cbrowser 16.7.1 → 16.7.2

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
Files changed (40) hide show
  1. package/README.md +2 -0
  2. package/docs/personas/Persona-ADHD.md +135 -0
  3. package/docs/personas/Persona-ElderlyUser.md +131 -0
  4. package/docs/personas/Persona-FirstTimer.md +131 -0
  5. package/docs/personas/Persona-ImpatientUser.md +132 -0
  6. package/docs/personas/Persona-Index.md +170 -0
  7. package/docs/personas/Persona-LowVision.md +133 -0
  8. package/docs/personas/Persona-MobileUser.md +133 -0
  9. package/docs/personas/Persona-MotorTremor.md +133 -0
  10. package/docs/personas/Persona-PowerUser.md +129 -0
  11. package/docs/personas/Persona-ScreenReaderUser.md +133 -0
  12. package/docs/research/Bibliography.md +269 -0
  13. package/docs/research/Research-Methodology.md +224 -0
  14. package/docs/traits/Trait-AnchoringBias.md +219 -0
  15. package/docs/traits/Trait-AttributionStyle.md +272 -0
  16. package/docs/traits/Trait-AuthoritySensitivity.md +133 -0
  17. package/docs/traits/Trait-ChangeBlindness.md +163 -0
  18. package/docs/traits/Trait-Comprehension.md +172 -0
  19. package/docs/traits/Trait-Curiosity.md +181 -0
  20. package/docs/traits/Trait-EmotionalContagion.md +136 -0
  21. package/docs/traits/Trait-FOMO.md +142 -0
  22. package/docs/traits/Trait-Index.md +158 -0
  23. package/docs/traits/Trait-InformationForaging.md +209 -0
  24. package/docs/traits/Trait-InterruptRecovery.md +241 -0
  25. package/docs/traits/Trait-MentalModelRigidity.md +220 -0
  26. package/docs/traits/Trait-MetacognitivePlanning.md +156 -0
  27. package/docs/traits/Trait-Patience.md +129 -0
  28. package/docs/traits/Trait-Persistence.md +157 -0
  29. package/docs/traits/Trait-ProceduralFluency.md +197 -0
  30. package/docs/traits/Trait-ReadingTendency.md +208 -0
  31. package/docs/traits/Trait-Resilience.md +154 -0
  32. package/docs/traits/Trait-RiskTolerance.md +154 -0
  33. package/docs/traits/Trait-Satisficing.md +173 -0
  34. package/docs/traits/Trait-SelfEfficacy.md +191 -0
  35. package/docs/traits/Trait-SocialProofSensitivity.md +147 -0
  36. package/docs/traits/Trait-TimeHorizon.md +259 -0
  37. package/docs/traits/Trait-TransferLearning.md +241 -0
  38. package/docs/traits/Trait-TrustCalibration.md +219 -0
  39. package/docs/traits/Trait-WorkingMemory.md +184 -0
  40. package/package.json +2 -2
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
1
+ # Cognitive Traits Index
2
+
3
+ > **Copyright**: (c) 2026 WF Media (Alexandria Eden). All rights reserved.
4
+ >
5
+ > **License**: [Business Source License 1.1](https://github.com/alexandriashai/cbrowser/blob/main/LICENSE) - Converts to Apache 2.0 on February 5, 2030.
6
+ >
7
+ > **Contact**: alexandria.shai.eden@gmail.com
8
+
9
+ CBrowser's cognitive simulation system is built on 25 research-backed psychological traits organized into 6 tiers. Each trait represents a measurable dimension of human cognition that affects how users interact with web interfaces.
10
+
11
+ ## Trait Tiers Overview
12
+
13
+ | Tier | Category | Traits | Description |
14
+ |------|----------|--------|-------------|
15
+ | 1 | [Core Traits](#tier-1-core-traits) | 7 | Fundamental cognitive capacities |
16
+ | 2 | [Emotional Traits](#tier-2-emotional-traits) | 4 | Affective and motivational factors |
17
+ | 3 | [Decision-Making Traits](#tier-3-decision-making-traits) | 5 | Choice and judgment processes |
18
+ | 4 | [Planning Traits](#tier-4-planning-traits) | 3 | Strategic and procedural cognition |
19
+ | 5 | [Perception Traits](#tier-5-perception-traits) | 2 | Attention and awareness limitations |
20
+ | 6 | [Social Traits](#tier-6-social-traits) | 4 | Social influence and comparison |
21
+
22
+ ---
23
+
24
+ ## Tier 1: Core Traits
25
+
26
+ Fundamental cognitive capacities that form the foundation of user behavior.
27
+
28
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
29
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
30
+ | [Patience](Trait-Patience) | 0.0-1.0 | Nah (2004) - 8-10 second tolerance threshold |
31
+ | [Risk Tolerance](Trait-RiskTolerance) | 0.0-1.0 | Kahneman & Tversky (1979) - Prospect Theory |
32
+ | [Comprehension](Trait-Comprehension) | 0.0-1.0 | Card, Moran & Newell (1983) - GOMS Model |
33
+ | [Persistence](Trait-Persistence) | 0.0-1.0 | Duckworth et al. (2007) - Grit Scale |
34
+ | [Curiosity](Trait-Curiosity) | 0.0-1.0 | Berlyne (1960) - Epistemic Curiosity |
35
+ | [Working Memory](Trait-WorkingMemory) | 0.0-1.0 | Miller (1956) - 7±2 Chunks |
36
+ | [Reading Tendency](Trait-ReadingTendency) | 0.0-1.0 | Nielsen (2006) - F-Pattern |
37
+
38
+ ---
39
+
40
+ ## Tier 2: Emotional Traits
41
+
42
+ Affective factors that influence persistence, confidence, and recovery from setbacks.
43
+
44
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
45
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
46
+ | [Resilience](Trait-Resilience) | 0.0-1.0 | Smith et al. (2008) - Brief Resilience Scale |
47
+ | [Self-Efficacy](Trait-SelfEfficacy) | 0.0-1.0 | Bandura (1977) - Self-Efficacy Theory |
48
+ | [Trust Calibration](Trait-TrustCalibration) | 0.0-1.0 | Fogg (2003) - Stanford Credibility |
49
+ | [Interrupt Recovery](Trait-InterruptRecovery) | 0.0-1.0 | Mark et al. (2005) - Cost of Interruption |
50
+
51
+ ---
52
+
53
+ ## Tier 3: Decision-Making Traits
54
+
55
+ How users evaluate options, make choices, and allocate cognitive resources.
56
+
57
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
58
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
59
+ | [Satisficing](Trait-Satisficing) | 0.0-1.0 | Simon (1956) - Bounded Rationality |
60
+ | [Information Foraging](Trait-InformationForaging) | 0.0-1.0 | Pirolli & Card (1999) - Info Foraging |
61
+ | [Anchoring Bias](Trait-AnchoringBias) | 0.0-1.0 | Tversky & Kahneman (1974) - Anchoring |
62
+ | [Time Horizon](Trait-TimeHorizon) | 0.0-1.0 | Laibson (1997) - Hyperbolic Discounting |
63
+ | [Attribution Style](Trait-AttributionStyle) | 0.0-1.0 | Weiner (1985) - Attribution Theory |
64
+
65
+ ---
66
+
67
+ ## Tier 4: Planning Traits
68
+
69
+ Strategic thinking, procedural knowledge, and learning transfer capabilities.
70
+
71
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
72
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
73
+ | [Metacognitive Planning](Trait-MetacognitivePlanning) | 0.0-1.0 | Flavell (1979) - Metacognition |
74
+ | [Procedural Fluency](Trait-ProceduralFluency) | 0.0-1.0 | Sweller (1988) - Cognitive Load |
75
+ | [Transfer Learning](Trait-TransferLearning) | 0.0-1.0 | Thorndike (1901) - Transfer of Practice |
76
+
77
+ ---
78
+
79
+ ## Tier 5: Perception Traits
80
+
81
+ Limitations in visual attention and mental model updating.
82
+
83
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
84
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
85
+ | [Change Blindness](Trait-ChangeBlindness) | 0.0-1.0 | Simons & Chabris (1999) - Gorilla Study |
86
+ | [Mental Model Rigidity](Trait-MentalModelRigidity) | 0.0-1.0 | Johnson-Laird (1983) - Mental Models |
87
+
88
+ ---
89
+
90
+ ## Tier 6: Social Traits
91
+
92
+ How social context and comparison affect user behavior.
93
+
94
+ | Trait | Scale | Primary Research |
95
+ |-------|-------|------------------|
96
+ | [Authority Sensitivity](Trait-AuthoritySensitivity) | 0.0-1.0 | Milgram (1963) - Obedience |
97
+ | [Emotional Contagion](Trait-EmotionalContagion) | 0.0-1.0 | Hatfield et al. (1993) - Contagion |
98
+ | [FOMO](Trait-FOMO) | 0.0-1.0 | Przybylski et al. (2013) - FoMO Scale |
99
+ | [Social Proof Sensitivity](Trait-SocialProofSensitivity) | 0.0-1.0 | Goldstein, Cialdini et al. (2008) |
100
+
101
+ ---
102
+
103
+ ## Trait Correlations
104
+
105
+ Traits don't exist in isolation. Research-backed correlations:
106
+
107
+ | Trait Pair | Correlation | Research Basis |
108
+ |------------|-------------|----------------|
109
+ | Patience ↔ Persistence | r = 0.45 | Both load on conscientiousness |
110
+ | Working Memory ↔ Comprehension | r = 0.52 | Cognitive capacity overlap |
111
+ | Self-Efficacy ↔ Persistence | r = 0.48 | Bandura (1977) |
112
+ | FOMO ↔ Impatience | r = -0.41 | Przybylski et al. (2013) |
113
+ | Resilience ↔ Self-Efficacy | r = 0.56 | Protective factors research |
114
+
115
+ ---
116
+
117
+ ## Using Traits in CBrowser
118
+
119
+ ### Via MCP Tool
120
+
121
+ ```typescript
122
+ await cognitive_journey_init({
123
+ persona: "custom",
124
+ goal: "complete checkout",
125
+ startUrl: "https://example.com",
126
+ customTraits: {
127
+ patience: 0.3,
128
+ workingMemory: 0.5,
129
+ riskTolerance: 0.2
130
+ }
131
+ });
132
+ ```
133
+
134
+ ### Via CLI
135
+
136
+ ```bash
137
+ npx cbrowser cognitive-journey \
138
+ --persona custom \
139
+ --trait patience=0.3 \
140
+ --trait workingMemory=0.5 \
141
+ --start https://example.com \
142
+ --goal "complete checkout"
143
+ ```
144
+
145
+ ---
146
+
147
+ ## See Also
148
+
149
+ - [Persona Index](../personas/Persona-Index) - Pre-configured trait combinations
150
+ - [Bibliography](../research/Bibliography) - Complete academic references
151
+ - [Research Methodology](../research/Research-Methodology) - How traits were selected
152
+ - [Cognitive User Simulation](../Cognitive-User-Simulation) - Main documentation
153
+
154
+ ---
155
+
156
+ ## Bibliography
157
+
158
+ See [Complete Bibliography](../research/Bibliography) for all academic sources.
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
1
+ # Information Foraging
2
+
3
+ **Category**: Tier 3 - Decision-Making Traits
4
+ **Scale**: 0.0 (weak scent-following) to 1.0 (strong scent-following)
5
+
6
+ ## Definition
7
+
8
+ Information Foraging describes how users navigate information environments by following "information scent" - cues that indicate the likelihood of finding desired content along a particular path. Adapted from optimal foraging theory in behavioral ecology, this trait models how users decide which links to click, when to stay on a page versus navigate away, and how they allocate attention across competing information sources. High foragers follow strong scent trails efficiently and abandon low-scent paths quickly; low foragers may persist on weak trails or fail to recognize strong scent cues, leading to inefficient navigation patterns.
9
+
10
+ ## Research Foundation
11
+
12
+ ### Primary Citation
13
+
14
+ > "Information foraging theory is an approach to understanding how strategies and technologies for information seeking, gathering, and consumption are adapted to the flux of information in the environment... The notion of information scent is used to explain how people assess the utility or relevance of information sources, and how they select navigation paths."
15
+ > — Pirolli & Card, 1999, p. 643
16
+
17
+ **Full Citation (APA 7):**
18
+ Pirolli, P., & Card, S. K. (1999). Information foraging. *Psychological Review, 106*(4), 643-675.
19
+
20
+ **DOI**: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.643
21
+
22
+ ### Supporting Research
23
+
24
+ > "Users follow information scent to navigate the web. When scent is strong, users are more efficient. When scent is weak or misleading, they become lost and frustrated."
25
+ > — Chi et al., 2001, p. 498
26
+
27
+ **Full Citation (APA 7):**
28
+ Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., & Pitkow, J. (2001). Using information scent to model user information needs and actions on the web. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 490-497.
29
+
30
+ **DOI**: https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365325
31
+
32
+ ### Key Numerical Values
33
+
34
+ | Metric | Value | Source |
35
+ |--------|-------|--------|
36
+ | Average page dwell time before abandonment | 10-20 seconds | Nielsen (2011) |
37
+ | Probability of following highest-scent link | 0.62 | Chi et al. (2001) |
38
+ | Back button usage with weak scent | 39% higher | Cockburn & McKenzie (2001) |
39
+ | Scent strength predicts task success | r = 0.71 | Pirolli & Card (1999) |
40
+ | Users scan 20% of page for scent cues | mean fixation | Nielsen (2006) |
41
+ | Optimal patch-leaving threshold | 2-3 failed predictions | ACT-IF model (Pirolli, 2007) |
42
+
43
+ ## Behavioral Levels
44
+
45
+ | Value | Label | Behaviors |
46
+ |-------|-------|-----------|
47
+ | 0.0-0.2 | Poor Forager | Fails to recognize relevant link text; persists on irrelevant pages too long; clicks randomly when uncertain; ignores navigation breadcrumbs; exhaustive rather than selective reading; high back-button usage; frequently "lost" in sites |
48
+ | 0.2-0.4 | Weak Forager | Sometimes follows weak scent trails; slow to recognize dead-ends; occasional relevant selections; may be misled by ambiguous labels; moderate exploration efficiency; needs redundant cues |
49
+ | 0.4-0.6 | Moderate Forager | Adequate scent detection in clear environments; recognizes strong cues but may miss subtle ones; reasonable patch-leaving decisions; some unnecessary exploration; effective with well-designed navigation |
50
+ | 0.6-0.8 | Strong Forager | Quickly identifies high-scent options; efficient navigation path selection; abandons low-value pages promptly; uses multiple scent cues (text, images, position); rarely backtracks unnecessarily |
51
+ | 0.8-1.0 | Expert Forager | Near-optimal information seeking; immediately recognizes scent patterns; predicts content accurately from cues; minimal wasted navigation; instinctively uses site architecture; very low back-button usage |
52
+
53
+ ## Web Behavior Patterns
54
+
55
+ ### Link Selection
56
+
57
+ **Strong Foragers (0.7-1.0):**
58
+ - Select links matching query terms
59
+ - Use link position as additional cue
60
+ - Notice snippet/preview text
61
+ - Prefer specific over generic labels
62
+ - Rapid confident selections
63
+
64
+ **Weak Foragers (0.0-0.3):**
65
+ - Random or sequential link selection
66
+ - Ignore descriptive text
67
+ - Click "Contact" when seeking products
68
+ - Miss clearly-labeled navigation
69
+ - Hesitant, exploratory clicking
70
+
71
+ ### Patch-Leaving Behavior
72
+
73
+ The "patch" in foraging theory is analogous to a web page or site section:
74
+
75
+ **Strong Foragers:**
76
+ - Leave pages with weak scent within 5-10 seconds
77
+ - Recognize when information gain has diminished
78
+ - Move to higher-yield areas quickly
79
+ - Efficient depth vs breadth decisions
80
+
81
+ **Weak Foragers:**
82
+ - Stay on low-yield pages 30+ seconds
83
+ - Re-read content hoping for relevance
84
+ - Deep navigation into wrong branches
85
+ - Reluctant to "give up" on dead ends
86
+
87
+ ### Search Result Processing
88
+
89
+ **Strong Foragers:**
90
+ - Rapid snippet scanning
91
+ - Click based on content prediction
92
+ - Skip irrelevant domains immediately
93
+ - Use search refinement efficiently
94
+
95
+ **Weak Foragers:**
96
+ - Sequential top-to-bottom clicking
97
+ - Poor prediction from snippets
98
+ - Click all results regardless of relevance
99
+ - Rarely refine search queries
100
+
101
+ ## Information Scent Components
102
+
103
+ | Scent Source | Description | Weight |
104
+ |--------------|-------------|--------|
105
+ | Link Text | Words in clickable anchor | High |
106
+ | Surrounding Context | Text near the link | Medium |
107
+ | Visual Design | Icons, colors, prominence | Medium |
108
+ | Position | Navigation location, F-pattern | Medium |
109
+ | Preview/Tooltip | Hover information | Low-Medium |
110
+ | Domain/URL | Site credibility signals | Low |
111
+
112
+ ## Trait Correlations
113
+
114
+ | Related Trait | Correlation | Mechanism |
115
+ |--------------|-------------|-----------|
116
+ | [Comprehension](Trait-Comprehension) | r = 0.48 | Understanding text enables scent detection |
117
+ | [Reading Tendency](Trait-ReadingTendency) | r = 0.39 | Scanners may miss scent cues |
118
+ | [Working Memory](Trait-WorkingMemory) | r = 0.31 | Holding goal enables scent evaluation |
119
+ | [Patience](Trait-Patience) | r = 0.28 | Patient users may persist despite weak scent |
120
+ | [Satisficing](Trait-Satisficing) | r = -0.44 | Strong foragers optimize paths |
121
+ | [Curiosity](Trait-Curiosity) | r = 0.24 | Curious users explore adjacent scent |
122
+
123
+ ## Persona Values
124
+
125
+ | Persona | Information Foraging Value | Rationale |
126
+ |---------|---------------------------|-----------|
127
+ | **Power User** | 0.90 | Expert at recognizing interface patterns |
128
+ | **Tech Enthusiast** | 0.85 | Familiar with web conventions |
129
+ | **Rushed Professional** | 0.75 | Efficient by necessity |
130
+ | **First-Time User** | 0.35 | Lacks pattern recognition experience |
131
+ | **Elderly Novice** | 0.30 | Unfamiliar with web conventions |
132
+ | **Distracted Teen** | 0.50 | Knows patterns but attention divided |
133
+ | **Careful Senior** | 0.45 | Methodical but may miss cues |
134
+ | **Anxious User** | 0.40 | Anxiety impairs efficient processing |
135
+ | **Overwhelmed Parent** | 0.55 | Experience exists but cognitive load interferes |
136
+
137
+ ## Design Implications
138
+
139
+ ### Strengthening Information Scent
140
+
141
+ 1. **Descriptive link text** - "View pricing plans" not "Click here"
142
+ 2. **Consistent labeling** - Same terms in navigation and content
143
+ 3. **Progressive disclosure** - Preview information on hover
144
+ 4. **Visual hierarchy** - Important links visually prominent
145
+ 5. **Breadcrumbs** - Show current location in hierarchy
146
+ 6. **Search suggestions** - Guide toward high-scent paths
147
+
148
+ ### Accommodating Weak Foragers
149
+
150
+ 1. **Redundant cues** - Multiple ways to find content
151
+ 2. **Clear error recovery** - Easy backtracking
152
+ 3. **Search prominence** - Alternative to navigation
153
+ 4. **Related links** - Suggest adjacent content
154
+ 5. **Wizard patterns** - Guided linear paths
155
+
156
+ ## Measurement in CBrowser
157
+
158
+ ```typescript
159
+ // Information foraging affects navigation decisions
160
+ function selectLink(availableLinks: Link[], goal: string, traits: Traits): Link {
161
+ const scentScores = availableLinks.map(link =>
162
+ calculateScent(link, goal)
163
+ );
164
+
165
+ if (traits.informationForaging > 0.7) {
166
+ // Strong forager: select highest scent
167
+ return availableLinks[argmax(scentScores)];
168
+ } else if (traits.informationForaging > 0.4) {
169
+ // Moderate: probabilistic selection weighted by scent
170
+ return weightedRandom(availableLinks, scentScores);
171
+ } else {
172
+ // Weak forager: may select randomly or sequentially
173
+ return random() > 0.5 ? availableLinks[0] : randomChoice(availableLinks);
174
+ }
175
+ }
176
+
177
+ // Patch-leaving decision
178
+ function shouldLeavePage(timeOnPage: number, contentRelevance: number, traits: Traits): boolean {
179
+ const threshold = 10 + (1 - traits.informationForaging) * 20; // 10-30 seconds
180
+ const relevanceThreshold = 0.3 + traits.informationForaging * 0.4; // 0.3-0.7
181
+
182
+ return timeOnPage > threshold && contentRelevance < relevanceThreshold;
183
+ }
184
+ ```
185
+
186
+ ## See Also
187
+
188
+ - [Satisficing](Trait-Satisficing) - When "good enough" information suffices
189
+ - [Reading Tendency](Trait-ReadingTendency) - Scanning vs reading affects scent detection
190
+ - [Comprehension](Trait-Comprehension) - Understanding content enables evaluation
191
+ - [Working Memory](Trait-WorkingMemory) - Holding goals while navigating
192
+ - [Patience](Trait-Patience) - Persistence on weak-scent paths
193
+ - [Persona Index](../personas/Persona-Index) - Trait combinations in personas
194
+
195
+ ## Bibliography
196
+
197
+ Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Chen, K., & Pitkow, J. (2001). Using information scent to model user information needs and actions on the web. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 490-497. https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365325
198
+
199
+ Cockburn, A., & McKenzie, B. (2001). What do web users do? An empirical analysis of web use. *International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 54*(6), 903-922. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2001.0459
200
+
201
+ Nielsen, J. (2006). F-shaped pattern for reading web content. *Nielsen Norman Group*. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/f-shaped-pattern-reading-web-content/
202
+
203
+ Nielsen, J. (2011). How long do users stay on web pages? *Nielsen Norman Group*. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-long-do-users-stay-on-web-pages/
204
+
205
+ Pirolli, P. (2007). *Information foraging theory: Adaptive interaction with information*. Oxford University Press.
206
+
207
+ Pirolli, P., & Card, S. K. (1999). Information foraging. *Psychological Review, 106*(4), 643-675. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.643
208
+
209
+ Spool, J. M., Perfetti, C., & Brittan, D. (2004). *Designing for the scent of information*. User Interface Engineering.
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
1
+ # Interrupt Recovery
2
+
3
+ **Category**: Tier 2 - Emotional Traits
4
+ **Scale**: 0.0 (poor recovery) to 1.0 (excellent recovery)
5
+
6
+ ## Definition
7
+
8
+ Interrupt recovery measures a user's ability to resume tasks after interruptions, distractions, or context switches. This trait determines whether users can pick up where they left off after phone calls, notifications, browser tab switches, or system timeouts. Users with low interrupt recovery lose their mental context and must restart tasks from the beginning, often with degraded performance. Users with high interrupt recovery leverage environmental cues (breadcrumbs, form progress indicators, browser history) to seamlessly continue their work with minimal lost progress.
9
+
10
+ ## Research Foundation
11
+
12
+ ### Primary Citation
13
+ > "We found that the average time to return to a disrupted task was 23 minutes 15 seconds. Furthermore, people did not simply resume the interrupted task; rather, they engaged in an average of 2.26 intervening activities before returning to the original task."
14
+ > -- Mark, G., Gonzalez, V.M., & Harris, J., 2005, p. 112
15
+
16
+ **Full Citation (APA 7):**
17
+ Mark, G., Gonzalez, V. M., & Harris, J. (2005). No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 321-330.
18
+
19
+ **DOI**: https://doi.org/10.1145/1054972.1055017
20
+
21
+ ### Supporting Research
22
+
23
+ > "Resumption lag - the time to resume a task after an interruption - is significantly affected by the complexity of the primary task and the length of the interruption. Longer interruptions result in greater context loss and longer resumption times."
24
+ > -- Altmann, E.M., & Trafton, J.G., 2002, p. 41
25
+
26
+ **Full Citation (APA 7):**
27
+ Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002). Memory for goals: An activation-based model. *Cognitive Science*, 26(1), 39-83.
28
+
29
+ **DOI**: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2601_2
30
+
31
+ ### Key Numerical Values
32
+
33
+ | Metric | Value | Source |
34
+ |--------|-------|--------|
35
+ | Average task resumption time | 23 min 15 sec | Mark et al. (2005) |
36
+ | Intervening activities before resumption | 2.26 average | Mark et al. (2005) |
37
+ | Resumption lag (controlled lab) | 2-30 seconds | Altmann & Trafton (2002) |
38
+ | Error rate increase post-interruption | 2x baseline | Monk et al. (2008) |
39
+ | Context decay half-life | 15-60 seconds | Altmann & Trafton (2002) |
40
+ | Visual cue resumption benefit | 40-60% faster recovery | Trafton et al. (2011) |
41
+
42
+ ### Interruption Types
43
+
44
+ | Type | Description | Typical Duration |
45
+ |------|-------------|------------------|
46
+ | `external` | Phone call, person, notification | Seconds to hours |
47
+ | `system` | Timeout, crash, page refresh | Instant to minutes |
48
+ | `self_initiated` | Tab switch, new thought, distraction | Seconds to minutes |
49
+ | `timeout` | Session expiration, idle disconnect | Instant |
50
+
51
+ ## Behavioral Levels
52
+
53
+ | Value | Label | Behaviors |
54
+ |-------|-------|-----------|
55
+ | 0.0-0.2 | Very Poor | Loses all context after any interruption; must restart forms from beginning; forgets goal of task after distraction; cannot recall previous steps; re-reads entire page after tab switch; session timeout causes complete task abandonment; no use of environmental cues for recovery; takes full 23+ minutes to resume complex tasks |
56
+ | 0.2-0.4 | Poor | Loses 40-60% of progress after interruption; struggles to remember where they were; re-enters data they previously completed; skips steps when resuming; high error rate post-interruption; may recognize environmental cues but doesn't effectively use them; resumes in wrong section of multi-step process |
57
+ | 0.4-0.6 | Moderate | Loses 10-30% of progress after interruption; can use breadcrumbs and progress indicators to orient; may need to review recent steps; moderate resumption lag (5-15 seconds); error rate slightly elevated after interruption; benefits from "you were here" indicators |
58
+ | 0.6-0.8 | Good | Minimal progress loss (< 10%) after interruption; quickly orients using page state, URL, form values; short resumption lag (2-5 seconds); actively seeks environmental cues; maintains mental context through moderate interruptions; can context-switch between tabs effectively |
59
+ | 0.8-1.0 | Excellent | Near-seamless recovery from interruptions; leverages all environmental cues (breadcrumbs, history, form state); < 2 second resumption lag; mental context persists through long interruptions; can resume days later using browser history; proactively creates own resumption cues (bookmarks, notes) |
60
+
61
+ ## Trait Implementation in CBrowser
62
+
63
+ ### Context Loss Model
64
+
65
+ CBrowser models context decay using exponential decay modified by trait:
66
+
67
+ ```typescript
68
+ interface InterruptRecoveryState {
69
+ currentTaskContext: TaskContext;
70
+ environmentalCues: string[]; // Page elements aiding recovery
71
+ interruptionLog: Interruption[]; // History of interruptions
72
+ contextStrength: number; // 0-1 memory of task context
73
+ }
74
+
75
+ interface Interruption {
76
+ type: 'external' | 'system' | 'self_initiated' | 'timeout';
77
+ duration: number; // milliseconds
78
+ timestamp: Date;
79
+ }
80
+
81
+ // Context decay during interruption
82
+ function calculateContextLoss(
83
+ interruptRecovery: number,
84
+ interruptionDuration: number,
85
+ cuesAvailable: number
86
+ ): number {
87
+ const halfLife = 15000 + (interruptRecovery * 45000); // 15-60 sec half-life
88
+ const decayRate = Math.LN2 / halfLife;
89
+ const baseLoss = 1 - Math.exp(-decayRate * interruptionDuration);
90
+
91
+ // Environmental cues reduce loss
92
+ const cueRecovery = Math.min(0.6, cuesAvailable * 0.1);
93
+
94
+ return Math.max(0, baseLoss - cueRecovery);
95
+ }
96
+ ```
97
+
98
+ ### Resumption Lag
99
+
100
+ ```typescript
101
+ // Time to resume after interruption
102
+ function getResumptionLag(
103
+ interruptRecovery: number,
104
+ contextLoss: number,
105
+ taskComplexity: number
106
+ ): number {
107
+ const baseLag = 2000; // 2 seconds minimum
108
+ const complexityMultiplier = 1 + (taskComplexity * 2); // 1x to 3x
109
+ const recoveryFactor = 1 + ((1 - interruptRecovery) * 10); // 1x to 11x
110
+ const contextFactor = 1 + (contextLoss * 5); // 1x to 6x
111
+
112
+ return baseLag * complexityMultiplier * recoveryFactor * contextFactor;
113
+ // Range: 2 seconds to several minutes
114
+ }
115
+ ```
116
+
117
+ ### Environmental Cue Detection
118
+
119
+ ```typescript
120
+ // Cues that help users recover context
121
+ const environmentalCues = {
122
+ breadcrumbs: 0.15, // "Home > Products > Category"
123
+ progressIndicator: 0.20, // "Step 2 of 4"
124
+ formValues: 0.15, // Previously entered data visible
125
+ pageTitle: 0.10, // Descriptive title
126
+ recentHistory: 0.15, // Browser back button history
127
+ urlPath: 0.10, // Meaningful URL structure
128
+ visualPosition: 0.08, // Scroll position preserved
129
+ notifications: 0.07 // "You have unsaved changes"
130
+ };
131
+
132
+ function calculateCueStrength(page: Page): number {
133
+ return Object.entries(environmentalCues)
134
+ .filter(([cue]) => page.hasCue(cue))
135
+ .reduce((sum, [, value]) => sum + value, 0);
136
+ }
137
+ ```
138
+
139
+ ### Behavior Post-Interruption
140
+
141
+ ```typescript
142
+ // How user behaves when resuming
143
+ function getResumptionBehavior(
144
+ interruptRecovery: number,
145
+ contextLoss: number
146
+ ): 'continue' | 'review' | 'restart' {
147
+ const effectiveRecovery = interruptRecovery * (1 - contextLoss);
148
+
149
+ if (effectiveRecovery > 0.6) return 'continue'; // Pick up where left off
150
+ if (effectiveRecovery > 0.3) return 'review'; // Review recent steps, then continue
151
+ return 'restart'; // Begin task from start
152
+ }
153
+ ```
154
+
155
+ ## Trait Correlations
156
+
157
+ Research and theoretical models indicate the following correlations:
158
+
159
+ | Related Trait | Correlation | Research Basis |
160
+ |--------------|-------------|----------------|
161
+ | Working Memory | r = 0.55 | Context maintenance is memory-dependent |
162
+ | Comprehension | r = 0.38 | Understanding structure aids reorientation |
163
+ | Persistence | r = 0.32 | Persistent users try harder to resume |
164
+ | Patience | r = 0.28 | Recovery takes time; patient users invest it |
165
+ | Reading Tendency | r = 0.25 | Readers use text cues for recovery |
166
+
167
+ ### Interaction Effects
168
+
169
+ - **Interrupt Recovery x Working Memory**: Combined high values create maximally context-resilient users
170
+ - **Interrupt Recovery x Low Patience**: Users may have recovery ability but not time patience to use it
171
+ - **Interrupt Recovery x Comprehension**: High recovery + low comprehension = can find their place but may not understand current step
172
+
173
+ ## Persona Values
174
+
175
+ | Persona | Interrupt Recovery Value | Rationale |
176
+ |---------|--------------------------|-----------|
177
+ | power-user | 0.75 | Skilled at context-switching; uses environmental cues effectively |
178
+ | first-timer | 0.35 | Lacks schema for interpreting recovery cues |
179
+ | elderly-user | 0.40 | Working memory challenges impede context retention |
180
+ | impatient-user | 0.45 | May have ability but doesn't invest effort to recover |
181
+ | mobile-user | 0.50 | Moderate; mobile users frequently interrupted |
182
+ | screen-reader-user | 0.55 | Developed coping strategies for non-visual navigation |
183
+ | anxious-user | 0.35 | Anxiety impairs working memory and recovery |
184
+ | multi-tasker | 0.70 | Practiced at context-switching |
185
+
186
+ ## UX Design Implications
187
+
188
+ ### For Low Interrupt Recovery Users (< 0.4)
189
+
190
+ 1. **Auto-save everything**: Persist form data frequently and automatically
191
+ 2. **Session persistence**: Don't timeout sessions aggressively
192
+ 3. **"Welcome back" states**: Detect returning users and restore context
193
+ 4. **Prominent progress indicators**: Make "where you are" unmissable
194
+ 5. **Breadcrumb navigation**: Clear path back to current location
195
+ 6. **Unsaved changes warnings**: Prevent accidental navigation away
196
+ 7. **Email/save progress links**: Allow explicit progress saving
197
+
198
+ ### For High Interrupt Recovery Users (> 0.7)
199
+
200
+ 1. **Minimal recovery friction**: Don't force re-authentication unnecessarily
201
+ 2. **Smart defaults**: Pre-fill likely values based on previous session
202
+ 3. **Quick resume options**: "Continue where you left off" buttons
203
+ 4. **Tab state preservation**: Maintain state across browser sessions
204
+ 5. **History navigation**: Support effective use of back button
205
+
206
+ ### Environmental Cue Best Practices
207
+
208
+ | Cue Type | Implementation | Recovery Benefit |
209
+ |----------|----------------|------------------|
210
+ | Progress indicators | Step X of Y, progress bars | 20% faster recovery |
211
+ | Breadcrumbs | Clickable path hierarchy | 15% faster recovery |
212
+ | Form persistence | Save partial form data | 40-60% less re-entry |
213
+ | Descriptive titles | Page-specific, goal-oriented | 10% faster orientation |
214
+ | Scroll restoration | Return to scroll position | Immediate context recovery |
215
+ | Visual state | Expand/collapse states preserved | Reduces re-navigation |
216
+
217
+ ## See Also
218
+
219
+ - [Trait-WorkingMemory](Trait-WorkingMemory) - Memory capacity (strongly related)
220
+ - [Trait-Resilience](Trait-Resilience) - Emotional recovery from setbacks (different type of recovery)
221
+ - [Trait-Patience](Trait-Patience) - Time tolerance for recovery process
222
+ - [Trait-Persistence](Trait-Persistence) - Motivation to resume rather than abandon
223
+ - [Trait-Index](Trait-Index) - Complete trait listing
224
+
225
+ ## Bibliography
226
+
227
+ Adamczyk, P. D., & Bailey, B. P. (2004). If not now, when? The effects of interruption at different moments within task execution. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985727
228
+
229
+ Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002). Memory for goals: An activation-based model. *Cognitive Science*, 26(1), 39-83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2601_2
230
+
231
+ Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E., & Wilhite, S. (2004). A diary study of task switching and interruptions. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985715
232
+
233
+ Iqbal, S. T., & Horvitz, E. (2007). Disruption and recovery of computing tasks: Field study, analysis, and directions. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 677-686. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240730
234
+
235
+ Mark, G., Gonzalez, V. M., & Harris, J. (2005). No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1145/1054972.1055017
236
+
237
+ Mark, G., Gudith, D., & Klocke, U. (2008). The cost of interrupted work: More speed and stress. *Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems*, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357072
238
+
239
+ Monk, C. A., Trafton, J. G., & Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2008). The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals. *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied*, 14(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014402
240
+
241
+ Trafton, J. G., Altmann, E. M., & Ratwani, R. M. (2011). A memory for goals model of sequence errors. *Cognitive Systems Research*, 12(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2010.07.010