antigravity-ide 3.0.0

package/.agent/skills/database-cloud-optimization-cost-optimize/resources/implementation-playbook.md

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+# Cloud Cost Optimization Implementation Playbook
+
+This file contains detailed patterns, checklists, and code samples referenced by the skill.
+
+## Instructions
+
+### 1. Cost Analysis and Visibility
+
+Implement comprehensive cost analysis:
+
+**Cost Analysis Framework**
+```python
+import boto3
+import pandas as pd
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Dict, List, Any
+import json
+
+class CloudCostAnalyzer:
+    def __init__(self, cloud_provider: str):
+        self.provider = cloud_provider
+        self.client = self._initialize_client()
+        self.cost_data = None
+        
+    def analyze_costs(self, time_period: int = 30):
+        """Comprehensive cost analysis"""
+        analysis = {
+            'total_cost': self._get_total_cost(time_period),
+            'cost_by_service': self._analyze_by_service(time_period),
+            'cost_by_resource': self._analyze_by_resource(time_period),
+            'cost_trends': self._analyze_trends(time_period),
+            'anomalies': self._detect_anomalies(time_period),
+            'waste_analysis': self._identify_waste(),
+            'optimization_opportunities': self._find_opportunities()
+        }
+        
+        return self._generate_report(analysis)
+    
+    def _analyze_by_service(self, days: int):
+        """Analyze costs by service"""
+        if self.provider == 'aws':
+            ce = boto3.client('ce')
+            
+            response = ce.get_cost_and_usage(
+                TimePeriod={
+                    'Start': (datetime.now() - timedelta(days=days)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
+                    'End': datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
+                },
+                Granularity='DAILY',
+                Metrics=['UnblendedCost'],
+                GroupBy=[
+                    {'Type': 'DIMENSION', 'Key': 'SERVICE'}
+                ]
+            )
+            
+            # Process response
+            service_costs = {}
+            for result in response['ResultsByTime']:
+                for group in result['Groups']:
+                    service = group['Keys'][0]
+                    cost = float(group['Metrics']['UnblendedCost']['Amount'])
+                    
+                    if service not in service_costs:
+                        service_costs[service] = []
+                    service_costs[service].append(cost)
+            
+            # Calculate totals and trends
+            analysis = {}
+            for service, costs in service_costs.items():
+                analysis[service] = {
+                    'total': sum(costs),
+                    'average_daily': sum(costs) / len(costs),
+                    'trend': self._calculate_trend(costs),
+                    'percentage': (sum(costs) / self._get_total_cost(days)) * 100
+                }
+            
+            return analysis
+    
+    def _identify_waste(self):
+        """Identify wasted resources"""
+        waste_analysis = {
+            'unused_resources': self._find_unused_resources(),
+            'oversized_resources': self._find_oversized_resources(),
+            'unattached_storage': self._find_unattached_storage(),
+            'idle_load_balancers': self._find_idle_load_balancers(),
+            'old_snapshots': self._find_old_snapshots(),
+            'untagged_resources': self._find_untagged_resources()
+        }
+        
+        total_waste = sum(item['estimated_savings'] 
+                         for category in waste_analysis.values() 
+                         for item in category)
+        
+        waste_analysis['total_potential_savings'] = total_waste
+        
+        return waste_analysis
+    
+    def _find_unused_resources(self):
+        """Find resources with no usage"""
+        unused = []
+        
+        if self.provider == 'aws':
+            # Check EC2 instances
+            ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
+            cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+            
+            instances = ec2.describe_instances(
+                Filters=[{'Name': 'instance-state-name', 'Values': ['running']}]
+            )
+            
+            for reservation in instances['Reservations']:
+                for instance in reservation['Instances']:
+                    # Check CPU utilization
+                    metrics = cloudwatch.get_metric_statistics(
+                        Namespace='AWS/EC2',
+                        MetricName='CPUUtilization',
+                        Dimensions=[
+                            {'Name': 'InstanceId', 'Value': instance['InstanceId']}
+                        ],
+                        StartTime=datetime.now() - timedelta(days=7),
+                        EndTime=datetime.now(),
+                        Period=3600,
+                        Statistics=['Average']
+                    )
+                    
+                    if metrics['Datapoints']:
+                        avg_cpu = sum(d['Average'] for d in metrics['Datapoints']) / len(metrics['Datapoints'])
+                        
+                        if avg_cpu < 5:  # Less than 5% CPU usage
+                            unused.append({
+                                'resource_type': 'EC2 Instance',
+                                'resource_id': instance['InstanceId'],
+                                'reason': f'Average CPU: {avg_cpu:.2f}%',
+                                'estimated_savings': self._calculate_instance_cost(instance)
+                            })
+        
+        return unused
+```
+
+### 2. Resource Rightsizing
+
+Implement intelligent rightsizing:
+
+**Rightsizing Engine**
+```python
+class ResourceRightsizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.utilization_thresholds = {
+            'cpu_low': 20,
+            'cpu_high': 80,
+            'memory_low': 30,
+            'memory_high': 85,
+            'network_low': 10,
+            'network_high': 70
+        }
+    
+    def analyze_rightsizing_opportunities(self):
+        """Find rightsizing opportunities"""
+        opportunities = {
+            'ec2_instances': self._rightsize_ec2(),
+            'rds_instances': self._rightsize_rds(),
+            'containers': self._rightsize_containers(),
+            'lambda_functions': self._rightsize_lambda(),
+            'storage_volumes': self._rightsize_storage()
+        }
+        
+        return self._prioritize_opportunities(opportunities)
+    
+    def _rightsize_ec2(self):
+        """Rightsize EC2 instances"""
+        recommendations = []
+        
+        instances = self._get_running_instances()
+        
+        for instance in instances:
+            # Get utilization metrics
+            utilization = self._get_instance_utilization(instance['InstanceId'])
+            
+            # Determine if oversized or undersized
+            current_type = instance['InstanceType']
+            recommended_type = self._recommend_instance_type(
+                current_type, 
+                utilization
+            )
+            
+            if recommended_type != current_type:
+                current_cost = self._get_instance_cost(current_type)
+                new_cost = self._get_instance_cost(recommended_type)
+                
+                recommendations.append({
+                    'resource_id': instance['InstanceId'],
+                    'current_type': current_type,
+                    'recommended_type': recommended_type,
+                    'reason': self._generate_reason(utilization),
+                    'current_cost': current_cost,
+                    'new_cost': new_cost,
+                    'monthly_savings': (current_cost - new_cost) * 730,
+                    'effort': 'medium',
+                    'risk': 'low' if 'downsize' in self._generate_reason(utilization) else 'medium'
+                })
+        
+        return recommendations
+    
+    def _recommend_instance_type(self, current_type: str, utilization: Dict):
+        """Recommend optimal instance type"""
+        # Parse current instance family and size
+        family, size = self._parse_instance_type(current_type)
+        
+        # Calculate required resources
+        required_cpu = self._calculate_required_cpu(utilization['cpu'])
+        required_memory = self._calculate_required_memory(utilization['memory'])
+        
+        # Find best matching instance
+        instance_catalog = self._get_instance_catalog()
+        
+        candidates = []
+        for instance_type, specs in instance_catalog.items():
+            if (specs['vcpu'] >= required_cpu and 
+                specs['memory'] >= required_memory):
+                candidates.append({
+                    'type': instance_type,
+                    'cost': specs['cost'],
+                    'vcpu': specs['vcpu'],
+                    'memory': specs['memory'],
+                    'efficiency_score': self._calculate_efficiency_score(
+                        specs, required_cpu, required_memory
+                    )
+                })
+        
+        # Select best candidate
+        if candidates:
+            best = sorted(candidates, 
+                         key=lambda x: (x['efficiency_score'], x['cost']))[0]
+            return best['type']
+        
+        return current_type
+    
+    def create_rightsizing_automation(self):
+        """Automated rightsizing implementation"""
+        return '''
+import boto3
+from datetime import datetime
+import logging
+
+class AutomatedRightsizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
+        self.cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        
+    def execute_rightsizing(self, recommendations: List[Dict], dry_run: bool = True):
+        """Execute rightsizing recommendations"""
+        results = []
+        
+        for recommendation in recommendations:
+            try:
+                if recommendation['risk'] == 'low' or self._get_approval(recommendation):
+                    result = self._resize_instance(
+                        recommendation['resource_id'],
+                        recommendation['recommended_type'],
+                        dry_run=dry_run
+                    )
+                    results.append(result)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.logger.error(f"Failed to resize {recommendation['resource_id']}: {e}")
+                
+        return results
+    
+    def _resize_instance(self, instance_id: str, new_type: str, dry_run: bool):
+        """Resize an EC2 instance"""
+        # Create snapshot for rollback
+        snapshot_id = self._create_snapshot(instance_id)
+        
+        try:
+            # Stop instance
+            if not dry_run:
+                self.ec2.stop_instances(InstanceIds=[instance_id])
+                self._wait_for_state(instance_id, 'stopped')
+            
+            # Change instance type
+            self.ec2.modify_instance_attribute(
+                InstanceId=instance_id,
+                InstanceType={'Value': new_type},
+                DryRun=dry_run
+            )
+            
+            # Start instance
+            if not dry_run:
+                self.ec2.start_instances(InstanceIds=[instance_id])
+                self._wait_for_state(instance_id, 'running')
+            
+            return {
+                'instance_id': instance_id,
+                'status': 'success',
+                'new_type': new_type,
+                'snapshot_id': snapshot_id
+            }
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Rollback on failure
+            if not dry_run:
+                self._rollback_instance(instance_id, snapshot_id)
+            raise
+'''
+```
+
+### 3. Reserved Instances and Savings Plans
+
+Optimize commitment-based discounts:
+
+**Reservation Optimizer**
+```python
+class ReservationOptimizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.usage_history = None
+        self.existing_reservations = None
+        
+    def analyze_reservation_opportunities(self):
+        """Analyze opportunities for reservations"""
+        analysis = {
+            'current_coverage': self._analyze_current_coverage(),
+            'usage_patterns': self._analyze_usage_patterns(),
+            'recommendations': self._generate_recommendations(),
+            'roi_analysis': self._calculate_roi(),
+            'risk_assessment': self._assess_commitment_risk()
+        }
+        
+        return analysis
+    
+    def _analyze_usage_patterns(self):
+        """Analyze historical usage patterns"""
+        # Get 12 months of usage data
+        usage_data = self._get_historical_usage(months=12)
+        
+        patterns = {
+            'stable_workloads': [],
+            'variable_workloads': [],
+            'seasonal_patterns': [],
+            'growth_trends': []
+        }
+        
+        # Analyze each instance family
+        for family in self._get_instance_families(usage_data):
+            family_usage = self._filter_by_family(usage_data, family)
+            
+            # Calculate stability metrics
+            stability = self._calculate_stability(family_usage)
+            
+            if stability['coefficient_of_variation'] < 0.1:
+                patterns['stable_workloads'].append({
+                    'family': family,
+                    'average_usage': stability['mean'],
+                    'min_usage': stability['min'],
+                    'recommendation': 'reserved_instance',
+                    'term': '3_year',
+                    'payment': 'all_upfront'
+                })
+            elif stability['coefficient_of_variation'] < 0.3:
+                patterns['variable_workloads'].append({
+                    'family': family,
+                    'average_usage': stability['mean'],
+                    'baseline': stability['percentile_25'],
+                    'recommendation': 'savings_plan',
+                    'commitment': stability['percentile_25']
+                })
+            
+            # Check for seasonal patterns
+            if self._has_seasonal_pattern(family_usage):
+                patterns['seasonal_patterns'].append({
+                    'family': family,
+                    'pattern': self._identify_seasonal_pattern(family_usage),
+                    'recommendation': 'spot_with_savings_plan_baseline'
+                })
+        
+        return patterns
+    
+    def _generate_recommendations(self):
+        """Generate reservation recommendations"""
+        recommendations = []
+        
+        patterns = self._analyze_usage_patterns()
+        current_costs = self._calculate_current_costs()
+        
+        # Reserved Instance recommendations
+        for workload in patterns['stable_workloads']:
+            ri_options = self._calculate_ri_options(workload)
+            
+            for option in ri_options:
+                savings = current_costs[workload['family']] - option['total_cost']
+                
+                if savings > 0:
+                    recommendations.append({
+                        'type': 'reserved_instance',
+                        'family': workload['family'],
+                        'quantity': option['quantity'],
+                        'term': option['term'],
+                        'payment': option['payment_option'],
+                        'upfront_cost': option['upfront_cost'],
+                        'monthly_cost': option['monthly_cost'],
+                        'total_savings': savings,
+                        'break_even_months': option['upfront_cost'] / (savings / 36),
+                        'confidence': 'high'
+                    })
+        
+        # Savings Plan recommendations
+        for workload in patterns['variable_workloads']:
+            sp_options = self._calculate_savings_plan_options(workload)
+            
+            for option in sp_options:
+                recommendations.append({
+                    'type': 'savings_plan',
+                    'commitment_type': option['type'],
+                    'hourly_commitment': option['commitment'],
+                    'term': option['term'],
+                    'estimated_savings': option['savings'],
+                    'flexibility': option['flexibility_score'],
+                    'confidence': 'medium'
+                })
+        
+        return sorted(recommendations, key=lambda x: x.get('total_savings', 0), reverse=True)
+    
+    def create_reservation_dashboard(self):
+        """Create reservation tracking dashboard"""
+        return '''
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Reservation & Savings Dashboard</title>
+    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="dashboard">
+        <div class="summary-cards">
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>Current Coverage</h3>
+                <div class="metric">{coverage_percentage}%</div>
+                <div class="sub-metric">On-Demand: ${on_demand_cost}</div>
+                <div class="sub-metric">Reserved: ${reserved_cost}</div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>Potential Savings</h3>
+                <div class="metric">${potential_savings}/month</div>
+                <div class="sub-metric">{recommendations_count} opportunities</div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <div class="card">
+                <h3>Expiring Soon</h3>
+                <div class="metric">{expiring_count} RIs</div>
+                <div class="sub-metric">Next 30 days</div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="charts">
+            <canvas id="coverageChart"></canvas>
+            <canvas id="savingsChart"></canvas>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="recommendations-table">
+            <h3>Top Recommendations</h3>
+            <table>
+                <tr>
+                    <th>Type</th>
+                    <th>Resource</th>
+                    <th>Term</th>
+                    <th>Upfront</th>
+                    <th>Monthly Savings</th>
+                    <th>ROI</th>
+                    <th>Action</th>
+                </tr>
+                {recommendation_rows}
+            </table>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+```
+
+### 4. Spot Instance Optimization
+
+Leverage spot instances effectively:
+
+**Spot Instance Manager**
+```python
+class SpotInstanceOptimizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.spot_advisor = self._init_spot_advisor()
+        self.interruption_handler = None
+        
+    def identify_spot_opportunities(self):
+        """Identify workloads suitable for spot"""
+        workloads = self._analyze_workloads()
+        
+        spot_candidates = {
+            'batch_processing': [],
+            'dev_test': [],
+            'stateless_apps': [],
+            'ci_cd': [],
+            'data_processing': []
+        }
+        
+        for workload in workloads:
+            suitability = self._assess_spot_suitability(workload)
+            
+            if suitability['score'] > 0.7:
+                spot_candidates[workload['type']].append({
+                    'workload': workload['name'],
+                    'current_cost': workload['cost'],
+                    'spot_savings': workload['cost'] * 0.7,  # ~70% savings
+                    'interruption_tolerance': suitability['interruption_tolerance'],
+                    'recommended_strategy': self._recommend_spot_strategy(workload)
+                })
+        
+        return spot_candidates
+    
+    def _recommend_spot_strategy(self, workload):
+        """Recommend spot instance strategy"""
+        if workload['interruption_tolerance'] == 'high':
+            return {
+                'strategy': 'spot_fleet_diverse',
+                'instance_pools': 10,
+                'allocation_strategy': 'capacity-optimized',
+                'on_demand_base': 0,
+                'spot_percentage': 100
+            }
+        elif workload['interruption_tolerance'] == 'medium':
+            return {
+                'strategy': 'mixed_instances',
+                'on_demand_base': 25,
+                'spot_percentage': 75,
+                'spot_allocation': 'lowest-price'
+            }
+        else:
+            return {
+                'strategy': 'spot_with_fallback',
+                'primary': 'spot',
+                'fallback': 'on-demand',
+                'checkpointing': True
+            }
+    
+    def create_spot_configuration(self):
+        """Create spot instance configuration"""
+        return '''
+# Terraform configuration for Spot instances
+resource "aws_spot_fleet_request" "processing_fleet" {
+  iam_fleet_role = aws_iam_role.spot_fleet.arn
+  
+  allocation_strategy = "diversified"
+  target_capacity     = 100
+  valid_until        = timeadd(timestamp(), "168h")
+  
+  # Define multiple launch specifications for diversity
+  dynamic "launch_specification" {
+    for_each = var.spot_instance_types
+    
+    content {
+      instance_type     = launch_specification.value
+      ami              = var.ami_id
+      key_name         = var.key_name
+      subnet_id        = var.subnet_ids[launch_specification.key % length(var.subnet_ids)]
+      
+      weighted_capacity = var.instance_weights[launch_specification.value]
+      spot_price       = var.max_spot_prices[launch_specification.value]
+      
+      user_data = base64encode(templatefile("${path.module}/spot-init.sh", {
+        interruption_handler = true
+        checkpoint_s3_bucket = var.checkpoint_bucket
+      }))
+      
+      tags = {
+        Name = "spot-processing-${launch_specification.key}"
+        Type = "spot"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  # Interruption handling
+  lifecycle {
+    create_before_destroy = true
+  }
+}
+
+# Spot interruption handler
+resource "aws_lambda_function" "spot_interruption_handler" {
+  filename         = "spot-handler.zip"
+  function_name    = "spot-interruption-handler"
+  role            = aws_iam_role.lambda_role.arn
+  handler         = "handler.main"
+  runtime         = "python3.9"
+  
+  environment {
+    variables = {
+      CHECKPOINT_BUCKET = var.checkpoint_bucket
+      SNS_TOPIC_ARN    = aws_sns_topic.spot_interruptions.arn
+    }
+  }
+}
+'''
+```
+
+### 5. Storage Optimization
+
+Optimize storage costs:
+
+**Storage Optimizer**
+```python
+class StorageOptimizer:
+    def analyze_storage_costs(self):
+        """Comprehensive storage analysis"""
+        analysis = {
+            'ebs_volumes': self._analyze_ebs_volumes(),
+            's3_buckets': self._analyze_s3_buckets(),
+            'snapshots': self._analyze_snapshots(),
+            'lifecycle_opportunities': self._find_lifecycle_opportunities(),
+            'compression_opportunities': self._find_compression_opportunities()
+        }
+        
+        return analysis
+    
+    def _analyze_s3_buckets(self):
+        """Analyze S3 bucket costs and optimization"""
+        s3 = boto3.client('s3')
+        cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+        
+        buckets = s3.list_buckets()['Buckets']
+        bucket_analysis = []
+        
+        for bucket in buckets:
+            bucket_name = bucket['Name']
+            
+            # Get storage metrics
+            metrics = self._get_s3_metrics(bucket_name)
+            
+            # Analyze storage classes
+            storage_class_distribution = self._get_storage_class_distribution(bucket_name)
+            
+            # Calculate optimization potential
+            optimization = self._calculate_s3_optimization(
+                bucket_name,
+                metrics,
+                storage_class_distribution
+            )
+            
+            bucket_analysis.append({
+                'bucket_name': bucket_name,
+                'total_size_gb': metrics['size_gb'],
+                'total_objects': metrics['object_count'],
+                'current_cost': metrics['monthly_cost'],
+                'storage_classes': storage_class_distribution,
+                'optimization_recommendations': optimization['recommendations'],
+                'potential_savings': optimization['savings']
+            })
+        
+        return bucket_analysis
+    
+    def create_lifecycle_policies(self):
+        """Create S3 lifecycle policies"""
+        return '''
+import boto3
+from datetime import datetime
+
+class S3LifecycleManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.s3 = boto3.client('s3')
+        
+    def create_intelligent_lifecycle(self, bucket_name: str, access_patterns: Dict):
+        """Create lifecycle policy based on access patterns"""
+        
+        rules = []
+        
+        # Intelligent tiering for unknown access patterns
+        if access_patterns.get('unpredictable'):
+            rules.append({
+                'ID': 'intelligent-tiering',
+                'Status': 'Enabled',
+                'Transitions': [{
+                    'Days': 1,
+                    'StorageClass': 'INTELLIGENT_TIERING'
+                }]
+            })
+        
+        # Standard lifecycle for predictable patterns
+        if access_patterns.get('predictable'):
+            rules.append({
+                'ID': 'standard-lifecycle',
+                'Status': 'Enabled',
+                'Transitions': [
+                    {
+                        'Days': 30,
+                        'StorageClass': 'STANDARD_IA'
+                    },
+                    {
+                        'Days': 90,
+                        'StorageClass': 'GLACIER'
+                    },
+                    {
+                        'Days': 180,
+                        'StorageClass': 'DEEP_ARCHIVE'
+                    }
+                ]
+            })
+        
+        # Delete old versions
+        rules.append({
+            'ID': 'delete-old-versions',
+            'Status': 'Enabled',
+            'NoncurrentVersionTransitions': [
+                {
+                    'NoncurrentDays': 30,
+                    'StorageClass': 'GLACIER'
+                }
+            ],
+            'NoncurrentVersionExpiration': {
+                'NoncurrentDays': 90
+            }
+        })
+        
+        # Apply lifecycle configuration
+        self.s3.put_bucket_lifecycle_configuration(
+            Bucket=bucket_name,
+            LifecycleConfiguration={'Rules': rules}
+        )
+        
+        return rules
+    
+    def optimize_ebs_volumes(self):
+        """Optimize EBS volume types and sizes"""
+        ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
+        
+        volumes = ec2.describe_volumes()['Volumes']
+        optimizations = []
+        
+        for volume in volumes:
+            # Analyze volume metrics
+            iops_usage = self._get_volume_iops_usage(volume['VolumeId'])
+            throughput_usage = self._get_volume_throughput_usage(volume['VolumeId'])
+            
+            current_type = volume['VolumeType']
+            recommended_type = self._recommend_volume_type(
+                iops_usage,
+                throughput_usage,
+                volume['Size']
+            )
+            
+            if recommended_type != current_type:
+                optimizations.append({
+                    'volume_id': volume['VolumeId'],
+                    'current_type': current_type,
+                    'recommended_type': recommended_type,
+                    'reason': self._get_optimization_reason(
+                        current_type,
+                        recommended_type,
+                        iops_usage,
+                        throughput_usage
+                    ),
+                    'monthly_savings': self._calculate_volume_savings(
+                        volume,
+                        recommended_type
+                    )
+                })
+        
+        return optimizations
+'''
+```
+
+### 6. Network Cost Optimization
+
+Reduce network transfer costs:
+
+**Network Cost Optimizer**
+```python
+class NetworkCostOptimizer:
+    def analyze_network_costs(self):
+        """Analyze network transfer costs"""
+        analysis = {
+            'data_transfer_costs': self._analyze_data_transfer(),
+            'nat_gateway_costs': self._analyze_nat_gateways(),
+            'load_balancer_costs': self._analyze_load_balancers(),
+            'vpc_endpoint_opportunities': self._find_vpc_endpoint_opportunities(),
+            'cdn_optimization': self._analyze_cdn_usage()
+        }
+        
+        return analysis
+    
+    def _analyze_data_transfer(self):
+        """Analyze data transfer patterns and costs"""
+        transfers = {
+            'inter_region': self._get_inter_region_transfers(),
+            'internet_egress': self._get_internet_egress(),
+            'inter_az': self._get_inter_az_transfers(),
+            'vpc_peering': self._get_vpc_peering_transfers()
+        }
+        
+        recommendations = []
+        
+        # Analyze inter-region transfers
+        if transfers['inter_region']['monthly_gb'] > 1000:
+            recommendations.append({
+                'type': 'region_consolidation',
+                'description': 'Consider consolidating resources in fewer regions',
+                'current_cost': transfers['inter_region']['monthly_cost'],
+                'potential_savings': transfers['inter_region']['monthly_cost'] * 0.8
+            })
+        
+        # Analyze internet egress
+        if transfers['internet_egress']['monthly_gb'] > 10000:
+            recommendations.append({
+                'type': 'cdn_implementation',
+                'description': 'Implement CDN to reduce origin egress',
+                'current_cost': transfers['internet_egress']['monthly_cost'],
+                'potential_savings': transfers['internet_egress']['monthly_cost'] * 0.6
+            })
+        
+        return {
+            'current_costs': transfers,
+            'recommendations': recommendations
+        }
+    
+    def create_network_optimization_script(self):
+        """Script to implement network optimizations"""
+        return '''
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import boto3
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+class NetworkOptimizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.ec2 = boto3.client('ec2')
+        self.cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+        
+    def optimize_nat_gateways(self):
+        """Consolidate and optimize NAT gateways"""
+        # Get all NAT gateways
+        nat_gateways = self.ec2.describe_nat_gateways()['NatGateways']
+        
+        # Group by VPC
+        vpc_nat_gateways = defaultdict(list)
+        for nat in nat_gateways:
+            if nat['State'] == 'available':
+                vpc_nat_gateways[nat['VpcId']].append(nat)
+        
+        optimizations = []
+        
+        for vpc_id, nats in vpc_nat_gateways.items():
+            if len(nats) > 1:
+                # Check if consolidation is possible
+                traffic_analysis = self._analyze_nat_traffic(nats)
+                
+                if traffic_analysis['can_consolidate']:
+                    optimizations.append({
+                        'vpc_id': vpc_id,
+                        'action': 'consolidate_nat',
+                        'current_count': len(nats),
+                        'recommended_count': traffic_analysis['recommended_count'],
+                        'monthly_savings': (len(nats) - traffic_analysis['recommended_count']) * 45
+                    })
+        
+        return optimizations
+    
+    def implement_vpc_endpoints(self):
+        """Implement VPC endpoints for AWS services"""
+        services_to_check = ['s3', 'dynamodb', 'ec2', 'sns', 'sqs']
+        vpc_list = self.ec2.describe_vpcs()['Vpcs']
+        
+        implementations = []
+        
+        for vpc in vpc_list:
+            vpc_id = vpc['VpcId']
+            
+            # Check existing endpoints
+            existing = self._get_existing_endpoints(vpc_id)
+            
+            for service in services_to_check:
+                if service not in existing:
+                    # Check if service is being used
+                    if self._is_service_used(vpc_id, service):
+                        # Create VPC endpoint
+                        endpoint = self._create_vpc_endpoint(vpc_id, service)
+                        
+                        implementations.append({
+                            'vpc_id': vpc_id,
+                            'service': service,
+                            'endpoint_id': endpoint['VpcEndpointId'],
+                            'estimated_savings': self._estimate_endpoint_savings(vpc_id, service)
+                        })
+        
+        return implementations
+    
+    def optimize_cloudfront_distribution(self):
+        """Optimize CloudFront for cost reduction"""
+        cloudfront = boto3.client('cloudfront')
+        
+        distributions = cloudfront.list_distributions()
+        optimizations = []
+        
+        for dist in distributions.get('DistributionList', {}).get('Items', []):
+            # Analyze distribution patterns
+            analysis = self._analyze_distribution(dist['Id'])
+            
+            if analysis['optimization_potential']:
+                optimizations.append({
+                    'distribution_id': dist['Id'],
+                    'recommendations': [
+                        {
+                            'action': 'adjust_price_class',
+                            'current': dist['PriceClass'],
+                            'recommended': analysis['recommended_price_class'],
+                            'savings': analysis['price_class_savings']
+                        },
+                        {
+                            'action': 'optimize_cache_behaviors',
+                            'cache_improvements': analysis['cache_improvements'],
+                            'savings': analysis['cache_savings']
+                        }
+                    ]
+                })
+        
+        return optimizations
+'''
+```
+
+### 7. Container Cost Optimization
+
+Optimize container workloads:
+
+**Container Cost Optimizer**
+```python
+class ContainerCostOptimizer:
+    def optimize_ecs_costs(self):
+        """Optimize ECS/Fargate costs"""
+        return {
+            'cluster_optimization': self._optimize_clusters(),
+            'task_rightsizing': self._rightsize_tasks(),
+            'scheduling_optimization': self._optimize_scheduling(),
+            'fargate_spot': self._implement_fargate_spot()
+        }
+    
+    def _rightsize_tasks(self):
+        """Rightsize ECS tasks"""
+        ecs = boto3.client('ecs')
+        cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+        
+        clusters = ecs.list_clusters()['clusterArns']
+        recommendations = []
+        
+        for cluster in clusters:
+            # Get services
+            services = ecs.list_services(cluster=cluster)['serviceArns']
+            
+            for service in services:
+                # Get task definition
+                service_detail = ecs.describe_services(
+                    cluster=cluster,
+                    services=[service]
+                )['services'][0]
+                
+                task_def = service_detail['taskDefinition']
+                
+                # Analyze resource utilization
+                utilization = self._analyze_task_utilization(cluster, service)
+                
+                # Generate recommendations
+                if utilization['cpu']['average'] < 30 or utilization['memory']['average'] < 40:
+                    recommendations.append({
+                        'cluster': cluster,
+                        'service': service,
+                        'current_cpu': service_detail['cpu'],
+                        'current_memory': service_detail['memory'],
+                        'recommended_cpu': int(service_detail['cpu'] * 0.7),
+                        'recommended_memory': int(service_detail['memory'] * 0.8),
+                        'monthly_savings': self._calculate_task_savings(
+                            service_detail,
+                            utilization
+                        )
+                    })
+        
+        return recommendations
+    
+    def create_k8s_cost_optimization(self):
+        """Kubernetes cost optimization"""
+        return '''
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: cost-optimization-config
+data:
+  vertical-pod-autoscaler.yaml: |
+    apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
+    kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler
+    metadata:
+      name: app-vpa
+    spec:
+      targetRef:
+        apiVersion: apps/v1
+        kind: Deployment
+        name: app-deployment
+      updatePolicy:
+        updateMode: "Auto"
+      resourcePolicy:
+        containerPolicies:
+        - containerName: app
+          minAllowed:
+            cpu: 100m
+            memory: 128Mi
+          maxAllowed:
+            cpu: 2
+            memory: 2Gi
+  
+  cluster-autoscaler-config.yaml: |
+    apiVersion: apps/v1
+    kind: Deployment
+    metadata:
+      name: cluster-autoscaler
+    spec:
+      template:
+        spec:
+          containers:
+          - image: k8s.gcr.io/autoscaling/cluster-autoscaler:v1.21.0
+            name: cluster-autoscaler
+            command:
+            - ./cluster-autoscaler
+            - --v=4
+            - --stderrthreshold=info
+            - --cloud-provider=aws
+            - --skip-nodes-with-local-storage=false
+            - --expander=priority
+            - --node-group-auto-discovery=asg:tag=k8s.io/cluster-autoscaler/enabled,k8s.io/cluster-autoscaler/cluster-name
+            - --scale-down-enabled=true
+            - --scale-down-unneeded-time=10m
+            - --scale-down-utilization-threshold=0.5
+  
+  spot-instance-handler.yaml: |
+    apiVersion: apps/v1
+    kind: DaemonSet
+    metadata:
+      name: aws-node-termination-handler
+    spec:
+      selector:
+        matchLabels:
+          app: aws-node-termination-handler
+      template:
+        spec:
+          containers:
+          - name: aws-node-termination-handler
+            image: amazon/aws-node-termination-handler:v1.13.0
+            env:
+            - name: NODE_NAME
+              valueFrom:
+                fieldRef:
+                  fieldPath: spec.nodeName
+            - name: ENABLE_SPOT_INTERRUPTION_DRAINING
+              value: "true"
+            - name: ENABLE_SCHEDULED_EVENT_DRAINING
+              value: "true"
+'''
+```
+
+### 8. Serverless Cost Optimization
+
+Optimize serverless workloads:
+
+**Serverless Optimizer**
+```python
+class ServerlessOptimizer:
+    def optimize_lambda_costs(self):
+        """Optimize Lambda function costs"""
+        lambda_client = boto3.client('lambda')
+        cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+        
+        functions = lambda_client.list_functions()['Functions']
+        optimizations = []
+        
+        for function in functions:
+            # Analyze function performance
+            analysis = self._analyze_lambda_function(function)
+            
+            # Memory optimization
+            if analysis['memory_optimization_possible']:
+                optimizations.append({
+                    'function_name': function['FunctionName'],
+                    'type': 'memory_optimization',
+                    'current_memory': function['MemorySize'],
+                    'recommended_memory': analysis['optimal_memory'],
+                    'estimated_savings': analysis['memory_savings']
+                })
+            
+            # Timeout optimization
+            if analysis['timeout_optimization_possible']:
+                optimizations.append({
+                    'function_name': function['FunctionName'],
+                    'type': 'timeout_optimization',
+                    'current_timeout': function['Timeout'],
+                    'recommended_timeout': analysis['optimal_timeout'],
+                    'risk_reduction': 'prevents unnecessary charges from hanging functions'
+                })
+        
+        return optimizations
+    
+    def implement_lambda_cost_controls(self):
+        """Implement Lambda cost controls"""
+        return '''
+import json
+import boto3
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def lambda_cost_controller(event, context):
+    """Lambda function to monitor and control Lambda costs"""
+    
+    cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch')
+    lambda_client = boto3.client('lambda')
+    
+    # Get current month costs
+    costs = get_current_month_lambda_costs()
+    
+    # Check against budget
+    budget_limit = float(os.environ.get('MONTHLY_BUDGET', '1000'))
+    
+    if costs > budget_limit * 0.8:  # 80% of budget
+        # Implement cost controls
+        high_cost_functions = identify_high_cost_functions()
+        
+        for func in high_cost_functions:
+            # Reduce concurrency
+            lambda_client.put_function_concurrency(
+                FunctionName=func['FunctionName'],
+                ReservedConcurrentExecutions=max(
+                    1, 
+                    int(func['CurrentConcurrency'] * 0.5)
+                )
+            )
+            
+            # Alert
+            send_cost_alert(func, costs, budget_limit)
+    
+    # Implement provisioned concurrency optimization
+    optimize_provisioned_concurrency()
+    
+    return {
+        'statusCode': 200,
+        'body': json.dumps({
+            'current_costs': costs,
+            'budget_limit': budget_limit,
+            'actions_taken': len(high_cost_functions)
+        })
+    }
+
+def optimize_provisioned_concurrency():
+    """Optimize provisioned concurrency based on usage patterns"""
+    functions = get_functions_with_provisioned_concurrency()
+    
+    for func in functions:
+        # Analyze invocation patterns
+        patterns = analyze_invocation_patterns(func['FunctionName'])
+        
+        if patterns['predictable']:
+            # Schedule provisioned concurrency
+            create_scheduled_scaling(
+                func['FunctionName'],
+                patterns['peak_hours'],
+                patterns['peak_concurrency']
+            )
+        else:
+            # Consider removing provisioned concurrency
+            if patterns['avg_cold_starts'] < 10:  # per minute
+                remove_provisioned_concurrency(func['FunctionName'])
+'''
+```
+
+### 9. Cost Allocation and Tagging
+
+Implement cost allocation strategies:
+
+**Cost Allocation Manager**
+```python
+class CostAllocationManager:
+    def implement_tagging_strategy(self):
+        """Implement comprehensive tagging strategy"""
+        return {
+            'required_tags': [
+                {'key': 'Environment', 'values': ['prod', 'staging', 'dev', 'test']},
+                {'key': 'CostCenter', 'values': 'dynamic'},
+                {'key': 'Project', 'values': 'dynamic'},
+                {'key': 'Owner', 'values': 'dynamic'},
+                {'key': 'Department', 'values': 'dynamic'}
+            ],
+            'automation': self._create_tagging_automation(),
+            'enforcement': self._create_tag_enforcement(),
+            'reporting': self._create_cost_allocation_reports()
+        }
+    
+    def _create_tagging_automation(self):
+        """Automate resource tagging"""
+        return '''
+import boto3
+from datetime import datetime
+
+class AutoTagger:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.tag_policies = self.load_tag_policies()
+        
+    def auto_tag_resources(self, event, context):
+        """Auto-tag resources on creation"""
+        
+        # Parse CloudTrail event
+        detail = event['detail']
+        event_name = detail['eventName']
+        
+        # Map events to resource types
+        if event_name.startswith('Create'):
+            resource_arn = self.extract_resource_arn(detail)
+            
+            if resource_arn:
+                # Determine tags
+                tags = self.determine_tags(detail)
+                
+                # Apply tags
+                self.apply_tags(resource_arn, tags)
+                
+                # Log tagging action
+                self.log_tagging(resource_arn, tags)
+    
+    def determine_tags(self, event_detail):
+        """Determine tags based on context"""
+        tags = []
+        
+        # User-based tags
+        user_identity = event_detail.get('userIdentity', {})
+        if 'userName' in user_identity:
+            tags.append({
+                'Key': 'Creator',
+                'Value': user_identity['userName']
+            })
+        
+        # Time-based tags
+        tags.append({
+            'Key': 'CreatedDate',
+            'Value': datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
+        })
+        
+        # Environment inference
+        if 'prod' in event_detail.get('sourceIPAddress', ''):
+            env = 'prod'
+        elif 'dev' in event_detail.get('sourceIPAddress', ''):
+            env = 'dev'
+        else:
+            env = 'unknown'
+            
+        tags.append({
+            'Key': 'Environment',
+            'Value': env
+        })
+        
+        return tags
+    
+    def create_cost_allocation_dashboard(self):
+        """Create cost allocation dashboard"""
+        return """
+        SELECT 
+            tags.environment,
+            tags.department,
+            tags.project,
+            SUM(costs.amount) as total_cost,
+            SUM(costs.amount) / SUM(SUM(costs.amount)) OVER () * 100 as percentage
+        FROM 
+            aws_costs costs
+        JOIN 
+            resource_tags tags ON costs.resource_id = tags.resource_id
+        WHERE 
+            costs.date >= DATE_TRUNC('month', CURRENT_DATE)
+        GROUP BY 
+            tags.environment,
+            tags.department,
+            tags.project
+        ORDER BY 
+            total_cost DESC
+        """
+'''
+```
+
+### 10. Cost Monitoring and Alerts
+
+Implement proactive cost monitoring:
+
+**Cost Monitoring System**
+```python
+class CostMonitoringSystem:
+    def setup_cost_alerts(self):
+        """Setup comprehensive cost alerting"""
+        alerts = []
+        
+        # Budget alerts
+        alerts.extend(self._create_budget_alerts())
+        
+        # Anomaly detection
+        alerts.extend(self._create_anomaly_alerts())
+        
+        # Threshold alerts
+        alerts.extend(self._create_threshold_alerts())
+        
+        # Forecast alerts
+        alerts.extend(self._create_forecast_alerts())
+        
+        return alerts
+    
+    def _create_anomaly_alerts(self):
+        """Create anomaly detection alerts"""
+        ce = boto3.client('ce')
+        
+        # Create anomaly monitor
+        monitor = ce.create_anomaly_monitor(
+            AnomalyMonitor={
+                'MonitorName': 'ServiceCostMonitor',
+                'MonitorType': 'DIMENSIONAL',
+                'MonitorDimension': 'SERVICE'
+            }
+        )
+        
+        # Create anomaly subscription
+        subscription = ce.create_anomaly_subscription(
+            AnomalySubscription={
+                'SubscriptionName': 'CostAnomalyAlerts',
+                'Threshold': 100.0,  # Alert on anomalies > $100
+                'Frequency': 'DAILY',
+                'MonitorArnList': [monitor['MonitorArn']],
+                'Subscribers': [
+                    {
+                        'Type': 'EMAIL',
+                        'Address': 'team@company.com'
+                    },
+                    {
+                        'Type': 'SNS',
+                        'Address': 'arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:cost-alerts'
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        )
+        
+        return [monitor, subscription]
+    
+    def create_cost_dashboard(self):
+        """Create executive cost dashboard"""
+        return '''
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Cloud Cost Dashboard</title>
+    <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v7.min.js"></script>
+    <style>
+        .metric-card {
+            background: #f5f5f5;
+            padding: 20px;
+            margin: 10px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
+        }
+        .alert { color: #d32f2f; }
+        .warning { color: #f57c00; }
+        .success { color: #388e3c; }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div id="dashboard">
+        <h1>Cloud Cost Optimization Dashboard</h1>
+        
+        <div class="summary-row">
+            <div class="metric-card">
+                <h3>Current Month Spend</h3>
+                <div class="metric">${current_spend}</div>
+                <div class="trend ${spend_trend_class}">${spend_trend}% vs last month</div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <div class="metric-card">
+                <h3>Projected Month End</h3>
+                <div class="metric">${projected_spend}</div>
+                <div class="budget-status">Budget: ${budget}</div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <div class="metric-card">
+                <h3>Optimization Opportunities</h3>
+                <div class="metric">${total_savings_identified}</div>
+                <div class="count">{opportunity_count} recommendations</div>
+            </div>
+            
+            <div class="metric-card">
+                <h3>Realized Savings</h3>
+                <div class="metric">${realized_savings_mtd}</div>
+                <div class="count">YTD: ${realized_savings_ytd}</div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="charts-row">
+            <div id="spend-trend-chart"></div>
+            <div id="service-breakdown-chart"></div>
+            <div id="optimization-progress-chart"></div>
+        </div>
+        
+        <div class="recommendations-section">
+            <h2>Top Optimization Recommendations</h2>
+            <table id="recommendations-table">
+                <thead>
+                    <tr>
+                        <th>Priority</th>
+                        <th>Service</th>
+                        <th>Recommendation</th>
+                        <th>Monthly Savings</th>
+                        <th>Effort</th>
+                        <th>Action</th>
+                    </tr>
+                </thead>
+                <tbody>
+                    ${recommendation_rows}
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    
+    <script>
+        // Real-time updates
+        setInterval(updateDashboard, 60000);
+        
+        // Initialize charts
+        initializeCharts();
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+```
+
+## Output Format
+
+1. **Cost Analysis Report**: Comprehensive breakdown of current cloud costs
+2. **Optimization Recommendations**: Prioritized list of cost-saving opportunities
+3. **Implementation Scripts**: Automated scripts for implementing optimizations
+4. **Monitoring Dashboards**: Real-time cost tracking and alerting
+5. **ROI Calculations**: Detailed savings projections and payback periods
+6. **Risk Assessment**: Analysis of risks associated with each optimization
+7. **Implementation Roadmap**: Phased approach to cost optimization
+8. **Best Practices Guide**: Long-term cost management strategies
+
+Focus on delivering immediate cost savings while establishing sustainable cost optimization practices that maintain performance and reliability standards.