as
+// "do meio-dia" / "da meia-noite".
+function hourSpanList(fires: number[], opts: Opts): string {
+  if (!opts.ampm) {
+    return 'das ' + joinList(fires.map(String));
+  }
+
+  return joinList(hourPeriodGroups(fires, opts));
+}
+
+// The day period a 12-hour clock appends to an hour: the AM/PM mark for the
+// 'english' meridiem (no shipped dialect), otherwise the day-period descriptor
+// ("da manhã").
+function hourPeriod(hour: number, opts: Opts): string {
+  return opts.style.meridiem === 'english' ?
+    meridiemMark(hour) :
+    dayPeriod(hour, opts);
+}
+
+// Fire hours as per-period phrases: consecutive hours sharing a day period
+// fold under it once ("das 9 e 11 da manhã"); noon and midnight are their own
+// markers ("do meio-dia", "da meia-noite").
+function hourPeriodGroups(fires: number[], opts: Opts): string[] {
+  const groups: {hours: number[]; period: string}[] = [];
+
+  fires.forEach(function place(hour): void {
+    const period = hour === 0 || hour === 12 ? '' : hourPeriod(hour, opts);
+    const last = groups[groups.length - 1];
+
+    if (period !== '' && last && last.period === period) {
+      last.hours.push(hour);
+    }
+    else {
+      groups.push({hours: [hour], period});
+    }
+  });
+
+  return groups.map(function phrase(group): string {
+    if (group.period === '') {
+      return fromTime(timePhrase(group.hours[0], 0, null, opts));
+    }
+
+    return spanHours(group.hours) + ' ' + group.period;
+  });
+}
+
+// The hours of one period in the genitive "de" form: "das 9 e 11" when all
+// take the plural article (one shared "das" head), "da 1, das 4 e das 7" when
+// a one-o'clock mixes in — each value contracts its own preposition (de+a=da,
+// de+as=das), since "das" cannot govern the singular "1".
+function spanHours(hours: number[]): string {
+  const display = hours.map(function twelve(hour): number {
+    return hour % 12 || 12;
+  });
+
+  if (display.indexOf(1) === -1) {
+    return 'das ' + joinList(display.map(String));
+  }
+
+  return joinList(display.map(function article(hour): string {
+    return withDe((hour === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ') + hour);
+  }));
+}
+
+// A repeating minute step, qualified by the active hour window(s).
+function renderMinuteFrequency(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'minuteFrequency'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  let phrase = stepCycle60(stepSegment(schedule, 'minute'), 'minuto',
+    'hora', opts);
+
+  if (plan.hours.kind === 'during') {
+    // A uneven hour stride confines the minute cadence to its own bounded hour
+    // cadence ("a cada 15 minutos, a cada cinco horas das 00:00 às 20:00").
+    const cadence = unevenHourCadence(schedule, opts);
+
+    if (cadence) {
+      phrase += ', ' + cadence;
+    }
+    else {
+      // An offset step (e.g. 1/2) arrives here; a single step reads as a
+      // confinement, not the verbose window list.
+      phrase += singleHourStep(schedule.analyses.segments.hour) ?
+        ', ' + stepHourSpan(stepSegment(schedule, 'hour'), opts) :
+        ' ' + hourSpanFromTimes(schedule, plan.hours.times, opts);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (plan.hours.kind === 'window') {
+    phrase += ' ' + hourWindow(plan.hours, opts);
+  }
+  else if (plan.hours.kind === 'step') {
+    // A clean stride is a confinement ("as horas pares", or the active-hour
+    // list), never a juxtaposed cadence ("a cada duas horas").
+    phrase += ', ' + stepHourSpan(stepSegment(schedule, 'hour'), opts);
+  }
+
+  return phrase + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// "a cada minuto das 9:00 às 9:29 da manhã". A wildcard minute is the whole
+// hour, so it reads as that hour itself ("a cada minuto da hora das 09:00")
+// rather than a synthesized "das HH:00 às HH:59" range the source never stated;
+// a plain range is a real window and keeps "das … às …".
+function renderMinuteSpanInHour(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'minuteSpanInHour'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (schedule.pattern.minute === '*') {
+    return 'a cada minuto da hora ' +
+      fromTime(timePhrase(plan.hour, 0, null, opts)) +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return 'a cada minuto ' +
+    timeRange({hour: plan.hour, minute: plan.span[0]},
+      {hour: plan.hour, minute: plan.span[1]}, opts) +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// A minute window under discrete hours. Portuguese re-plans the wildcard form:
+// rather than "during the X hours", each hour reads as its own window ("das
+// 9:00 às 9:59").
+function renderMinutesAcrossHours(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'minutesAcrossHours'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // A uneven hour stride reads as a cadence, not a wall of hour columns: the
+  // minute lead, then "a cada N horas das X às Y".
+  const cadence = unevenHourCadence(schedule, opts);
+
+  if (plan.form === 'wildcard') {
+    if (cadence !== null) {
+      return 'a cada minuto, ' + cadence + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+    }
+
+    if (singleHourStep(schedule.analyses.segments.hour)) {
+      return 'a cada minuto, ' +
+        stepHourSpan(stepSegment(schedule, 'hour'), opts) +
+        trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+    }
+
+    return 'a cada minuto ' + hourSpanFromTimes(schedule, plan.times, opts) +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  const lead = plan.form === 'range' ?
+    minuteRangeLead(schedule.pattern.minute) :
+    minutesList(schedule, opts);
+
+  if (cadence !== null) {
+    return lead + ', ' + cadence + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return lead + ', ' + atHourTimes(schedule, plan.times, opts) +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderMinuteSpanAcrossHourStep(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'minuteSpanAcrossHourStep'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const segment = stepSegment(schedule, 'hour');
+  // A bounded or uneven hour step reads as its endpoint-pinning cadence; an
+  // offset-clean step keeps its confinement / per-step phrasing.
+  const cadence = unevenHourCadence(schedule, opts);
+
+  // A wildcard minute (a cadence) is reached only for a clean stride (a bounded
+  // or uneven step routes through minutesAcrossHours instead) and is confined.
+  if (plan.form === 'wildcard') {
+    return 'a cada minuto, ' + stepHourSpan(segment, opts) +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  // A minute list keeps the same cadence clause as the range; only its lead
+  // differs ("nos minutos 5 e 30 de cada hora" vs "a cada minuto do 0 ao 30").
+  const lead = plan.form === 'list' ?
+    minutesList(schedule, opts) :
+    minuteRangeLead(schedule.pattern.minute);
+
+  return lead + ', ' +
+    (cadence ?? stepHours(segment, opts)) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// --- Hour renderers. ---
+
+function renderEveryHour(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'everyHour'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return 'a cada hora' + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderHourRange(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'hourRange'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const window = hourWindow(boundedWindow(plan), opts);
+
+  if (plan.minuteForm === 'wildcard') {
+    return 'a cada minuto ' + window + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  if (plan.minuteForm === 'range') {
+    return minuteRangeLead(schedule.pattern.minute) + ', ' + window +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  // On the hour the window joins directly ("a cada hora das 9:00 às 17:00"); a
+  // discrete minute anchors its own clause first.
+  if (schedule.pattern.minute === '0') {
+    return 'a cada hora ' + window + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  const lead = schedule.shapes.minute === 'single' ?
+    'no minuto ' + schedule.pattern.minute + ' de cada hora' :
+    minutesList(schedule, opts);
+
+  return lead + ', ' + window + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+function renderHourStep(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'hourStep'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // A bounded or uneven hour step reads as its endpoint-pinning cadence ("a
+  // cada duas horas das 09:00 às 17:00"); an offset-clean step keeps its bare
+  // or "a partir de" cadence.
+  const cadence = unevenHourCadence(schedule, opts);
+
+  if (cadence !== null) {
+    return cadence + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return stepHours(stepSegment(schedule, 'hour'), opts) +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// The hour-range plan as a window. The close lands on the top of the final
+// hour (minute 0) unless the minute genuinely runs to the end of that hour —
+// i.e. a wildcard minute, which fills every minute and states no separate
+// clause. A pinned/listed/ranged minute is named in its own lead clause, so
+// folding it into the close too would read as a span ("às 17:05") that
+// contradicts the minute clause; the window stays bare ("às 17:00").
+function boundedWindow(
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'hourRange'}>
+): {from: number; to: number; last: number} {
+  const last = plan.minuteForm === 'wildcard' ? plan.boundMinute ?? 0 : 0;
+
+  return {from: plan.from, last, to: plan.to};
+}
+
+// "das 9:00 às 17:45": a window from the top of the first hour to the minute
+// field's last fire within the final hour.
+function hourWindow(
+  window: {from: number; to: number; last: number},
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  return timeRange({hour: window.from, minute: 0},
+    {hour: window.to, minute: window.last}, opts);
+}
+
+// Whether BOTH the date and weekday fields are restricted (not '*'): cron
+// fires when either condition matches, making this a date-OR-weekday union.
+function isDateWeekdayUnion(schedule: Schedule): boolean {
+  return schedule.pattern.date !== '*' && schedule.pattern.weekday !== '*';
+}
+
+// The month lead for the unified union frame, with a trailing comma appended
+// when the lead is a heavy enumeration (≥2 non-range months).
+// Single month → `em janeiro`; range → `de janeiro a março`;
+// step/enumeration (≥2 flattened singles) → `em janeiro, …, e novembro,`.
+// Wildcard month → '' (omit; frame starts with the time).
+function unionMonthLeadFull(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  if (schedule.pattern.month === '*') {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  const lead = monthPhrase(schedule, monthRanged(schedule) ? 'de ' : 'em ');
+  const segments = flattenSteps(segmentsOf(schedule, 'month'));
+  const isEnumeration = !monthRanged(schedule) && segments.length >= 2;
+
+  return isEnumeration ? lead + ',' : lead;
+}
+
+// The DOM arm for the union frame — month-less, driven by the date shape.
+// Quartz and open-step forms are self-contained; ranges use `do dia N ao dia M
+// do mês`; a single date reads `no dia N` under a restricted month (month is in
+// the lead) or `no dia N de cada mês` under a wildcard month. The 1st is the
+// ordinal "1º".
+function domArm(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const date = schedule.pattern.date;
+  const quartz = quartzDatePhrase(date);
+
+  if (quartz) {
+    return hasLeadingArticle(quartz) ? withEm(quartz) : quartz;
+  }
+
+  // In the union the `*/2` day-of-month is a parity predicate over the days of
+  // the month ("um dia ímpar do mês" = 1, 3, …, 31, resetting each month), not
+  // the durative "a cada dois dias do mês" the standalone form uses. A bare
+  // "a cada dois dias" would mis-imply a continuous every-other-day cadence
+  // with no monthly anchor, so the reader could not reconstruct the odd days.
+  const parity = parityDayPredicate(date);
+
+  if (parity) {
+    return 'em ' + parity;
+  }
+
+  if (isOpenStep(date)) {
+    // The open-step date arm is the bare cadence "a cada N dias do mês" (the
+    // es donor returns it bare too). Its leading "a cada" is the durative
+    // "every", not an article, so it takes no preposition — wrapping it in
+    // withEm would mis-fuse it to "na cada".
+    return stepDates(date, opts);
+  }
+
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'date');
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'range') {
+    return 'do dia ' + dayOrdinal(segments[0].bounds[0]) + ' ao dia ' +
+      segments[0].bounds[1] + ' do mês';
+  }
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'single') {
+    return schedule.pattern.month === '*' ?
+      'no dia ' + dayOrdinal(segments[0].value) + ' de cada mês' :
+      'no dia ' + dayOrdinal(segments[0].value);
+  }
+
+  return 'nos dias ' + joinList(dateWords(segments)) + ' do mês';
+}
+
+// The DOW arm for the union frame — month-less, driven by the weekday shape.
+// Quartz forms are self-contained; a single weekday reads the Brazilian
+// recurrence `às [weekday]s-feiras` / `aos domingos`; all other forms use the
+// same phrasing as the standalone weekday qualifier (range → `em qualquer dia
+// de segunda a sexta-feira`; list/step → `às segundas, …`).
+function dowArm(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  const quartz = quartzWeekdayPhrase(schedule.pattern.weekday);
+
+  if (quartz) {
+    return withEm(quartz);
+  }
+
+  // Weekday lists display Monday-first (Sunday last); a lone range keeps its
+  // form. The Schedule stays canonical (Sunday=0). The helper flattens steps.
+  const segments = orderWeekdaysForDisplay(segmentsOf(schedule, 'weekday'));
+  const allSingles = segments.every(function single(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'single';
+  });
+
+  if (allSingles && segments.length === 1) {
+    return recurringWeekday((segments[0] as SingleNameSegment).value);
+  }
+
+  if (allSingles) {
+    return recurringWeekdayList(segments as SingleNameSegment[]);
+  }
+
+  // A lone weekday range reads "em qualquer dia de segunda a sexta-feira" in
+  // the union: the leading "em qualquer dia" makes it a day predicate parallel
+  // to the date arm ("no dia 1º de cada mês ou em qualquer dia de segunda a
+  // sexta-feira"), so the union "ou" plainly joins two independent day
+  // conditions.
+  if (segments.length === 1) {
+    return 'em qualquer dia ' +
+      weekdayRange(segments[0] as RangeNameSegment);
+  }
+
+  return mixedWeekdayList(segments);
+}
+
+// The `, seja <DOM> ou <DOW>` correlative suffix for the union frame.
+function unionSejaSuffix(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  return ', seja ' + domArm(schedule, opts) + ' ou ' + dowArm(schedule);
+}
+
+// "todos os dias às 9:30 e às 17:00".
+function renderClockTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'clockTimes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // An hour step or range (or arithmetic-progression hour list) under a single
+  // pinned minute reads as a cadence or window rather than a cross-product of
+  // clock times.
+  if (schedule.shapes.minute === 'single') {
+    const minute = +schedule.pattern.minute;
+    const cadence = hourCadence(schedule, minute, opts) ??
+      hourRangeCadence(schedule, minute, opts);
+
+    if (cadence !== null) {
+      return cadence;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const phrases = plan.times.map(function clock(time) {
+    return atTime(timePhrase(time.hour, time.minute, time.second, opts));
+  });
+
+  return leadingQualifier(schedule, opts) + groupClockTimes(phrases);
+}
+
+// The genitive clock-time list for a minute-0 compose-seconds confinement:
+// each time with its minute forced visible ("as 09:00"), grouped as usual,
+// then reframed from "a(s) …" to the genitive "de(s) …": "das 09:00", never
+// the bare hour.
+function explicitClockList(
+  times: {hour: number; minute: number; second?: number | null}[],
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const phrases = times.map(function clock(time) {
+    return atTime(explicitTimePhrase(time.hour, time.minute, opts));
+  });
+
+  return degenitive(groupClockTimes(phrases));
+}
+
+// The bare-hour list for a minute-0 duration confinement, keeping the "à(s) …"
+// frame the caller embeds after "durante um minuto": "às 9", "à meia-noite",
+// "às 9, 10, 11 e 12". The hour reads as a bare hour (no minutes), since the
+// "durante um minuto" frame already carries the one-minute window — never
+// "às 09:00", which would read as the whole hour.
+function durationHourList(
+  times: {hour: number; minute: number; second?: number | null}[],
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const phrases = times.map(function clock(time) {
+    return atTime(bareHourPhrase(time.hour, opts));
+  });
+
+  return groupClockTimes(phrases);
+}
+
+// A bare hour with its (bare) article, no minutes: "as 9" / "a 1" /
+// "meio-dia" / "meia-noite" on the 24-hour clock, or the 12-hour day-period
+// form ("as 9 da manhã"). The caller fuses the leading preposition. Used by
+// the minute-0 duration frame, where the minute is already stated and the
+// clock minute would only mislead.
+function bareHourPhrase(hour: number, opts: Opts): string {
+  if (opts.ampm) {
+    return timePhrase(hour, 0, null, opts);
+  }
+
+  if (+hour === 0) {
+    return 'meia-noite';
+  }
+
+  if (+hour === 12) {
+    return 'meio-dia';
+  }
+
+  return (+hour === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ') + hour;
+}
+
+// A clock time with its minute forced visible and the noon/midnight words
+// suppressed: "as 09:00", "as 9:00 da manhã", "as 12:00 da tarde". So a pinned
+// minute-0 confinement always shows its ":00". Returns the bare-article form;
+// the caller fuses the preposition.
+function explicitTimePhrase(hour: number, minute: number, opts: Opts): string {
+  if (!opts.ampm) {
+    const article = +hour === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ';
+    const suffix = opts.style.hSuffix ? ' h' : '';
+
+    return article +
+      clockDigits({hour, minute, second: 0},
+        {pad: true, sep: opts.style.sep}) + suffix;
+  }
+
+  const display = hour % 12 || 12;
+  const time = (display === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ') +
+    clockDigits({hour: display, minute, second: 0}, {sep: opts.style.sep});
+  const period = opts.style.meridiem === 'english' ?
+    meridiemMark(hour) :
+    dayPeriod(hour, opts);
+
+  return time + ' ' + period;
+}
+
+// Group a chronological run of "à(s) …" clock phrases. The 12-hour clock
+// carries day periods ("da <period>"), which group chronologically by period;
+// the 24-hour clock has none, so it falls through to article-grouping.
+function groupClockTimes(phrases: string[]): string {
+  if (phrases.length < 2) {
+    return joinList(phrases);
+  }
+
+  return phrases.some(carriesDayPeriod) ?
+    groupClockTimesByDayPeriod(phrases) :
+    groupClockTimesByArticle(phrases);
+}
+
+// Whether a clock phrase carries a 12-hour day period ("às 9 da manhã");
+// 24-hour phrases ("às 09:00") never do.
+function carriesDayPeriod(phrase: string): boolean {
+  return phrase.includes(' da ');
+}
+
+// One parsed 12-hour clock clause. A period clause keeps its (bare) article,
+// its (chronological) values, and the day period named once;
+// meio-dia/meia-noite are special clauses carried verbatim.
+type PeriodValue = {article: 'a' | 'as'; value: string};
+type ClockClause =
+  | {kind: 'period'; period: string; values: PeriodValue[]}
+  | {kind: 'special'; text: string};
+
+// Parse one "à(s) <value> da <period>" phrase into its parts. The article is
+// recovered from the contracted "à"/"às" head.
+const periodPhrasePattern = /^(às|à) (.+) (da .+)$/u;
+
+// Group 12-hour clock phrases by day period, chronologically, never
+// reordering. Consecutive times in the same period fold into one clause that
+// names the period once; the article is shared when all values agree on it and
+// repeated per value otherwise. Two consecutive single-value clauses that
+// share a value elide to "à(s) <value> da <p1> e da <p2>". Clauses join in
+// order. (pt drops the es RAE coma ante "y"; the join is always a plain "e".)
+function groupClockTimesByDayPeriod(phrases: string[]): string {
+  const runs = collectPeriodRuns(phrases);
+  const elided = elideSharedSingleValues(runs);
+  const rendered = elided.map(renderPeriodRun);
+
+  return joinPeriodClauses(rendered);
+}
+
+// Fold the chronological phrases into period runs: consecutive period clauses
+// sharing a day period merge their values; specials break a run and stand
+// alone.
+function collectPeriodRuns(phrases: string[]): ClockClause[] {
+  const runs: ClockClause[] = [];
+
+  phrases.forEach(function place(phrase): void {
+    const match = periodPhrasePattern.exec(phrase);
+
+    if (!match) {
+      runs.push({kind: 'special', text: phrase});
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const article = match[1] === 'às' ? 'as' : 'a';
+    const value = match[2];
+    const period = match[3];
+    const last = runs[runs.length - 1];
+
+    if (last && last.kind === 'period' && last.period === period) {
+      last.values.push({article, value});
+    }
+    else {
+      runs.push({kind: 'period', period, values: [{article, value}]});
+    }
+  });
+
+  return runs;
+}
+
+// One rendered clause plus whether it carries an internal " e " (a multi-value
+// run or an elided clause). pt has no coma ante "e", so the flag is no longer
+// load-bearing for punctuation, but kept so the join logic mirrors the donor.
+type RenderedClause = {text: string; hasInternalE: boolean};
+
+// Render one period run as "à(s) <value> da <period>", factoring the period
+// once. A shared article is named once (the contracted head); a mixed article
+// (a one-o'clock among others) repeats "à(s)" per value.
+function renderPeriodRun(clause: ClockClause): RenderedClause {
+  if (clause.kind === 'special') {
+    return {text: clause.text, hasInternalE: false};
+  }
+
+  const {period, values} = clause;
+
+  if (values.length === 1) {
+    const tail = elidedTail(clause);
+
+    return {
+      hasInternalE: tail !== '',
+      text: withA(values[0].article + ' ' + values[0].value) + ' ' + period +
+        tail
+    };
+  }
+
+  const sharedArticle = values.every(function same(entry): boolean {
+    return entry.article === values[0].article;
+  });
+  const parts = sharedArticle ?
+    values.map(function bare(entry): string {
+      return entry.value;
+    }) :
+    values.map(function articled(entry): string {
+      return withA(entry.article + ' ' + entry.value);
+    });
+  const lead = sharedArticle ?
+    withA(values[0].article + ' ') :
+    '';
+
+  return {hasInternalE: true, text: lead + joinList(parts) + ' ' + period};
+}
+
+// Elide two consecutive single-value clauses that share a clock value into one
+// clause naming each period once: "à 1 da madrugada e da tarde". Three or more
+// chain with repeated " e <period>". Only consecutive lone values merge; the
+// chronological order is never disturbed.
+function elideSharedSingleValues(runs: ClockClause[]): ClockClause[] {
+  const merged: ClockClause[] = [];
+  let i = 0;
+
+  while (i < runs.length) {
+    const run = runs[i];
+    const value = loneValue(run);
+    let combined = run;
+    let j = i + 1;
+
+    if (value !== null) {
+      while (j < runs.length && loneValue(runs[j]) === value) {
+        combined = appendPeriod(combined as ElidableClause,
+          (runs[j] as ElidableClause).period);
+        j += 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    merged.push(combined);
+    i = j;
+  }
+
+  return merged;
+}
+
+// A single-value period clause, the only shape the elision merges.
+type ElidableClause = Extract<ClockClause, {kind: 'period'}>;
+
+// The lone clock value of a single-value period clause, else null.
+function loneValue(clause: ClockClause): string | null {
+  return clause.kind === 'period' && clause.values.length === 1 ?
+    clause.values[0].value :
+    null;
+}
+
+// Chain another period onto an elided clause: its value stays, the extra
+// period rides along under " e <period>".
+type ElidedClause = ElidableClause & {tailPeriods: string[]};
+
+function appendPeriod(clause: ElidableClause, period: string): ElidedClause {
+  const elided = clause as ElidedClause;
+  const tailPeriods = (elided.tailPeriods || []).concat(period);
+
+  return {...clause, tailPeriods};
+}
+
+// Render the elided-clause tail periods, or the empty string for a plain
+// clause. Reuses renderPeriodRun for the single-value head, then appends each
+// " e <period>".
+function elidedTail(clause: ClockClause): string {
+  const tail = (clause as ElidedClause).tailPeriods;
+
+  if (!tail || tail.length === 0) {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  return tail.map(function chain(period): string {
+    return ' e ' + period;
+  }).join('');
+}
+
+// Join rendered period clauses in chronological order with the plain "e" join
+// (pt has no coma ante "e", unlike the es donor's RAE coma ante "y").
+function joinPeriodClauses(clauses: RenderedClause[]): string {
+  if (clauses.length === 1) {
+    return clauses[0].text;
+  }
+
+  const last = clauses[clauses.length - 1];
+  const lead = clauses.slice(0, -1).map(function text(clause): string {
+    return clause.text;
+  });
+
+  return lead.join(', ') + ' e ' + last.text;
+}
+
+// Group clock-time phrases by article (24-hour clock): à times (1-o'clock)
+// first, then às times, each under one prefix. All-'às' and all-'à' each
+// collapse to a single prefix. When the 'às' group has exactly two items the
+// groups join with a comma to avoid a double 'e'. The 24-hour clock has no day
+// periods, so every phrase is one article form. (pt has no comma before "e".)
+function groupClockTimesByArticle(phrases: string[]): string {
+  const singular = 'à ';
+  const plural = 'às ';
+
+  const aItems: string[] = [];
+  const asItems: string[] = [];
+
+  for (const phrase of phrases) {
+    if (phrase.startsWith(plural)) {
+      asItems.push(phrase.slice(plural.length));
+    }
+    else if (phrase.startsWith(singular)) {
+      aItems.push(phrase.slice(singular.length));
+    }
+    else {
+      // Non-article phrase (ao meio-dia, à meia-noite): plain list fallback.
+      return joinList(phrases);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // All 'às': one prefix for the whole list.
+  if (aItems.length === 0) {
+    return plural + joinList(asItems);
+  }
+
+  // All 'à': one shared prefix, matching the all-'às' behaviour.
+  if (asItems.length === 0) {
+    return singular + joinList(aItems);
+  }
+
+  // Mixed: 'à' group first, then 'às' group. A plain comma — ", " — prevents a
+  // double "e" when the join would land between two list-ending "e"s: the 'à'
+  // group has two or more items, or the 'às' group has exactly two. Otherwise
+  // " e " joins the two groups.
+  const aPart = singular + joinList(aItems);
+  const asPart = plural + joinList(asItems);
+  const doubleE = aItems.length >= 2 || asItems.length === 2;
+  const connector = doubleE ? ', ' : ' e ';
+
+  return aPart + connector + asPart;
+}
+
+// Compact form past the enumeration cap: a single minute folds into
+// per-segment hour windows; a minute list leads with its own clause.
+function renderCompactClockTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  plan: Extract<PlanNode, {kind: 'compactClockTimes'}>,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (plan.fold) {
+    // An hour step or range (or arithmetic-progression hour list) under the
+    // single pinned minute reads as a cadence or window, not a wall of clock
+    // times. (Returns null for an irregular list, which keeps folding below.)
+    const cadence = hourCadence(schedule, plan.minute, opts) ??
+      hourRangeCadence(schedule, plan.minute, opts);
+
+    if (cadence !== null) {
+      return cadence;
+    }
+
+    const ranged = segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour').some(function range(segment) {
+      return segment.kind === 'range';
+    });
+
+    // A folded contiguous hour range reads with the hourly cadence ("a cada
+    // hora das 9:00 às 20:00 e às 22:00"), not "todos os dias".
+    if (ranged && !schedule.analyses.clockSecond) {
+      return 'a cada hora ' +
+        hourSegmentTimes(
+          schedule, plan.minute, schedule.analyses.clockSecond, opts
+        ) +
+        trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+    }
+
+    return leadingQualifier(schedule, opts) +
+      hourSegmentTimes(
+        schedule, plan.minute, schedule.analyses.clockSecond, opts
+      );
+  }
+
+  // A uneven hour stride reads as a cadence after the minute lead, not a wall
+  // of clock-time columns.
+  const cadence = unevenHourCadence(schedule, opts);
+  const phrase = cadence ?
+    minutesList(schedule, opts) + ', ' + cadence +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts) :
+    minutesList(schedule, opts) + ', ' +
+      hourContextTimes(schedule, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+
+  return schedule.analyses.clockSecond ?
+    secondsLeadClause(schedule, opts) + ', ' + phrase :
+    phrase;
+}
+
+// The plan dispatch table.
+const renderers = {
+  clockTimes: renderClockTimes,
+  compactClockTimes: renderCompactClockTimes,
+  composeSeconds: renderComposeSeconds,
+  everyHour: renderEveryHour,
+  everyMinute: renderEveryMinute,
+  everySecond: renderEverySecond,
+  hourRange: renderHourRange,
+  hourStep: renderHourStep,
+  minuteFrequency: renderMinuteFrequency,
+  minuteSpanAcrossHourStep: renderMinuteSpanAcrossHourStep,
+  minuteSpanInHour: renderMinuteSpanInHour,
+  minutesAcrossHours: renderMinutesAcrossHours,
+  multipleMinutes: renderMultipleMinutes,
+  rangeOfMinutes: renderRangeOfMinutes,
+  secondPastMinute: renderSecondPastMinute,
+  secondsWithinMinute: renderSecondsWithinMinute,
+  singleMinute: renderSingleMinute,
+  standaloneSeconds: renderStandaloneSeconds
+};
+
+// --- Step phrases. ---
+
+// Speak a step cadence over a `cycle`-long field (60 for minute/second). A
+// clean stride from the top of the cycle is the bare cadence ("a cada 15
+// minutos"); a uniform offset (start within the first interval, the interval
+// still dividing the cycle) names only its start, since it wraps cleanly with
+// no distinct endpoint ("a cada seis minutos a partir do minuto 5 de cada
+// hora"); a non-uniform stride (start >= interval, or an interval that does
+// not divide the cycle) pins both endpoints so the bounded, non-wrapping set
+// reads unambiguously ("a cada dois minutos do minuto 3 ao 59 de cada hora").
+// This is the one phrasing for every step the renderer speaks, whether the
+// core kept it a step shape (a clean cadence) or enumerated it to a fire list
+// (an offset/uneven set the list path recognizes as a progression).
+function renderStride(stride: Stride, opts: Opts): string {
+  const {interval, start, last, cycle, unit, anchor} = stride;
+  const cadence = 'a cada ' + numero(interval, opts) + ' ' + unit + 's';
+
+  // A context that supplies its own trailing scope passes an empty anchor, so
+  // the cadence keeps its endpoints but drops the "de cada <anchor>" tail.
+  const tail = anchor ? ' de cada ' + anchor : '';
+
+  return chooseStride({start, interval, last, cycle}, {
+    bare: () => cadence,
+    offset: () => cadence + ' a partir do ' + unit + ' ' + start + tail,
+    bounded: () =>
+      cadence + ' do ' + unit + ' ' + start + ' ao ' + last + tail
+  });
+}
+
+// "a cada 15 minutos", "nos minutos 5, 20 e 35 de cada hora", or "a cada 15
+// minutos a partir do minuto 5 de cada hora". A step shape only reaches here as
+// a clean cadence (the interval divides 60), so the stride collapses to the
+// bare or uniform-offset form; an offset/uneven set arrives as a fire list and
+// is recognized by the list path instead.
+function stepCycle60(
+  segment: StepSegment,
+  unit: string,
+  anchor: string,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (segment.startToken.indexOf('-') !== -1) {
+    return 'nos ' + unit + 's ' + joinList(wordList(segment.fires)) +
+      ' de cada ' + anchor;
+  }
+
+  const start = segment.startToken === '*' ? 0 : +segment.startToken;
+
+  // A short offset cadence still lists its fires; the stride phrasing names
+  // the interval and offset only once there are enough fires to beat the list.
+  if (start !== 0 && segment.fires.length <= 3) {
+    return 'nos ' + unit + 's ' + joinList(wordList(segment.fires)) +
+      ' de cada ' + anchor;
+  }
+
+  return renderStride({
+    interval: segment.interval,
+    start,
+    last: segment.fires[segment.fires.length - 1],
+    cycle: 60,
+    unit,
+    anchor
+  }, opts);
+}
+
+// Speak a minute/second field's enumerated fires as a step cadence when they
+// form an arithmetic progression long enough to beat the list (the core
+// enumerates an offset/uneven step to this fire list; the Schedule is
+// unchanged, so the renderer recognizes the progression). Returns null for a
+// non-progression or a too-short list, leaving the caller to enumerate.
+function strideFromSegments(
+  segments: Segment[],
+  unit: string,
+  anchor: string,
+  opts: Opts
+): string | null {
+  const values = singleValues(segments);
+  const step = values && arithmeticStep(values);
+
+  return step ?
+    renderStride({...step, cycle: 60, unit, anchor}, opts) :
+    null;
+}
+
+
+// "a cada seis horas", "às 9:00, às 11:00 e à 1:00", or "a cada cinco horas a
+// partir das 2:00".
+function stepHours(segment: StepSegment, opts: Opts): string {
+  if (segment.startToken.indexOf('-') !== -1) {
+    return groupClockTimesByArticle(atTimes(segment.fires, opts));
+  }
+
+  const start = segment.startToken === '*' ? 0 : +segment.startToken;
+  const interval = segment.interval;
+
+  // A clean stride from midnight is the bare cadence. (An uneven stride is
+  // rewritten to its fires upstream and never reaches here.)
+  if (start === 0) {
+    return 'a cada ' + numeroF(interval, opts) + ' horas';
+  }
+
+  if (segment.fires.length <= 3) {
+    return groupClockTimesByArticle(atTimes(segment.fires, opts));
+  }
+
+  return 'a cada ' + numeroF(interval, opts) + ' horas a partir ' +
+    fromTime(timePhrase(start, 0, null, opts));
+}
+
+// --- Hour-step cadence (the 24-cycle analog of renderStride). ---
+
+// Speak an hour stride as a cadence with clock-time bounds: a clean stride
+// from midnight is the bare cadence ("a cada duas horas"); a clean offset
+// names only its start ("a cada seis horas a partir das 02:00"); a bounded or
+// non-tiling stride pins both clock-time endpoints ("a cada duas horas das
+// 09:00 às 17:00") so the bounded set reads unambiguously. Used wherever an
+// hour step (or arithmetic-progression hour list) would otherwise be
+// cross-multiplied into a wall of clock times.
+function hourStrideCadence(
+  stride: {start: number; interval: number; last: number},
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const {start, interval, last} = stride;
+  const cadence = 'a cada ' + numeroF(interval, opts) + ' horas';
+
+  return chooseStride({start, interval, last, cycle: 24}, {
+    bare: () => cadence,
+    offset: () => cadence + ' a partir ' +
+      fromTime(timePhrase(start, 0, null, opts)),
+    bounded: () => cadence + ' ' +
+      fromTime(timePhrase(start, 0, null, opts)) + ' ' +
+      toTime(timePhrase(last, 0, null, opts))
+  });
+}
+
+// The bounded cadence for an hour stride that pins both clock-time endpoints,
+// or null when the hour is not such a stride. The core rewrites a uneven step
+// to its fire list, so a minute window/list/step crossed with it lands in the
+// enumerating list paths; there the bounded hour reads better as its cadence
+// ("…, a cada cinco horas das 00:00 às 20:00") than as a wall of clock times.
+// An offset-clean stride keeps its existing confinement form, so only the
+// endpoint-bearing case routes here.
+function unevenHourCadence(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string | null {
+  const stride = hourStride(schedule);
+
+  if (!stride || offsetCleanStride(stride)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return hourStrideCadence(stride, opts);
+}
+
+// The hour field's stride, or null when the hour is not a cadence: a step
+// segment yields its {start, interval, last} directly; an all-single hour
+// list yields one only when its values form a step progression (so an irregular
+// list like 9,17 keeps enumerating). The Schedule is unchanged — the renderer
+// recognizes the stride and speaks it as a cadence instead of the clock-time
+// cross-product.
+function hourStride(
+  schedule: Schedule
+): {start: number; interval: number; last: number} | null {
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour');
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'step') {
+    const segment = segments[0];
+
+    // A bounded step that fires only once (e.g. `9-10/5` -> just 9) is a single
+    // value, not a stride: it has no interval to speak and no endpoint to pin.
+    if (segment.fires.length < 2) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const start = segment.startToken === '*' ?
+      0 :
+      +segment.startToken.split('-')[0];
+
+    return {interval: segment.interval, last: segment.fires[
+      segment.fires.length - 1], start};
+  }
+
+  const values = singleValues(segments);
+
+  return values && hourListStride(values);
+}
+
+// The second's status against a pinned minute: a wildcard or sub-minute step
+// fills the minute (a "durante um minuto" frame at minute 0); a single 0 is
+// just the top of the minute (no clause); anything else needs its own clause.
+function subMinuteSecond(schedule: Schedule): boolean {
+  return schedule.pattern.second === '*' || schedule.shapes.second === 'step';
+}
+
+// The lead clause for an hour-cadence rendering: the second and the pinned
+// minute, before the hour cadence. A pinned minute 0 folds in — a single,
+// list, or range second is counted "de cada hora" (the minute-0 is the top of
+// the hour), and a wildcard or sub-minute step second takes a "durante um
+// minuto" frame (the whole minute-0 window). A non-zero minute is a real clock
+// minute: the second leads with its own clause (if any), then the minute reads
+// "no minuto M".
+function hourCadenceLead(
+  schedule: Schedule, minute: number, opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (minute === 0) {
+    if (subMinuteSecond(schedule)) {
+      return secondsClause(schedule, 'minuto', opts) + ' durante um minuto';
+    }
+
+    return secondsClause(schedule, 'hora', opts);
+  }
+
+  const minutePhrase = 'no minuto ' + minute;
+
+  // A single 0 second is just the top of the minute, so the minute leads
+  // alone; any other second prefixes its own clause.
+  if (schedule.pattern.second === '0') {
+    return minutePhrase;
+  }
+
+  return secondsClause(schedule, 'minuto', opts) + ', ' + minutePhrase;
+}
+
+// Render an hour step (or arithmetic-progression hour list) under a single
+// pinned minute and a second as a cadence — the lead clause, then the hour
+// cadence — instead of cross-multiplying the hours into a wall of clock times.
+// Returns null when the hour is not a stride (an irregular list, a single
+// hour, or a range), or when the cross-product is short enough that
+// enumeration is no longer than the cadence: a meaningful second makes every
+// clock time three digit-groups, so any stride is worth compacting; otherwise
+// the stride must exceed the clock-time cap, the same point at which the core
+// itself stops enumerating. Renderer-only; the Schedule is unchanged.
+function hourCadence(
+  schedule: Schedule, minute: number, opts: Opts
+): string | null {
+  const stride = hourStride(schedule);
+
+  if (!stride) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const fires = (stride.last - stride.start) / stride.interval + 1;
+
+  // A short stride that spells out as few clock times stays an enumeration only
+  // when it wraps cleanly (an offset-clean stride with no endpoint): the bare
+  // or "a partir de" form is no shorter than the list. A bounded or uneven
+  // stride has no clean wrap, so its endpoint-pinning cadence ("a cada cinco
+  // horas das 00:00 às 20:00") reads better however short.
+  if (schedule.pattern.second === '0' && fires <= maxClockTimes &&
+      offsetCleanStride(stride)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // A wildcard or sub-minute step second confined to minute 0 of a clean hour
+  // stride is a confinement, not a juxtaposed cadence: it reads "durante um
+  // minuto, durante as horas pares", reusing the hour-step confinement idiom
+  // so the minute-0 window is never heard as the bare hour cadence.
+  const confinement = minute === 0 && subMinuteSecond(schedule) &&
+    cleanStrideSegment(schedule);
+
+  if (confinement) {
+    return secondsClause(schedule, 'minuto', opts) + ' durante um minuto, ' +
+      stepHourSpan(confinement, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  // A plain top-of-the-hour fire (minute 0 with no meaningful second) has no
+  // lead clause to fold in, so the bounded cadence stands on its own ("a cada
+  // cinco horas das 00:00 às 20:00").
+  if (minute === 0 && schedule.pattern.second === '0') {
+    return hourStrideCadence(stride, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return hourCadenceLead(schedule, minute, opts) + ', ' +
+    hourStrideCadence(stride, opts) + trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// The hour step segment when the hour is a clean stride pt renders as a
+// confinement phrase ("durante as horas pares"); null otherwise (an offset or
+// bounded step, an uneven stride, or an arithmetic-progression list, which
+// keep the bounded cadence form).
+function cleanStrideSegment(schedule: Schedule): StepSegment | null {
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour');
+  const segment = segments.length === 1 && segments[0];
+
+  if (!segment || segment.kind !== 'step' ||
+      segment.startToken.indexOf('-') !== -1) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return segment;
+}
+
+// Whether the hour field is a range — or a list whose segments include a
+// range — and so forms a window rather than a cross-product of clock times.
+// A pure single-value list (9,17) has no range to span and still enumerates;
+// a step is handled by hourStride/hourCadence.
+function hasHourWindow(schedule: Schedule): boolean {
+  return segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour').some(function range(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'range';
+  });
+}
+
+// Render an hour range (or a list whose segments include a range) under
+// minute 0 and a meaningful second as the hour-range window — the lead clause,
+// then "das 09:00 às 17:00" (and any non-contiguous hour joined with "e
+// também") — instead of cross-multiplying the hours into a wall of clock
+// times. The hour-RANGE analog of hourCadence. Returns null when the hour has
+// no range, when the minute is non-zero (a real clock minute the existing
+// window form already speaks), or when a plain :00 set carries no clause.
+// Renderer-only; the Schedule is unchanged.
+function hourRangeCadence(
+  schedule: Schedule, minute: number, opts: Opts
+): string | null {
+  if (minute !== 0 || !hasHourWindow(schedule) ||
+      schedule.pattern.second === '0') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // A wildcard or sub-minute step second confined to minute 0 is the whole
+  // minute-0 window ("durante um minuto"), confined to the hour range with the
+  // "durante as horas …" idiom — kept distinct from the bare minute-0 window
+  // ("a cada hora das 09:00 às 17:00") so the confinement is never heard as it
+  // — the hour-range analog of "durante um minuto, durante as horas pares".
+  if (subMinuteSecond(schedule)) {
+    return secondsClause(schedule, 'minuto', opts) + ' durante um minuto, ' +
+      'durante as horas ' + hourSegmentTimes(schedule, 0, null, opts) +
+      trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  return hourCadenceLead(schedule, minute, opts) + ', ' +
+    hourSegmentTimes(schedule, 0, null, opts) +
+    trailingQualifier(schedule, opts);
+}
+
+// --- Hour-time phrasing. ---
+
+// The fixed hour(s) of a stepped/listed minute, named as the HOUR rather than a
+// "às HH:00" clock instant the minute never fires at: noon and midnight read
+// as the hour word ("ao meio-dia"/"à meia-noite"), any other hour as the whole
+// hour "da hora das HH:00" (the idiom a wildcard minute already uses). Used by
+// the compact-clock non-fold path, where the minute is a step or list (a
+// single-value minute keeps its real "às HH:MM" clock time elsewhere).
+function hourContextTimes(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour');
+
+  // Collect the point hours (singles and step fires) — a range stays a window.
+  const points: number[] = [];
+  const hasRange = segments.some(function range(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'range';
+  });
+
+  segments.forEach(function collect(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      points.push(...segment.fires);
+    }
+    else if (segment.kind === 'single') {
+      points.push(+segment.value);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // All point hours, all noon/midnight: stand alone as their own words ("à
+  // meia-noite e ao meio-dia").
+  function isWord(hour: number): boolean {
+    return !opts.ampm && (hour === 0 || hour === 12);
+  }
+
+  if (!hasRange && points.every(isWord)) {
+    return joinList(points.map(function each(hour) {
+      return atTime(bareHourPhrase(hour, opts));
+    }));
+  }
+
+  // A point hour as the whole hour: "da hora das HH:00".
+  function wholeHour(hour: number): string {
+    return 'da hora ' + fromTime(explicitTimePhrase(hour, 0, opts));
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise each whole hour reads as a window ("das HH:00 às HH:00" for a
+  // range, "da hora das HH:00" for a point), never a false "às HH:00" clock
+  // instant the stepped minute never fires at.
+  const pieces: string[] = [];
+
+  segments.forEach(function place(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      pieces.push(timeRange(
+        {hour: +segment.bounds[0], minute: 0},
+        {hour: +segment.bounds[1], minute: 0}, opts));
+    }
+    else if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      segment.fires.forEach(function each(hour) {
+        pieces.push(wholeHour(hour));
+      });
+    }
+    else {
+      pieces.push(wholeHour(+segment.value));
+    }
+  });
+
+  return joinList(pieces);
+}
+
+// "às 9:00" / "à 1:00" / "ao meio-dia" for each fire hour.
+function atTimes(hours: number[], opts: Opts): string[] {
+  return hours.map(function each(hour) {
+    return atTime(timePhrase(hour, 0, null, opts));
+  });
+}
+
+// The hour times accompanying a lead clause: "às 9:00 e às 17:00", with long
+// expansions rendered segment by segment.
+function atHourTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  times: HourTimesPlan,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (times.kind === 'fires') {
+    return groupClockTimesByArticle(atTimes(times.fires, opts));
+  }
+
+  return hourSegmentTimes(schedule, 0, null, opts);
+}
+
+// The active hours of a confined cadence: a few hours read as windows; many
+// read better as a compact list ("durante as horas das 9, 11, 13, 15 e 17")
+// than as a sprawl of windows.
+function hourSpanFromTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule, times: HourTimesPlan, opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (times.kind === 'fires' && times.fires.length > 3) {
+    return 'durante as horas ' + hourSpanList(times.fires, opts);
+  }
+
+  return hourWindowsFromTimes(schedule, times, opts);
+}
+
+// Each fire hour as its own one-hour window: "das 9:00 às 9:59 e das 17:00 às
+// 17:59". Portuguese prefers this to the English "during the 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.
+// hours" shape.
+function hourWindowsFromTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  times: HourTimesPlan,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (times.kind === 'fires') {
+    return joinList(times.fires.map(function window(hour) {
+      return hourAsWindow(hour, opts);
+    }));
+  }
+
+  return joinList(segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour').map(function window(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      return timeRange({hour: +segment.bounds[0], minute: 0},
+        {hour: +segment.bounds[1], minute: 59}, opts);
+    }
+
+    if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      return joinList(segment.fires.map(function each(hour) {
+        return hourAsWindow(hour, opts);
+      }));
+    }
+
+    return hourAsWindow(+segment.value, opts);
+  }));
+}
+
+// Clock times for the hour field rendered segment by segment, the minute
+// (and optional second) folded into each: "das 9:30 às 20:30 e também às
+// 22:30" when an isolated point-time follows a range.
+function hourSegmentTimes(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  minute: number,
+  second: number | null | undefined,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  // Track whether each piece came from a range (true) or a point (false).
+  const pieces: string[] = [];
+  const fromRange: boolean[] = [];
+
+  segmentsOf(schedule, 'hour').forEach(function clock(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      segment.fires.forEach(function each(hour) {
+        pieces.push(atTime(timePhrase(hour, minute, second, opts)));
+        fromRange.push(false);
+      });
+    }
+    else if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      pieces.push(timeRange(
+        {hour: +segment.bounds[0], minute, second},
+        {hour: +segment.bounds[1], minute, second}, opts));
+      fromRange.push(true);
+    }
+    else {
+      pieces.push(atTime(timePhrase(+segment.value, minute, second, opts)));
+      fromRange.push(false);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // When the last piece is an isolated point-time that follows a range, join it
+  // with "e também" so it is not read as the range extending.
+  const lastIdx = pieces.length - 1;
+  const hasRange = fromRange.some(function ranged(r) {
+    return r;
+  });
+  const lastIsPoint = lastIdx >= 1 && !fromRange[lastIdx] &&
+    fromRange[lastIdx - 1];
+
+  if (hasRange && lastIsPoint) {
+    return joinList(pieces.slice(0, lastIdx)) + ' e também ' + pieces[lastIdx];
+  }
+
+  return groupClockTimesByArticle(pieces);
+}
+
+// --- Times. ---
+
+// A time range, "das 9:00 às 5:45 da tarde", between two `{hour, minute,
+// second}` ends. When both ends share a day period it is said once, at the end.
+function timeRange(
+  from: ClockEnd,
+  to: ClockEnd,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const fromPhrase = timePhrase(from.hour, from.minute, from.second, opts);
+  const toPhrase = timePhrase(to.hour, to.minute, to.second, opts);
+  const fromPeriod = dayPeriod(from.hour, opts);
+  const toPeriod = dayPeriod(to.hour, opts);
+
+  if (fromPeriod && fromPeriod === toPeriod &&
+      fromPhrase.endsWith(fromPeriod)) {
+    return fromTime(stripPeriod(fromPhrase, fromPeriod)) + ' ' +
+      toTime(toPhrase);
+  }
+
+  return fromTime(fromPhrase) + ' ' + toTime(toPhrase);
+}
+
+// A one-hour window, "das 9:00 às 9:59".
+function hourAsWindow(hour: number, opts: Opts): string {
+  return timeRange({hour, minute: 0}, {hour, minute: 59}, opts);
+}
+
+// Drop a shared day period from the first end of a range.
+function stripPeriod(phrase: string, period: string): string {
+  return phrase.slice(0, -(period.length + 1));
+}
+
+// "às 9:30" / "à 1:00" / "ao meio-dia" / "à meia-noite". The phrase carries a
+// bare article, so `a` fuses with it (a+as=às, a+a=à, a+o=ao).
+function atTime(phrase: string): string {
+  return withA(phrase);
+}
+
+// "das 9:30" / "do meio-dia" / "da meia-noite". `de` fuses with the bare
+// article (de+as=das, de+a=da, de+o=do).
+function fromTime(phrase: string): string {
+  return withDe(phrase);
+}
+
+// "às 17:45" as the closing end of a range.
+function toTime(phrase: string): string {
+  return atTime(phrase);
+}
+
+// Reframe an "à(s) …" grouped clock list to the genitive "de(s) …" form by
+// re-contracting the leading preposition: "às 09:00" -> "das 09:00", "à 01:00"
+// -> "da 01:00". The grouping already factored the article into the head, so
+// only that head is rewritten.
+function degenitive(grouped: string): string {
+  if (grouped.startsWith('às ')) {
+    return 'das ' + grouped.slice(3);
+  }
+
+  if (grouped.startsWith('à ')) {
+    return 'da ' + grouped.slice(2);
+  }
+
+  return grouped;
+}
+
+// A clock time with its article: "as 9:30 da manhã", "a 1 da tarde",
+// "meio-dia", or "as 17:45" in 24-hour mode. The article is bare so the
+// preposition contracts at the "at"/"from" boundary. On-the-hour times drop
+// their minutes; exact 12:00 reads as a word.
+function timePhrase(
+  hour: number,
+  minute: number,
+  second: number | null | undefined,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const showSeconds = typeof second === 'number' && second > 0 ? second : 0;
+
+  if (!opts.ampm) {
+    // One o'clock takes the singular article ("a 01:00") even on the 24-hour
+    // clock; every other hour is plural ("as 13:00"). Hours are zero-padded to
+    // two digits, like the minutes.
+    const article = +hour === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ';
+    const suffix = opts.style.hSuffix ? ' h' : '';
+
+    return article +
+      clockDigits({hour, minute, second: showSeconds},
+        {pad: true, sep: opts.style.sep}) + suffix;
+  }
+
+  return twelveHourPhrase(hour, minute, showSeconds, opts);
+}
+
+// The 12-hour phrase with its (bare) article and day period.
+function twelveHourPhrase(
+  hour: number,
+  minute: number,
+  second: number,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  if (+minute === 0 && !second) {
+    if (+hour === 0) {
+      return 'meia-noite';
+    }
+
+    if (+hour === 12) {
+      return 'meio-dia';
+    }
+  }
+
+  const display = hour % 12 || 12;
+  const time = (display === 1 ? 'a ' : 'as ') +
+    clockDigits({hour: display, minute, second},
+      {lean: true, sep: opts.style.sep});
+
+  const period = opts.style.meridiem === 'english'
+    ? meridiemMark(hour)
+    : dayPeriod(hour, opts);
+
+  return time + ' ' + period;
+}
+
+// The English meridiem mark: "AM" before noon, "PM" from noon. No shipped pt
+// dialect uses it; kept for parity with the donor scaffold.
+function meridiemMark(hour: number): string {
+  return +hour < 12 ? 'AM' : 'PM';
+}
+
+// The Portuguese day period for an hour: "da madrugada" (1-5), "da manhã"
+// (6-11), "da tarde" (12-18), or "da noite" (19-23 and midnight's hour). The
+// pt-BR panel unanimously ratified the noite boundary at 19h (the
+// broadcast/weather register and the "jornal da noite" anchor; see notes.md),
+// earlier than the es donor's 20h: 18h reads "da tarde", 19h+ "da noite" (e.g.
+// "1/3" → "7 da noite" at 19h). Empty in 24-hour mode.
+function dayPeriod(hour: number, opts: Opts): string {
+  if (!opts.ampm) {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  if (+hour === 0 || +hour >= 19) {
+    return 'da noite';
+  }
+
+  if (+hour <= 5) {
+    return 'da madrugada';
+  }
+
+  if (+hour <= 11) {
+    return 'da manhã';
+  }
+
+  return 'da tarde';
+}
+
+// --- Day-level qualifiers. ---
+
+// The qualifier that precedes clock times: "todos os dias ", "toda
+// segunda-feira ", "no dia 13 de cada mês ", "de segunda a sexta-feira ".
+// Date-OR-weekday unions skip this entirely — the unified frame in `render`
+// handles the month lead and day-level suffix.
+function leadingQualifier(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const pattern = schedule.pattern;
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*' && pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*') {
+    return datePhrase(schedule, opts) + ' ';
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return weekdayLead(schedule) + ' ';
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.month !== '*') {
+    return 'todos os dias ' + monthPhrase(schedule, 'de ') + ' ';
+  }
+
+  return 'todos os dias ';
+}
+
+// The day qualifier for a clause that TRAILS after a comma (e.g. "…, às
+// segundas-feiras"). It mirrors leadingQualifier but, being non-leading, the
+// weekday reads the plural recurrence ("às segundas-feiras"), never the leading
+// "toda X" head, and the plain "todos os dias" survives where trailingQualifier
+// would drop it. Returns no surrounding spaces; the caller sets the comma.
+function trailingDayClause(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const pattern = schedule.pattern;
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*' && pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*') {
+    return datePhrase(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return weekdayQualifier(schedule) + monthScope(schedule);
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.month !== '*') {
+    return 'todos os dias ' + monthPhrase(schedule, 'de ');
+  }
+
+  return 'todos os dias';
+}
+
+// The qualifier trailing a frequency: " às segundas-feiras", " em junho", " no
+// dia 13 de cada mês". Empty when no day-level field is set.
+// Date-OR-weekday unions skip this entirely — the unified frame in `render`
+// handles the month lead and day-level suffix.
+function trailingQualifier(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const pattern = schedule.pattern;
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*' && pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.date !== '*') {
+    return ' ' + datePhrase(schedule, opts);
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.weekday !== '*') {
+    return ' ' + weekdayQualifier(schedule) + monthScope(schedule);
+  }
+
+  if (pattern.month !== '*') {
+    return ' ' + monthPhrase(schedule, 'em ');
+  }
+
+  return '';
+}
+
+// The leading weekday qualifier before a clock time. A single FEMININE weekday
+// (a -feira day) directly followed by a clock time reads the singular "toda X"
+// head (notes.md: kills the double-"às" of "às segundas-feiras às 9 …"). A
+// masculine single weekday (domingo/sábado) recurs as "aos domingos" (its "aos"
+// never clashes with the time's "à(s)") so it keeps the plural form, as does
+// any list/range and any weekday under a ranged month scope (a comma then sets
+// the time off, so there is no adjacency to clash). A month scope rides along.
+function weekdayLead(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  const single = singleFeminineWeekday(schedule);
+
+  if (single !== null && !monthRanged(schedule)) {
+    return everyWeekday(single) + monthScope(schedule);
+  }
+
+  return weekdayQualifier(schedule) + monthScope(schedule);
+}
+
+// The canonical weekday number when the field is exactly one plain FEMININE
+// weekday (a single -feira day, not Quartz), else null. The "toda X" head
+// applies only to this shape (its "às" recurrence is the one that clashes).
+function singleFeminineWeekday(schedule: Schedule): number | null {
+  if (quartzWeekdayPhrase(schedule.pattern.weekday)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'weekday');
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'single') {
+    const number = canonicalWeekday(segments[0].value);
+
+    return weekdayFeminine(number) ? number : null;
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+// "toda segunda-feira": the singular recurrence head for a single feminine
+// weekday leading a clock time.
+function everyWeekday(number: number): string {
+  return 'toda ' + weekdayNames[number];
+}
+
+// The date qualifier: "no dia 13 de junho", "nos dias 1º e 15 de cada mês",
+// "do dia 1º ao dia 15 de cada mês", or a Quartz phrase. A foldable single
+// year joins the date ("no dia 25 de dezembro de 2030").
+function datePhrase(schedule: Schedule, opts: Opts): string {
+  const pattern = schedule.pattern;
+
+  if (quartzDatePhrase(pattern.date) || isOpenStep(pattern.date)) {
+    return dateClause(schedule, '', opts) + monthScope(schedule);
+  }
+
+  return dateClause(schedule, dateMonthPart(schedule), opts);
+}
+
+// The date words with a caller-chosen month part. Quartz phrases and open
+// steps are self-contained and ignore the month part.
+function dateClause(
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  monthPart: string,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const pattern = schedule.pattern;
+  const quartz = quartzDatePhrase(pattern.date);
+
+  if (quartz) {
+    return hasLeadingArticle(quartz) ? withEm(quartz) : quartz;
+  }
+
+  if (isOpenStep(pattern.date)) {
+    return stepDates(pattern.date, opts);
+  }
+
+  const segments = segmentsOf(schedule, 'date');
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'range') {
+    return 'do dia ' + dayOrdinal(segments[0].bounds[0]) + ' ao dia ' +
+      segments[0].bounds[1] + monthPart + foldedYear(schedule);
+  }
+
+  if (segments.length === 1 && segments[0].kind === 'single') {
+    return 'no dia ' + dayOrdinal(segments[0].value) + monthPart +
+      foldedYear(schedule);
+  }
+
+  return 'nos dias ' + joinList(dateWords(segments)) + monthPart +
+    foldedYear(schedule);
+}
+
+// Whether the month field contains a range segment.
+function monthRanged(schedule: Schedule): boolean {
+  return schedule.pattern.month !== '*' &&
+    segmentsOf(schedule, 'month').some(function range(segment) {
+      return segment.kind === 'range';
+    });
+}
+
+// The month attached to a calendar date. Single months and flat name lists
+// fold in ("no dia 1º de junho e dezembro"), but a range cannot — "no dia 1º
+// de junho a setembro" parses as "(no dia 1º de junho) a setembro" — so it
+// scopes the date instead ("no dia 1º de cada mês, de junho a setembro").
+function dateMonthPart(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  if (schedule.pattern.month === '*') {
+    return ' de cada mês';
+  }
+
+  if (monthRanged(schedule)) {
+    return ' de cada mês, ' + monthPhrase(schedule, 'de ');
+  }
+
+  return ' ' + monthPhrase(schedule, 'de ');
+}
+
+// "de 2030" when a single year can fold into a calendar date.
+function foldedYear(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  const yearField = schedule.pattern.year;
+
+  if (yearField === '*' || yearField.indexOf('/') !== -1 ||
+      yearField.indexOf('-') !== -1 || yearField.indexOf(',') !== -1) {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  return ' de ' + yearField;
+}
+
+// The Quartz date phrases. Each begins with a bare article so the caller can
+// fuse a preposition (em+o=no, de+o=do): "o último dia do mês".
+function quartzDatePhrase(dateField: string): string | undefined {
+  if (dateField === 'L') {
+    return 'o último dia do mês';
+  }
+
+  if (dateField === 'LW' || dateField === 'WL') {
+    return 'o último dia útil do mês';
+  }
+
+  const offset = (/^L-(\d{1,2})$/).exec(dateField);
+
+  if (offset) {
+    return +offset[1] === 1 ?
+      'um dia antes do último dia do mês' :
+      offset[1] + ' dias antes do último dia do mês';
+  }
+
+  const nearest = (/^(\d{1,2})W$|^W(\d{1,2})$/).exec(dateField);
+
+  if (nearest) {
+    // The W-operator proximity takes the dative "próximo ao dia 15" (a+o=ao),
+    // not "próximo do" (notes.md).
+    return 'o dia útil mais próximo ao dia ' +
+      (nearest[1] || nearest[2]);
+  }
+}
+
+// The Quartz weekday phrases: "a última sexta-feira do mês", "a segunda
+// segunda-feira do mês". The nth-weekday ordinal agrees with the weekday's
+// gender; when the ordinal WORD would collide with the weekday name (the "#2"
+// of Monday spelling "segunda segunda-feira"), the ordinal digit is used
+// instead ("a 2ª segunda-feira do mês"). Each phrase begins with a bare
+// article so the caller can fuse a preposition (em+a=na, em+o=no).
+function quartzWeekdayPhrase(weekdayField: string): string | undefined {
+  const parts = weekdayField.split('#');
+
+  if (parts.length === 2) {
+    const number = canonicalWeekday(parts[0]);
+    const feminine = weekdayFeminine(number);
+    const ordinalWord = (feminine ? nthWeekdayFeminine : nthWeekdayMasculine)[
+      +parts[1]];
+    const article = feminine ? 'a ' : 'o ';
+
+    // The ordinal word collides with the weekday name when it shares the stem
+    // (the "segunda" of segunda-feira, etc.): use the ordinal digit "Nª"/"Nº".
+    if (ordinalCollides(ordinalWord, number)) {
+      return article + parts[1] + (feminine ? 'ª ' : 'º ') +
+        weekdayNames[number] + ' do mês';
+    }
+
+    return article + ordinalWord + ' ' +
+      weekdayNames[number] + ' do mês';
+  }
+
+  if ((/L$/).test(weekdayField)) {
+    const number = canonicalWeekday(weekdayField.slice(0, -1));
+    const article = weekdayFeminine(number) ? 'a última ' : 'o último ';
+
+    return article + weekdayNames[number] + ' do mês';
+  }
+}
+
+// Whether an ordinal word would read as a homograph of the weekday name — i.e.
+// the ordinal shares the weekday's bare stem (segunda/terça/quarta/quinta).
+// "a segunda segunda-feira" is unreadable, so the digit form is used instead.
+function ordinalCollides(ordinalWord: string | null, number: number): boolean {
+  return ordinalWord === weekdayStems[number];
+}
+
+// The weekday qualifier (the trailing/standalone recurrence form): "às
+// segundas-feiras", "de segunda a sexta-feira", "às segundas, quartas e
+// sextas-feiras". The plural recurrence "às [weekday]s-feiras" already conveys
+// "every Monday".
+function weekdayQualifier(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  const quartz = quartzWeekdayPhrase(schedule.pattern.weekday);
+
+  if (quartz) {
+    return withEm(quartz);
+  }
+
+  // Weekday lists display Monday-first (Sunday last); a lone range keeps its
+  // form. The Schedule stays canonical (Sunday=0). The helper flattens steps.
+  const segments = orderWeekdaysForDisplay(segmentsOf(schedule, 'weekday'));
+  const allSingles = segments.every(function single(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'single';
+  });
+
+  if (allSingles) {
+    return recurringWeekdayList(segments as SingleNameSegment[]);
+  }
+
+  // A single plain range stands alone: "de segunda a sexta-feira". Reaching
+  // here means not all-singles with a single segment, i.e. a lone range.
+  if (segments.length === 1) {
+    return weekdayRange(segments[0] as RangeNameSegment);
+  }
+
+  // Mixed lists: each piece carries its own form.
+  return mixedWeekdayList(segments);
+}
+
+// The recurrence for a single weekday: "às segundas-feiras" (feminine, a+as=às)
+// / "aos domingos" (masculine, a+os=aos).
+function recurringWeekday(token: NameToken): string {
+  const number = canonicalWeekday(token);
+  const article = weekdayFeminine(number) ? 'as ' : 'os ';
+
+  return withA(article + pluralWeekday(token));
+}
+
+// A list of single weekdays as the recurrence. The feminine -feira days lead
+// under one shared "às" head, with the "-feira" suffix on the LAST -feira day
+// only (the idiomatic pt-BR suffix-ellipsis): "às segundas, quartas e
+// sextas-feiras". A SINGLE masculine day trailing the feminine run takes its
+// own contracted article ("às …-feiras e aos domingos") — "às" cannot govern a
+// masculine noun — while a RUN of trailing masculine days (sábado+domingo)
+// stays under the shared "às" head ("às terças, quintas-feiras, sábados e
+// domingos"), the form the pt-BR panel affirmed. An all-masculine list takes
+// the masculine recurrence outright ("aos domingos").
+function recurringWeekdayList(segments: SingleNameSegment[]): string {
+  const numbers = segments.map(function num(segment) {
+    return canonicalWeekday(segment.value);
+  });
+
+  const feminineCount = numbers.filter(weekdayFeminine).length;
+
+  // All masculine: the whole list takes the masculine recurrence.
+  if (feminineCount === 0) {
+    return withA('os ' + joinList(numbers.map(pluralFeira)));
+  }
+
+  // A single masculine day trailing the feminine run splits into its own
+  // contracted "ao(s)" group; a longer trailing run stays under "às".
+  const trailingMasculine = numbers.length - feminineCount === 1 &&
+    !weekdayFeminine(numbers[numbers.length - 1]);
+  const head = trailingMasculine ? numbers.slice(0, -1) : numbers;
+  const tail = trailingMasculine ? numbers[numbers.length - 1] : null;
+
+  if (tail === null) {
+    return withA('as ' + joinList(feiraEllipsis(head)));
+  }
+
+  // The feminine head joins with commas only — the terminal "e" connects it to
+  // the split masculine tail: "às segundas, quartas, sextas-feiras e aos
+  // domingos".
+  const feminineList = withA('as ' + feiraEllipsis(head).join(', '));
+
+  return feminineList + ' e ' + withA('os ' + pluralFeira(tail));
+}
+
+// The plural weekday words for a list, with the "-feira" suffix kept on the
+// LAST -feira day only and elided from the earlier ones (the pt-BR
+// suffix-ellipsis); masculine days carry their full plural.
+function feiraEllipsis(numbers: number[]): string[] {
+  let lastFeira = -1;
+
+  numbers.forEach(function find(number, index) {
+    if (weekdayFeminine(number)) {
+      lastFeira = index;
+    }
+  });
+
+  return numbers.map(function word(number, index) {
+    if (weekdayFeminine(number)) {
+      return index === lastFeira ? pluralFeira(number) : pluralStem(number);
+    }
+
+    return pluralFeira(number);
+  });
+}
+
+// A mixed weekday list (ranges + singles), each piece carrying its own form:
+// ranges read "de X a Y-feira", singles read the recurrence "às Xs-feiras" /
+// "aos domingos". Used in the standalone qualifier and the OR-union dow arm.
+function mixedWeekdayList(segments: NameSegment[]): string {
+  return joinList(segments.map(function name(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'range' ?
+      weekdayRange(segment) :
+      recurringWeekday(segment.value);
+  }));
+}
+
+// "de segunda a sexta-feira": the range carries the "-feira" on the LAST term
+// only (the idiomatic pt-BR range shorthand), and the bare stem on the first.
+function weekdayRange(segment: RangeNameSegment): string {
+  return 'de ' + weekdayStem(segment.bounds[0]) + ' a ' +
+    weekdayName(segment.bounds[1]);
+}
+
+// Expand step segments into their fires as singles: a raw step token or a
+// nested sub-list garbles a name list, while the flat fires read naturally
+// ("às segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras").
+function flattenSteps(segments: Segment[]): NameSegment[] {
+  return segments.flatMap(function flat(segment): NameSegment[] {
+    return segment.kind === 'step' ?
+      segment.fires.map(function single(value): NameSegment {
+        return {kind: 'single', value};
+      }) :
+      [segment];
+  });
+}
+
+// The month qualifier with its preposition. Plain name lists distribute the
+// caller's preposition ("de junho e dezembro", "em janeiro e julho"); step
+// segments flatten into their fires. A range always reads "de X a Y" as one
+// unit, so in mixed lists every piece repeats its preposition ("em janeiro e
+// de março a junho") — a bare "janeiro e março a junho" parses as "(janeiro e
+// março) a junho".
+function monthPhrase(schedule: Schedule, lead: string): string {
+  const segments = flattenSteps(segmentsOf(schedule, 'month'));
+  const ranged = segments.some(function range(segment) {
+    return segment.kind === 'range';
+  });
+
+  if (!ranged) {
+    // No ranges remain, so every segment is a single with a `value`.
+    return lead + joinList(segments.map(function name(segment) {
+      return monthName((segment as SingleNameSegment).value);
+    }));
+  }
+
+  return joinList(segments.map(function name(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      return 'de ' + monthName(segment.bounds[0]) + ' a ' +
+        monthName(segment.bounds[1]);
+    }
+
+    return lead + monthName(segment.value);
+  }));
+}
+
+// A trailing " de <month>" scope on weekday qualifiers ("às segundas-feiras de
+// junho"). A ranged scope sets off with a comma ("o último dia do mês, de
+// junho a setembro") — gluing "de junho" after "do mês" garden-paths.
+function monthScope(schedule: Schedule): string {
+  if (schedule.pattern.month === '*') {
+    return '';
+  }
+
+  return (monthRanged(schedule) ? ', ' : ' ') + monthPhrase(schedule, 'de ');
+}
+
+// The parity predicate for a `*/2`-style day-of-month step, used only inside
+// the OR union frame (see domArm). `*/2` and `1/2` fire on the odd days
+// (1, 3, …, 31); `2/2` fires on the even days. Any other open step has no
+// parity reading, so the caller falls back to stepDates.
+function parityDayPredicate(dateField: string): string | undefined {
+  if (!isOpenStep(dateField)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const [start, step] = dateField.split('/');
+
+  if (+step !== 2) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (start === '*' || start === '1') {
+    return 'um dia ímpar do mês';
+  }
+
+  if (start === '2') {
+    return 'um dia par do mês';
+  }
+}
+
+// Open day-of-month steps: "a cada 2 dias do mês (a partir do dia 5)". Begins
+// with a bare lead the caller may fuse where needed.
+function stepDates(dateField: string, opts: Opts): string {
+  const parts = dateField.split('/');
+  let phrase = 'a cada ' + numero(+parts[1], opts) + ' dias do mês';
+
+  if (parts[0] !== '*' && parts[0] !== '1') {
+    phrase += ' a partir do dia ' + dayOrdinal(parts[0]);
+  }
+
+  return phrase;
+}
+
+// --- Years. ---
+
+// Append the year when it has not folded into a calendar date: "em 2030", "em
+// 2030, 2031 e 2032", "a cada dois anos a partir de 2030".
+function applyYear(
+  description: string,
+  schedule: Schedule,
+  opts: Opts
+): string {
+  const yearField = schedule.pattern.year;
+
+  if (yearField === '*') {
+    return description;
+  }
+
+  if (yearField.indexOf('/') !== -1) {
+    return description + ' ' + stepYears(yearField, opts);
+  }
+
+  // A foldable single year already joined its date in datePhrase.
+  if (foldedYear(schedule) && schedule.pattern.date !== '*') {
+    return description;
+  }
+
+  if (yearField.indexOf(',') !== -1) {
+    return description + ' em ' + joinList(yearField.split(','));
+  }
+
+  return description + ' em ' + yearField;
+}
+
+// "a cada dois anos (a partir de 2030)" / "todos os anos".
+function stepYears(yearField: string, opts: Opts): string {
+  const parts = yearField.split('/');
+  const interval = +parts[1];
+
+  if (interval <= 1) {
+    return 'todos os anos';
+  }
+
+  let phrase = 'a cada ' + numero(interval, opts) + ' anos';
+
+  if (parts[0] !== '*' && parts[0] !== '0') {
+    phrase += ' a partir de ' + parts[0];
+  }
+
+  return phrase;
+}
+
+// --- Words. ---
+
+// Render classified segments as words: ranges as "5 a 10" pairs, steps as
+// their enumerated fires.
+function segmentWords(segments: Segment[]): string[] {
+  return segments.flatMap(function word(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      return [segment.bounds[0] + ' a ' + segment.bounds[1]];
+    }
+
+    if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      return wordList(segment.fires);
+    }
+
+    return [segment.value];
+  });
+}
+
+// Render date segments as words, with the 1st of the month as the ordinal
+// "1º" and every other day cardinal. Ranges carry the ordinal on the first
+// term and cardinal on the rest (the normal pt-BR pattern).
+function dateWords(segments: Segment[]): string[] {
+  return segments.flatMap(function word(segment) {
+    if (segment.kind === 'range') {
+      return [dayOrdinal(segment.bounds[0]) + ' a ' + segment.bounds[1]];
+    }
+
+    if (segment.kind === 'step') {
+      return segment.fires.map(function fire(value, index) {
+        return index === 0 ? dayOrdinal(value) : '' + value;
+      });
+    }
+
+    return [dayOrdinal(segment.value)];
+  });
+}
+
+// The day-of-month value as words: the 1st is the ordinal "1º" (a deep pt-BR
+// norm — calendars, official texts, speech); every other day stays cardinal.
+function dayOrdinal(value: NameToken): string {
+  return +value === 1 ? '1º' : '' + value;
+}
+
+// Numeric fire values as digits.
+function wordList(fires: number[]): string[] {
+  return fires.map(function digit(value) {
+    return '' + value;
+  });
+}
+
+// Join a list with commas and a terminal "e". Portuguese never takes a comma
+// before "e" in a simple series (the es donor's RAE coma ante "y" is dropped).
+function joinList(items: string[]): string {
+  if (items.length <= 1) {
+    return items.join('');
+  }
+
+  if (items.length === 2) {
+    return items[0] + ' e ' + items[1];
+  }
+
+  return items.slice(0, -1).join(', ') + ' e ' + items[items.length - 1];
+}
+
+// Spell the integers zero through ten ("a cada cinco minutos"); digits
+// otherwise, and always with `short`. Masculine by default (minutos, segundos,
+// dias, anos).
+function numero(n: number, opts: Opts): string | number {
+  return numeral(n, numeros, opts);
+}
+
+// The feminine spelling for a count of feminine nouns ("a cada duas horas"):
+// "dois" -> "duas" is the only gendered cardinal in the 0-10 set pt spells.
+function numeroF(n: number, opts: Opts): string | number {
+  const word = numero(n, opts);
+
+  return word === 'dois' ? 'duas' : word;
+}
+
+// The canonical weekday number (Sunday=0) from a cron name or Quartz stem
+// (`5L`, `MON#2`), folding the Sunday alias 7 to 0.
+function canonicalWeekday(token: NameToken): number {
+  const number = toFieldNumber('' + token, weekdayNumbers);
+
+  return number === 7 ? 0 : number;
+}
+
+// A weekday name (with "-feira" for Mon-Fri) from a canonical number or Quartz
+// stem.
+function weekdayName(token: NameToken): string {
+  return weekdayNames[canonicalWeekday(token)];
+}
+
+// A weekday bare stem (no "-feira") from a canonical number or Quartz stem,
+// for list/range suffix-ellipsis.
+function weekdayStem(token: NameToken): string {
+  return weekdayStems[canonicalWeekday(token)];
+}
+
+// The plural weekday form (with "-feira"): the -feira days are invariant in
+// the stem and pluralize the "feira" element ("segundas-feiras"); sábado and
+// domingo take -s ("sábados", "domingos").
+function pluralWeekday(token: NameToken): string {
+  return pluralFeira(canonicalWeekday(token));
+}
+
+// The plural full form for a weekday number: "segundas-feiras" for the -feira
+// days, "domingos"/"sábados" otherwise.
+function pluralFeira(number: number): string {
+  if (weekdayFeminine(number)) {
+    return pluralStem(number) + '-feiras';
+  }
+
+  return weekdayNames[number] + 's';
+}
+
+// The plural bare stem for a -feira weekday ("segundas", "quartas"): the stem
+// pluralizes (all -feira stems end in -a), the dropped "-feira" is supplied (or
+// elided) by the caller.
+function pluralStem(number: number): string {
+  return weekdayStems[number] + 's';
+}
+
+// A month name from a canonical month number. The name array has a leading
+// null hole for the 1-based index.
+function monthName(token: NameToken): string {
+  return monthNames[+token] as string;
+}
+
+
+// The Portuguese language module: the Schedule renderer plus the language-owned
+// strings and option normalization.
+const pt: Language<PortugueseStyle> = {
+  describe,
+  fallback: 'um padrão cron irreconhecível',
+  options: normalizeOptions,
+  reboot: 'ao iniciar o sistema',
+  // A description ending in a period already carries it, so closing the
+  // sentence must not double it.
+  sentence: (description) =>
+    'Se executa ' + description + (description.endsWith('.') ? '' : '.')
+};
+
+export default pt;