@wireio/stake 0.4.2 → 0.4.69

package/src/networks/solana/solana.ts

@@ -1,21 +1,32 @@
 import {
+    AddressLookupTableAccount,
     Commitment,
     ComputeBudgetProgram,
     Connection,
     ConnectionConfig,
+    PerfSample,
+    SendTransactionError,
     PublicKey as SolPubKey,
+    SystemProgram,
     Transaction,
+    TransactionInstruction,
+    TransactionMessage,
     TransactionSignature,
+    VersionedTransaction,
 } from '@solana/web3.js';
-import { AnchorProvider } from '@coral-xyz/anchor';
+import { AnchorProvider, BN } from '@coral-xyz/anchor';
 import { BaseSignerWalletAdapter } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-base';
 import {
     ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
+    createAssociatedTokenAccountInstruction,
     getAssociatedTokenAddressSync,
     TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
 } from '@solana/spl-token';
 
+import * as multisig from "@sqds/multisig";
+
 import {
+    Base58,
     ChainID,
     ExternalNetwork,
     KeyType,
@@ -26,28 +37,33 @@ import {
 import {
     IStakingClient,
     Portfolio,
+    SquadsXConfig,
     StakerConfig,
     TrancheSnapshot,
 } from '../../types';
 
-import { DepositClient } from './clients/deposit.client';
+import { ConvertClient } from './clients/convert.client';
 import { DistributionClient } from './clients/distribution.client';
 import { LeaderboardClient } from './clients/leaderboard.client';
 import { OutpostClient } from './clients/outpost.client';
 import { TokenClient } from './clients/token.client';
 
 import {
-    deriveLiqsolMintPda,
-    deriveReservePoolPda,
-    deriveVaultPda,
+    DEFAULT_AVERAGE_PAY_RATE,
     INDEX_SCALE,
+    PAY_RATE_SCALE_FACTOR,
 } from './constants';
 
-import { buildSolanaTrancheSnapshot } from './utils';
-import { SolanaTransaction } from './types';
+import { buildSolanaTrancheSnapshot, ceilDiv } from './utils';
+import { GlobalConfig, PayRateEntry, SolanaTransaction } from './types';
+import { WithdrawReceipt } from '../../types';
+import { SolanaProgramService } from './program';
+import bs58 from 'bs58';
 
 const commitment: Commitment = 'confirmed';
 
+export const SCALE = new BN('1000000000000');
+
 /**
  * Solana implementation of IStakingClient.
  *
@@ -64,11 +80,15 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
     public connection: Connection;
     public anchor: AnchorProvider;
 
-    public depositClient: DepositClient;
+    public convertClient: ConvertClient;
     public distributionClient: DistributionClient;
     public leaderboardClient: LeaderboardClient;
     public outpostClient: OutpostClient;
     public tokenClient: TokenClient;
+    public program: SolanaProgramService
+
+    private smartAccount?: SolPubKey; // PDA (off-curve)
+    private signer?: SolPubKey;       // on-curve signer
 
     get solPubKey(): SolPubKey {
         if (!this.pubKey) throw new Error('pubKey is undefined');
@@ -79,6 +99,18 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
         return this.config.network;
     }
 
+    get feePayer(): SolPubKey {
+        if (this.signer) return this.signer;
+        // fallback for normal wallets
+        if (this.anchor.wallet.publicKey) return this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+        throw new Error('No signing authority available');
+    }
+
+    get squadsX(): SquadsXConfig | null {
+        const config = this.config.extras?.squadsX;
+        return config ?? null;
+    }
+
     constructor(private config: StakerConfig) {
         const adapter = config.provider as BaseSignerWalletAdapter | undefined;
 
@@ -177,11 +209,13 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
             commitment,
         });
 
-        this.depositClient = new DepositClient(this.anchor);
-        this.distributionClient = new DistributionClient(this.anchor);
-        this.leaderboardClient = new LeaderboardClient(this.anchor);
-        this.outpostClient = new OutpostClient(this.anchor);
-        this.tokenClient = new TokenClient(this.anchor);
+        this.program = new SolanaProgramService(this.anchor, config.network.chainId as SolChainID);
+
+        this.convertClient = new ConvertClient(this.anchor, this.program);
+        this.distributionClient = new DistributionClient(this.anchor, this.program);
+        this.leaderboardClient = new LeaderboardClient(this.anchor, this.program);
+        this.outpostClient = new OutpostClient(this.anchor, this.program);
+        this.tokenClient = new TokenClient(this.anchor, this.program);
     }
 
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -194,18 +228,19 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      */
     async deposit(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
         this.ensureUser();
-        if (amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+        if (amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
             throw new Error('Deposit amount must be greater than zero.');
-        }
 
-        const tx = await this.depositClient.buildDepositTx(amountLamports);
-        const { tx: prepared, blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
-            await this.prepareTx(tx);
-        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared);
-        return await this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, {
-            blockhash,
-            lastValidBlockHeight,
-        });
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.convertClient.buildDepositTx(amountLamports, this.squadsVaultPDA)
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix)
+
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to deposit Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -220,41 +255,90 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      */
     async withdraw(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
         this.ensureUser();
-        if (amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+        if (amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
             throw new Error('Withdraw amount must be greater than zero.');
-        }
 
-        const tx = await this.depositClient.buildWithdrawTx(amountLamports);
-        const { tx: prepared, blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
-            await this.prepareTx(tx);
-        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared);
-        return await this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, {
-            blockhash,
-            lastValidBlockHeight,
-        });
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.convertClient.buildWithdrawTx(amountLamports, this.squadsVaultPDA)
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix)
+
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to withdraw Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Stake liqSOL into Outpost (liqSOL → pool) via liqsol_core::synd.
+     * Enumerate withdrawal receipt NFTs held by the user (queued/ready/claimed).
+     * Mirrors the ETH getPendingWithdraws helper for UI parity.
      */
-    async stake(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
+    async getPendingWithdraws(address?: string): Promise<WithdrawReceipt[]> {
         this.ensureUser();
+        const owner = address ? new SolPubKey(address) :
+            this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+        return await this.convertClient.fetchWithdrawReceipts(owner);
+    }
 
-        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
-            throw new Error('Stake amount must be greater than zero.');
+    /**
+     * Claim a withdrawal receipt (burn NFT + receive SOL) via claim_withdraw.
+     */
+    async claimWithdraw(tokenId: bigint): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        const owner = this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.convertClient.buildClaimWithdrawTx(tokenId, owner);
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix);
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to claim withdraw on Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
         }
+    }
 
-        const user = this.solPubKey;
-
-        // Build the Outpost synd instruction
-        const ix = await this.outpostClient.buildStakeIx(amountLamports, user);
+    /**
+     * Claim accrued liqSOL distribution rewards (liqsol_core::claim_rewards).
+     */
+    async claimLiqsolRewards(): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        const owner = this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.distributionClient.buildClaimRewardsIx(owner);
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix);
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to claim liqSOL rewards on Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
 
-        // Wrap in a transaction and send
-        const tx = new Transaction().add(ix);
-        const prepared = await this.prepareTx(tx);
-        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared.tx);
+    /**
+     * Stake liqSOL into Outpost (liqSOL → pool) via liqsol_core::synd.
+     */
+    async stake(amountLamports: bigint, wireAccount?: string): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
+            throw new Error('Stake amount must be greater than zero.');
 
-        return this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, prepared);
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.outpostClient.buildStakeIx(
+                amountLamports,
+                this.squadsVaultPDA,
+                wireAccount,
+            )
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix)
+
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to stake Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -262,22 +346,19 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      */
     async unstake(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
         this.ensureUser();
-
-        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
             throw new Error('Unstake amount must be greater than zero.');
-        }
-
-        const user = this.solPubKey;
-
-        // Build the Outpost desynd instruction
-        const ix = await this.outpostClient.buildUnstakeIx(amountLamports, user);
-
-        // Wrap in a transaction and send
-        const tx = new Transaction().add(ix);
-        const prepared = await this.prepareTx(tx);
-        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared.tx);
 
-        return this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, prepared);
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.outpostClient.buildUnstakeIx(amountLamports, this.squadsVaultPDA)
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix)
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to unstake Solana: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -288,21 +369,83 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      */
     async buy(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
         this.ensureUser();
-        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
             throw new Error('liqSOL pretoken purchase requires a positive amount.');
+
+        try {
+            const ix = await this.tokenClient.buildPurchaseIx(amountLamports, this.squadsVaultPDA)
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs(ix)
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx(ix)
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to buy liqSOL pretokens: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
         }
+    }
 
-        const user = this.solPubKey;
-        const cuIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 400_000 });
-        const ix = await this.tokenClient.buildPurchaseIx(amountLamports, user);
-        const tx = new Transaction().add(cuIx, ix);
-        const { tx: prepared, blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
-            await this.prepareTx(tx);
-        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared);
-        return await this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, {
-            blockhash,
-            lastValidBlockHeight,
-        });
+    /** Deposit SOL to liqSOL, then syndicate that liqSOL in one transaction. Requires enough SOL for the deposit fee. */
+    async depositAndStake(amountLamports: bigint, wireAccount?: string): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
+            throw new Error('Amount must be greater than zero.');
+
+        try {
+            const user = this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+            const depositIx = await this.convertClient.buildDepositTx(amountLamports, user);
+            const stakeIx = await this.outpostClient.buildStakeIx(
+                amountLamports,
+                user,
+                wireAccount,
+            );
+
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs([depositIx, stakeIx])
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx([depositIx, stakeIx]);
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to deposit and stake: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Deposit SOL to liqSOL, then buy pretokens with that liqSOL in one transaction. Requires enough SOL for the deposit fee. */
+    async depositAndBuy(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
+            throw new Error('Amount must be greater than zero.');
+
+        try {
+            const user = this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+            const depositIx = await this.convertClient.buildDepositTx(amountLamports, user);
+            const purchaseIx = await this.tokenClient.buildPurchaseIx(amountLamports, user);
+
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs([depositIx, purchaseIx])
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx([depositIx, purchaseIx]);
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to deposit and buy: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Desyndicate liqSOL, then request withdraw in one transaction. */
+    async unstakeAndWithdraw(amountLamports: bigint): Promise<string> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+        if (!amountLamports || amountLamports <= BigInt(0))
+            throw new Error('Amount must be greater than zero.');
+
+        try {
+            const user = this.squadsVaultPDA ?? this.anchor.wallet.publicKey;
+            const unstakeIx = await this.outpostClient.buildUnstakeIx(amountLamports, user);
+            const withdrawIx = await this.convertClient.buildWithdrawTx(amountLamports, user);
+
+            return !!this.squadsX
+                ? await this.sendSquadsIxs([unstakeIx, withdrawIx])
+                : await this.buildAndSendIx([unstakeIx, withdrawIx]);
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to unstake and withdraw: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -314,143 +457,156 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      *  - yield: on-chain index/shares plus an estimated accrued liqSOL yield
      *  - extras: useful internal addresses and raw state for debugging/UX
      */
-    async getPortfolio(): Promise<Portfolio> {
-        if (!this.pubKey) throw new Error('User pubKey is undefined');
-
-        const user = this.solPubKey;
-
-        const reservePoolPDA = deriveReservePoolPda();
-        const vaultPDA = deriveVaultPda();
-        const liqsolMint = deriveLiqsolMintPda();
-
-        const userLiqsolAta = getAssociatedTokenAddressSync(
-            liqsolMint,
-            user,
-            false,
-            TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
-            ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
-        );
-
-        // NOTE:
-        //  - nativeLamports: wallet SOL
-        //  - actualBalResp: liqSOL balance in user ATA
-        //  - snapshot: Outpost + pretokens + global index/shares
-        const [nativeLamports, actualBalResp, snapshot] = await Promise.all([
-            this.connection.getBalance(user, 'confirmed'),
-            this.connection
-                .getTokenAccountBalance(userLiqsolAta, 'confirmed')
-                .catch(() => null),
-            this.outpostClient.fetchWireState(user).catch(() => null),
-        ]);
+    async getPortfolio(address?: string): Promise<Portfolio> {
+        // if (!this.pubKey) throw new Error('User pubKey is undefined');
+        try {
+            const user = address ? new SolPubKey(address) : 
+                !!this.squadsX ? this.squadsVaultPDA! : this.solPubKey;
+
+            const reservePoolPDA = this.program.deriveReservePoolPda();
+            const vaultPDA = this.program.deriveVaultPda();
+            const liqsolMint = this.program.deriveLiqsolMintPda();
+
+            const userLiqsolAta = getAssociatedTokenAddressSync(
+                liqsolMint,
+                user,
+                true,
+                TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
+                ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
+            );
 
-        const LIQSOL_DECIMALS = 9;
-
-        const actualAmountStr = actualBalResp?.value?.amount ?? '0';
-
-        const globalState = snapshot?.globalState ?? null;
-        const outpostAccount = snapshot?.outpostAccount ?? null;
-        const trancheState = snapshot?.trancheState ?? null;
-        const userPretokenRecord = snapshot?.userPretokenRecord ?? null;
-
-        // -----------------------------
-        //  Staked liqSOL (Outpost)
-        // -----------------------------
-        // This is the liqSOL that has been syndicated into Outpost via `synd`.
-        // It lives on the outpost account as `stakedLiqsol`.
-        const stakedLiqsolStr =
-            outpostAccount?.stakedLiqsol?.toString?.() ?? '0';
-
-        // -----------------------------
-        //  WIRE pretokens (1e8 scale)
-        // -----------------------------
-        // This is NOT stake — it’s the prelaunch WIRE position.
-        const wirePretokensStr =
-            userPretokenRecord?.totalPretokensPurchased?.toString?.() ??
-            '0';
-
-        // -----------------------------
-        //  Yield view (index + shares)
-        // -----------------------------
-        // We expose:
-        //  - currentIndex: globalState.currentIndex (1e12 scale)
-        //  - totalShares:  globalState.totalShares
-        //  - userShares:   outpostAccount.stakedShares
-        //  - estimatedClaimLiqsol: floor(userShares * index / INDEX_SCALE)
-        //  - estimatedYieldLiqsol: max(0, estimatedClaim - stakedLiqsol)
-        //
-        // This matches the capital-staking math:
-        //   sharesToTokens(shares, index) = shares * index / INDEX_SCALE
-        const currentIndexStr =
-            globalState?.currentIndex?.toString?.() ?? '0';
-        const totalSharesStr =
-            globalState?.totalShares?.toString?.() ?? '0';
-        const userSharesStr =
-            outpostAccount?.stakedShares?.toString?.() ?? '0';
-
-        const stakedLiqsol = BigInt(stakedLiqsolStr);
-        const currentIndex = BigInt(currentIndexStr);
-        const totalShares = BigInt(totalSharesStr);
-        const userShares = BigInt(userSharesStr);
-
-        let estimatedClaimLiqsol = BigInt(0);
-        let estimatedYieldLiqsol = BigInt(0);
-
-        if (userShares > BigInt(0) && currentIndex > BigInt(0)) {
-            // sharesToTokens(userShares, currentIndex)
-            estimatedClaimLiqsol = (userShares * currentIndex) / INDEX_SCALE;
-
-            if (estimatedClaimLiqsol > stakedLiqsol) {
-                estimatedYieldLiqsol = estimatedClaimLiqsol - stakedLiqsol;
+            // NOTE:
+            //  - nativeLamports: wallet SOL
+            //  - actualBalResp: liqSOL balance in user ATA
+            //  - snapshot: Outpost + pretokens + global index/shares
+            const [nativeLamports, actualBalResp, snapshot, claimableLamports] = await Promise.all([
+                this.connection.getBalance(user, 'confirmed'),
+                this.connection
+                    .getTokenAccountBalance(userLiqsolAta, 'confirmed')
+                    .catch(() => null),
+                this.outpostClient.fetchWireState(user).catch(() => null),
+                this.distributionClient.getClaimableLiqsol(user).catch(() => new BN(0)),
+            ]);
+
+            const LIQSOL_DECIMALS = 9;
+
+            const actualAmountStr = actualBalResp?.value?.amount ?? '0';
+
+            const globalState = snapshot?.globalState ?? null;
+            const outpostAccount = snapshot?.outpostAccount ?? null;
+            const trancheState = snapshot?.trancheState ?? null;
+            const userPretokenRecord = snapshot?.userPretokenRecord ?? null;
+
+            // -----------------------------
+            //  Staked liqSOL (Outpost)
+            // -----------------------------
+            // This is the liqSOL that has been syndicated into Outpost via `synd`.
+            // It lives on the outpost account as `stakedLiqsol`.
+            const stakedLiqsolStr =
+                outpostAccount?.stakedLiqsol?.toString?.() ?? '0';
+
+            // -----------------------------
+            //  WIRE pretokens (1e8 scale)
+            // -----------------------------
+            // This is NOT stake — it’s the prelaunch WIRE position.
+            const wirePretokensStr =
+                userPretokenRecord?.totalPretokensPurchased?.toString?.() ??
+                '0';
+
+            // -----------------------------
+            //  Yield view (index + shares)
+            // -----------------------------
+            // We expose:
+            //  - currentIndex: globalState.currentIndex (1e12 scale)
+            //  - totalShares:  globalState.totalShares
+            //  - userShares:   outpostAccount.stakedShares
+            //  - estimatedClaimLiqsol: floor(userShares * index / INDEX_SCALE)
+            //  - estimatedYield: max(0, estimatedClaim - stakedLiqsol)
+            //
+            // This matches the capital-staking math:
+            //   sharesToTokens(shares, index) = shares * index / INDEX_SCALE
+            const currentIndexStr =
+                globalState?.currentIndex?.toString?.() ?? '0';
+            const totalSharesStr =
+                globalState?.totalShares?.toString?.() ?? '0';
+            const userSharesStr =
+                outpostAccount?.stakedShares?.toString?.() ?? '0';
+
+            const stakedLiqsol = BigInt(stakedLiqsolStr);
+            const currentIndex = BigInt(currentIndexStr);
+            const totalShares = BigInt(totalSharesStr);
+            const userShares = BigInt(userSharesStr);
+
+            let estimatedClaim = BigInt(0);
+            let estimatedYield = BigInt(0);
+
+            if (userShares > BigInt(0) && currentIndex > BigInt(0)) {
+                // sharesToTokens(userShares, currentIndex)
+                estimatedClaim = (userShares * currentIndex) / INDEX_SCALE;
+
+                if (estimatedClaim > stakedLiqsol) {
+                    estimatedYield = estimatedClaim - stakedLiqsol;
+                }
             }
-        }
 
-        return {
-            native: {
-                amount: BigInt(nativeLamports),
-                symbol: 'SOL',
-                decimals: 9,
-            },
-            liq: {
-                amount: BigInt(actualAmountStr),
-                symbol: 'LiqSOL',
-                decimals: LIQSOL_DECIMALS,
-                ata: userLiqsolAta,
-            },
-            staked: {
-                // liqSOL staked in Outpost via `synd`
-                amount: stakedLiqsol,
-                symbol: 'LiqSOL',
-                decimals: LIQSOL_DECIMALS,
-            },
-            wire: {
-                // Prelaunch WIRE pretokens (1e8 scale)
-                amount: BigInt(wirePretokensStr),
-                symbol: '$WIRE',
-                decimals: 8,
-            },
-            yield: {
-                // Raw primitives so the frontend can display curves, charts, etc.
-                currentIndex,
-                indexScale: INDEX_SCALE,
-                totalShares,
-                userShares,
-                // liqSOL amounts (lamports) implied by index/shares
-                estimatedClaimLiqsol,
-                estimatedYieldLiqsol,
-            },
-            extras: {
-                userLiqsolAta: userLiqsolAta.toBase58(),
-                reservePoolPDA: reservePoolPDA.toBase58(),
-                vaultPDA: vaultPDA.toBase58(),
-                globalIndex: globalState?.currentIndex?.toString(),
-                totalShares: globalState?.totalShares?.toString(),
-                currentTrancheNumber:
-                    trancheState?.currentTrancheNumber?.toString(),
-                currentTranchePriceUsd:
-                    trancheState?.currentTranchePriceUsd?.toString(), // 1e8 USD
-            },
-            chainID: this.network.chainId,
-        };
+            return {
+                native: {
+                    amount: BigInt(nativeLamports),
+                    symbol: 'SOL',
+                    decimals: 9,
+                },
+                liq: {
+                    amount: BigInt(actualAmountStr),
+                    symbol: 'LiqSOL',
+                    decimals: LIQSOL_DECIMALS,
+                    ata: userLiqsolAta,
+                },
+                claimable: {
+                    amount: BigInt(claimableLamports.toString()),
+                    symbol: 'LiqSOL',
+                    decimals: LIQSOL_DECIMALS,
+                    ata: userLiqsolAta,
+                },
+                staked: {
+                    // liqSOL staked in Outpost via `synd`
+                    amount: stakedLiqsol,
+                    symbol: 'LiqSOL',
+                    decimals: LIQSOL_DECIMALS,
+                },
+                wire: {
+                    // Prelaunch WIRE pretokens (1e8 scale)
+                    amount: BigInt(wirePretokensStr),
+                    symbol: '$WIRE',
+                    decimals: 8,
+                },
+                yield: {
+                    // Raw primitives so the frontend can display curves, charts, etc.
+                    currentIndex,
+                    indexScale: INDEX_SCALE,
+                    totalShares,
+                    userShares,
+                    // liqSOL amounts (lamports) implied by index/shares
+                    estimatedClaim,
+                    estimatedYield,
+                },
+                extras: {
+                    userLiqsolAta: userLiqsolAta.toBase58(),
+                    reservePoolPDA: reservePoolPDA.toBase58(),
+                    vaultPDA: vaultPDA.toBase58(),
+                    globalIndex: globalState?.currentIndex?.toString(),
+                    totalShares: globalState?.totalShares?.toString(),
+                    currentTrancheNumber:
+                        trancheState?.currentTrancheNumber?.toString(),
+                    currentTranchePriceUsd:
+                        trancheState?.currentTranchePriceUsd?.toString(), // 1e8 USD
+                },
+                chainID: this.network.chainId,
+            };
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to get Solana portfolio: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -462,102 +618,184 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
         return this.distributionClient.getUserRecord(this.solPubKey);
     }
 
-    
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // READ-ONLY Public Methods
+    // SquadsX Helpers
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    // Estimated total APY for staking yeild
-    getSystemAPY(): Promise<number> {
-        // TODO
-        return Promise.resolve(0);
+    get squadsMultisigPDA(): SolPubKey | undefined {
+        if (!this.squadsX) return undefined;
+        return new SolPubKey(this.squadsX.multisigPDA);
     }
 
-    // Protocol fee charged for deposit from Native to LIQ
-    getDepositFee(amount: bigint): Promise<bigint> {
-        // TODO
-        return Promise.resolve(BigInt(0));
+    get squadsVaultPDA(): SolPubKey | undefined {
+        if (!this.squadsX || !this.squadsMultisigPDA) return undefined;
+        const multisigPda = this.squadsMultisigPDA;
+        const index = this.squadsX.vaultIndex ?? 0;
+        const pda = multisig.getVaultPda({ multisigPda, index });
+        return pda[0];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Unified, chain-agnostic tranche snapshot for Solana.
-     *
-     * Uses:
-     *  - liqsol_core.globalState (currentIndex, totalShares, etc.)
-     *  - liqsol_core.trancheState (price, supply, total sold, etc.)
-     *  - PriceHistory/Chainlink SOL/USD via TokenClient.getSolPriceUsdSafe()
-     *
-     * This is READ-ONLY and works even with no connected wallet.
-     */
-    async getTrancheSnapshot(options?: {
-        chainID?: ChainID;
-        windowBefore?: number;
-        windowAfter?: number;
-    }): Promise<TrancheSnapshot> {
-        const {
-            chainID = SolChainID.WireTestnet,
-            windowBefore,
-            windowAfter,
-        } = options ?? {};
-
-        const [globalState, trancheState] = await Promise.all([
-            this.tokenClient.fetchGlobalState(),
-            this.tokenClient.fetchTrancheState(),
-        ]);
+    /** Create a Squads vault transaction/proposal for one or more instructions. */
+    private async sendSquadsIxs(ix: TransactionInstruction | TransactionInstruction[]): Promise<string> {
+        if (!this.squadsX) throw new Error('Attempting to wrap Squads instruction without SquadsX config');
+
+        const ixs = Array.isArray(ix) ? ix : [ix];
+        const multisigPda = this.squadsMultisigPDA!;
+        const vaultPda = this.squadsVaultPDA!;
+        const vaultIndex = this.squadsX?.vaultIndex ?? 0;
+        const creator = this.solPubKey;
+
+        const ms = await multisig.accounts.Multisig.fromAccountAddress(this.connection, multisigPda);
+        const current = BigInt(ms.transactionIndex?.toString() ?? 0);
+        const transactionIndex = current + BigInt(1);
+
+        const altAddress = this.program.PROGRAM_IDS.ALT;
+        const altAccount = await this.connection.getAddressLookupTable(altAddress);
+        if (!altAccount.value) throw new Error("ALT not found on-chain or not yet active.");
+
+        const lookupTable: AddressLookupTableAccount = altAccount.value;
+        const computeLimitIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 600_000 });
+        const computePriceIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ microLamports: 2000 });
+
+        const { blockhash } = await this.connection.getLatestBlockhash("confirmed");
+        const transactionMessage = new TransactionMessage({
+            payerKey: vaultPda,
+            recentBlockhash: blockhash,
+            instructions: [computeLimitIx, computePriceIx, ...ixs],
+        });
 
-        const { price: solPriceUsd, timestamp } =
-            await this.tokenClient.getSolPriceUsdSafe();
-
-        return buildSolanaTrancheSnapshot({
-            chainID,
-            globalState,
-            trancheState,
-            solPriceUsd,
-            nativePriceTimestamp: timestamp,
-            ladderWindowBefore: windowBefore,
-            ladderWindowAfter: windowAfter,
+        const createVaultTxIx = await multisig.instructions.vaultTransactionCreate({
+            multisigPda,
+            transactionIndex,
+            creator,
+            vaultIndex,
+            transactionMessage,
+            ephemeralSigners: 0,
+            addressLookupTableAccounts: [lookupTable],
         });
+
+        const vaultTransactionCreate = await this.buildAndSendIx(createVaultTxIx)
+        console.log('SQUADSX: vaultTransactionCreate', vaultTransactionCreate);
+
+        const createProposalIx = await multisig.instructions.proposalCreate({
+            multisigPda,
+            transactionIndex,
+            creator,
+        });
+
+        const proposalCreate = await this.buildAndSendIx(createProposalIx)
+        console.log('SQUADSX: proposalCreate', proposalCreate);
+
+        return proposalCreate;
     }
 
+    // async finish(multisigPda: string, transactionIndex: number): Promise<void> {
+    //     const vaultExecute = await multisig.instructions.vaultTransactionExecute({
+    //         connection: this.connection,
+    //         multisigPda: new SolPubKey(multisigPda),
+    //         transactionIndex: BigInt(transactionIndex),
+    //         member: this.solPubKey
+    //     });
+
+    //     const cuIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 400_000 });
+    //     const tx1 = new Transaction().add(cuIx, vaultExecute.instruction);
+    //     const prepared1 = await this.prepareTx(tx1);
+    //     const signed1 = await this.signTransaction(prepared1.tx);
+    //     const sent1 = await this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed1, prepared1);
+    //     console.log('SENT FINISH', sent1);
+    // }
+
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Tx helpers
     // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+    async buildAndSendIx(ix: TransactionInstruction | TransactionInstruction[]): Promise<string> {
+        const ixs = Array.isArray(ix) ? ix : [ix];
+        const computeLimitIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 600_000 });
+        const computePriceIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ microLamports: 2000 });
+        const { blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
+            await this.connection.getLatestBlockhash('confirmed');
+
+        const altAddress = this.program.PROGRAM_IDS.ALT;
+        const altAccount = await this.connection.getAddressLookupTable(altAddress);
+        const lookupTable = altAccount.value;
+
+        const instructions = [computeLimitIx, computePriceIx, ...ixs];
+
+        const tx = lookupTable
+            ? new VersionedTransaction(
+                new TransactionMessage({
+                    payerKey: this.feePayer,
+                    recentBlockhash: blockhash,
+                    instructions,
+                }).compileToV0Message([lookupTable]),
+            )
+            : new Transaction().add(...instructions);
+
+        const prepared =
+            tx instanceof Transaction
+                ? await this.prepareTx(tx)
+                : { tx, blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight };
+
+        const signed = await this.signTransaction(prepared.tx);
+
+        return this.sendAndConfirmHttp(signed, prepared);
+    }
+
+
     /**
-     * Send a signed transaction over HTTP RPC and wait for confirmation.
-     * Throws if the transaction fails.
+     * Send a signed transaction over HTTP RPC.
+     *
+     * - Returns immediately on successful sendRawTransaction.
+     * - If sendRawTransaction throws a SendTransactionError with
+     *   "already been processed", we treat it as success and
+     *   just return a derived signature.
+     * - No confirmTransaction / polling / blockheight handling.
      */
     private async sendAndConfirmHttp(
         signed: SolanaTransaction,
-        ctx: { blockhash: string; lastValidBlockHeight: number },
+        _ctx: { blockhash: string; lastValidBlockHeight: number },
     ): Promise<string> {
         this.ensureUser();
 
-        const signature = await this.connection.sendRawTransaction(
-            signed.serialize(),
-            {
+        const rawTx = signed.serialize();
+
+        try {
+            // Normal happy path: RPC accepts the tx and returns a signature
+            const signature = await this.connection.sendRawTransaction(rawTx, {
                 skipPreflight: false,
                 preflightCommitment: commitment,
                 maxRetries: 3,
-            },
-        );
+            });
+            return signature;
+        } catch (e: any) {
+            const msg = e?.message ?? '';
+            const isSendTxError =
+                e instanceof SendTransactionError || e?.name === 'SendTransactionError';
+
+            // Benign duplicate case: tx is already in the ledger / cache
+            if (isSendTxError && msg.includes('already been processed')) {
+                console.warn(
+                    'sendRawTransaction reports "already been processed"; ' +
+                    'treating as success without further confirmation.',
+                );
 
-        const conf = await this.connection.confirmTransaction(
-            {
-                signature,
-                blockhash: ctx.blockhash,
-                lastValidBlockHeight: ctx.lastValidBlockHeight,
-            },
-            commitment,
-        );
+                // Try to derive a signature from the signed Transaction.
+                // If SolanaTransaction is a legacy Transaction, this works.
+                const legacy = signed as unknown as Transaction;
+                const first = legacy.signatures?.[0]?.signature;
 
-        if (conf.value.err) {
-            throw new Error(
-                `Transaction failed: ${JSON.stringify(conf.value.err)}`,
-            );
-        }
+                if (first) {
+                    return bs58.encode(first);
+                }
+
+                // Fallback: return a dummy string
+                return 'already-processed';
+            }
 
-        return signature;
+            // Any other send error is a real failure
+            throw e;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -595,7 +833,7 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
         const { blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
             await this.connection.getLatestBlockhash('confirmed');
         tx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
-        tx.feePayer = this.solPubKey;
+        tx.feePayer = this.feePayer;
         return { tx, blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight };
     }
 
@@ -604,16 +842,414 @@ export class SolanaStakingClient implements IStakingClient {
      * Ensures we have a Wire pubKey and an Anchor wallet pubKey, and that they match.
      */
     ensureUser() {
-        if (!this.pubKey || !this.anchor.wallet.publicKey) {
-            throw new Error('User Authorization required: pubKey is undefined');
+        if (!this.pubKey) throw new Error('User pubKey is undefined');
+
+        const wallet = this.anchor?.wallet as any;
+        const pk = wallet?.publicKey as SolPubKey | undefined;
+
+        if (!pk) throw new Error('Wallet not connected');
+        if (typeof wallet.signTransaction !== 'function') {
+            throw new Error('Wallet does not support signTransaction');
         }
+
+        // if (!this.pubKey || !this.anchor.wallet.publicKey) {
+        //     throw new Error('User Authorization required: pubKey is undefined');
+        // }
+        // if (
+        //     this.solPubKey.toBase58() !==
+        //     this.anchor.wallet.publicKey.toBase58()
+        // ) {
+        //     throw new Error(
+        //         'Write access requires connected wallet to match pubKey',
+        //     );
+        // }
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // READ-ONLY Public Methods
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Unified, chain-agnostic tranche snapshot for Solana.
+     *
+     * Uses:
+     *  - liqsol_core.globalState (currentIndex, totalShares, etc.)
+     *  - liqsol_core.trancheState (price, supply, total sold, etc.)
+     *  - PriceHistory/Chainlink SOL/USD via TokenClient.getSolPriceUsdSafe()
+     *
+     * This is READ-ONLY and works even with no connected wallet.
+     */
+    async getTrancheSnapshot(chainID: ChainID): Promise<TrancheSnapshot> {
+        try {
+            const [globalState, trancheState] = await Promise.all([
+                this.tokenClient.fetchGlobalState(),
+                this.tokenClient.fetchTrancheState(),
+            ]);
+
+            const { price: solPriceUsd, timestamp } =
+                await this.tokenClient.getSolPriceUsdSafe();
+
+            return buildSolanaTrancheSnapshot({
+                chainID,
+                globalState,
+                trancheState,
+                solPriceUsd,
+                nativePriceTimestamp: timestamp,
+            });
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to build Solana tranche snapshot: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the system APY (percent) for Solana,
+     * using compound interest per epoch and a
+     * cluster-derived epochs-per-year.
+     */
+    async getSystemAPY(): Promise<number> {
+        try {
+            // 1) Per-epoch rate (decimal) from on-chain stakeMetrics
+            const ratePerEpoch = await this.getEpochRateDecimalFromProgram();
+            // 2) Live epochs-per-year estimate from cluster
+            const epochsPerYear = await this.getEpochsPerYearFromCluster();
+            // 3) Compound: (1 + r)^N - 1
+            const apyDecimal = Math.pow(1 + ratePerEpoch, epochsPerYear) - 1;
+            // 4) Convert to percent
+            const apyPercent = apyDecimal * 100;
+
+            return apyPercent;
+        } catch (err) {
+            console.log(`Failed to compute Solana system APY: ${err}`);
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the liqsol_core stakeMetrics account and returns the
+     * Solana per-epoch system rate as a **decimal** (not BPS),
+     * de-scaled using PAY_RATE_SCALE_FACTOR (1e12).
+     */
+    private async getEpochRateDecimalFromProgram(): Promise<number> {
+        const liqSolCoreProgram = this.program.getProgram('liqsolCore');
+        const payRateHistoryPda = this.program.derivePayRateHistoryPda();
+
+        const payRateHistory =
+            await liqSolCoreProgram.account.payRateHistory.fetch(payRateHistoryPda);
+
+        const totalEntriesAdded = Number(payRateHistory.totalEntriesAdded);
+        const maxEntries = Number(payRateHistory.maxEntries);
+
+        if (totalEntriesAdded === 0) {
+            // No real entries yet, fall back to default
+            return Number(DEFAULT_AVERAGE_PAY_RATE) / Number(PAY_RATE_SCALE_FACTOR);
+        }
+
+        const currentIndex = Number(payRateHistory.currentIndex);
+
+        // Only average entries that have actually been processed (written by add_entry),
+        // not the default-initialized slots. After 10+ entries, processedCount === maxEntries.
+        const processedCount = Math.min(totalEntriesAdded, maxEntries);
+
+        let sum = BigInt(0);
+        let validCount = 0;
+        // Walk backward from most recent entry
+        let idx = (currentIndex - 1 + maxEntries) % maxEntries;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < processedCount; i++) {
+            const entry = payRateHistory.entries[idx];
+            const scaledRate = BigInt(entry.scaledRate.toString());
+            if (scaledRate > BigInt(0)) {
+                sum += scaledRate;
+                validCount++;
+            }
+            idx = (idx - 1 + maxEntries) % maxEntries;
+        }
+
+        if (validCount === 0) {
+            return Number(DEFAULT_AVERAGE_PAY_RATE) / Number(PAY_RATE_SCALE_FACTOR);
+        }
+
+        // Average the processed entries
+        const average = Number(sum / BigInt(validCount));
+        return average / Number(PAY_RATE_SCALE_FACTOR);
+    }
+
+    // Simple cache so we don’t hammer RPC
+    private epochsPerYearCache?: { value: number; fetchedAt: number };
+    private static readonly EPOCHS_PER_YEAR_TTL_MS = 10 * 60 * 1000; // 10 minutes
+
+    /**
+     * Derive "epochs per year" from the live Solana cluster.
+     *
+     * Uses:
+     *  - getRecentPerformanceSamples() to estimate slots/second
+     *  - getEpochInfo() to read slotsInEpoch
+     */
+    private async getEpochsPerYearFromCluster(): Promise<number> {
+        const now = Date.now();
+
         if (
-            this.solPubKey.toBase58() !==
-            this.anchor.wallet.publicKey.toBase58()
+            this.epochsPerYearCache &&
+            now - this.epochsPerYearCache.fetchedAt <
+            SolanaStakingClient.EPOCHS_PER_YEAR_TTL_MS
         ) {
+            return this.epochsPerYearCache.value;
+        }
+
+        const connection = this.anchor.connection;
+
+        // 1) Estimate slots/second from recent performance samples
+        const samples: PerfSample[] = await connection.getRecentPerformanceSamples(
+            60,
+        );
+        if (!samples.length) {
+            throw new Error('No performance samples available from cluster');
+        }
+
+        const totalSlots = samples.reduce((acc, s) => acc + s.numSlots, 0);
+        const totalSecs = samples.reduce((acc, s) => acc + s.samplePeriodSecs, 0);
+
+        if (totalSecs === 0) {
             throw new Error(
-                'Write access requires connected wallet to match pubKey',
+                'Cluster returned zero samplePeriodSecs in performance samples',
             );
         }
+
+        const slotsPerSecond = totalSlots / totalSecs;
+
+        // 2) Slots per epoch from cluster
+        const epochInfo = await connection.getEpochInfo(); // finalized commitment by default
+        const slotsPerEpoch = epochInfo.slotsInEpoch;
+
+        const secondsPerEpoch = slotsPerEpoch / slotsPerSecond;
+        const secondsPerYear = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+
+        const epochsPerYear = secondsPerYear / secondsPerEpoch;
+
+        this.epochsPerYearCache = {
+            value: epochsPerYear,
+            fetchedAt: now,
+        };
+
+        return epochsPerYear;
     }
-}
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------
+    // Deposit fee calculation (SOL -> liqSOL)
+    // ---------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Estimate the protocol deposit fee in lamports for a given SOL amount,
+     * based on recent pay rates and globalConfig.depositFeeMultiplier.
+     *
+     * - amountLamports: deposit notional in lamports
+     * - windowSize: how many recent payRate entries to average (default 5)
+     *
+     * Returns 0n if payRateHistory or globalConfig is missing, or if
+     * there are no valid pay-rate entries yet.
+     */
+    async getDepositFee(
+        amountLamports: bigint,
+        windowSize = 5,
+    ): Promise<bigint> {
+        if (amountLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+            return BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        const [avgPayRate, globalConfig]: [BN, GlobalConfig | null] = await Promise.all([
+            this.distributionClient.getAverageScaledPayRate(windowSize),
+            this.distributionClient.getGlobalConfig(),
+        ]);
+
+        if (!globalConfig || avgPayRate.isZero()) {
+            return BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        // depositFeeMultiplier may be BN or number depending on your type
+        const rawMultiplier = globalConfig.depositFeeMultiplier;
+        const multiplier = new BN(
+            rawMultiplier?.toString?.() ?? rawMultiplier ?? 0,
+        );
+        if (multiplier.isZero()) {
+            return BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        const amountBn = new BN(amountLamports.toString());
+
+        // 10^12 scale (matches scaledRate / index scale)
+
+        const feeBn = ceilDiv(
+            avgPayRate.mul(multiplier).mul(amountBn),
+            SCALE,
+        );
+
+        return BigInt(feeBn.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute a conservative "deposit buffer" in lamports that should be left
+     * in the wallet so that a MAX deposit (balance - buffer) will succeed.
+     *
+     * It accounts for:
+     *   - Runtime tx fees (via cached dummy self-transfer fee)
+     *   - Protocol deposit fee (via getDepositFee(amount))
+     *
+     * Intended UI usage:
+     *   const buffer = await client.getDepositBuffer();
+     *   const balance = portfolio.native.amount;
+     *   const maxDeposit = balance > buffer ? balance - buffer : BigInt(0);
+     */
+    async getDepositBuffer(options?: {
+        txCount?: number;                 // how many txs to cover in gas buffer (default 2)
+        safetyMultiplier?: number;        // safety multiplier on per-tx fee (default 3x)
+        minBufferLamports?: bigint;       // minimum gas buffer (default ~0.01 SOL)
+        balanceOverrideLamports?: bigint; // for tests/custom callers
+    }): Promise<bigint> {
+        this.ensureUser();
+
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        // 1) Current wallet balance (prefer caller override)
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        const balanceLamports: bigint =
+            options?.balanceOverrideLamports ??
+            BigInt(await this.connection.getBalance(this.feePayer, commitment));
+
+        if (balanceLamports <= BigInt(0)) {
+            return BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        // 2) Estimate gas buffer (using cached single-tx fee)
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        let gasBuffer = BigInt(0);
+
+        try {
+            const singleTxFeeLamports = await this.getSingleTxFeeLamports();
+
+            const txCount = BigInt(options?.txCount ?? 2);
+            const safetyMultiplier = options?.safetyMultiplier ?? 3;
+            const safetyScaled = BigInt(Math.round(safetyMultiplier * 100)); // e.g. 300
+
+            let buf =
+                (singleTxFeeLamports * txCount * safetyScaled) /
+                BigInt(100);
+
+            const defaultMinBufferLamports = BigInt(10_000_000); // ~0.01 SOL
+            const minBufferLamports =
+                options?.minBufferLamports ?? defaultMinBufferLamports;
+
+            if (buf < minBufferLamports) {
+                buf = minBufferLamports;
+            }
+
+            gasBuffer = buf;
+        } catch {
+            // If fee estimation fails, just fall back to "no gas buffer".
+            gasBuffer = BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        // If gas buffer alone eats the whole balance, we just keep everything.
+        if (balanceLamports <= gasBuffer) {
+            return balanceLamports;
+        }
+
+        const spendable = balanceLamports - gasBuffer;
+
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        // 3) If we can't compute deposit fee, buffer == gasBuffer
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        if (typeof this.getDepositFee !== 'function') {
+            return gasBuffer;
+        }
+
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        // 4) Approximate principal using linear fee model from ONE RPC call
+        //
+        //   fee(a) ≈ k * a
+        //   want: a + k*a <= spendable → a <= spendable / (1 + k)
+        //
+        //   We estimate k from fee(spendable) / spendable.
+        // -------------------------------------------------------------
+        let feeAtSpendable: bigint;
+
+        try {
+            feeAtSpendable = await this.getDepositFee(spendable);
+        } catch {
+            // If protocol fee lookup fails, fall back to gas-only buffer
+            return gasBuffer;
+        }
+
+        // If there is effectively no protocol fee, keep only gas buffer.
+        if (feeAtSpendable <= BigInt(0)) {
+            return gasBuffer;
+        }
+
+        const s = spendable;
+        const f = feeAtSpendable;
+
+        // denom = s + f = s * (1 + k)  (since f ≈ k*s)
+        const denom = s + f;
+        if (denom === BigInt(0)) {
+            return gasBuffer;
+        }
+
+        // a ≈ floor( s^2 / (s + f) )
+        let a = (s * s) / denom;
+
+        // Tiny safety haircut to avoid edge off-by-one lamports
+        const fudge = BigInt(10_000); // ≈ 0.00001 SOL
+        let effectivePrincipal =
+            a > fudge ? a - fudge : a;
+
+        if (effectivePrincipal < BigInt(0)) {
+            effectivePrincipal = BigInt(0);
+        }
+
+        const buffer = balanceLamports > effectivePrincipal
+            ? balanceLamports - effectivePrincipal
+            : balanceLamports;
+
+        // Ensure we never under-reserve gas.
+        return buffer < gasBuffer ? gasBuffer : buffer;
+    }
+
+    private cachedTxFee?: { value: bigint; fetchedAt: number };
+    private static readonly FEE_CACHE_TTL_MS = 60_000; // 60s
+
+    private async getSingleTxFeeLamports(): Promise<bigint> {
+        const now = Date.now();
+
+        if (this.cachedTxFee && now - this.cachedTxFee.fetchedAt < SolanaStakingClient.FEE_CACHE_TTL_MS) {
+            return this.cachedTxFee.value;
+        }
+
+        const payer = this.feePayer;
+
+        const dummyIx = SystemProgram.transfer({
+            fromPubkey: payer,
+            toPubkey: payer,
+            lamports: 0,
+        });
+
+        const tx = new Transaction().add(dummyIx);
+        const { blockhash } = await this.connection.getLatestBlockhash(commitment);
+        tx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
+        tx.feePayer = payer;
+
+        const message = tx.compileMessage();
+        const feeInfo = await this.connection.getFeeForMessage(message, commitment);
+
+        const singleTxFeeLamports = BigInt(feeInfo.value ?? 5000);
+
+        this.cachedTxFee = {
+            value: singleTxFeeLamports,
+            fetchedAt: now,
+        };
+
+        return singleTxFeeLamports;
+    }
+
+
+}