claude-code-arcane 2.3.0 → 2.4.0

package/skills/ue-animation-system/references/locomotion-setup.md

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+# Locomotion Setup Reference
+
+This guide covers the end-to-end setup for character locomotion using UE5's
+animation system: AnimInstance properties, blend spaces, state machines, and
+layered blending.
+
+Source headers referenced:
+- `Engine/Source/Runtime/Engine/Classes/Animation/AnimInstance.h`
+- `Engine/Source/Runtime/Engine/Classes/Animation/BlendSpace.h`
+- `Engine/Source/Runtime/Engine/Classes/Animation/BlendSpace1D.h`
+- `Engine/Source/Runtime/Engine/Classes/Animation/AimOffsetBlendSpace.h`
+
+---
+
+## AnimInstance: Locomotion Properties
+
+```cpp
+// LocomotionAnimInstance.h
+#pragma once
+#include "Animation/AnimInstance.h"
+#include "LocomotionAnimInstance.generated.h"
+
+UCLASS()
+class MYGAME_API ULocomotionAnimInstance : public UAnimInstance
+{
+    GENERATED_BODY()
+
+public:
+    virtual void NativeInitializeAnimation() override;
+    virtual void NativeUpdateAnimation(float DeltaSeconds) override;
+
+protected:
+    // Cached references (game thread only)
+    UPROPERTY(Transient)
+    TObjectPtr<ACharacter> OwningCharacter;
+
+    UPROPERTY(Transient)
+    TObjectPtr<UCharacterMovementComponent> MovementComp;
+
+    // --- Properties read by the AnimGraph ---
+
+    // Ground speed (XY plane), drives blend space Y axis
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    float GroundSpeed = 0.f;
+
+    // Movement direction relative to actor facing (-180 to 180), drives X axis
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    float Direction = 0.f;
+
+    // True when CharacterMovement reports IsFalling()
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    bool bIsInAir = false;
+
+    // True when velocity is near zero
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    bool bIsIdle = true;
+
+    // True when crouching
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    bool bIsCrouching = false;
+
+    // Acceleration magnitude, for start/stop transitions
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    float Acceleration = 0.f;
+
+    // For aim offset
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="AimOffset")
+    float AimYaw = 0.f;
+
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="AimOffset")
+    float AimPitch = 0.f;
+
+    // Lean amount for banking in turns
+    UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, Category="Locomotion")
+    float LeanAmount = 0.f;
+
+private:
+    // Previous yaw for lean calculation
+    float PreviousActorYaw = 0.f;
+    float LeanVelocity = 0.f;
+};
+```
+
+```cpp
+// LocomotionAnimInstance.cpp
+#include "LocomotionAnimInstance.h"
+#include "GameFramework/Character.h"
+#include "GameFramework/CharacterMovementComponent.h"
+#include "Kismet/KismetMathLibrary.h"
+
+static constexpr float IdleSpeedThreshold = 10.f;
+static constexpr float LeanInterpSpeed    = 4.f;
+static constexpr float LeanMaxAngle       = 30.f;
+
+void ULocomotionAnimInstance::NativeInitializeAnimation()
+{
+    Super::NativeInitializeAnimation();
+
+    OwningCharacter = Cast<ACharacter>(TryGetPawnOwner());
+    if (OwningCharacter)
+    {
+        MovementComp = OwningCharacter->GetCharacterMovement();
+        PreviousActorYaw = OwningCharacter->GetActorRotation().Yaw;
+    }
+}
+
+void ULocomotionAnimInstance::NativeUpdateAnimation(float DeltaSeconds)
+{
+    Super::NativeUpdateAnimation(DeltaSeconds);
+
+    if (!OwningCharacter || !MovementComp || DeltaSeconds <= 0.f) return;
+
+    const FVector Velocity = MovementComp->Velocity;
+    GroundSpeed  = Velocity.Size2D();
+    bIsInAir     = MovementComp->IsFalling();
+    bIsCrouching = MovementComp->IsCrouching();
+    bIsIdle      = GroundSpeed < IdleSpeedThreshold && !bIsInAir;
+    Acceleration = MovementComp->GetCurrentAcceleration().Size2D();
+
+    // Direction: angle between velocity and actor facing
+    if (GroundSpeed > IdleSpeedThreshold)
+    {
+        const FRotator ActorRot    = OwningCharacter->GetActorRotation();
+        const FRotator VelocityRot = Velocity.ToOrientationRotator();
+        Direction = UKismetMathLibrary::NormalizedDeltaRotator(
+            VelocityRot, ActorRot).Yaw;
+    }
+
+    // Aim offset (yaw/pitch delta from actor to control rotation)
+    const FRotator AimRot   = OwningCharacter->GetBaseAimRotation();
+    const FRotator ActorRot = OwningCharacter->GetActorRotation();
+    const FRotator AimDelta = UKismetMathLibrary::NormalizedDeltaRotator(
+        AimRot, ActorRot);
+    AimYaw   = FMath::Clamp(AimDelta.Yaw,   -90.f, 90.f);
+    AimPitch = FMath::Clamp(AimDelta.Pitch, -90.f, 90.f);
+
+    // Lean: angular velocity of actor yaw, smoothed with interp
+    const float CurrentYaw   = OwningCharacter->GetActorRotation().Yaw;
+    const float YawDeltaRate = UKismetMathLibrary::NormalizedDeltaRotator(
+        FRotator(0.f, CurrentYaw, 0.f),
+        FRotator(0.f, PreviousActorYaw, 0.f)).Yaw / DeltaSeconds;
+    PreviousActorYaw = CurrentYaw;
+
+    const float TargetLean = FMath::Clamp(YawDeltaRate / LeanMaxAngle, -1.f, 1.f);
+    LeanAmount = FMath::FInterpTo(LeanAmount, TargetLean,
+        DeltaSeconds, LeanInterpSpeed);
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Blend Space Setup
+
+### 1D Blend Space — Walk/Run
+
+**Asset**: `BS_GroundLocomotion1D` (type: `BlendSpace1D`)
+
+| Axis  | Name    | Min | Max | Grid Points |
+|-------|---------|-----|-----|-------------|
+| X     | Speed   | 0   | 600 | 3           |
+
+Samples:
+| Speed | Animation       |
+|-------|-----------------|
+| 0     | Idle            |
+| 200   | Walk_Fwd        |
+| 600   | Run_Fwd         |
+
+Interpolation (from `FInterpolationParameter`):
+```
+InterpolationTime = 0.15
+InterpolationType = SpringDamper
+DampingRatio      = 1.0
+MaxSpeed          = 0.0  (unclamped)
+```
+
+In the AnimGraph, a **Blend Space 1D Player** node:
+- Asset: `BS_GroundLocomotion1D`
+- X pin: bound to `GroundSpeed` from the AnimInstance
+
+---
+
+### 2D Blend Space — Directional Locomotion
+
+**Asset**: `BS_GroundLocomotion2D` (type: `BlendSpace`)
+
+| Axis | Name      | Min  | Max | Grid Points |
+|------|-----------|------|-----|-------------|
+| X    | Direction | -180 | 180 | 5           |
+| Y    | Speed     | 0    | 600 | 3           |
+
+Sample layout (Direction x Speed):
+
+```
+Direction\Speed |  0 (Idle) | 200 (Walk) | 600 (Run)
+----------------+-----------+------------+-----------
+     0 (Fwd)    | Idle      | Walk_Fwd   | Run_Fwd
+    90 (Right)  | Idle      | Walk_Right | Run_Right
+   -90 (Left)   | Idle      | Walk_Left  | Run_Left
+   180 (Bwd)    | Idle      | Walk_Bwd   | Run_Bwd
+```
+
+Idle is the same animation at all direction values and Speed=0; it is defined
+at four direction points so the blend falls back to it cleanly.
+
+Interpolation per axis:
+```
+X (Direction): InterpolationTime=0.10, InterpolationType=SpringDamper
+Y (Speed):     InterpolationTime=0.15, InterpolationType=SpringDamper
+```
+
+In the AnimGraph, a **Blend Space Player** node:
+- Asset: `BS_GroundLocomotion2D`
+- X pin: `Direction`
+- Y pin: `GroundSpeed`
+
+---
+
+### Aim Offset — Upper Body Aiming
+
+**Asset**: `AO_Rifle` (type: `AimOffset`)
+
+| Axis  | Name  | Min | Max |
+|-------|-------|-----|-----|
+| X     | Yaw   | -90 |  90 |
+| Y     | Pitch | -90 |  90 |
+
+Samples (5 poses, all additive relative to reference pose):
+
+| Yaw | Pitch | Animation             |
+|-----|-------|-----------------------|
+| 0   | 0     | AO_Rifle_Center       |
+| 90  | 0     | AO_Rifle_Right        |
+| -90 | 0     | AO_Rifle_Left         |
+| 0   | 90    | AO_Rifle_Up           |
+| 0   | -90   | AO_Rifle_Down         |
+
+In the AnimGraph:
+- Place **Aim Offset** node after the base locomotion result
+- X pin: `AimYaw`, Y pin: `AimPitch`
+- This node applies an additive pose on top of the base pose
+
+---
+
+## State Machine Setup — Locomotion State Machine
+
+**State Machine Name**: `LocomotionSM`
+
+### States
+
+```
+[Entry] --> [Idle] --> [Walk/Run] --> [Idle]
+                 \--> [Jump Start] --> [In Air] --> [Land] --> [Idle]
+                 \--> [Crouch Idle] --> [Crouch Walk] --> [Crouch Idle]
+```
+
+### State Definitions
+
+**Idle**
+- Animation: Idle loop sequence or the 1D/2D blend space at Speed=0
+- Transition to Walk/Run: `GroundSpeed > 10 && !bIsInAir`
+- Transition to Jump Start: `bIsInAir`
+- Transition to Crouch Idle: `bIsCrouching`
+
+**Walk/Run**
+- Animation: `BS_GroundLocomotion1D` or `BS_GroundLocomotion2D`
+- Transition to Idle: `GroundSpeed <= 10 && !bIsInAir`
+- Transition to Jump Start: `bIsInAir`
+
+**Jump Start**
+- Animation: `JumpStart` (plays once)
+- Automatic transition to In Air when animation finishes:
+  `TimeRemaining(ratio) < 0.1`
+
+**In Air**
+- Animation: `InAir` loop (often a blend between apex and falling poses)
+- Transition to Land: `!bIsInAir`
+
+**Land**
+- Animation: `Land` (plays once)
+- Automatic transition to Idle or Walk/Run when complete
+
+**Crouch Idle**
+- Animation: `CrouchIdle` loop
+- Transition to Crouch Walk: `GroundSpeed > 3`
+- Transition to Idle (stand): `!bIsCrouching`
+
+**Crouch Walk**
+- Animation: `BS_CrouchLocomotion1D` (separate blend space for crouch walk)
+- Transition to Crouch Idle: `GroundSpeed <= 3`
+- Transition to Idle: `!bIsCrouching`
+
+### Transition Cross-Fade Settings
+
+| From        | To          | Duration | Blend Curve  |
+|-------------|-------------|----------|--------------|
+| Idle        | Walk/Run    | 0.15s    | Cubic In-Out |
+| Walk/Run    | Idle        | 0.20s    | Cubic In-Out |
+| Walk/Run    | Jump Start  | 0.10s    | Linear       |
+| In Air      | Land        | 0.05s    | Linear       |
+| Land        | Idle        | 0.20s    | Cubic In-Out |
+| Idle        | Crouch Idle | 0.15s    | Linear       |
+| Crouch Idle | Idle        | 0.15s    | Linear       |
+
+Use **Automatic Rule Based on Sequence Player** for states with a single
+play-once animation (Jump Start, Land) to auto-transition when the animation
+nears completion.
+
+---
+
+## AnimGraph Structure
+
+```
+[Output Pose]
+    |
+[Layered Blend Per Bone]  <-- upper body slot for montages
+    |              |
+[LocomotionSM]  [Slot 'UpperBody']
+    |
+[Aim Offset]        <-- aim yaw/pitch additive
+    |
+[Locomotion Blend Space Player]
+```
+
+### Full AnimGraph Node Order (Bottom to Top)
+
+1. **Blend Space Player** (`BS_GroundLocomotion2D`) — base movement pose
+2. **Aim Offset** (`AO_Rifle`) — additive aim layer on top of base
+3. **State Machine** (`LocomotionSM`) — wraps steps 1 & 2 inside states
+4. **Slot 'UpperBody'** — montage poses blend into upper body here
+5. **Layered Blend Per Bone** — blends upper body slot over the state machine
+   - Blend Poses 0: State Machine output (lower body + full)
+   - Blend Poses 1: UpperBody slot
+   - Layer Setup: `spine_01`, Depth=0, BlendDepth=1, MeshPoseBlendFactor=1
+6. **Output Pose**
+
+---
+
+## Layered Blend Per Bone — Upper/Lower Split
+
+To play attack montages on the upper body while keeping lower body locomotion:
+
+In the AnimGraph:
+1. Add a **Slot** node named `UpperBody` (create the slot in Skeleton settings).
+2. Add a **Layered Blend Per Bone** node.
+3. Connect the State Machine output to **Base Pose**.
+4. Connect the `UpperBody` slot output to **Blend Poses 0**.
+5. In the **Layer Setup** array, add entry:
+   - Bone Name: `spine_01`
+   - Blend Depth: `-1` (blend from the specified bone downward to root is
+     unaffected; upward is fully blended)
+   - Mesh Pose Blend Factor: 1.0
+   - Inverse: unchecked (positive bones = upper body = get slot blend)
+
+The montage must target the `UpperBody` slot. In C++:
+
+```cpp
+// Play on UpperBody slot only
+AnimInst->Montage_Play(AttackMontage);
+// AttackMontage must have its anim tracks assigned to the 'UpperBody' slot
+// in the montage editor (SlotAnimTracks[0].SlotName = "UpperBody")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Native State Machine Bindings
+
+Bind C++ logic to state transitions without Blueprint:
+
+```cpp
+// In ULocomotionAnimInstance::NativeInitializeAnimation()
+
+// Transition rule
+AddNativeTransitionBinding(
+    FName("LocomotionSM"),
+    FName("Idle"),
+    FName("Walk/Run"),
+    FCanTakeTransition::CreateUObject(
+        this, &ULocomotionAnimInstance::CanStartMoving),
+    FName("IdleToMoving")
+);
+
+// State entry notification
+AddNativeStateEntryBinding(
+    FName("LocomotionSM"),
+    FName("Land"),
+    FOnGraphStateChanged::CreateUObject(
+        this, &ULocomotionAnimInstance::OnLandStateEntered)
+);
+```
+
+```cpp
+bool ULocomotionAnimInstance::CanStartMoving() const
+{
+    return GroundSpeed > IdleSpeedThreshold && !bIsInAir;
+}
+
+void ULocomotionAnimInstance::OnLandStateEntered(
+    const FAnimNode_StateMachine& SM,
+    int32 PrevState,
+    int32 NextState)
+{
+    // Play landing camera shake, rumble, etc.
+    if (OwningCharacter)
+    {
+        // UGameplayStatics::PlayWorldCameraShake(...);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Modular Locomotion via Linked Anim Layers
+
+For projects with multiple locomotion modes (ground, swimming, climbing,
+zero-gravity), use the linked anim layer pattern instead of a monolithic state
+machine.
+
+### Interface Definition
+
+Create `ULocomotionLayerInterface` (AnimLayerInterface Blueprint asset)
+with a single layer function: `LocomotionLayer`.
+
+### Main AnimInstance
+
+The main `ABP_Character` has a **Linked Anim Layer** node targeting
+`ULocomotionLayerInterface::LocomotionLayer`. Its output feeds directly into
+the **Output Pose** (after any additive overlays).
+
+### Layer Implementations
+
+```cpp
+// GroundLocomotionLayer.h — implements LocomotionLayerInterface
+UCLASS()
+class MYGAME_API UGroundLocomotionLayer : public UAnimInstance
+{
+    GENERATED_BODY()
+    // ...same locomotion properties as above...
+};
+
+// ClimbingLocomotionLayer.h
+UCLASS()
+class MYGAME_API UClimbingLocomotionLayer : public UAnimInstance
+{
+    GENERATED_BODY()
+    // Separate state machine / sequences for climbing
+};
+```
+
+### Swapping at Runtime
+
+```cpp
+void AMyCharacter::EnterClimbing()
+{
+    if (UAnimInstance* AnimInst = GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance())
+    {
+        AnimInst->LinkAnimClassLayers(UClimbingLocomotionLayer::StaticClass());
+    }
+}
+
+void AMyCharacter::ExitClimbing()
+{
+    if (UAnimInstance* AnimInst = GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance())
+    {
+        AnimInst->LinkAnimClassLayers(UGroundLocomotionLayer::StaticClass());
+        // Or pass nullptr to reset all layers to defaults:
+        // AnimInst->LinkAnimClassLayers(nullptr);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+The transition is automatically inertially blended when an **Inertialization**
+node is placed in the main AnimGraph.
+
+---
+
+## Inertial Blending for Smooth Layer Transitions
+
+Add an **Inertialization** node in the main AnimGraph between the linked layer
+output and the Output Pose. When `LinkAnimClassLayers` is called, the system
+will inertialize the transition using the blend duration configured on the
+`FAnimNode_LinkedAnimGraph` node (`PendingBlendInDuration` /
+`PendingBlendOutDuration`).
+
+To request inertialization from C++:
+
+```cpp
+// Request a 0.2s inertialized blend for all slots in the "DefaultGroup"
+AnimInst->RequestSlotGroupInertialization(FName("DefaultGroup"), 0.2f);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Root Motion Configuration
+
+| Mode                        | Description                                              |
+|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| `NoRootMotionExtraction`    | Root bone moves normally; no extraction to component     |
+| `IgnoreRootMotion`          | Root motion is extracted and discarded (root stays put)  |
+| `RootMotionFromMontagesOnly`| Only montage root motion drives component movement       |
+| `RootMotionFromEverything`  | All animations contribute root motion to component       |
+
+For typical third-person games with CharacterMovementComponent:
+```cpp
+// In Character BP defaults or constructor:
+GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance()->RootMotionMode =
+    ERootMotionMode::RootMotionFromMontagesOnly;
+```
+
+In the `AnimInstance` class default:
+```cpp
+// Set in class constructor or CDO:
+RootMotionMode = ERootMotionMode::RootMotionFromMontagesOnly;
+```
+
+For multiplayer, pair `RootMotionFromMontagesOnly` with GAS montage replication
+so the server's `CharacterMovementComponent` processes root motion authoritatively.
+
+---
+
+## Common Locomotion Pitfalls
+
+**Direction flips when speed is near zero**
+- Only update `Direction` when `GroundSpeed > threshold`. Keep the last valid
+  direction when the character is decelerating to idle, preventing the blend
+  space from snapping.
+
+**Blend space snapping on direction change**
+- Use `SpringDamper` interpolation on the Direction axis with
+  `InterpolationTime = 0.08–0.12`. Too low = snappy, too high = sluggish turns.
+
+**Aim offset fighting the state machine**
+- Ensure the Aim Offset node is placed inside the locomotion state (not outside
+  the state machine), or apply it as an additive overlay after the state machine
+  output, so it blends correctly during transitions.
+
+**Crouch/stand transition pops**
+- Ensure crouch and stand blend spaces share samples at Speed=0. The blend space
+  sampler interpolates between them; if the idle samples differ significantly,
+  use a short cross-fade on the Idle->Crouch Idle transition (0.15s+).
+
+**Upper body slot not blending**
+- Verify the montage's slot track is named exactly `UpperBody` (case-sensitive)
+  and the Layered Blend Per Bone node references the same slot name. Mismatches
+  result in the montage playing on the wrong slot or not blending at all.
+
+**State machine transition not firing from C++**
+- `AddNativeTransitionBinding` must be called in `NativeInitializeAnimation`,
+  not in `BeginPlay` or later. The binding is registered against the compiled
+  state machine before the AnimGraph evaluates.