@xincli/opentui-core 0.4.6 → 0.4.7

package/src/zig/buffer.zig

@@ -1,2515 +0,0 @@
-const std = @import("std");
-const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
-const ansi = @import("ansi.zig");
-const tb = @import("text-buffer.zig");
-const tbv = @import("text-buffer-view.zig");
-const edv = @import("editor-view.zig");
-const math = std.math;
-const assert = std.debug.assert;
-
-const gp = @import("grapheme.zig");
-const link = @import("link.zig");
-
-const logger = @import("logger.zig");
-const utf8 = @import("utf8.zig");
-
-pub const RGBA = ansi.RGBA;
-pub const Vec3f = @Vector(3, f32);
-pub const Vec4f = @Vector(4, f32);
-
-const TextBuffer = tb.TextBuffer;
-const TextBufferView = tbv.TextBufferView;
-const EditorView = edv.EditorView;
-
-pub const DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR: u32 = 32;
-const MAX_UNICODE_CODEPOINT: u32 = 0x10FFFF;
-const BLOCK_CHAR: u32 = 0x2588; // Full block █
-const QUADRANT_CHARS_COUNT = 16;
-
-const GRAYSCALE_CHARS = " .'^\",:;Il!i><~+_-?][}{1)(|\\/tfjrxnuvczXYUJCLQ0OZmwqpdbkhao*#MW&8%B@$";
-
-pub const BorderSides = packed struct {
-    top: bool = false,
-    right: bool = false,
-    bottom: bool = false,
-    left: bool = false,
-};
-
-pub const BorderCharIndex = enum(u8) {
-    topLeft = 0,
-    topRight = 1,
-    bottomLeft = 2,
-    bottomRight = 3,
-    horizontal = 4,
-    vertical = 5,
-    topT = 6,
-    bottomT = 7,
-    leftT = 8,
-    rightT = 9,
-    cross = 10,
-};
-
-pub const TextSelection = struct {
-    start: u32,
-    end: u32,
-    bgColor: ?RGBA,
-    fgColor: ?RGBA,
-};
-
-pub const ClipRect = struct {
-    x: i32,
-    y: i32,
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-};
-
-pub const BufferError = error{
-    OutOfMemory,
-    InvalidDimensions,
-    InvalidUnicode,
-    BufferTooSmall,
-};
-
-pub inline fn rgbaEqual(a: RGBA, b: RGBA) bool {
-    return a[0] == b[0] and a[1] == b[1] and a[2] == b[2] and a[3] == b[3];
-}
-
-pub const Cell = struct {
-    char: u32,
-    fg: RGBA,
-    bg: RGBA,
-    attributes: u32,
-};
-
-inline fn makeCell(char: u32, fg: RGBA, bg: RGBA, attributes: u32) Cell {
-    return .{
-        .char = char,
-        .fg = fg,
-        .bg = bg,
-        .attributes = attributes,
-    };
-}
-
-fn isRGBAWithAlpha(color: RGBA) bool {
-    return ansi.alpha(color) < 255;
-}
-
-inline fn isFullyOpaque(opacity: f32, fg: RGBA, bg: RGBA) bool {
-    return opacity == 1.0 and !isRGBAWithAlpha(fg) and !isRGBAWithAlpha(bg);
-}
-
-inline fn isFullyTransparent(opacity: f32, fg: RGBA, bg: RGBA) bool {
-    return opacity == 0.0 or (ansi.alpha(fg) == 0 and ansi.alpha(bg) == 0);
-}
-
-inline fn mulDiv255(a: u32, b: u32) u32 {
-    return (a * b + 127) / 255;
-}
-
-inline fn roundDiv(n: u32, d: u32) u8 {
-    return @intCast((n + d / 2) / d);
-}
-
-fn blendColors(src: RGBA, dst0: RGBA, backdrop: ?RGBA) RGBA {
-    const sa = @as(u32, ansi.alpha(src));
-
-    if (sa == 0) return dst0;
-
-    const dst = if (ansi.alpha(dst0) == 0) (backdrop orelse dst0) else dst0;
-    if (sa == 255) return ansi.rgbColor(ansi.red(src), ansi.green(src), ansi.blue(src), 255);
-
-    const da = @as(u32, ansi.alpha(dst));
-    const inv = 255 - sa;
-    const out_a = sa + mulDiv255(da, inv);
-
-    if (out_a == 0) return ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-    if (da == 255) {
-        return ansi.rgbColor(
-            @intCast((@as(u32, ansi.red(src)) * sa + @as(u32, ansi.red(dst)) * inv + 127) / 255),
-            @intCast((@as(u32, ansi.green(src)) * sa + @as(u32, ansi.green(dst)) * inv + 127) / 255),
-            @intCast((@as(u32, ansi.blue(src)) * sa + @as(u32, ansi.blue(dst)) * inv + 127) / 255),
-            255,
-        );
-    }
-
-    return ansi.rgbColor(
-        roundDiv(@as(u32, ansi.red(src)) * sa + mulDiv255(@as(u32, ansi.red(dst)) * da, inv), out_a),
-        roundDiv(@as(u32, ansi.green(src)) * sa + mulDiv255(@as(u32, ansi.green(dst)) * da, inv), out_a),
-        roundDiv(@as(u32, ansi.blue(src)) * sa + mulDiv255(@as(u32, ansi.blue(dst)) * da, inv), out_a),
-        @intCast(out_a),
-    );
-}
-
-inline fn opacityToU8(opacity: f32) u8 {
-    return ansi.rgbaComponentToU8(opacity);
-}
-
-fn applyOpacity(color: RGBA, opacity: u8) RGBA {
-    return ansi.packRGBA8(
-        ansi.red(color),
-        ansi.green(color),
-        ansi.blue(color),
-        @intCast(mulDiv255(@as(u32, ansi.alpha(color)), opacity)),
-        ansi.getMeta(color),
-    );
-}
-
-/// Optimized buffer for terminal rendering
-pub const OptimizedBuffer = struct {
-    buffer: struct {
-        char: []u32,
-        fg: []RGBA,
-        bg: []RGBA,
-        attributes: []u32,
-    },
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-    respectAlpha: bool,
-    blendBackdropColor: ?RGBA,
-    allocator: Allocator,
-    pool: *gp.GraphemePool,
-    link_pool: *link.LinkPool,
-
-    grapheme_tracker: gp.GraphemeTracker,
-    link_tracker: link.LinkTracker,
-    width_method: utf8.WidthMethod,
-    id: []const u8,
-    scissor_stack: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ClipRect),
-    opacity_stack: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(f32),
-
-    const InitOptions = struct {
-        respectAlpha: bool = false,
-        blendBackdropColor: ?RGBA = null,
-        pool: *gp.GraphemePool,
-        width_method: utf8.WidthMethod = .unicode,
-        id: []const u8 = "unnamed buffer",
-        link_pool: ?*link.LinkPool = null,
-    };
-
-    const BoxTitleLayout = struct {
-        shouldDraw: bool = false,
-        x: i32 = 0,
-        startX: i32 = 0,
-        endX: i32 = 0,
-    };
-
-    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, width: u32, height: u32, options: InitOptions) BufferError!*OptimizedBuffer {
-        if (width == 0 or height == 0) {
-            logger.warn("OptimizedBuffer.init: Invalid dimensions {}x{}", .{ width, height });
-            return BufferError.InvalidDimensions;
-        }
-
-        const self = allocator.create(OptimizedBuffer) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.destroy(self);
-
-        const size = width * height;
-
-        const owned_id = allocator.dupe(u8, options.id) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.free(owned_id);
-
-        var scissor_stack: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(ClipRect) = .{};
-        errdefer scissor_stack.deinit(allocator);
-
-        var opacity_stack: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(f32) = .{};
-        errdefer opacity_stack.deinit(allocator);
-
-        const lp = options.link_pool orelse link.initGlobalLinkPool(allocator);
-        const char_buffer = allocator.alloc(u32, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.free(char_buffer);
-
-        const fg_buffer = allocator.alloc(RGBA, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.free(fg_buffer);
-
-        const bg_buffer = allocator.alloc(RGBA, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.free(bg_buffer);
-
-        const attributes_buffer = allocator.alloc(u32, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        errdefer allocator.free(attributes_buffer);
-
-        self.* = .{
-            .buffer = .{
-                .char = char_buffer,
-                .fg = fg_buffer,
-                .bg = bg_buffer,
-                .attributes = attributes_buffer,
-            },
-            .width = width,
-            .height = height,
-            .respectAlpha = options.respectAlpha,
-            .blendBackdropColor = options.blendBackdropColor,
-            .allocator = allocator,
-            .pool = options.pool,
-            .link_pool = lp,
-            .grapheme_tracker = gp.GraphemeTracker.init(allocator, options.pool),
-            .link_tracker = link.LinkTracker.init(allocator, lp),
-            .width_method = options.width_method,
-            .id = owned_id,
-            .scissor_stack = scissor_stack,
-            .opacity_stack = opacity_stack,
-        };
-
-        @memset(self.buffer.char, 0);
-        @memset(self.buffer.fg, ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0));
-        @memset(self.buffer.bg, ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0));
-        @memset(self.buffer.attributes, 0);
-
-        return self;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCharPtr(self: *OptimizedBuffer) [*]u32 {
-        return self.buffer.char.ptr;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getFgPtr(self: *OptimizedBuffer) [*]RGBA {
-        return self.buffer.fg.ptr;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getBgPtr(self: *OptimizedBuffer) [*]RGBA {
-        return self.buffer.bg.ptr;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getAttributesPtr(self: *OptimizedBuffer) [*]u32 {
-        return self.buffer.attributes.ptr;
-    }
-
-    pub fn deinit(self: *OptimizedBuffer) void {
-        const allocator = self.allocator;
-        defer allocator.destroy(self);
-
-        self.opacity_stack.deinit(self.allocator);
-        self.scissor_stack.deinit(self.allocator);
-        self.link_tracker.deinit();
-        self.grapheme_tracker.deinit();
-        self.allocator.free(self.buffer.char);
-        self.allocator.free(self.buffer.fg);
-        self.allocator.free(self.buffer.bg);
-        self.allocator.free(self.buffer.attributes);
-        self.allocator.free(self.id);
-        self.* = undefined;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCurrentScissorRect(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) ?ClipRect {
-        if (self.scissor_stack.items.len == 0) return null;
-        return self.scissor_stack.items[self.scissor_stack.items.len - 1];
-    }
-
-    pub fn isPointInScissor(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, x: i32, y: i32) bool {
-        const scissor = self.getCurrentScissorRect() orelse return true;
-        return x >= scissor.x and x < scissor.x + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.width)) and
-            y >= scissor.y and y < scissor.y + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.height));
-    }
-
-    pub fn isRectInScissor(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, x: i32, y: i32, width: u32, height: u32) bool {
-        const scissor = self.getCurrentScissorRect() orelse return true;
-
-        const rect_end_x = x + @as(i32, @intCast(width));
-        const rect_end_y = y + @as(i32, @intCast(height));
-        const scissor_end_x = scissor.x + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.width));
-        const scissor_end_y = scissor.y + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.height));
-
-        return !(x >= scissor_end_x or rect_end_x <= scissor.x or
-            y >= scissor_end_y or rect_end_y <= scissor.y);
-    }
-
-    pub fn clipRectToScissor(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, x: i32, y: i32, width: u32, height: u32) ?ClipRect {
-        const scissor = self.getCurrentScissorRect() orelse return ClipRect{
-            .x = x,
-            .y = y,
-            .width = width,
-            .height = height,
-        };
-
-        const rect_end_x = x + @as(i32, @intCast(width));
-        const rect_end_y = y + @as(i32, @intCast(height));
-        const scissor_end_x = scissor.x + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.width));
-        const scissor_end_y = scissor.y + @as(i32, @intCast(scissor.height));
-
-        const intersect_x = @max(x, scissor.x);
-        const intersect_y = @max(y, scissor.y);
-        const intersect_end_x = @min(rect_end_x, scissor_end_x);
-        const intersect_end_y = @min(rect_end_y, scissor_end_y);
-
-        if (intersect_x >= intersect_end_x or intersect_y >= intersect_end_y) {
-            return null; // No intersection
-        }
-
-        return .{
-            .x = intersect_x,
-            .y = intersect_y,
-            .width = @intCast(intersect_end_x - intersect_x),
-            .height = @intCast(intersect_end_y - intersect_y),
-        };
-    }
-
-    pub fn pushScissorRect(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: i32, y: i32, width: u32, height: u32) !void {
-        var rect: ClipRect = .{
-            .x = x,
-            .y = y,
-            .width = width,
-            .height = height,
-        };
-
-        // Intersect with current scissor (if any) so nested scissor rects always clip to parents.
-        if (self.getCurrentScissorRect() != null) {
-            const intersect = self.clipRectToScissor(rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height);
-            if (intersect) |clipped| {
-                rect = clipped;
-            } else {
-                // Completely outside current scissor; push a degenerate rect so nothing renders.
-                rect = ClipRect{ .x = 0, .y = 0, .width = 0, .height = 0 };
-            }
-        }
-
-        try self.scissor_stack.append(self.allocator, rect);
-    }
-
-    pub fn popScissorRect(self: *OptimizedBuffer) void {
-        if (self.scissor_stack.items.len > 0) {
-            _ = self.scissor_stack.pop();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn clearScissorRects(self: *OptimizedBuffer) void {
-        self.scissor_stack.clearRetainingCapacity();
-    }
-
-    /// Get the current effective opacity (product of all stacked opacities)
-    pub fn getCurrentOpacity(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) f32 {
-        if (self.opacity_stack.items.len == 0) return 1.0;
-        return self.opacity_stack.items[self.opacity_stack.items.len - 1];
-    }
-
-    /// Push an opacity value onto the stack. The effective opacity is multiplied with the current.
-    pub fn pushOpacity(self: *OptimizedBuffer, opacity: f32) !void {
-        const current = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        const effective = current * std.math.clamp(opacity, 0.0, 1.0);
-        try self.opacity_stack.append(self.allocator, effective);
-    }
-
-    /// Pop an opacity value from the stack
-    pub fn popOpacity(self: *OptimizedBuffer) void {
-        if (self.opacity_stack.items.len > 0) {
-            _ = self.opacity_stack.pop();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Clear all opacity values from the stack
-    pub fn clearOpacity(self: *OptimizedBuffer) void {
-        self.opacity_stack.clearRetainingCapacity();
-    }
-
-    pub fn resize(self: *OptimizedBuffer, width: u32, height: u32) BufferError!void {
-        if (self.width == width and self.height == height) return;
-        if (width == 0 or height == 0) return BufferError.InvalidDimensions;
-
-        const size = width * height;
-
-        self.buffer.char = self.allocator.realloc(self.buffer.char, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        self.buffer.fg = self.allocator.realloc(self.buffer.fg, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        self.buffer.bg = self.allocator.realloc(self.buffer.bg, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-        self.buffer.attributes = self.allocator.realloc(self.buffer.attributes, size) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-
-        self.width = width;
-        self.height = height;
-
-        // Always clear after resize to initialize cells (realloc doesn't zero memory)
-        // This handles both growing (new cells are garbage) and shrinking (grapheme cleanup)
-        self.clear(ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 255), null);
-    }
-
-    fn coordsToIndex(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32) u32 {
-        return y * self.width + x;
-    }
-
-    fn indexToCoords(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, index: u32) struct { x: u32, y: u32 } {
-        return .{
-            .x = index % self.width,
-            .y = index / self.width,
-        };
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear(self: *OptimizedBuffer, bg: RGBA, char: ?u32) void {
-        const cellChar = char orelse DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR;
-        self.link_tracker.clear();
-        self.grapheme_tracker.clear();
-        @memset(self.buffer.char, @intCast(cellChar));
-        @memset(self.buffer.attributes, 0);
-        @memset(self.buffer.fg, ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255));
-        @memset(self.buffer.bg, bg);
-    }
-
-    /// Write a single cell and update link tracker. No grapheme tracking,
-    /// span cleanup, or continuation propagation.
-    pub fn setRaw(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        const index = self.validateAndIndex(x, y) orelse return;
-        self.writeCellAndLinks(index, cell);
-    }
-
-    /// Like set(), but without span cleanup. Writes the cell, its continuation
-    /// cells (for width-2+ graphemes), and updates grapheme/link trackers.
-    ///
-    /// Intended for the renderer's diff loop where cells are synced from an
-    /// authoritative source buffer. Span cleanup is skipped because it can
-    /// destroy continuation cells that were correctly written by an earlier
-    /// iteration of the same left-to-right pass (issue #723).
-    pub fn syncCell(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        self.setInternal(false, x, y, cell);
-    }
-
-    pub fn set(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        self.setInternal(true, x, y, cell);
-    }
-
-    fn setInternal(self: *OptimizedBuffer, comptime span_cleanup: bool, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        const index = self.validateAndIndex(x, y) orelse return;
-        const prev_char = self.buffer.char[index];
-        const prev_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(self.buffer.attributes[index]);
-        var tracker_replaced = false;
-
-        if (!span_cleanup) {
-            const old_start_id: ?u32 = if (gp.isGraphemeChar(prev_char)) gp.graphemeIdFromChar(prev_char) else null;
-            const new_start_id: ?u32 = blk: {
-                if (!gp.isGraphemeChar(cell.char)) break :blk null;
-                const new_width = gp.charRightExtent(cell.char) + 1;
-                if (x + new_width > self.width) break :blk null;
-                break :blk gp.graphemeIdFromChar(cell.char);
-            };
-
-            if (old_start_id != null or new_start_id != null) {
-                self.grapheme_tracker.replace(old_start_id, new_start_id);
-                tracker_replaced = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // If overwriting a grapheme span (start or continuation) with a different char, clear that span first
-        if (span_cleanup) {
-            if ((gp.isGraphemeChar(prev_char) or gp.isContinuationChar(prev_char)) and prev_char != cell.char) {
-                const row_start: u32 = y * self.width;
-                const row_end: u32 = row_start + self.width - 1;
-                const left = gp.charLeftExtent(prev_char);
-                const right = gp.charRightExtent(prev_char);
-                const id = gp.graphemeIdFromChar(prev_char);
-
-                const new_grapheme_id: ?u32 = blk: {
-                    if (!gp.isGraphemeChar(cell.char)) break :blk null;
-                    const new_width = gp.charRightExtent(cell.char) + 1;
-                    if (x + new_width > self.width) break :blk null;
-                    break :blk gp.graphemeIdFromChar(cell.char);
-                };
-                self.grapheme_tracker.replace(id, new_grapheme_id);
-                tracker_replaced = true;
-
-                const span_start = index - @min(left, index - row_start);
-                const span_end = index + @min(right, row_end - index);
-
-                var span_i: u32 = span_start;
-                while (span_i <= span_end) : (span_i += 1) {
-                    const span_char = self.buffer.char[span_i];
-                    if (!(gp.isGraphemeChar(span_char) or gp.isContinuationChar(span_char))) continue;
-                    if (gp.graphemeIdFromChar(span_char) != id) continue;
-
-                    const span_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(self.buffer.attributes[span_i]);
-                    if (span_link_id != 0) {
-                        self.link_tracker.removeCellRef(span_link_id);
-                    }
-
-                    self.buffer.char[span_i] = @intCast(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR);
-                    self.buffer.attributes[span_i] = 0;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (gp.isGraphemeChar(cell.char)) {
-            const right = gp.charRightExtent(cell.char);
-            const width: u32 = 1 + right;
-
-            if (x + width > self.width) {
-                const end_of_line = (y + 1) * self.width;
-                var eol_i = index;
-                while (eol_i < end_of_line) : (eol_i += 1) {
-                    const eol_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(self.buffer.attributes[eol_i]);
-                    if (eol_link_id != 0) {
-                        self.link_tracker.removeCellRef(eol_link_id);
-                    }
-                }
-                @memset(self.buffer.char[index..end_of_line], @intCast(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR));
-                @memset(self.buffer.attributes[index..end_of_line], cell.attributes);
-                @memset(self.buffer.fg[index..end_of_line], cell.fg);
-                @memset(self.buffer.bg[index..end_of_line], cell.bg);
-                const new_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(cell.attributes);
-                if (new_link_id != 0) {
-                    const cells_written = end_of_line - index;
-                    var link_i: u32 = 0;
-                    while (link_i < cells_written) : (link_i += 1) {
-                        self.link_tracker.addCellRef(new_link_id);
-                    }
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-
-            self.buffer.char[index] = cell.char;
-            self.buffer.fg[index] = cell.fg;
-            self.buffer.bg[index] = cell.bg;
-            self.buffer.attributes[index] = cell.attributes;
-
-            const id: u32 = gp.graphemeIdFromChar(cell.char);
-            const is_same_grapheme_start = gp.isGraphemeChar(prev_char) and prev_char == cell.char;
-            if (!tracker_replaced and !is_same_grapheme_start) {
-                self.grapheme_tracker.add(id);
-            }
-
-            const new_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(cell.attributes);
-            if (prev_link_id != 0 and prev_link_id != new_link_id) {
-                self.link_tracker.removeCellRef(prev_link_id);
-            }
-            if (new_link_id != 0 and new_link_id != prev_link_id) {
-                self.link_tracker.addCellRef(new_link_id);
-            }
-
-            if (width > 1) {
-                const row_end_index: u32 = (y * self.width) + self.width - 1;
-                const max_right = @min(right, row_end_index - index);
-                if (max_right > 0) {
-                    var cont_i: u32 = 1;
-                    while (cont_i <= max_right) : (cont_i += 1) {
-                        const cont_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(self.buffer.attributes[index + cont_i]);
-                        if (cont_link_id != 0) {
-                            self.link_tracker.removeCellRef(cont_link_id);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    @memset(self.buffer.fg[index + 1 .. index + 1 + max_right], cell.fg);
-                    @memset(self.buffer.bg[index + 1 .. index + 1 + max_right], cell.bg);
-                    @memset(self.buffer.attributes[index + 1 .. index + 1 + max_right], cell.attributes);
-                    var k: u32 = 1;
-                    while (k <= max_right) : (k += 1) {
-                        const cont = gp.packContinuation(k, max_right - k, id);
-                        self.buffer.char[index + k] = cont;
-                        if (new_link_id != 0) {
-                            self.link_tracker.addCellRef(new_link_id);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.writeCellAndLinks(index, cell);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Validate coordinates and return buffer index, or null if out of bounds / scissor.
-    fn validateAndIndex(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32) ?u32 {
-        if (x >= self.width or y >= self.height) return null;
-        if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(x), @intCast(y))) return null;
-        return self.coordsToIndex(x, y);
-    }
-
-    /// Write cell data at index and update link tracker.
-    fn writeCellAndLinks(self: *OptimizedBuffer, index: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        const prev_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(self.buffer.attributes[index]);
-        const new_link_id = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(cell.attributes);
-
-        self.buffer.char[index] = cell.char;
-        self.buffer.fg[index] = cell.fg;
-        self.buffer.bg[index] = cell.bg;
-        self.buffer.attributes[index] = cell.attributes;
-
-        if (prev_link_id != 0 and prev_link_id != new_link_id) {
-            self.link_tracker.removeCellRef(prev_link_id);
-        }
-        if (new_link_id != 0 and new_link_id != prev_link_id) {
-            self.link_tracker.addCellRef(new_link_id);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn get(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32) ?Cell {
-        if (x >= self.width or y >= self.height) return null;
-
-        const index = self.coordsToIndex(x, y);
-        return .{
-            .char = self.buffer.char[index],
-            .fg = self.buffer.fg[index],
-            .bg = self.buffer.bg[index],
-            .attributes = self.buffer.attributes[index],
-        };
-    }
-
-    pub fn getWidth(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) u32 {
-        return self.width;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getHeight(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) u32 {
-        return self.height;
-    }
-
-    pub fn setRespectAlpha(self: *OptimizedBuffer, respectAlpha: bool) void {
-        self.respectAlpha = respectAlpha;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getRespectAlpha(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) bool {
-        return self.respectAlpha;
-    }
-
-    pub fn setBlendBackdropColor(self: *OptimizedBuffer, color: ?RGBA) void {
-        self.blendBackdropColor = color;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getBlendBackdropColor(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) ?RGBA {
-        return self.blendBackdropColor;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getId(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) []const u8 {
-        return self.id;
-    }
-
-    /// Calculate the real byte size of the character buffer including grapheme pool data
-    pub fn getRealCharSize(self: *const OptimizedBuffer) u32 {
-        const total_chars = self.width * self.height;
-        const grapheme_count = self.grapheme_tracker.getGraphemeCellCount();
-        const total_grapheme_bytes = self.grapheme_tracker.getTotalGraphemeBytes();
-
-        const regular_char_bytes = (total_chars - grapheme_count) * @sizeOf(u32);
-        return regular_char_bytes + total_grapheme_bytes;
-    }
-
-    /// Write all resolved character bytes to the given output buffer
-    /// Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 if the output buffer is too small
-    pub fn writeResolvedChars(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, output_buffer: []u8, addLineBreaks: bool) BufferError!u32 {
-        var bytes_written: u32 = 0;
-        const total_cells = self.width * self.height;
-
-        var i: u32 = 0;
-        while (i < total_cells) : (i += 1) {
-            const char_code = self.buffer.char[i];
-
-            if (gp.isGraphemeChar(char_code)) {
-                const gid = gp.graphemeIdFromChar(char_code);
-                if (self.pool.get(gid)) |grapheme_bytes| {
-                    if (bytes_written + grapheme_bytes.len > output_buffer.len) {
-                        return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                    }
-                    @memcpy(output_buffer[bytes_written .. bytes_written + grapheme_bytes.len], grapheme_bytes);
-                    bytes_written += @intCast(grapheme_bytes.len);
-                } else |_| {
-                    if (bytes_written + 1 > output_buffer.len) {
-                        return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                    }
-                    output_buffer[bytes_written] = ' ';
-                    bytes_written += 1;
-                }
-            } else if (gp.isContinuationChar(char_code)) {
-                continue;
-            } else {
-                const codepoint = char_code;
-
-                if (codepoint == 0 or codepoint > 0x10FFFF) {
-                    if (bytes_written + 1 > output_buffer.len) {
-                        return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                    }
-                    output_buffer[bytes_written] = ' ';
-                    bytes_written += 1;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                var utf8_bytes: [4]u8 = undefined;
-                const utf8_len = std.unicode.utf8Encode(@intCast(codepoint), &utf8_bytes) catch {
-                    if (bytes_written + 1 > output_buffer.len) {
-                        return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                    }
-                    output_buffer[bytes_written] = ' ';
-                    bytes_written += 1;
-                    continue;
-                };
-
-                if (bytes_written + utf8_len > output_buffer.len) {
-                    return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                }
-                @memcpy(output_buffer[bytes_written .. bytes_written + utf8_len], utf8_bytes[0..utf8_len]);
-                bytes_written += @intCast(utf8_len);
-            }
-
-            if (addLineBreaks and (i + 1) % self.width == 0) {
-                if (bytes_written + 1 > output_buffer.len) {
-                    return BufferError.BufferTooSmall;
-                }
-                output_buffer[bytes_written] = '\n';
-                bytes_written += 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return bytes_written;
-    }
-
-    pub fn blendCells(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, overlayCell: Cell, destCell: Cell) Cell {
-        const hasBgAlpha = isRGBAWithAlpha(overlayCell.bg);
-        const hasFgAlpha = isRGBAWithAlpha(overlayCell.fg);
-
-        if (hasBgAlpha or hasFgAlpha) {
-            const blendedBg = if (hasBgAlpha)
-                blendColors(overlayCell.bg, destCell.bg, self.blendBackdropColor)
-            else
-                overlayCell.bg;
-            const charIsDefaultSpace = overlayCell.char == DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR;
-            const destNotZero = destCell.char != 0;
-            const destNotDefaultSpace = destCell.char != DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR;
-            const destWidthIsOne = gp.encodedCharWidth(destCell.char) == 1;
-
-            const preserveChar = (charIsDefaultSpace and
-                destNotZero and
-                destNotDefaultSpace and
-                destWidthIsOne);
-            const finalChar = if (preserveChar) destCell.char else overlayCell.char;
-
-            var finalFg: RGBA = undefined;
-            if (preserveChar) {
-                finalFg = blendColors(overlayCell.bg, destCell.fg, self.blendBackdropColor);
-            } else {
-                finalFg = if (hasFgAlpha)
-                    blendColors(overlayCell.fg, blendedBg, self.blendBackdropColor)
-                else
-                    overlayCell.fg;
-            }
-
-            // When preserving char, preserve its base attributes but NOT its link
-            // Links ALWAYS come from overlay, never from destination
-            // Even if overlay has no link (link_id=0), it clears the destination's link
-            const baseAttrs = if (preserveChar)
-                ansi.TextAttributes.getBaseAttributes(destCell.attributes)
-            else
-                ansi.TextAttributes.getBaseAttributes(overlayCell.attributes);
-            // Overlay link always wins - whether it's a real link or 0 (no link)
-            const overlayLinkId = ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(overlayCell.attributes);
-            const finalAttributes = ansi.TextAttributes.setLinkId(@as(u32, baseAttrs), overlayLinkId);
-
-            return .{
-                .char = finalChar,
-                .fg = finalFg,
-                .bg = blendedBg,
-                .attributes = finalAttributes,
-            };
-        }
-
-        return overlayCell;
-    }
-
-    pub fn setCellWithAlphaBlending(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        x: u32,
-        y: u32,
-        char: u32,
-        fg: RGBA,
-        bg: RGBA,
-        attributes: u32,
-    ) void {
-        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(x, y, makeCell(char, fg, bg, attributes));
-    }
-
-    fn setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(x), @intCast(y))) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (isFullyTransparent(opacity, cell.fg, cell.bg)) return;
-        if (isFullyOpaque(opacity, cell.fg, cell.bg)) {
-            self.set(x, y, cell);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const opacity_u8 = opacityToU8(opacity);
-        const effectiveCell = makeCell(
-            cell.char,
-            applyOpacity(cell.fg, opacity_u8),
-            applyOpacity(cell.bg, opacity_u8),
-            cell.attributes,
-        );
-
-        if (self.get(x, y)) |destCell| {
-            const blendedCell = self.blendCells(effectiveCell, destCell);
-            self.set(x, y, blendedCell);
-        } else {
-            self.set(x, y, effectiveCell);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn setCellWithAlphaBlendingRaw(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        x: u32,
-        y: u32,
-        char: u32,
-        fg: RGBA,
-        bg: RGBA,
-        attributes: u32,
-    ) void {
-        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingRawCell(x, y, makeCell(char, fg, bg, attributes));
-    }
-
-    fn setCellWithAlphaBlendingRawCell(self: *OptimizedBuffer, x: u32, y: u32, cell: Cell) void {
-        if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(x), @intCast(y))) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (isFullyTransparent(opacity, cell.fg, cell.bg)) return;
-        if (isFullyOpaque(opacity, cell.fg, cell.bg)) {
-            assert(!gp.isGraphemeChar(cell.char));
-            assert(!gp.isContinuationChar(cell.char));
-            self.setRaw(x, y, cell);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const opacity_u8 = opacityToU8(opacity);
-        const effectiveCell = makeCell(
-            cell.char,
-            applyOpacity(cell.fg, opacity_u8),
-            applyOpacity(cell.bg, opacity_u8),
-            cell.attributes,
-        );
-
-        if (self.get(x, y)) |destCell| {
-            const blendedCell = self.blendCells(effectiveCell, destCell);
-            assert(!gp.isGraphemeChar(blendedCell.char));
-            assert(!gp.isContinuationChar(blendedCell.char));
-            self.setRaw(x, y, blendedCell);
-        } else {
-            assert(!gp.isGraphemeChar(effectiveCell.char));
-            assert(!gp.isContinuationChar(effectiveCell.char));
-            self.setRaw(x, y, effectiveCell);
-        }
-    }
-
-    inline fn trySetTransparentTextCellFast(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        index: u32,
-        char: u32,
-        fg: RGBA,
-        attributes: u32,
-    ) bool {
-        // drawTextBuffer spends a lot of time in generic alpha blending when the
-        // common case is really "opaque glyph over transparent bg". In that case
-        // the result is just: keep the destination background, write fg/attrs,
-        // and preserve an underlying visible glyph when the overlay char is a
-        // transparent space. Links and graphemes stay on the slow path because
-        // they need tracker maintenance that direct writes would skip.
-        if (ansi.alpha(fg) != 255) return false;
-        if (ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(attributes) != 0) return false;
-        if (gp.isGraphemeChar(char) or gp.isContinuationChar(char)) return false;
-
-        const dest_char = self.buffer.char[index];
-        const dest_attributes = self.buffer.attributes[index];
-        if (ansi.TextAttributes.getLinkId(dest_attributes) != 0) return false;
-        if (gp.isGraphemeChar(dest_char) or gp.isContinuationChar(dest_char)) return false;
-
-        if (char == DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR and dest_char != 0 and dest_char != DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR and gp.encodedCharWidth(dest_char) == 1) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        self.buffer.char[index] = char;
-        self.buffer.fg[index] = fg;
-        self.buffer.attributes[index] = attributes;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    pub fn drawChar(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        char: u32,
-        x: u32,
-        y: u32,
-        fg: RGBA,
-        bg: RGBA,
-        attributes: u32,
-    ) void {
-        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(x, y, makeCell(char, fg, bg, attributes));
-    }
-
-    pub fn fillRect(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        x: u32,
-        y: u32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-        bg: RGBA,
-    ) void {
-        if (self.width == 0 or self.height == 0 or width == 0 or height == 0) return;
-        if (x >= self.width or y >= self.height) return;
-
-        if (!self.isRectInScissor(@intCast(x), @intCast(y), width, height)) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (isFullyTransparent(opacity, ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0), bg)) return;
-
-        const startX = x;
-        const startY = y;
-        const maxEndX = if (x < self.width) self.width - 1 else 0;
-        const maxEndY = if (y < self.height) self.height - 1 else 0;
-        const requestedEndX = x + width - 1;
-        const requestedEndY = y + height - 1;
-        const endX = @min(maxEndX, requestedEndX);
-        const endY = @min(maxEndY, requestedEndY);
-
-        if (startX > endX or startY > endY) return;
-
-        const clippedRect = self.clipRectToScissor(@intCast(startX), @intCast(startY), endX - startX + 1, endY - startY + 1) orelse return;
-        const clippedStartX = @max(startX, @as(u32, @intCast(clippedRect.x)));
-        const clippedStartY = @max(startY, @as(u32, @intCast(clippedRect.y)));
-        const clippedEndX = @min(endX, @as(u32, @intCast(clippedRect.x + @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.width)) - 1)));
-        const clippedEndY = @min(endY, @as(u32, @intCast(clippedRect.y + @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.height)) - 1)));
-
-        const hasAlpha = isRGBAWithAlpha(bg) or opacity < 1.0;
-        const graphemeAware = self.grapheme_tracker.hasAny();
-        const linkAware = self.link_tracker.hasAny();
-
-        if (graphemeAware or linkAware) {
-            var fillY = clippedStartY;
-            while (fillY <= clippedEndY) : (fillY += 1) {
-                var fillX = clippedStartX;
-                while (fillX <= clippedEndX) : (fillX += 1) {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                        fillX,
-                        fillY,
-                        makeCell(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR, ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255), bg, 0),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (hasAlpha) {
-            // No grapheme/link bookkeeping is needed here, so the raw blend
-            // path avoids the extra tracker work done by the generic setter.
-            var fillY = clippedStartY;
-            while (fillY <= clippedEndY) : (fillY += 1) {
-                var fillX = clippedStartX;
-                while (fillX <= clippedEndX) : (fillX += 1) {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingRaw(fillX, fillY, DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR, ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255), bg, 0);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // For non-alpha (fully opaque) backgrounds with no graphemes or links, we can do direct filling
-            var fillY = clippedStartY;
-            while (fillY <= clippedEndY) : (fillY += 1) {
-                const rowStartIndex = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(clippedStartX), @intCast(fillY));
-                const rowWidth = clippedEndX - clippedStartX + 1;
-
-                const rowSliceChar = self.buffer.char[rowStartIndex .. rowStartIndex + rowWidth];
-                const rowSliceFg = self.buffer.fg[rowStartIndex .. rowStartIndex + rowWidth];
-                const rowSliceBg = self.buffer.bg[rowStartIndex .. rowStartIndex + rowWidth];
-                const rowSliceAttrs = self.buffer.attributes[rowStartIndex .. rowStartIndex + rowWidth];
-
-                @memset(rowSliceChar, @intCast(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR));
-                @memset(rowSliceFg, ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255));
-                @memset(rowSliceBg, bg);
-                @memset(rowSliceAttrs, 0);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn fillRectClipped(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-        bg: RGBA,
-    ) void {
-        if (width == 0 or height == 0) return;
-
-        const startX = @max(0, x);
-        const startY = @max(0, y);
-        const endX = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.width)) - 1, x + @as(i32, @intCast(width)) - 1);
-        const endY = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.height)) - 1, y + @as(i32, @intCast(height)) - 1);
-
-        if (startX > endX or startY > endY) return;
-
-        self.fillRect(
-            @intCast(startX),
-            @intCast(startY),
-            @intCast(endX - startX + 1),
-            @intCast(endY - startY + 1),
-            bg,
-        );
-    }
-
-    pub fn drawText(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        text: []const u8,
-        x: u32,
-        y: u32,
-        fg: RGBA,
-        bg: ?RGBA,
-        attributes: u32,
-    ) BufferError!void {
-        if (x >= self.width or y >= self.height) return;
-        if (text.len == 0) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (isFullyTransparent(opacity, fg, bg orelse ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0))) return;
-
-        const is_ascii_only = utf8.isAsciiOnly(text);
-
-        var grapheme_list: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(utf8.GraphemeInfo) = .{};
-        defer grapheme_list.deinit(self.allocator);
-
-        const tab_width: u8 = 2;
-        try utf8.findGraphemeInfo(self.allocator, text, tab_width, is_ascii_only, self.width_method, &grapheme_list);
-        const specials = grapheme_list.items;
-
-        var advance_cells: u32 = 0;
-        var byte_offset: u32 = 0;
-        var col: u32 = 0;
-        var special_idx: usize = 0;
-
-        while (byte_offset < text.len) {
-            const charX = x + advance_cells;
-            if (charX >= self.width) break;
-
-            const at_special = special_idx < specials.len and specials[special_idx].col_offset == col;
-
-            var grapheme_bytes: []const u8 = undefined;
-            var g_width: u8 = undefined;
-
-            if (at_special) {
-                const g = specials[special_idx];
-                grapheme_bytes = text[g.byte_offset .. g.byte_offset + g.byte_len];
-                g_width = g.width;
-                byte_offset = g.byte_offset + g.byte_len;
-                special_idx += 1;
-            } else {
-                if (byte_offset >= text.len) break;
-                grapheme_bytes = text[byte_offset .. byte_offset + 1];
-                g_width = 1;
-                byte_offset += 1;
-            }
-
-            if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(charX), @intCast(y))) {
-                advance_cells += g_width;
-                col += g_width;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var bgColor: RGBA = undefined;
-            if (bg) |b| {
-                bgColor = b;
-            } else if (self.get(charX, y)) |existingCell| {
-                bgColor = existingCell.bg;
-            } else {
-                bgColor = ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 255);
-            }
-
-            const cell_width = utf8.getWidthAt(text, if (at_special) specials[special_idx - 1].byte_offset else byte_offset - 1, tab_width, self.width_method);
-            if (cell_width == 0) {
-                col += g_width;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (grapheme_bytes.len == 1 and grapheme_bytes[0] == '\t') {
-                var tab_col: u32 = 0;
-                while (tab_col < g_width) : (tab_col += 1) {
-                    const tab_x = charX + tab_col;
-                    if (tab_x >= self.width) break;
-
-                    if (isRGBAWithAlpha(bgColor)) {
-                        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                            tab_x,
-                            y,
-                            makeCell(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR, fg, bgColor, attributes),
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        self.set(tab_x, y, makeCell(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR, fg, bgColor, attributes));
-                    }
-                }
-                advance_cells += g_width;
-                col += g_width;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            var encoded_char: u32 = 0;
-            if (grapheme_bytes.len == 1 and cell_width == 1 and grapheme_bytes[0] >= 32) {
-                encoded_char = @as(u32, grapheme_bytes[0]);
-            } else {
-                const gid = self.pool.alloc(grapheme_bytes) catch return BufferError.OutOfMemory;
-                encoded_char = gp.packGraphemeStart(gid & gp.GRAPHEME_ID_MASK, cell_width);
-            }
-
-            if (isRGBAWithAlpha(bgColor)) {
-                self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                    charX,
-                    y,
-                    makeCell(encoded_char, fg, bgColor, attributes),
-                );
-            } else {
-                self.set(charX, y, makeCell(encoded_char, fg, bgColor, attributes));
-            }
-
-            advance_cells += cell_width;
-            col += g_width;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn drawFrameBuffer(self: *OptimizedBuffer, destX: i32, destY: i32, frameBuffer: *OptimizedBuffer, sourceX: ?u32, sourceY: ?u32, sourceWidth: ?u32, sourceHeight: ?u32) void {
-        if (self.width == 0 or self.height == 0 or frameBuffer.width == 0 or frameBuffer.height == 0) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (opacity == 0.0) return;
-
-        const srcX = sourceX orelse 0;
-        const srcY = sourceY orelse 0;
-        const srcWidth = sourceWidth orelse frameBuffer.width;
-        const srcHeight = sourceHeight orelse frameBuffer.height;
-
-        if (srcX >= frameBuffer.width or srcY >= frameBuffer.height) return;
-        if (srcWidth == 0 or srcHeight == 0) return;
-
-        const clampedSrcWidth = @min(srcWidth, frameBuffer.width - srcX);
-        const clampedSrcHeight = @min(srcHeight, frameBuffer.height - srcY);
-
-        const startDestX = @max(0, destX);
-        const startDestY = @max(0, destY);
-        const endDestX = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.width)) - 1, destX + @as(i32, @intCast(clampedSrcWidth)) - 1);
-        const endDestY = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.height)) - 1, destY + @as(i32, @intCast(clampedSrcHeight)) - 1);
-
-        if (startDestX > endDestX or startDestY > endDestY) return;
-
-        // Check if the destination rectangle intersects with the scissor rect
-        const destWidth = @as(u32, @intCast(endDestX - startDestX + 1));
-        const destHeight = @as(u32, @intCast(endDestY - startDestY + 1));
-        if (!self.isRectInScissor(startDestX, startDestY, destWidth, destHeight)) return;
-
-        const graphemeAware = self.grapheme_tracker.hasAny() or frameBuffer.grapheme_tracker.hasAny();
-        const linkAware = self.link_tracker.hasAny() or frameBuffer.link_tracker.hasAny();
-
-        // Calculate clipping once for both paths
-        const clippedRect = self.clipRectToScissor(startDestX, startDestY, destWidth, destHeight) orelse return;
-        const clippedStartX = @max(startDestX, clippedRect.x);
-        const clippedStartY = @max(startDestY, clippedRect.y);
-        const clippedEndX = @min(endDestX, @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.x + @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.width)) - 1)));
-        const clippedEndY = @min(endDestY, @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.y + @as(i32, @intCast(clippedRect.height)) - 1)));
-
-        if (!graphemeAware and !frameBuffer.respectAlpha and !linkAware) {
-            // Fast path: direct memory copy
-            var dY = clippedStartY;
-
-            while (dY <= clippedEndY) : (dY += 1) {
-                const relativeDestY = dY - destY;
-                const sY = srcY + @as(u32, @intCast(relativeDestY));
-
-                if (sY >= frameBuffer.height) continue;
-
-                const relativeDestX = clippedStartX - destX;
-                const sX = srcX + @as(u32, @intCast(relativeDestX));
-
-                if (sX >= frameBuffer.width) continue;
-
-                const destRowStart = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(clippedStartX), @intCast(dY));
-                const srcRowStart = frameBuffer.coordsToIndex(sX, sY);
-                const actualCopyWidth = @min(@as(u32, @intCast(clippedEndX - clippedStartX + 1)), frameBuffer.width - sX);
-
-                @memcpy(self.buffer.char[destRowStart .. destRowStart + actualCopyWidth], frameBuffer.buffer.char[srcRowStart .. srcRowStart + actualCopyWidth]);
-                @memcpy(self.buffer.fg[destRowStart .. destRowStart + actualCopyWidth], frameBuffer.buffer.fg[srcRowStart .. srcRowStart + actualCopyWidth]);
-                @memcpy(self.buffer.bg[destRowStart .. destRowStart + actualCopyWidth], frameBuffer.buffer.bg[srcRowStart .. srcRowStart + actualCopyWidth]);
-                @memcpy(self.buffer.attributes[destRowStart .. destRowStart + actualCopyWidth], frameBuffer.buffer.attributes[srcRowStart .. srcRowStart + actualCopyWidth]);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        var dY = clippedStartY;
-        while (dY <= clippedEndY) : (dY += 1) {
-            var lastDrawnGraphemeId: u32 = 0;
-
-            var dX = clippedStartX;
-            while (dX <= clippedEndX) : (dX += 1) {
-                const relativeDestX = dX - destX;
-                const relativeDestY = dY - destY;
-                const sX = srcX + @as(u32, @intCast(relativeDestX));
-                const sY = srcY + @as(u32, @intCast(relativeDestY));
-
-                if (sX >= frameBuffer.width or sY >= frameBuffer.height) continue;
-
-                const srcIndex = frameBuffer.coordsToIndex(sX, sY);
-                if (srcIndex >= frameBuffer.buffer.char.len) continue;
-
-                const srcChar = frameBuffer.buffer.char[srcIndex];
-                const srcFg = frameBuffer.buffer.fg[srcIndex];
-                const srcBg = frameBuffer.buffer.bg[srcIndex];
-                const srcAttr = frameBuffer.buffer.attributes[srcIndex];
-
-                if (ansi.alpha(srcBg) == 0 and ansi.alpha(srcFg) == 0) continue;
-
-                if (graphemeAware) {
-                    if (gp.isContinuationChar(srcChar)) {
-                        const graphemeId = srcChar & gp.GRAPHEME_ID_MASK;
-                        if (graphemeId != lastDrawnGraphemeId) {
-                            // We haven't drawn the start character for this grapheme (likely out of bounds to the left)
-                            // Draw a space with the same attributes to fill the cell
-                            self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                                @intCast(dX),
-                                @intCast(dY),
-                                makeCell(DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR, srcFg, srcBg, srcAttr),
-                            );
-                        }
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (gp.isGraphemeChar(srcChar)) {
-                        lastDrawnGraphemeId = srcChar & gp.GRAPHEME_ID_MASK;
-                    }
-
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                        @intCast(dX),
-                        @intCast(dY),
-                        makeCell(srcChar, srcFg, srcBg, srcAttr),
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingRawCell(
-                    @intCast(dX),
-                    @intCast(dY),
-                    makeCell(srcChar, srcFg, srcBg, srcAttr),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a TextBufferView to this OptimizedBuffer with selection support and optional syntax highlighting
-    pub fn drawTextBuffer(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        text_buffer_view: *TextBufferView,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-    ) void {
-        self.drawTextBufferInternal(TextBufferView, text_buffer_view, x, y);
-    }
-
-    /// Internal implementation that accepts either TextBufferView or EditorView
-    /// Both types must expose: getVirtualLines(), getViewport(), getCachedLineInfo(), getVirtualLineSpans(), getTextBuffer(), getSelection()
-    fn drawTextBufferInternal(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        comptime ViewType: type,
-        view: *ViewType,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-    ) void {
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (opacity == 0.0) return;
-
-        const virtual_lines = view.getVirtualLines();
-        const viewport = view.getViewport();
-        const text_buffer = view.getTextBuffer();
-        const text_defaults = text_buffer.defaults();
-        const PrefilledViewportBg = struct {
-            bg: RGBA,
-        };
-
-        const prefilledViewportBg: ?PrefilledViewportBg = blk: {
-            if (comptime ViewType != EditorView) break :blk null;
-            const vp = viewport orelse break :blk null;
-            const base_defaults = view.edit_buffer.getTextBuffer().defaults();
-            const default_bg = base_defaults.bg orelse break :blk null;
-            if (ansi.alpha(default_bg) == 0) break :blk null;
-            self.fillRectClipped(x, y, vp.width, vp.height, default_bg);
-            break :blk .{ .bg = default_bg };
-        };
-
-        if (virtual_lines.len == 0) return;
-
-        const firstVisibleLine: u32 = if (y < 0) @intCast(-y) else 0;
-        const bufferBottomY = self.height;
-        const lastPossibleLine = if (y >= @as(i32, @intCast(bufferBottomY)))
-            0
-        else if (y < 0)
-            @min(virtual_lines.len, firstVisibleLine + bufferBottomY)
-        else
-            @min(virtual_lines.len, bufferBottomY - @as(u32, @intCast(y)));
-
-        if (firstVisibleLine >= virtual_lines.len or lastPossibleLine == 0) return;
-        if (firstVisibleLine >= lastPossibleLine) return;
-
-        const horizontal_offset: u32 = if (viewport) |vp| vp.x else 0;
-        const viewport_width: u32 = if (viewport) |vp| vp.width else std.math.maxInt(u32);
-
-        var currentX = x;
-        var currentY = y + @as(i32, @intCast(firstVisibleLine));
-        const total_line_count = text_buffer.lineCount();
-
-        const line_info = view.getCachedLineInfo();
-        var globalCharPos: u32 = if (firstVisibleLine < line_info.line_start_cols.len)
-            line_info.line_start_cols[firstVisibleLine]
-        else
-            0;
-
-        for (virtual_lines[firstVisibleLine..lastPossibleLine], 0..) |vline, slice_idx| {
-            if (currentY >= bufferBottomY) break;
-
-            currentX = x;
-            var column_in_line: u32 = 0;
-            globalCharPos = vline.col_offset;
-
-            // When viewport is set, virtual_lines is a slice starting from viewport.y
-            // But getVirtualLineSpans expects absolute indices, so we need to use the absolute index
-            // slice_idx is relative to the slice (0, 1, 2...), we need to add viewport offset + firstVisibleLine
-            const viewport_offset: u32 = if (viewport) |vp| vp.y else 0;
-            const vline_idx = viewport_offset + firstVisibleLine + slice_idx;
-            const vline_span_info = view.getVirtualLineSpans(vline_idx);
-            const spans = vline_span_info.spans;
-            const col_offset = vline_span_info.col_offset;
-            var span_idx: usize = 0;
-            var lineFg = text_defaults.fg orelse ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255);
-            var lineBg = text_defaults.bg orelse ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-            var lineAttributes = text_defaults.attributes orelse 0;
-            const defaultFg = lineFg;
-            const defaultBg = lineBg;
-            const defaultAttributes = lineAttributes;
-
-            // Find the span that contains the starting render position (col_offset + horizontal_offset)
-            const start_col = col_offset + horizontal_offset;
-            while (span_idx < spans.len and spans[span_idx].next_col <= start_col) {
-                span_idx += 1;
-            }
-
-            var next_change_col: u32 = if (span_idx < spans.len)
-                spans[span_idx].next_col
-            else
-                std.math.maxInt(u32);
-
-            // Apply the style at the starting position
-            if (span_idx < spans.len and spans[span_idx].col <= start_col and spans[span_idx].style_id != 0) {
-                if (text_buffer.getSyntaxStyle()) |style| {
-                    if (style.resolveById(spans[span_idx].style_id)) |resolved_style| {
-                        if (resolved_style.fg) |fg| {
-                            lineFg = fg;
-                        }
-                        if (resolved_style.bg) |bg| {
-                            lineBg = bg;
-                        }
-                        lineAttributes |= resolved_style.attributes;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            for (vline.chunks.items) |vchunk| {
-                const chunk = vchunk.chunk;
-                const chunk_bytes = chunk.getBytes(text_buffer.memRegistry());
-                const specials = chunk.getGraphemes(text_buffer.getAllocator(), text_buffer.memRegistry(), text_buffer.tabWidth(), text_buffer.widthMethod()) catch continue;
-                const line_col_offset = vline.col_offset;
-
-                if (currentX >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.width))) {
-                    globalCharPos += vchunk.width;
-                    currentX += @intCast(vchunk.width);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const col_end = vchunk.grapheme_start + vchunk.width;
-                var col = vchunk.grapheme_start;
-                var special_idx: usize = 0;
-                var byte_offset: u32 = 0;
-
-                if (vchunk.grapheme_start > 0) {
-                    // Use UTF-8 aware position finding to skip to the grapheme_start
-                    const is_ascii_only = (vchunk.chunk.flags & tb.TextChunk.Flags.ASCII_ONLY) != 0;
-                    const pos_result = utf8.findPosByWidth(chunk_bytes, vchunk.grapheme_start, text_buffer.tabWidth(), is_ascii_only, false, text_buffer.widthMethod());
-                    byte_offset = pos_result.byte_offset;
-
-                    // Advance special_idx to match the skipped columns
-                    var init_col: u32 = 0;
-                    while (init_col < vchunk.grapheme_start and special_idx < specials.len) {
-                        const g = specials[special_idx];
-                        if (g.col_offset < vchunk.grapheme_start) {
-                            special_idx += 1;
-                            init_col = g.col_offset + g.width;
-                        } else {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                while (col < col_end) {
-                    const at_special = special_idx < specials.len and specials[special_idx].col_offset == col;
-
-                    var grapheme_bytes: []const u8 = undefined;
-                    var g_width: u8 = undefined;
-
-                    if (at_special) {
-                        const g = specials[special_idx];
-                        grapheme_bytes = chunk_bytes[g.byte_offset .. g.byte_offset + g.byte_len];
-                        g_width = g.width;
-                        byte_offset = g.byte_offset + g.byte_len;
-                        special_idx += 1;
-                    } else {
-                        if (byte_offset >= chunk_bytes.len) break;
-                        const cp_len = std.unicode.utf8ByteSequenceLength(chunk_bytes[byte_offset]) catch 1;
-                        const next_byte_offset = @min(byte_offset + cp_len, chunk_bytes.len);
-                        grapheme_bytes = chunk_bytes[byte_offset..next_byte_offset];
-                        g_width = 1;
-                        byte_offset = next_byte_offset;
-                    }
-
-                    if (column_in_line < horizontal_offset) {
-                        globalCharPos += g_width;
-                        column_in_line += g_width;
-                        col += g_width;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (column_in_line >= horizontal_offset + viewport_width) {
-                        globalCharPos += (col_end - col);
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    if (currentX < -@as(i32, @intCast(g_width))) {
-                        globalCharPos += g_width;
-                        currentX += @as(i32, @intCast(g_width));
-                        column_in_line += g_width;
-                        col += g_width;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (currentX >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.width))) {
-                        globalCharPos += (col_end - col);
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    if (!self.isPointInScissor(currentX, currentY)) {
-                        globalCharPos += g_width;
-                        currentX += @as(i32, @intCast(g_width));
-                        column_in_line += g_width;
-                        col += g_width;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    var selection_offset = globalCharPos;
-                    if (vline.is_truncated and globalCharPos >= line_col_offset) {
-                        const ellipsis_width: u32 = 3;
-                        const column_offset_in_line = globalCharPos - line_col_offset;
-                        if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos and column_offset_in_line < vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            selection_offset = line_col_offset + vline.ellipsis_pos;
-                        } else if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            selection_offset = line_col_offset + vline.truncation_suffix_start +
-                                (column_offset_in_line - vline.ellipsis_pos - ellipsis_width);
-                        } else {
-                            selection_offset = line_col_offset + column_offset_in_line;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // Track the actual column position in the source line (including horizontal offset)
-                    var source_col_pos = col_offset + column_in_line;
-                    if (vline.is_truncated) {
-                        const ellipsis_width: u32 = 3;
-                        const column_offset_in_line = globalCharPos - line_col_offset;
-                        if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos and column_offset_in_line < vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            source_col_pos = std.math.maxInt(u32);
-                        } else if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            source_col_pos = vline.truncation_suffix_start + (column_offset_in_line - vline.ellipsis_pos - ellipsis_width);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (source_col_pos >= next_change_col and span_idx + 1 < spans.len) {
-                        span_idx += 1;
-                        const new_span = spans[span_idx];
-
-                        lineFg = defaultFg;
-                        lineBg = defaultBg;
-                        lineAttributes = defaultAttributes;
-
-                        if (text_buffer.getSyntaxStyle()) |style| {
-                            if (new_span.style_id != 0) {
-                                if (style.resolveById(new_span.style_id)) |resolved_style| {
-                                    if (resolved_style.fg) |fg| {
-                                        lineFg = fg;
-                                    }
-                                    if (resolved_style.bg) |bg| {
-                                        lineBg = bg;
-                                    }
-                                    lineAttributes |= resolved_style.attributes;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        next_change_col = new_span.next_col;
-                    }
-
-                    if (vline.is_truncated) {
-                        const column_offset_in_line = globalCharPos - line_col_offset;
-                        const ellipsis_width: u32 = 3;
-                        if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos and column_offset_in_line < vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            lineFg = defaultFg;
-                            lineBg = defaultBg;
-                            lineAttributes = defaultAttributes;
-                        } else if (column_offset_in_line >= vline.ellipsis_pos + ellipsis_width) {
-                            const suffix_col_pos = vline.truncation_suffix_start + (column_offset_in_line - vline.ellipsis_pos - ellipsis_width);
-                            if (spans.len == 0) {
-                                lineFg = defaultFg;
-                                lineBg = defaultBg;
-                                lineAttributes = defaultAttributes;
-                                next_change_col = std.math.maxInt(u32);
-                            } else {
-                                var suffix_span_idx: usize = 0;
-                                while (suffix_span_idx < spans.len and spans[suffix_span_idx].next_col <= suffix_col_pos) {
-                                    suffix_span_idx += 1;
-                                }
-                                if (suffix_span_idx < spans.len) {
-                                    span_idx = suffix_span_idx;
-                                }
-                                const active_span = spans[span_idx];
-                                lineFg = defaultFg;
-                                lineBg = defaultBg;
-                                lineAttributes = defaultAttributes;
-                                if (text_buffer.getSyntaxStyle()) |style| {
-                                    if (active_span.style_id != 0) {
-                                        if (style.resolveById(active_span.style_id)) |resolved_style| {
-                                            if (resolved_style.fg) |fg| {
-                                                lineFg = fg;
-                                            }
-                                            if (resolved_style.bg) |bg| {
-                                                lineBg = bg;
-                                            }
-                                            lineAttributes |= resolved_style.attributes;
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                next_change_col = active_span.next_col;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    var finalFg = lineFg;
-                    var finalBg = lineBg;
-                    const finalAttributes = lineAttributes;
-
-                    var cell_idx: u32 = 0;
-                    while (cell_idx < g_width) : (cell_idx += 1) {
-                        if (view.getSelection()) |sel| {
-                            const isSelected = selection_offset + cell_idx >= sel.start and selection_offset + cell_idx < sel.end;
-                            if (isSelected) {
-                                if (sel.bgColor) |selBg| {
-                                    finalBg = selBg;
-                                    if (sel.fgColor) |selFg| {
-                                        finalFg = selFg;
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    const temp = lineFg;
-                                    finalFg = if (ansi.alpha(lineBg) > 0) lineBg else ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 255);
-                                    finalBg = temp;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // Skip zero-width characters (ZWJ, VS16, etc.) - don't render them
-                    // Don't increment col since they take no space
-                    if (g_width == 0) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    var drawFg = finalFg;
-                    var drawBg = finalBg;
-                    const drawAttributes = finalAttributes;
-
-                    if (drawAttributes & (1 << 5) != 0) {
-                        const temp = drawFg;
-                        drawFg = drawBg;
-                        drawBg = temp;
-                    }
-
-                    if (prefilledViewportBg) |prefilledBg| {
-                        if (rgbaEqual(drawBg, prefilledBg.bg)) {
-                            drawBg[3] = drawBg[3] & 0xff00;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // TextBuffer/Textarea typically render opaque glyphs onto a
-                    // transparent bg. Reuse the direct transparent-text write
-                    // path instead of paying for generic per-cell blending.
-                    const useTransparentTextFastPath = self.getCurrentOpacity() == 1.0 and ansi.alpha(drawBg) == 0;
-
-                    if (grapheme_bytes.len == 1 and grapheme_bytes[0] == '\t') {
-                        const tab_indicator = view.getTabIndicator();
-                        const tab_indicator_color = view.getTabIndicatorColor();
-
-                        var tab_col: u32 = 0;
-                        while (tab_col < g_width) : (tab_col += 1) {
-                            if (currentX + @as(i32, @intCast(tab_col)) >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.width))) break;
-
-                            const char = if (tab_col == 0 and tab_indicator != null) tab_indicator.? else DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR;
-                            const fg = if (tab_col == 0 and tab_indicator_color != null) tab_indicator_color.? else drawFg;
-
-                            if (useTransparentTextFastPath) {
-                                const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(currentX + @as(i32, @intCast(tab_col))), @intCast(currentY));
-                                if (self.trySetTransparentTextCellFast(index, char, fg, drawAttributes)) {
-                                    continue;
-                                }
-                            }
-
-                            self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                                @intCast(currentX + @as(i32, @intCast(tab_col))),
-                                @intCast(currentY),
-                                makeCell(char, fg, drawBg, drawAttributes),
-                            );
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        var encoded_char: u32 = 0;
-                        if (grapheme_bytes.len == 1 and g_width == 1 and grapheme_bytes[0] >= 32) {
-                            encoded_char = @as(u32, grapheme_bytes[0]);
-                        } else {
-                            const gid = self.pool.alloc(grapheme_bytes) catch |err| {
-                                logger.warn("GraphemePool.alloc FAILED for grapheme (len={d}, bytes={any}): {}", .{ grapheme_bytes.len, grapheme_bytes, err });
-                                globalCharPos += g_width;
-                                currentX += @as(i32, @intCast(g_width));
-                                col += g_width;
-                                continue;
-                            };
-                            encoded_char = gp.packGraphemeStart(gid & gp.GRAPHEME_ID_MASK, g_width);
-                        }
-
-                        if (useTransparentTextFastPath) {
-                            const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(currentX), @intCast(currentY));
-                            if (self.trySetTransparentTextCellFast(index, encoded_char, drawFg, drawAttributes)) {
-                                globalCharPos += g_width;
-                                currentX += @as(i32, @intCast(g_width));
-                                column_in_line += g_width;
-                                col += g_width;
-                                continue;
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                            @intCast(currentX),
-                            @intCast(currentY),
-                            makeCell(encoded_char, drawFg, drawBg, drawAttributes),
-                        );
-                    }
-
-                    globalCharPos += g_width;
-                    currentX += @as(i32, @intCast(g_width));
-                    column_in_line += g_width;
-                    col += g_width;
-                }
-            }
-
-            const is_last_vline_of_logical_line = (slice_idx + 1 >= virtual_lines[firstVisibleLine..lastPossibleLine].len) or
-                (virtual_lines[firstVisibleLine..lastPossibleLine][slice_idx + 1].source_line != vline.source_line);
-
-            if (is_last_vline_of_logical_line) {
-                const is_last_logical_line = vline.source_line + 1 >= total_line_count;
-                if (!is_last_logical_line) {
-                    globalCharPos += 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            currentY += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Draw an EditorView to this OptimizedBuffer
-    /// EditorView wraps TextBufferView, so we just delegate to drawTextBufferInternal
-    /// EditorView handles viewport management and returns only the visible lines
-    pub fn drawEditorView(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        editor_view: *EditorView,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-    ) void {
-        self.drawTextBufferInternal(EditorView, editor_view, x, y);
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a complete border grid in a single call.
-    /// columnOffsets and rowOffsets include an extra trailing entry so that
-    /// the range for column `i` is `[columnOffsets[i]+1 .. columnOffsets[i+1]-1]`.
-    pub fn drawGrid(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        borderChars: [*]const u32,
-        borderFg: RGBA,
-        borderBg: RGBA,
-        columnOffsets: [*]const i32,
-        columnCount: u32,
-        rowOffsets: [*]const i32,
-        rowCount: u32,
-        drawInner: bool,
-        drawOuter: bool,
-    ) void {
-        if (rowCount == 0 or columnCount == 0) return;
-        if (!drawInner and !drawOuter) return;
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        if (isFullyTransparent(opacity, borderFg, borderBg)) return;
-
-        const hChar = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-        const vChar = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)];
-        const bufWidth = self.width;
-        const bufHeight = self.height;
-        const bufWidthI32 = @as(i32, @intCast(bufWidth));
-        const bufHeightI32 = @as(i32, @intCast(bufHeight));
-
-        // Draw row-by-row: horizontal border line, then vertical borders for the row's content area
-        var rowIdx: u32 = 0;
-        while (rowIdx <= rowCount) : (rowIdx += 1) {
-            const is_outer_row = rowIdx == 0 or rowIdx == rowCount;
-            const should_draw_horizontal = if (is_outer_row) drawOuter else drawInner;
-            const borderY = rowOffsets[rowIdx];
-            if (borderY >= bufHeightI32) break;
-
-            // --- horizontal border line: intersections + fills ---
-            if (should_draw_horizontal and borderY >= 0) {
-                var colBorderIdx: u32 = 0;
-                while (colBorderIdx <= columnCount) : (colBorderIdx += 1) {
-                    const is_outer_col = colBorderIdx == 0 or colBorderIdx == columnCount;
-                    const should_draw_vertical = if (is_outer_col) drawOuter else drawInner;
-                    if (!should_draw_vertical) continue;
-
-                    const bx = columnOffsets[colBorderIdx];
-                    if (bx >= bufWidthI32) break;
-                    if (bx < 0) continue;
-
-                    const has_up = rowIdx > 0 and should_draw_vertical;
-                    const has_down = rowIdx < rowCount and should_draw_vertical;
-                    const has_left = colBorderIdx > 0;
-                    const has_right = colBorderIdx < columnCount;
-                    const intersection = tableBorderIntersectionByConnections(borderChars, has_up, has_down, has_left, has_right);
-
-                    self.setRaw(@as(u32, @intCast(bx)), @as(u32, @intCast(borderY)), .{ .char = intersection, .fg = borderFg, .bg = borderBg, .attributes = 0 });
-                }
-
-                var colIdx: u32 = 0;
-                while (colIdx < columnCount) : (colIdx += 1) {
-                    const has_boundary_after = if (colIdx < columnCount - 1) drawInner else drawOuter;
-                    const boundary_padding: i32 = if (has_boundary_after) 0 else 1;
-                    const startX = columnOffsets[colIdx] + 1;
-                    const endX = columnOffsets[colIdx + 1] + boundary_padding;
-
-                    if (startX >= bufWidthI32) break;
-                    if (endX <= 0) continue;
-
-                    const clampedStart = @as(u32, @intCast(@max(@as(i32, 0), startX)));
-                    const clampedEnd = @as(u32, @intCast(@min(bufWidthI32, endX)));
-
-                    if (clampedStart < clampedEnd) {
-                        const borderYU32 = @as(u32, @intCast(borderY));
-                        @memset(self.buffer.char[borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedStart .. borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedEnd], hChar);
-                        @memset(self.buffer.fg[borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedStart .. borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedEnd], borderFg);
-                        @memset(self.buffer.bg[borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedStart .. borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedEnd], borderBg);
-                        @memset(self.buffer.attributes[borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedStart .. borderYU32 * bufWidth + clampedEnd], 0);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (rowIdx >= rowCount) break;
-
-            // --- vertical borders for each content line in this row ---
-            const has_row_boundary_after = if (rowIdx < rowCount - 1) drawInner else drawOuter;
-            const row_boundary_padding: i32 = if (has_row_boundary_after) 0 else 1;
-            const contentStartY = borderY + 1;
-            const contentEndY = rowOffsets[rowIdx + 1] + row_boundary_padding;
-            var cy = contentStartY;
-            while (cy < contentEndY and cy < bufHeightI32) : (cy += 1) {
-                if (cy < 0) continue;
-
-                const rowBase = @as(u32, @intCast(cy)) * bufWidth;
-                var colBorderIdx: u32 = 0;
-                while (colBorderIdx <= columnCount) : (colBorderIdx += 1) {
-                    const is_outer_col = colBorderIdx == 0 or colBorderIdx == columnCount;
-                    const should_draw_vertical = if (is_outer_col) drawOuter else drawInner;
-                    if (!should_draw_vertical) continue;
-
-                    const bx = columnOffsets[colBorderIdx];
-                    if (bx >= bufWidthI32) break;
-                    if (bx < 0) continue;
-
-                    const idx = rowBase + @as(u32, @intCast(bx));
-                    self.buffer.char[idx] = vChar;
-                    self.buffer.fg[idx] = borderFg;
-                    self.buffer.bg[idx] = borderBg;
-                    self.buffer.attributes[idx] = 0;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn tableBorderIntersectionByConnections(borderChars: [*]const u32, hasUp: bool, hasDown: bool, hasLeft: bool, hasRight: bool) u32 {
-        if (hasUp and hasDown and hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.cross)];
-
-        if (!hasUp and hasDown and !hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topLeft)];
-        if (!hasUp and hasDown and hasLeft and !hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topRight)];
-        if (hasUp and !hasDown and !hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomLeft)];
-        if (hasUp and !hasDown and hasLeft and !hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomRight)];
-
-        if (hasUp and hasDown and !hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.leftT)];
-        if (hasUp and hasDown and hasLeft and !hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.rightT)];
-        if (!hasUp and hasDown and hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topT)];
-        if (hasUp and !hasDown and hasLeft and hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomT)];
-
-        if ((hasLeft or hasRight) and !hasUp and !hasDown) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-        if ((hasUp or hasDown) and !hasLeft and !hasRight) return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)];
-
-        return borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.cross)];
-    }
-
-    inline fn isSingleWidthBorderChar(char: u32) bool {
-        if (char == 0) return true;
-        if (char > MAX_UNICODE_CODEPOINT) return false;
-        return utf8.eastAsianWidth(@intCast(char)) == 1;
-    }
-
-    inline fn canUseTransparentBorderFastPath(self: *const OptimizedBuffer, borderChars: [*]const u32, borderColor: RGBA, backgroundColor: RGBA) bool {
-        // When border glyphs are width-1, opaque, and tracker-free, drawing them
-        // over a transparent background is just a direct char/fg/attrs write
-        // while keeping the destination background unchanged.
-        return self.getCurrentOpacity() == 1.0 and
-            ansi.alpha(borderColor) == 255 and
-            ansi.alpha(backgroundColor) == 0 and
-            !self.grapheme_tracker.hasAny() and
-            !self.link_tracker.hasAny() and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topLeft)]) and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topRight)]) and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomLeft)]) and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomRight)]) and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)]) and
-            isSingleWidthBorderChar(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)]);
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a box with borders and optional fill
-    pub fn drawBox(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-        borderChars: [*]const u32,
-        borderSides: BorderSides,
-        borderColor: RGBA,
-        backgroundColor: RGBA,
-        titleColor: RGBA,
-        shouldFill: bool,
-        title: ?[]const u8,
-        titleAlignment: u8, // 0=left, 1=center, 2=right
-        bottomTitle: ?[]const u8,
-        bottomTitleAlignment: u8, // 0=left, 1=center, 2=right
-    ) !void {
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-
-        const border_bg_transparent = isFullyTransparent(opacity, borderColor, backgroundColor);
-        const has_title = title != null or bottomTitle != null;
-        const title_visible = has_title and !isFullyTransparent(opacity, titleColor, backgroundColor);
-
-        if (border_bg_transparent and !title_visible) return;
-
-        const startX = @max(0, x);
-        const startY = @max(0, y);
-        const endX = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.width)) - 1, x + @as(i32, @intCast(width)) - 1);
-        const endY = @min(@as(i32, @intCast(self.height)) - 1, y + @as(i32, @intCast(height)) - 1);
-
-        if (startX > endX or startY > endY) return;
-
-        const boxWidth = @as(u32, @intCast(endX - startX + 1));
-        const boxHeight = @as(u32, @intCast(endY - startY + 1));
-        if (!self.isRectInScissor(startX, startY, boxWidth, boxHeight)) return;
-
-        const isAtActualLeft = startX == x;
-        const isAtActualRight = endX == x + @as(i32, @intCast(width)) - 1;
-        const isAtActualTop = startY == y;
-        const isAtActualBottom = endY == y + @as(i32, @intCast(height)) - 1;
-
-        const titleLayout = self.computeBoxTitleLayout(title, borderSides.top, isAtActualTop, startX, endX, width, titleAlignment);
-        const bottomTitleLayout = self.computeBoxTitleLayout(bottomTitle, borderSides.bottom, isAtActualBottom, startX, endX, width, bottomTitleAlignment);
-
-        if (shouldFill) {
-            if (!borderSides.top and !borderSides.right and !borderSides.bottom and !borderSides.left) {
-                const fillWidth = @as(u32, @intCast(endX - startX + 1));
-                const fillHeight = @as(u32, @intCast(endY - startY + 1));
-                self.fillRect(@intCast(startX), @intCast(startY), fillWidth, fillHeight, backgroundColor);
-            } else {
-                const innerStartX = startX + if (borderSides.left and isAtActualLeft) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-                const innerStartY = startY + if (borderSides.top and isAtActualTop) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-                const innerEndX = endX - if (borderSides.right and isAtActualRight) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-                const innerEndY = endY - if (borderSides.bottom and isAtActualBottom) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-
-                if (innerEndX >= innerStartX and innerEndY >= innerStartY) {
-                    const fillWidth = @as(u32, @intCast(innerEndX - innerStartX + 1));
-                    const fillHeight = @as(u32, @intCast(innerEndY - innerStartY + 1));
-                    self.fillRect(@intCast(innerStartX), @intCast(innerStartY), fillWidth, fillHeight, backgroundColor);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Special cases for extending vertical borders
-        const leftBorderOnly = borderSides.left and isAtActualLeft and !borderSides.top and !borderSides.bottom;
-        const rightBorderOnly = borderSides.right and isAtActualRight and !borderSides.top and !borderSides.bottom;
-        const bottomOnlyWithVerticals = borderSides.bottom and isAtActualBottom and !borderSides.top and (borderSides.left or borderSides.right);
-        const topOnlyWithVerticals = borderSides.top and isAtActualTop and !borderSides.bottom and (borderSides.left or borderSides.right);
-
-        const extendVerticalsToTop = leftBorderOnly or rightBorderOnly or bottomOnlyWithVerticals;
-        const extendVerticalsToBottom = leftBorderOnly or rightBorderOnly or topOnlyWithVerticals;
-        const useTransparentBorderFastPath = canUseTransparentBorderFastPath(self, borderChars, borderColor, backgroundColor);
-
-        // Draw horizontal borders
-        if (borderSides.top or borderSides.bottom) {
-            // Draw top border
-            if (borderSides.top and isAtActualTop) {
-                var drawX = startX;
-                while (drawX <= endX) : (drawX += 1) {
-                    if (startY >= 0 and startY < @as(i32, @intCast(self.height))) {
-                        if (titleLayout.shouldDraw and drawX >= titleLayout.startX and drawX <= titleLayout.endX) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-
-                        var char = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-
-                        // Handle corners
-                        if (drawX == startX and isAtActualLeft) {
-                            char = if (borderSides.left) borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topLeft)] else borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-                        } else if (drawX == endX and isAtActualRight) {
-                            char = if (borderSides.right) borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.topRight)] else borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-                        }
-
-                        if (useTransparentBorderFastPath) {
-                            const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(drawX), @intCast(startY));
-                            self.buffer.char[index] = char;
-                            self.buffer.fg[index] = borderColor;
-                            self.buffer.attributes[index] = 0;
-                        } else {
-                            self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                                @intCast(drawX),
-                                @intCast(startY),
-                                makeCell(char, borderColor, backgroundColor, 0),
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Draw bottom border
-            if (borderSides.bottom and isAtActualBottom) {
-                var drawX = startX;
-                while (drawX <= endX) : (drawX += 1) {
-                    if (endY >= 0 and endY < @as(i32, @intCast(self.height))) {
-                        if (bottomTitleLayout.shouldDraw and drawX >= bottomTitleLayout.startX and drawX <= bottomTitleLayout.endX) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-
-                        var char = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-
-                        // Handle corners
-                        if (drawX == startX and isAtActualLeft) {
-                            char = if (borderSides.left) borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomLeft)] else borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-                        } else if (drawX == endX and isAtActualRight) {
-                            char = if (borderSides.right) borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.bottomRight)] else borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.horizontal)];
-                        }
-
-                        if (useTransparentBorderFastPath) {
-                            const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(drawX), @intCast(endY));
-                            self.buffer.char[index] = char;
-                            self.buffer.fg[index] = borderColor;
-                            self.buffer.attributes[index] = 0;
-                        } else {
-                            self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                                @intCast(drawX),
-                                @intCast(endY),
-                                makeCell(char, borderColor, backgroundColor, 0),
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Draw vertical borders
-        const verticalStartY = if (extendVerticalsToTop) startY else startY + if (borderSides.top and isAtActualTop) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-        const verticalEndY = if (extendVerticalsToBottom) endY else endY - if (borderSides.bottom and isAtActualBottom) @as(i32, 1) else @as(i32, 0);
-
-        if (borderSides.left or borderSides.right) {
-            var drawY = verticalStartY;
-            while (drawY <= verticalEndY) : (drawY += 1) {
-                // Left border
-                if (borderSides.left and isAtActualLeft and startX >= 0 and startX < @as(i32, @intCast(self.width))) {
-                    if (useTransparentBorderFastPath) {
-                        const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(startX), @intCast(drawY));
-                        self.buffer.char[index] = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)];
-                        self.buffer.fg[index] = borderColor;
-                        self.buffer.attributes[index] = 0;
-                    } else {
-                        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                            @intCast(startX),
-                            @intCast(drawY),
-                            makeCell(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)], borderColor, backgroundColor, 0),
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // Right border
-                if (borderSides.right and isAtActualRight and endX >= 0 and endX < @as(i32, @intCast(self.width))) {
-                    if (useTransparentBorderFastPath) {
-                        const index = self.coordsToIndex(@intCast(endX), @intCast(drawY));
-                        self.buffer.char[index] = borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)];
-                        self.buffer.fg[index] = borderColor;
-                        self.buffer.attributes[index] = 0;
-                    } else {
-                        self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(
-                            @intCast(endX),
-                            @intCast(drawY),
-                            makeCell(borderChars[@intFromEnum(BorderCharIndex.vertical)], borderColor, backgroundColor, 0),
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (titleLayout.shouldDraw) {
-            if (title) |titleText| {
-                try self.drawText(titleText, @intCast(titleLayout.x), @intCast(startY), titleColor, backgroundColor, 0);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (bottomTitleLayout.shouldDraw) {
-            if (bottomTitle) |titleText| {
-                try self.drawText(titleText, @intCast(bottomTitleLayout.x), @intCast(endY), titleColor, backgroundColor, 0);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn computeBoxTitleLayout(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        titleText: ?[]const u8,
-        borderSide: bool,
-        isAtActualSide: bool,
-        startX: i32,
-        endX: i32,
-        width: u32,
-        alignment: u8,
-    ) BoxTitleLayout {
-        const text = titleText orelse return .{ .x = startX };
-
-        if (text.len == 0 or !borderSide or !isAtActualSide) {
-            return .{ .x = startX };
-        }
-
-        const is_ascii = utf8.isAsciiOnly(text);
-        const titleLength = @as(i32, @intCast(utf8.calculateTextWidth(text, 2, is_ascii, self.width_method)));
-        const minTitleSpace = 4;
-
-        if (@as(i32, @intCast(width)) < titleLength + minTitleSpace) {
-            return .{ .x = startX };
-        }
-
-        const padding = 2;
-        var titleX = startX + padding;
-
-        if (alignment == 1) {
-            titleX = startX + @max(padding, @divFloor(@as(i32, @intCast(width)) - titleLength, 2));
-        } else if (alignment == 2) {
-            titleX = startX + @as(i32, @intCast(width)) - padding - titleLength;
-        }
-
-        titleX = @max(startX + padding, @min(titleX, endX - titleLength));
-
-        return .{
-            .shouldDraw = true,
-            .x = titleX,
-            .startX = titleX,
-            .endX = titleX + titleLength - 1,
-        };
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a buffer of pixel data using super sampling (2x2 pixels per character cell)
-    /// alignedBytesPerRow: The number of bytes per row in the pixelData buffer, considering alignment/padding.
-    pub fn drawSuperSampleBuffer(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        posX: u32,
-        posY: u32,
-        pixelData: [*]const u8,
-        len: usize,
-        format: u8, // 0: bgra8unorm, 1: rgba8unorm
-        alignedBytesPerRow: u32,
-    ) void {
-        const bytesPerPixel = 4;
-        const isBGRA = (format == 0);
-
-        // TODO: A more robust implementation might take source width/height explicitly.
-
-        var y_cell = posY;
-        while (y_cell < self.height) : (y_cell += 1) {
-            var x_cell = posX;
-            while (x_cell < self.width) : (x_cell += 1) {
-                if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(x_cell), @intCast(y_cell))) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                const renderX: u32 = (x_cell - posX) * 2;
-                const renderY: u32 = (y_cell - posY) * 2;
-
-                const tlIndex: usize = @intCast(renderY * alignedBytesPerRow + renderX * bytesPerPixel);
-                const trIndex: usize = tlIndex + bytesPerPixel;
-                const blIndex: usize = @intCast((renderY + 1) * alignedBytesPerRow + renderX * bytesPerPixel);
-                const brIndex: usize = blIndex + bytesPerPixel;
-
-                const indices = [_]usize{ tlIndex, trIndex, blIndex, brIndex };
-
-                // Get RGBA colors for TL, TR, BL, BR
-                var pixelsRgba: [4]RGBA = undefined;
-                pixelsRgba[0] = getPixelColor(indices[0], pixelData, len, isBGRA); // TL
-                pixelsRgba[1] = getPixelColor(indices[1], pixelData, len, isBGRA); // TR
-                pixelsRgba[2] = getPixelColor(indices[2], pixelData, len, isBGRA); // BL
-                pixelsRgba[3] = getPixelColor(indices[3], pixelData, len, isBGRA); // BR
-
-                const cellResult = renderQuadrantBlock(pixelsRgba);
-
-                self.setCellWithAlphaBlending(
-                    x_cell,
-                    y_cell,
-                    cellResult.char,
-                    cellResult.fg,
-                    cellResult.bg,
-                    0,
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Draw a buffer of pixel data using pre-computed super sample results from compute shader
-    /// data contains an array of CellResult structs (48 bytes each)
-    /// Each CellResult: bg(16) + fg(16) + char(4) + padding1(4) + padding2(4) + padding3(4) = 48 bytes
-    pub fn drawPackedBuffer(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        data: [*]const u8,
-        dataLen: usize,
-        posX: u32,
-        posY: u32,
-        terminalWidthCells: u32,
-        terminalHeightCells: u32,
-    ) void {
-        const cellResultSize = 48;
-        const numCells = dataLen / cellResultSize;
-        const bufferWidthCells = terminalWidthCells;
-
-        var i: usize = 0;
-        while (i < numCells) : (i += 1) {
-            const cellDataOffset = i * cellResultSize;
-
-            const cellX = posX + @as(u32, @intCast(i % bufferWidthCells));
-            const cellY = posY + @as(u32, @intCast(i / bufferWidthCells));
-
-            if (cellX >= terminalWidthCells or cellY >= terminalHeightCells) continue;
-            if (cellX >= self.width or cellY >= self.height) continue;
-
-            if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(cellX), @intCast(cellY))) continue;
-
-            const bgPtr = @as([*]const f32, @ptrCast(@alignCast(data + cellDataOffset)));
-            const bg: RGBA = ansi.rgbaFromFloats(bgPtr[0], bgPtr[1], bgPtr[2], bgPtr[3]);
-
-            const fgPtr = @as([*]const f32, @ptrCast(@alignCast(data + cellDataOffset + 16)));
-            const fg: RGBA = ansi.rgbaFromFloats(fgPtr[0], fgPtr[1], fgPtr[2], fgPtr[3]);
-
-            const charPtr = @as([*]const u32, @ptrCast(@alignCast(data + cellDataOffset + 32)));
-            var char = charPtr[0];
-
-            if (char == 0 or char > MAX_UNICODE_CODEPOINT) {
-                char = DEFAULT_SPACE_CHAR;
-            }
-
-            if (char < 32 or (char > 126 and char < 0x2580)) {
-                char = BLOCK_CHAR;
-            }
-
-            self.setCellWithAlphaBlending(cellX, cellY, char, fg, bg, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn getGrayscaleChar(intensity: f32) u32 {
-        if (intensity < 0.01) return ' ';
-        const clamped = @min(@max(intensity, 0.0), 1.0);
-        const index: usize = @intFromFloat(clamped * @as(f32, @floatFromInt(GRAYSCALE_CHARS.len - 1)));
-        return GRAYSCALE_CHARS[index];
-    }
-
-    pub fn drawGrayscaleBuffer(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        posX: i32,
-        posY: i32,
-        intensities: [*]const f32,
-        srcWidth: u32,
-        srcHeight: u32,
-        fgColor: ?RGBA,
-        bgColor: ?RGBA,
-    ) void {
-        const bg = bgColor orelse ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-        if (srcWidth == 0 or srcHeight == 0) return;
-        if (posX >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.width)) or posY >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.height))) return;
-
-        const startX: u32 = if (posX < 0) @intCast(-posX) else 0;
-        const startY: u32 = if (posY < 0) @intCast(-posY) else 0;
-
-        const destStartX: u32 = if (posX < 0) 0 else @intCast(posX);
-        const destStartY: u32 = if (posY < 0) 0 else @intCast(posY);
-
-        if (startX >= srcWidth or startY >= srcHeight) return;
-
-        const visibleWidth = @min(srcWidth - startX, self.width - destStartX);
-        const visibleHeight = @min(srcHeight - startY, self.height - destStartY);
-
-        if (visibleWidth == 0 or visibleHeight == 0) return;
-
-        const baseFg = fgColor orelse ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255);
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        const graphemeAware = self.grapheme_tracker.hasAny();
-        const linkAware = self.link_tracker.hasAny();
-
-        var srcY: u32 = startY;
-        var destY: u32 = destStartY;
-        while (srcY < startY + visibleHeight) : ({
-            srcY += 1;
-            destY += 1;
-        }) {
-            var srcX: u32 = startX;
-            var destX: u32 = destStartX;
-            while (srcX < startX + visibleWidth) : ({
-                srcX += 1;
-                destX += 1;
-            }) {
-                if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(destX), @intCast(destY))) continue;
-
-                const srcIndex = srcY * srcWidth + srcX;
-                const intensity = intensities[srcIndex];
-
-                if (intensity < 0.01) continue;
-
-                const char = getGrayscaleChar(intensity);
-
-                const gray = @min(@max(intensity, 0.0), 1.0);
-                const fg = applyOpacity(baseFg, opacityToU8(gray * opacity));
-
-                if (graphemeAware or linkAware) {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(destX, destY, makeCell(char, fg, bg, 0));
-                } else {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingRawCell(destX, destY, makeCell(char, fg, bg, 0));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn drawGrayscaleBufferSupersampled(
-        self: *OptimizedBuffer,
-        posX: i32,
-        posY: i32,
-        intensities: [*]const f32,
-        srcWidth: u32,
-        srcHeight: u32,
-        fgColor: ?RGBA,
-        bgColor: ?RGBA,
-    ) void {
-        const bg = bgColor orelse ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-        const termWidth = srcWidth / 2;
-        const termHeight = srcHeight / 2;
-
-        if (termWidth == 0 or termHeight == 0) return;
-        if (posX >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.width)) or posY >= @as(i32, @intCast(self.height))) return;
-
-        const startX: u32 = if (posX < 0) @intCast(-posX) else 0;
-        const startY: u32 = if (posY < 0) @intCast(-posY) else 0;
-
-        const destStartX: u32 = if (posX < 0) 0 else @intCast(posX);
-        const destStartY: u32 = if (posY < 0) 0 else @intCast(posY);
-
-        if (startX >= termWidth or startY >= termHeight) return;
-
-        const visibleWidth = @min(termWidth - startX, self.width - destStartX);
-        const visibleHeight = @min(termHeight - startY, self.height - destStartY);
-
-        if (visibleWidth == 0 or visibleHeight == 0) return;
-
-        const baseFg = fgColor orelse ansi.rgbColor(255, 255, 255, 255);
-
-        const opacity = self.getCurrentOpacity();
-        const graphemeAware = self.grapheme_tracker.hasAny();
-        const linkAware = self.link_tracker.hasAny();
-
-        const maxIdx = srcHeight * srcWidth;
-        var cellY: u32 = startY;
-        var destY: u32 = destStartY;
-        while (cellY < startY + visibleHeight) : ({
-            cellY += 1;
-            destY += 1;
-        }) {
-            var cellX: u32 = startX;
-            var destX: u32 = destStartX;
-            while (cellX < startX + visibleWidth) : ({
-                cellX += 1;
-                destX += 1;
-            }) {
-                if (!self.isPointInScissor(@intCast(destX), @intCast(destY))) continue;
-
-                const qx = cellX * 2;
-                const qy = cellY * 2;
-
-                const tlIdx = qy * srcWidth + qx;
-                const trIdx = qy * srcWidth + qx + 1;
-                const blIdx = (qy + 1) * srcWidth + qx;
-                const brIdx = (qy + 1) * srcWidth + qx + 1;
-
-                const tl: f32 = if (tlIdx < maxIdx) intensities[tlIdx] else 0.0;
-                const tr: f32 = if (trIdx < maxIdx and qx + 1 < srcWidth) intensities[trIdx] else 0.0;
-                const bl: f32 = if (blIdx < maxIdx and qy + 1 < srcHeight) intensities[blIdx] else 0.0;
-                const br: f32 = if (brIdx < maxIdx and qx + 1 < srcWidth and qy + 1 < srcHeight) intensities[brIdx] else 0.0;
-
-                const avgIntensity = (tl + tr + bl + br) / 4.0;
-
-                if (avgIntensity < 0.01) continue;
-
-                const char = getGrayscaleChar(avgIntensity);
-
-                const gray = @min(@max(avgIntensity, 0.0), 1.0);
-                const fg = applyOpacity(baseFg, opacityToU8(gray * opacity));
-
-                if (graphemeAware or linkAware) {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingCell(destX, destY, makeCell(char, fg, bg, 0));
-                } else {
-                    self.setCellWithAlphaBlendingRawCell(destX, destY, makeCell(char, fg, bg, 0));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-};
-
-fn getPixelColor(idx: usize, data: [*]const u8, dataLen: usize, bgra: bool) RGBA {
-    if (idx + 3 >= dataLen) {
-        return ansi.rgbColor(255, 0, 255, 0); // Return Transparent Magenta for out-of-bounds
-    }
-    var rByte: u8 = undefined;
-    var gByte: u8 = undefined;
-    var bByte: u8 = undefined;
-    var aByte: u8 = undefined;
-
-    if (bgra) {
-        bByte = data[idx];
-        gByte = data[idx + 1];
-        rByte = data[idx + 2];
-        aByte = data[idx + 3];
-    } else { // Assume RGBA
-        rByte = data[idx];
-        gByte = data[idx + 1];
-        bByte = data[idx + 2];
-        aByte = data[idx + 3];
-    }
-
-    return ansi.rgbColor(rByte, gByte, bByte, aByte);
-}
-
-const quadrantChars = [_]u32{
-    32, // 0000
-    0x2597, // 0001 BR ░
-    0x2596, // 0010 BL ░
-    0x2584, // 0011 Lower Half Block ▄
-    0x259D, // 0100 TR ░
-    0x2590, // 0101 Right Half Block ▐
-    0x259E, // 0110 TR+BL ░
-    0x259F, // 0111 TR+BL+BR ░
-    0x2598, // 1000 TL ░
-    0x259A, // 1001 TL+BR ░
-    0x258C, // 1010 Left Half Block ▌
-    0x2599, // 1011 TL+BL+BR ░
-    0x2580, // 1100 Upper Half Block ▀
-    0x259C, // 1101 TL+TR+BR ░
-    0x259B, // 1110 TL+TR+BL ░
-    0x2588, // 1111 Full Block █
-};
-
-fn colorDistance(a: RGBA, b: RGBA) f32 {
-    const dr = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.red(a))) - @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.red(b)));
-    const dg = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.green(a))) - @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.green(b)));
-    const db = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.blue(a))) - @as(f32, @floatFromInt(ansi.blue(b)));
-    return dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db;
-}
-
-fn closestColorIndex(pixel: RGBA, candidates: [2]RGBA) u1 {
-    return if (colorDistance(pixel, candidates[0]) <= colorDistance(pixel, candidates[1])) 0 else 1;
-}
-
-fn averageColorRgba(pixels: []const RGBA) RGBA {
-    if (pixels.len == 0) return ansi.rgbColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-    var sumR: u32 = 0;
-    var sumG: u32 = 0;
-    var sumB: u32 = 0;
-    var sumA: u32 = 0;
-
-    for (pixels) |p| {
-        sumR += ansi.red(p);
-        sumG += ansi.green(p);
-        sumB += ansi.blue(p);
-        sumA += ansi.alpha(p);
-    }
-
-    const len: u32 = @intCast(pixels.len);
-    return ansi.rgbColor(
-        @intCast((sumR + len / 2) / len),
-        @intCast((sumG + len / 2) / len),
-        @intCast((sumB + len / 2) / len),
-        @intCast((sumA + len / 2) / len),
-    );
-}
-
-fn luminance(color: RGBA) f32 {
-    return 0.2126 * ansi.redF(color) + 0.7152 * ansi.greenF(color) + 0.0722 * ansi.blueF(color);
-}
-
-pub const QuadrantResult = struct {
-    char: u32,
-    fg: RGBA,
-    bg: RGBA,
-};
-
-// Calculate the quadrant block character and colors from RGBA pixels
-fn renderQuadrantBlock(pixels: [4]RGBA) QuadrantResult {
-    // 1. Find the most different pair of pixels
-    var p_idxA: u3 = 0;
-    var p_idxB: u3 = 1;
-    var maxDist = colorDistance(pixels[0], pixels[1]);
-
-    inline for (0..4) |i| {
-        inline for ((i + 1)..4) |j| {
-            const dist = colorDistance(pixels[i], pixels[j]);
-            if (dist > maxDist) {
-                p_idxA = @intCast(i);
-                p_idxB = @intCast(j);
-                maxDist = dist;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    const p_candA = pixels[p_idxA];
-    const p_candB = pixels[p_idxB];
-
-    // 2. Determine chosen_dark_color and chosen_light_color based on luminance
-    var chosen_dark_color: RGBA = undefined;
-    var chosen_light_color: RGBA = undefined;
-
-    if (luminance(p_candA) <= luminance(p_candB)) {
-        chosen_dark_color = p_candA;
-        chosen_light_color = p_candB;
-    } else {
-        chosen_dark_color = p_candB;
-        chosen_light_color = p_candA;
-    }
-
-    // 3. Classify quadrants and build quadrantBits
-    var quadrantBits: u4 = 0;
-    const bitValues = [_]u4{ 8, 4, 2, 1 };
-
-    inline for (0..4) |i| {
-        const pixelRgba = pixels[i];
-        if (closestColorIndex(pixelRgba, .{ chosen_dark_color, chosen_light_color }) == 0) {
-            quadrantBits |= bitValues[i];
-        }
-    }
-
-    // 4. Construct Result
-    if (quadrantBits == 0) { // All light
-        return .{
-            .char = 32,
-            .fg = chosen_dark_color,
-            .bg = averageColorRgba(pixels[0..4]),
-        };
-    } else if (quadrantBits == 15) { // All dark
-        return .{
-            .char = quadrantChars[15],
-            .fg = averageColorRgba(pixels[0..4]),
-            .bg = chosen_light_color,
-        };
-    } else { // Mixed pattern
-        return .{
-            .char = quadrantChars[quadrantBits],
-            .fg = chosen_dark_color,
-            .bg = chosen_light_color,
-        };
-    }
-}