@volter/blender-engine 0.1.147 → 0.1.149

package/browser/addons/vrm/exporter/vrm1_exporter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3682 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR GPL-3.0-or-later
+import math
+import tempfile
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping, Sequence
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from copy import deepcopy
+from os import environ
+from pathlib import Path
+from sys import float_info
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import Optional, Union
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import bpy
+from bpy.types import (
+    ID,
+    Armature,
+    ArmatureModifier,
+    Bone,
+    Constraint,
+    Context,
+    CopyRotationConstraint,
+    Curve,
+    DampedTrackConstraint,
+    Image,
+    Material,
+    Mesh,
+    Node,
+    Object,
+    PoseBone,
+    ShaderNodeGroup,
+    VectorFont,
+)
+from mathutils import Matrix, Quaternion, Vector
+
+from ..common import convert, safe_removal, shader
+from ..common.char import INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX
+from ..common.convert import Json
+from ..common.deep import make_json
+from ..common.gl import GL_LINEAR, GL_REPEAT
+from ..common.gltf import (
+    pack_glb,
+    parse_glb,
+    parse_gltf_node_matrix,
+    remove_empty_root_arrays,
+)
+from ..common.logger import get_logger
+from ..common.preferences import ExportPreferencesProtocol
+from ..common.rotation import (
+    ROTATION_MODE_EULER,
+    get_rotation_as_quaternion,
+    set_rotation_without_mode_change,
+)
+from ..common.shader import LegacyAddonMaterial, MmdMaterial
+from ..common.third_party_user_extension import (
+    collect_third_party_user_extensions,
+    trigger_third_party_user_extension_hook,
+)
+from ..common.version import get_addon_version
+from ..common.vrm1.human_bone import (
+    HumanBoneName,
+    HumanBoneSpecification,
+    HumanBoneSpecifications,
+)
+from ..common.workspace import save_workspace
+from ..editor import search
+from ..editor.extension_accessor import get_armature_extension, get_material_extension
+from ..editor.mtoon1.property_group import (
+    Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup,
+    Mtoon1TextureInfoPropertyGroup,
+    link_or_unlink_gltf_material_nodes,
+)
+from ..editor.spring_bone1.handler import sort_spring_bone_joints
+from ..editor.spring_bone1.property_group import (
+    SpringBone1JointPropertyGroup,
+    SpringBone1SpringBonePropertyGroup,
+    SpringBone1SpringPropertyGroup,
+)
+from ..editor.t_pose import setup_humanoid_t_pose
+from ..editor.vrm1.property_group import (
+    Vrm1ExpressionPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1ExpressionsPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1FirstPersonPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1HumanBonesPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1HumanoidPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1LookAtPropertyGroup,
+    Vrm1MetaPropertyGroup,
+)
+from ..external.io_scene_gltf2_support import (
+    ExportSceneGltfArguments,
+    export_scene_gltf,
+    image_to_image_bytes,
+    init_extras_export,
+)
+from .abstract_base_vrm_exporter import (
+    AbstractBaseVrmExporter,
+    FlexibleHierarchyBoneSetup,
+    assign_dict,
+    force_apply_modifiers,
+)
+
+_logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+class Vrm1Exporter(AbstractBaseVrmExporter):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        context: Context,
+        export_objects: Sequence[Object],
+        armature: Object,
+        export_preferences: ExportPreferencesProtocol,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(context, export_objects, armature)
+
+        self._export_all_influences = (
+            export_preferences.enable_advanced_preferences
+            and export_preferences.export_all_influences
+        )
+        self._export_lights = (
+            export_preferences.enable_advanced_preferences
+            and export_preferences.export_lights
+        )
+        self._export_gltf_animations = (
+            export_preferences.enable_advanced_preferences
+            and export_preferences.export_gltf_animations
+        )
+        self._export_try_sparse_sk = (
+            export_preferences.enable_advanced_preferences
+            and export_preferences.export_try_sparse_sk
+        )
+
+        self._extras_main_armature_key = (
+            INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + self._export_id + "MainArmature"
+        )
+        self._extras_bone_name_key = INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + self._export_id + "BoneName"
+        self._extras_object_name_key = (
+            INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + self._export_id + "ObjectName"
+        )
+        self._extras_material_name_key = (
+            INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + self._export_id + "MaterialName"
+        )
+        self._extras_mesh_name_key = INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + self._export_id + "MeshName"
+
+        self._third_party_user_extensions: list[object] = []
+        self.generator_postfix = ""
+        for (
+            third_party_user_extension_name,
+            third_party_user_extension,
+        ) in collect_third_party_user_extensions(context, "Vrm1ExportUserExtension"):
+            self._third_party_user_extensions.append(third_party_user_extension)
+            self.generator_postfix += " + " + third_party_user_extension_name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(
+        context: Context, export_objects: Sequence[Object]
+    ) -> Mapping[str, tuple[bool, bool]]:
+        object_visibility_and_selection: dict[str, tuple[bool, bool]] = {}
+        # https://projects.blender.org/blender/blender/issues/113378
+        context.view_layer.update()
+        for obj in context.view_layer.objects:
+            object_visibility_and_selection[obj.name] = (
+                obj.hide_get(),
+                obj.select_get(),
+            )
+            enabled = obj in export_objects
+            obj.hide_set(not enabled)
+            obj.select_set(enabled)
+        return object_visibility_and_selection
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def leave_overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(
+        context: Context,
+        object_visibility_and_selection: Mapping[str, tuple[bool, bool]],
+    ) -> None:
+        for object_name, (
+            hidden,
+            selection,
+        ) in reversed(list(object_visibility_and_selection.items())):
+            restore_obj = context.blend_data.objects.get(object_name)
+            if restore_obj:
+                restore_obj.hide_set(hidden)
+                restore_obj.select_set(selection)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(self) -> Generator[None]:
+        object_visibility_and_selection = (
+            self.enter_overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(
+                self._context, self._export_objects
+            )
+        )
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            self.leave_overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(
+                self._context, object_visibility_and_selection
+            )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_save_selected_mesh_compat_objects(
+        context: Context, armature: Object, original_export_objects: Sequence[Object]
+    ) -> tuple[Mapping[str, str], Mapping[str, str]]:
+        backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name: dict[str, str] = {}
+        backup_data_name_to_original_data_name: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+        # https://projects.blender.org/blender/blender/issues/113378
+        context.view_layer.update()
+
+        export_objects: list[Object] = []
+
+        # Duplicate objects.
+        # New objects are used for export
+        # Old objects are given backup names and restored after export
+        # Also, object data is given backup names
+        for obj in context.view_layer.objects:
+            if obj not in original_export_objects:
+                continue
+            if obj.type not in search.MESH_CONVERTIBLE_OBJECT_TYPES:
+                continue
+            if not obj.select_get():
+                continue
+
+            backup_obj_name = "Backup-Object-" + uuid4().hex
+            original_obj_name = obj.name
+            backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name[backup_obj_name] = original_obj_name
+
+            export_obj = obj.copy()
+            obj.name = backup_obj_name
+            export_obj.name = original_obj_name
+
+            export_objects.append(export_obj)
+            obj.select_set(False)
+            scene_collection_objects = context.scene.collection.objects
+            scene_collection_objects.link(export_obj)
+            export_obj.select_set(True)
+
+            obj_data = obj.data
+            if not obj_data:
+                continue
+            if obj_data.name in backup_data_name_to_original_data_name:
+                continue
+            backup_data_name = (
+                "Backup-Data-" + uuid4().hex + "-" + type(obj_data).__name__
+            )
+            backup_data_name_to_original_data_name[backup_data_name] = obj_data.name
+            obj_data.name = backup_data_name
+
+        # Duplicate object data
+        # However, if active modifiers other than Armature modifiers are attached,
+        # share the object data
+        data_to_non_sharing_objects: dict[ID, list[Object]] = {}
+        data_to_sharing_objects: dict[ID, list[Object]] = {}
+        for export_object in export_objects:
+            data = export_object.data
+            if not data:
+                continue
+            sharing = True
+            for modifier in export_object.modifiers:
+                if not modifier.show_viewport:
+                    continue
+                if (
+                    isinstance(modifier, ArmatureModifier)
+                    and modifier.object == armature
+                ):
+                    continue
+                sharing = False
+                break
+            mapping = (
+                data_to_sharing_objects if sharing else data_to_non_sharing_objects
+            )
+            objs = mapping.get(data)
+            if objs is None:
+                objs = list[Object]()
+                mapping[data] = objs
+            objs.append(export_object)
+
+        for data, sharing_export_objects in data_to_sharing_objects.items():
+            original_data_name = backup_data_name_to_original_data_name.get(data.name)
+            if not original_data_name:
+                continue  # This should not happen
+            export_data = data.copy()
+            export_data.name = original_data_name
+            for sharing_export_object in sharing_export_objects:
+                sharing_export_object.data = export_data
+
+        for data, non_sharing_export_objects in data_to_non_sharing_objects.items():
+            original_data_name = backup_data_name_to_original_data_name.get(data.name)
+            if not original_data_name:
+                continue  # This should not happen
+            for non_sharing_export_object in non_sharing_export_objects:
+                export_data = data.copy()
+                export_data.name = original_data_name
+                non_sharing_export_object.data = export_data
+
+        return (
+            backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name,
+            backup_data_name_to_original_data_name,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def leave_save_selected_mesh_compat_objects(
+        context: Context,
+        backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name: Mapping[str, str],
+        backup_data_name_to_original_data_name: Mapping[str, str],
+    ) -> None:
+        removing_object_datum: list[ID] = []
+
+        # Delete export objects
+        for original_obj_name in reversed(
+            list(backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name.values())
+        ):
+            restored_export_obj = context.blend_data.objects.get(original_obj_name)
+            if not restored_export_obj:
+                continue
+
+            # Data may be referenced by multiple objects, so
+            # collect them here and delete them all at once later
+            restored_export_obj_data = restored_export_obj.data
+            if (
+                restored_export_obj_data
+                and restored_export_obj_data not in removing_object_datum
+            ):
+                removing_object_datum.append(restored_export_obj_data)
+
+            # Even if deletion fails, randomize the name to avoid
+            # confusion with the original object
+            restored_export_obj.name = "Export-Object-" + uuid4().hex
+            if not safe_removal.remove_object(context, restored_export_obj):
+                _logger.warning(
+                    'Failed to remove "%s" with %d users (temp object for "%s")',
+                    restored_export_obj.name,
+                    restored_export_obj.users,
+                    original_obj_name,
+                )
+
+        # Delete export object data
+        for removing_object_data in removing_object_datum:
+            # Even if deletion fails, randomize the name to avoid
+            # confusion with the original object data
+            removing_object_data.name = (
+                "Export-Data-" + uuid4().hex + "-" + type(removing_object_data).__name__
+            )
+
+            if removing_object_data.users:
+                _logger.warning(
+                    'Failed to remove "%s" with %d users',
+                    removing_object_data.name,
+                    removing_object_data.users,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(removing_object_data, Mesh):
+                context.blend_data.meshes.remove(removing_object_data)
+            elif isinstance(removing_object_data, Curve):
+                context.blend_data.curves.remove(removing_object_data)
+            elif isinstance(removing_object_data, VectorFont):
+                context.blend_data.fonts.remove(removing_object_data)
+            else:
+                _logger.warning(
+                    'Failed to remove "%s" with %d users. Not implemented.',
+                    removing_object_data.name,
+                    removing_object_data.users,
+                )
+
+        # Restore the names of backed up objects
+        for (
+            backup_obj_name,
+            original_obj_name,
+        ) in reversed(list(backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name.items())):
+            restored_original_data_name = None
+            restored_obj = context.blend_data.objects.get(backup_obj_name)
+            if not restored_obj:
+                continue
+            restored_obj.name = original_obj_name
+            restored_obj.select_set(True)
+
+            # Restore the names of backed up object data
+            restored_obj_data = restored_obj.data
+            if not restored_obj_data:
+                continue
+            restored_original_data_name = backup_data_name_to_original_data_name.get(
+                restored_obj_data.name
+            )
+            if not restored_original_data_name:
+                continue
+            restored_obj_data.name = restored_original_data_name
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def save_selected_mesh_compat_objects(self) -> Generator[Sequence[str]]:
+        (
+            backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name,
+            backup_data_name_to_original_data_name,
+        ) = self.enter_save_selected_mesh_compat_objects(
+            self._context, self._armature, self._export_objects
+        )
+        try:
+            yield list(backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name.values())
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            self.leave_save_selected_mesh_compat_objects(
+                self._context,
+                backup_obj_name_to_original_obj_name,
+                backup_data_name_to_original_data_name,
+            )
+
+    def enter_mount_skinned_mesh_parent(self, armature: Object) -> Sequence[str]:
+        mounted_object_names: list[str] = []
+
+        for obj in self._export_objects:
+            if obj.type != "MESH" or not [
+                True
+                for m in obj.modifiers
+                if isinstance(m, ArmatureModifier) and m.object == armature
+            ]:
+                continue
+
+            search_obj = obj
+            while search_obj != armature:
+                if search_obj.parent:
+                    search_obj = search_obj.parent
+                    continue
+                mounted_object_names.append(search_obj.name)
+                matrix_world = search_obj.matrix_world.copy()
+                search_obj.parent = armature
+                search_obj.matrix_world = matrix_world
+                break
+        return mounted_object_names
+
+    def leave_mount_skinned_mesh_parent(
+        self, mounted_object_names: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> None:
+        for mounted_object_name in reversed(mounted_object_names):
+            restore_obj = self._context.blend_data.objects.get(mounted_object_name)
+            if not restore_obj:
+                continue
+            matrix_world = restore_obj.matrix_world.copy()
+            restore_obj.parent = None
+            restore_obj.matrix_world = matrix_world
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def mount_skinned_mesh_parent(self) -> Generator[None]:
+        # The glTF 2.0 export processing of the addon included with Blender 3.1.2
+        # outputs invalid glb with incorrect inverseBindMatrices when all of the
+        # following conditions are met:
+        # - A mesh that is not a descendant of the armature is skinned to bones
+        #   of that armature
+        # - Another mesh exists as a child of the skinned bone
+        # Therefore, make the ancestor parent of meshes that are not descendants
+        # of the armature as the armature, and restore it later
+
+        armature = self._armature
+        if not armature:
+            yield
+            return
+
+        if bpy.app.version >= (3, 2, 1):
+            yield
+            return
+
+        mounted_object_names = self.enter_mount_skinned_mesh_parent(armature)
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            self.leave_mount_skinned_mesh_parent(mounted_object_names)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_meta_dict(
+        cls,
+        meta: Vrm1MetaPropertyGroup,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        meta_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "licenseUrl": "https://vrm.dev/licenses/1.0/",
+            "name": meta.vrm_name or "undefined",
+            "version": meta.version or "undefined",
+            "avatarPermission": meta.avatar_permission,
+            "allowExcessivelyViolentUsage": meta.allow_excessively_violent_usage,
+            "allowExcessivelySexualUsage": meta.allow_excessively_sexual_usage,
+            "commercialUsage": meta.commercial_usage,
+            "allowPoliticalOrReligiousUsage": meta.allow_political_or_religious_usage,
+            "allowAntisocialOrHateUsage": meta.allow_antisocial_or_hate_usage,
+            "creditNotation": meta.credit_notation,
+            "allowRedistribution": meta.allow_redistribution,
+            "modification": meta.modification,
+        }
+
+        authors = [author.value for author in meta.authors if author.value]
+        if not authors:
+            authors = ["undefined"]
+        meta_dict["authors"] = make_json(authors)
+
+        if meta.copyright_information:
+            meta_dict["copyrightInformation"] = meta.copyright_information
+
+        references: list[Json] = [
+            reference.value for reference in meta.references if reference.value
+        ]
+        if references:
+            meta_dict["references"] = references
+
+        if meta.third_party_licenses:
+            meta_dict["thirdPartyLicenses"] = meta.third_party_licenses
+
+        if meta.other_license_url:
+            meta_dict["otherLicenseUrl"] = meta.other_license_url
+
+        if meta.thumbnail_image:
+            meta_dict["thumbnailImage"] = cls.find_or_create_image(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                meta.thumbnail_image,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            )
+
+        return meta_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_humanoid_dict(
+        cls,
+        humanoid: Vrm1HumanoidPropertyGroup,
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        human_bones_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+        for (
+            human_bone_name,
+            human_bone,
+        ) in humanoid.human_bones.human_bone_name_to_human_bone().items():
+            index = bone_name_to_index_dict.get(human_bone.node.bone_name)
+            if isinstance(index, int):
+                human_bones_dict[human_bone_name.value] = {"node": index}
+
+        return {
+            "humanBones": human_bones_dict,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_first_person_dict(
+        cls,
+        first_person: Vrm1FirstPersonPropertyGroup,
+        mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        mesh_annotation_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        for mesh_annotation in first_person.mesh_annotations:
+            if not mesh_annotation.node or not mesh_annotation.node.mesh_object_name:
+                continue
+            node_index = mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict.get(
+                mesh_annotation.node.mesh_object_name
+            )
+            if not isinstance(node_index, int):
+                continue
+            mesh_annotation_dicts.append(
+                {
+                    "node": node_index,
+                    "type": mesh_annotation.type,
+                }
+            )
+        if not mesh_annotation_dicts:
+            return {}
+        return {"meshAnnotations": mesh_annotation_dicts}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_look_at_dict(
+        cls,
+        look_at: Vrm1LookAtPropertyGroup,
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        return {
+            "offsetFromHeadBone": list(look_at.offset_from_head_bone),
+            "type": look_at.type,
+            "rangeMapHorizontalInner": {
+                "inputMaxValue": look_at.range_map_horizontal_inner.input_max_value,
+                "outputScale": look_at.range_map_horizontal_inner.output_scale,
+            },
+            "rangeMapHorizontalOuter": {
+                "inputMaxValue": look_at.range_map_horizontal_outer.input_max_value,
+                "outputScale": look_at.range_map_horizontal_outer.output_scale,
+            },
+            "rangeMapVerticalDown": {
+                "inputMaxValue": look_at.range_map_vertical_down.input_max_value,
+                "outputScale": look_at.range_map_vertical_down.output_scale,
+            },
+            "rangeMapVerticalUp": {
+                "inputMaxValue": look_at.range_map_vertical_up.input_max_value,
+                "outputScale": look_at.range_map_vertical_up.output_scale,
+            },
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_expression_dict(
+        cls,
+        expression: Vrm1ExpressionPropertyGroup,
+        mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict: Mapping[str, list[str]],
+        material_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        expression_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "isBinary": expression.is_binary,
+            "overrideBlink": expression.override_blink,
+            "overrideLookAt": expression.override_look_at,
+            "overrideMouth": expression.override_mouth,
+        }
+        morph_target_bind_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        for morph_target_bind in expression.morph_target_binds:
+            if (
+                not morph_target_bind.node
+                or not morph_target_bind.node.mesh_object_name
+            ):
+                continue
+            node_index = mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict.get(
+                morph_target_bind.node.mesh_object_name
+            )
+            if not isinstance(node_index, int):
+                continue
+            morph_targets = mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict.get(
+                morph_target_bind.node.mesh_object_name
+            )
+            if not isinstance(morph_targets, list):
+                continue
+            if morph_target_bind.index not in morph_targets:
+                continue
+            morph_target_bind_dicts.append(
+                {
+                    "node": node_index,
+                    "index": morph_targets.index(morph_target_bind.index),
+                    "weight": morph_target_bind.weight,
+                }
+            )
+        if morph_target_bind_dicts:
+            expression_dict["morphTargetBinds"] = morph_target_bind_dicts
+
+        material_color_bind_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        for material_color_bind in expression.material_color_binds:
+            material_color_bind_material = material_color_bind.material
+            if (
+                not material_color_bind_material
+                or not material_color_bind_material.name
+            ):
+                continue
+            material_index = material_name_to_index_dict.get(
+                material_color_bind_material.name
+            )
+            if not isinstance(material_index, int):
+                continue
+            if material_color_bind.type == "color":
+                target_value: Json = list(material_color_bind.target_value)
+            else:
+                rgb = material_color_bind.target_value_as_rgb
+                target_value = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0]
+            material_color_bind_dicts.append(
+                {
+                    "material": material_index,
+                    "type": material_color_bind.type,
+                    "targetValue": target_value,
+                }
+            )
+        if material_color_bind_dicts:
+            expression_dict["materialColorBinds"] = material_color_bind_dicts
+
+        texture_transform_binds: list[Json] = []
+        for texture_transform_bind in expression.texture_transform_binds:
+            texture_transform_bind_material = texture_transform_bind.material
+            if (
+                not texture_transform_bind_material
+                or not texture_transform_bind_material.name
+            ):
+                continue
+            material_index = material_name_to_index_dict.get(
+                texture_transform_bind_material.name
+            )
+            if not isinstance(material_index, int):
+                continue
+            texture_transform_binds.append(
+                {
+                    "material": material_index,
+                    "scale": list(texture_transform_bind.scale),
+                    "offset": list(texture_transform_bind.offset),
+                }
+            )
+        if texture_transform_binds:
+            expression_dict["textureTransformBinds"] = texture_transform_binds
+
+        return expression_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_expressions_dict(
+        cls,
+        expressions: Vrm1ExpressionsPropertyGroup,
+        mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict: Mapping[str, list[str]],
+        material_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        preset_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+        for (
+            preset_name,
+            expression,
+        ) in expressions.preset.name_to_expression_dict().items():
+            preset_dict[preset_name] = cls.create_expression_dict(
+                expression,
+                mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict,
+                mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict,
+                material_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+        custom_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+        for custom_expression in expressions.custom:
+            custom_dict[custom_expression.custom_name] = cls.create_expression_dict(
+                custom_expression,
+                mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict,
+                mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict,
+                material_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+        return {
+            "preset": preset_dict,
+            "custom": custom_dict,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_spring_bone_collider_dicts(
+        cls,
+        extensions_used: list[Json],
+        spring_bone: SpringBone1SpringBonePropertyGroup,
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> tuple[list[Json], dict[str, int]]:
+        collider_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        collider_uuid_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        for collider in spring_bone.colliders:
+            if not collider.uuid:
+                continue
+            collider_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+            node_index = bone_name_to_index_dict.get(collider.node.bone_name)
+            if not isinstance(node_index, int):
+                continue
+            collider_dict["node"] = node_index
+
+            extended_collider = collider.extensions.vrmc_spring_bone_extended_collider
+            if collider.shape_type == collider.SHAPE_TYPE_SPHERE.identifier:
+                if not extended_collider.enabled:
+                    sphere_offset: Json = list(collider.shape.sphere.offset)
+                    sphere_radius = collider.shape.sphere.radius
+                elif not extended_collider.automatic_fallback_generation:
+                    sphere_offset = list(collider.shape.sphere.fallback_offset)
+                    sphere_radius = collider.shape.sphere.fallback_radius
+                elif (
+                    extended_collider.shape_type
+                    == extended_collider.SHAPE_TYPE_EXTENDED_SPHERE.identifier
+                    and not extended_collider.shape.sphere.inside
+                ):
+                    sphere_offset = list(extended_collider.shape.sphere.offset)
+                    sphere_radius = extended_collider.shape.sphere.radius
+                else:
+                    sphere_offset = [0, -10000, 0]
+                    sphere_radius = 0.00001
+                sphere_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                    "offset": sphere_offset,
+                    "radius": sphere_radius,
+                }
+                shape_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"sphere": sphere_dict}
+            elif collider.shape_type == collider.SHAPE_TYPE_CAPSULE.identifier:
+                if not extended_collider.enabled:
+                    capsule_offset: Json = list(collider.shape.capsule.offset)
+                    capsule_radius = collider.shape.capsule.radius
+                    capsule_tail: Json = list(collider.shape.capsule.tail)
+                elif not extended_collider.automatic_fallback_generation:
+                    capsule_offset = list(collider.shape.capsule.fallback_offset)
+                    capsule_radius = collider.shape.capsule.fallback_radius
+                    capsule_tail = list(collider.shape.capsule.fallback_tail)
+                elif (
+                    extended_collider.shape_type
+                    == extended_collider.SHAPE_TYPE_EXTENDED_CAPSULE.identifier
+                    and not extended_collider.shape.capsule.inside
+                ):
+                    capsule_offset = list(extended_collider.shape.capsule.offset)
+                    capsule_radius = extended_collider.shape.capsule.radius
+                    capsule_tail = list(extended_collider.shape.capsule.tail)
+                else:
+                    capsule_offset = [0, -10000, 0]
+                    capsule_radius = 0.00001
+                    capsule_tail = [0, -10001, 0]
+                capsule_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                    "offset": capsule_offset,
+                    "radius": capsule_radius,
+                    "tail": capsule_tail,
+                }
+                shape_dict = {"capsule": capsule_dict}
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            collider_dict["shape"] = shape_dict
+            collider_uuid_to_index_dict[collider.uuid] = len(collider_dicts)
+            collider_dicts.append(collider_dict)
+
+            if not extended_collider.enabled:
+                continue
+
+            if (
+                extended_collider.shape_type
+                == extended_collider.SHAPE_TYPE_EXTENDED_SPHERE.identifier
+            ):
+                extended_shape_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                    "sphere": {
+                        "offset": list(extended_collider.shape.sphere.offset),
+                        "radius": extended_collider.shape.sphere.radius,
+                        "inside": extended_collider.shape.sphere.inside,
+                    }
+                }
+            elif (
+                extended_collider.shape_type
+                == extended_collider.SHAPE_TYPE_EXTENDED_CAPSULE.identifier
+            ):
+                extended_shape_dict = {
+                    "capsule": {
+                        "offset": list(extended_collider.shape.capsule.offset),
+                        "radius": extended_collider.shape.capsule.radius,
+                        "tail": list(extended_collider.shape.capsule.tail),
+                        "inside": extended_collider.shape.capsule.inside,
+                    }
+                }
+            elif (
+                extended_collider.shape_type
+                == extended_collider.SHAPE_TYPE_EXTENDED_PLANE.identifier
+            ):
+                extended_shape_dict = {
+                    "plane": {
+                        "offset": list(extended_collider.shape.plane.offset),
+                        "normal": list(extended_collider.shape.plane.normal),
+                    }
+                }
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            collider_dict["extensions"] = {
+                "VRMC_springBone_extended_collider": {
+                    "specVersion": "1.0",
+                    "shape": extended_shape_dict,
+                }
+            }
+
+            if "VRMC_springBone_extended_collider" not in extensions_used:
+                extensions_used.append("VRMC_springBone_extended_collider")
+
+        return collider_dicts, collider_uuid_to_index_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_spring_bone_collider_group_dicts(
+        cls,
+        spring_bone: SpringBone1SpringBonePropertyGroup,
+        collider_uuid_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> tuple[list[Json], dict[str, int]]:
+        collider_group_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        for collider_group in spring_bone.collider_groups:
+            collider_group_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"name": collider_group.vrm_name}
+            collider_indices: list[Json] = []
+            for collider_reference in collider_group.colliders:
+                collider_index = collider_uuid_to_index_dict.get(
+                    collider_reference.collider_uuid
+                )
+                if not isinstance(collider_index, int):
+                    continue
+                if collider_index in collider_indices:
+                    continue
+                collider_indices.append(collider_index)
+            if not collider_indices:
+                continue
+            collider_group_dict["colliders"] = collider_indices
+            collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict[collider_group.uuid] = len(
+                collider_group_dicts
+            )
+            collider_group_dicts.append(collider_group_dict)
+
+        return collider_group_dicts, collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_spring_bone_spring_dicts(
+        cls,
+        extensions_used: list[Json],
+        spring_bone: SpringBone1SpringBonePropertyGroup,
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        armature: Object,
+    ) -> list[Json]:
+        spring_dicts: list[Json] = []
+        armature_data = armature.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            _logger.error("%s is not an Armature", type(armature_data))
+            return []
+        sorted_spring_and_joints: list[
+            tuple[
+                SpringBone1SpringPropertyGroup, Sequence[SpringBone1JointPropertyGroup]
+            ]
+        ] = [
+            (
+                spring,
+                [
+                    joint
+                    for joint, _ in joint_and_bones
+                    if isinstance(
+                        bone_name_to_index_dict.get(joint.node.bone_name), int
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            for spring in spring_bone.springs
+            for joint_and_bones in sort_spring_bone_joints(armature, spring.joints)
+        ]
+        for spring, joints in sorted_spring_and_joints:
+            spring_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"name": spring.vrm_name}
+
+            first_bone: Optional[Bone] = None
+            joint_dicts: list[Json] = []
+            for joint in joints:
+                bone = armature_data.bones.get(joint.node.bone_name)
+                if not bone:
+                    continue
+                if first_bone is None:
+                    first_bone = bone
+                node_index = bone_name_to_index_dict.get(joint.node.bone_name)
+                if not isinstance(node_index, int):
+                    continue
+                joint_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                    "node": node_index,
+                    "hitRadius": joint.hit_radius,
+                    "stiffness": joint.stiffness,
+                    "gravityPower": joint.gravity_power,
+                    "gravityDir": [
+                        joint.gravity_dir[0],
+                        joint.gravity_dir[2],
+                        -joint.gravity_dir[1],
+                    ],
+                    "dragForce": joint.drag_force,
+                }
+
+                limit = joint.vrmc_spring_bone_limit
+                limit_parameter_dict: Optional[dict[str, Json]] = None
+                limit_type = ""
+                if limit.limit_type == limit.LIMIT_TYPE_CONE.identifier:
+                    limit_parameter_dict = {"angle": limit.cone_angle}
+                    limit_type = "cone"
+                elif limit.limit_type == limit.LIMIT_TYPE_HINGE.identifier:
+                    limit_parameter_dict = {"angle": limit.hinge_angle}
+                    limit_type = "hinge"
+                elif limit.limit_type == limit.LIMIT_TYPE_SPHERICAL.identifier:
+                    limit_parameter_dict = {
+                        "pitch": limit.spherical_pitch,
+                        "yaw": limit.spherical_yaw,
+                    }
+                    limit_type = "spherical"
+
+                if limit_parameter_dict is not None and joint is not joints[-1]:
+                    rotation = limit.rotation_quaternion()
+                    limit_parameter_dict["rotation"] = [
+                        rotation.x,
+                        rotation.y,
+                        rotation.z,
+                        rotation.w,
+                    ]
+                    joint_dict["extensions"] = {
+                        "VRMC_springBone_limit": {
+                            "specVersion": "1.0",
+                            "limit": {limit_type: limit_parameter_dict},
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if "VRMC_springBone_limit" not in extensions_used:
+                        extensions_used.append("VRMC_springBone_limit")
+
+                joint_dicts.append(joint_dict)
+
+            if not joint_dicts:
+                continue
+            spring_dict["joints"] = joint_dicts
+
+            center_bone = armature_data.bones.get(spring.center.bone_name)
+            if center_bone:
+                center_bone_is_ancestor_of_first_bone = False
+                ancestor_of_first_bone = first_bone
+                while ancestor_of_first_bone:
+                    if center_bone == ancestor_of_first_bone:
+                        center_bone_is_ancestor_of_first_bone = True
+                        break
+                    ancestor_of_first_bone = ancestor_of_first_bone.parent
+                if center_bone_is_ancestor_of_first_bone:
+                    center_index = bone_name_to_index_dict.get(spring.center.bone_name)
+                    if isinstance(center_index, int):
+                        spring_dict["center"] = center_index
+
+            collider_group_indices: list[Json] = []
+            for collider_group_reference in spring.collider_groups:
+                collider_group_index = collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict.get(
+                    collider_group_reference.collider_group_uuid
+                )
+                if isinstance(collider_group_index, int):
+                    collider_group_indices.append(collider_group_index)
+
+            if collider_group_indices:
+                spring_dict["colliderGroups"] = collider_group_indices
+
+            spring_dicts.append(spring_dict)
+        return spring_dicts
+
+    @classmethod
+    def search_constraint_target_index(
+        cls,
+        constraint: Union[CopyRotationConstraint, DampedTrackConstraint],
+        object_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        target = constraint.target
+        if not target:
+            return None
+        if target.type == "ARMATURE" and constraint.subtarget:
+            return bone_name_to_index_dict.get(constraint.subtarget)
+        return object_name_to_index_dict.get(target.name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_constraint_dict(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        constraints: search.ExportConstraint,
+        object_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> Optional[dict[str, Json]]:
+        roll_constraint = constraints.roll_constraints.get(name)
+        aim_constraint = constraints.aim_constraints.get(name)
+        rotation_constraint = constraints.rotation_constraints.get(name)
+        if roll_constraint:
+            source_index = cls.search_constraint_target_index(
+                roll_constraint,
+                object_name_to_index_dict,
+                bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+            if isinstance(source_index, int):
+                if roll_constraint.use_x:
+                    roll_axis = "X"
+                elif roll_constraint.use_y:
+                    roll_axis = "Y"
+                elif roll_constraint.use_z:
+                    roll_axis = "Z"
+                else:
+                    message = "Unsupported roll axis"
+                    raise ValueError(message)
+                return {
+                    "roll": {
+                        "source": source_index,
+                        "rollAxis": roll_axis,
+                        "weight": max(0.0, min(1.0, roll_constraint.influence)),
+                    }
+                }
+        elif aim_constraint:
+            source_index = cls.search_constraint_target_index(
+                aim_constraint,
+                object_name_to_index_dict,
+                bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+            if isinstance(source_index, int):
+                return {
+                    "aim": {
+                        "source": source_index,
+                        "aimAxis": convert.BPY_TRACK_AXIS_TO_VRM_AIM_AXIS[
+                            aim_constraint.track_axis
+                        ],
+                        "weight": max(0.0, min(1.0, aim_constraint.influence)),
+                    }
+                }
+        elif rotation_constraint:
+            source_index = cls.search_constraint_target_index(
+                rotation_constraint,
+                object_name_to_index_dict,
+                bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+            if isinstance(source_index, int):
+                return {
+                    "rotation": {
+                        "source": source_index,
+                        "weight": max(0.0, min(1.0, rotation_constraint.influence)),
+                    }
+                }
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mtoon0_khr_texture_transform(
+        cls, node: Node, texture_input_name: str
+    ) -> Optional[dict[str, Json]]:
+        texture_input = node.inputs.get(texture_input_name)
+        if not texture_input:
+            return None
+
+        texture_input_links = texture_input.links
+        if not texture_input_links:
+            return None
+
+        x_from_node = texture_input_links[0].from_node
+        if not x_from_node:
+            return None
+
+        x_inputs = x_from_node.inputs
+        if not x_inputs:
+            return None
+
+        x_links = x_inputs[0].links
+        if not x_links:
+            return None
+
+        uv_offset_scaling_node = x_links[0].from_node
+        if not uv_offset_scaling_node or uv_offset_scaling_node.type != "MAPPING":
+            return None
+
+        location_input = uv_offset_scaling_node.inputs.get("Location")
+        if isinstance(location_input, shader.VECTOR_SOCKET_CLASSES):
+            offset_x = location_input.default_value[0]
+            offset_y = location_input.default_value[1]
+        else:
+            offset_x = shader.UV_GROUP_UV_OFFSET_X_DEFAULT
+            offset_y = shader.UV_GROUP_UV_OFFSET_Y_DEFAULT
+
+        scale_input = uv_offset_scaling_node.inputs.get("Scale")
+        if isinstance(scale_input, shader.VECTOR_SOCKET_CLASSES):
+            scale_x = scale_input.default_value[0]
+            scale_y = scale_input.default_value[1]
+        else:
+            scale_x = shader.UV_GROUP_UV_SCALE_X_DEFAULT
+            scale_y = shader.UV_GROUP_UV_SCALE_Y_DEFAULT
+
+        if (
+            abs(offset_x - shader.UV_GROUP_UV_OFFSET_X_DEFAULT) < float_info.epsilon
+            and abs(offset_y - shader.UV_GROUP_UV_OFFSET_Y_DEFAULT) < float_info.epsilon
+            and abs(scale_x - shader.UV_GROUP_UV_SCALE_X_DEFAULT) < float_info.epsilon
+            and abs(scale_y - shader.UV_GROUP_UV_SCALE_Y_DEFAULT) < float_info.epsilon
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        return {
+            "offset": [offset_x, offset_y],
+            "scale": [scale_x, scale_y],
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_or_create_image(
+        cls,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        image: Image,
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> int:
+        # Check if image already exists - return early to avoid duplicating buffer data
+        image_index = image_name_to_index_dict.get(image.name)
+        image_dicts = json_dict.get("images")
+        if not isinstance(image_dicts, list):
+            image_dicts = []
+            json_dict["images"] = image_dicts
+
+        if isinstance(image_index, int):
+            if 0 <= image_index < len(image_dicts):
+                # Image already exists, return its index without duplicating data
+                return image_index
+            _logger.error(
+                "Bug: not (0 <= %d < len(images)) for %s", image_index, image.name
+            )
+            image_index = None
+
+        # Image doesn't exist yet - create new buffer view and image entry
+        while len(buffer0) % 4:
+            buffer0.append(0)
+
+        image_bytes, mime = image_to_image_bytes(image, gltf2_addon_export_settings)
+        buffer_view_dicts = json_dict.get("bufferViews")
+        if not isinstance(buffer_view_dicts, list):
+            buffer_view_dicts = []
+            json_dict["bufferViews"] = buffer_view_dicts
+        image_buffer_view_index = len(buffer_view_dicts)
+        buffer_view_dicts.append(
+            {
+                "buffer": 0,
+                "byteOffset": len(buffer0),
+                "byteLength": len(image_bytes),
+            }
+        )
+
+        image_index = len(image_dicts)
+        image_dicts.append(
+            {
+                "name": image.name,
+                "bufferView": image_buffer_view_index,
+                "mimeType": mime,
+            }
+        )
+        image_name_to_index_dict[image.name] = image_index
+
+        buffer0.extend(image_bytes)
+        while len(buffer0) % 4:
+            buffer0.append(0)
+
+        return image_index
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+        cls,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        texture_info: Mtoon1TextureInfoPropertyGroup,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> Optional[dict[str, Json]]:
+        image = texture_info.index.get_connected_node_image()
+        if not image:
+            return None
+
+        image_index = cls.find_or_create_image(
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            image,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+
+        mag_filter = Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.mag_filter_enum.identifier_to_value(
+            texture_info.index.sampler.mag_filter,
+            Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.MAG_FILTER_DEFAULT.value,
+        )
+
+        min_filter = Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.min_filter_enum.identifier_to_value(
+            texture_info.index.sampler.min_filter,
+            Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.MIN_FILTER_DEFAULT.value,
+        )
+
+        wrap_s = Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.wrap_enum.identifier_to_value(
+            texture_info.index.sampler.wrap_s,
+            Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.WRAP_DEFAULT.value,
+        )
+
+        wrap_t = Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.wrap_enum.identifier_to_value(
+            texture_info.index.sampler.wrap_t,
+            Mtoon1SamplerPropertyGroup.WRAP_DEFAULT.value,
+        )
+
+        sampler_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "magFilter": mag_filter,
+            "minFilter": min_filter,
+            "wrapS": wrap_s,
+            "wrapT": wrap_t,
+        }
+
+        sampler_dicts = json_dict.get("samplers")
+        if not isinstance(sampler_dicts, list):
+            sampler_dicts = []
+            json_dict["samplers"] = sampler_dicts
+
+        if sampler_dict in sampler_dicts:
+            sampler_index = sampler_dicts.index(sampler_dict)
+        else:
+            sampler_index = len(sampler_dicts)
+            sampler_dicts.append(sampler_dict)
+
+        texture_dicts = json_dict.get("textures")
+        if not isinstance(texture_dicts, list):
+            texture_dicts = []
+            json_dict["textures"] = texture_dicts
+
+        texture_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "sampler": sampler_index,
+            "source": image_index,
+        }
+
+        if texture_dict in texture_dicts:
+            texture_index = texture_dicts.index(texture_dict)
+        else:
+            texture_index = len(texture_dicts)
+            texture_dicts.append(texture_dict)
+
+        khr_texture_transform = texture_info.extensions.khr_texture_transform
+        if khr_texture_transform.is_default():
+            return {"index": texture_index}
+
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if "KHR_texture_transform" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_texture_transform")
+        json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        khr_texture_transform_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "offset": list(khr_texture_transform.offset),
+            "scale": list(khr_texture_transform.scale),
+        }
+
+        return {
+            "index": texture_index,
+            "extensions": {"KHR_texture_transform": khr_texture_transform_dict},
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        node: Node,
+        texture_input_name: str,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> Optional[dict[str, Json]]:
+        image_name_and_sampler_type = shader.get_image_name_and_sampler_type(
+            node, texture_input_name
+        )
+        if image_name_and_sampler_type is None:
+            return None
+
+        image_name, wrap_type, filter_type = image_name_and_sampler_type
+        image_index = cls.find_or_create_image(
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            context.blend_data.images[image_name],
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+
+        sampler_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "magFilter": filter_type,
+            "minFilter": filter_type,
+            "wrapS": wrap_type,
+            "wrapT": wrap_type,
+        }
+        sampler_dicts = json_dict.get("samplers")
+        if not isinstance(sampler_dicts, list):
+            sampler_dicts = []
+            json_dict["samplers"] = sampler_dicts
+        if sampler_dict in sampler_dicts:
+            sampler_index = sampler_dicts.index(sampler_dict)
+        else:
+            sampler_index = len(sampler_dicts)
+            sampler_dicts.append(sampler_dict)
+
+        texture_dicts = json_dict.get("textures")
+        if not isinstance(texture_dicts, list):
+            texture_dicts = []
+            json_dict["textures"] = texture_dicts
+
+        texture_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "sampler": sampler_index,
+            "source": image_index,
+        }
+
+        if texture_dict in texture_dicts:
+            texture_index = texture_dicts.index(texture_dict)
+        else:
+            texture_index = len(texture_dicts)
+            texture_dicts.append(texture_dict)
+
+        khr_texture_transform_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_khr_texture_transform(
+            node, texture_input_name
+        )
+        if not khr_texture_transform_dict:
+            return {"index": texture_index}
+
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if "KHR_texture_transform" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_texture_transform")
+        json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        return {
+            "index": texture_index,
+            "extensions": {"KHR_texture_transform": khr_texture_transform_dict},
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mtoon1_material_dict(
+        cls,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material: Material,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if "KHR_materials_unlit" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_materials_unlit")
+        if "KHR_materials_emissive_strength" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_materials_emissive_strength")
+        if "VRMC_materials_mtoon" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("VRMC_materials_mtoon")
+
+        # https://github.com/vrm-c/UniVRM/blob/f3479190c330ec6ecd2b40be919285aa93a53aff/Assets/VRM10/Runtime/Migration/Materials/MigrationMToonMaterial.cs
+        mtoon_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "specVersion": "1.0",
+        }
+
+        gltf = get_material_extension(material).mtoon1
+        mtoon = gltf.extensions.vrmc_materials_mtoon
+
+        extensions_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "KHR_materials_unlit": {},
+            "KHR_materials_emissive_strength": {
+                "emissiveStrength": (
+                    gltf.extensions.khr_materials_emissive_strength.emissive_strength
+                ),
+            },
+            "VRMC_materials_mtoon": mtoon_dict,
+        }
+
+        material_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"name": material.name}
+        pbr_metallic_roughness_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+
+        material_dict["alphaMode"] = gltf.alpha_mode
+        mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = mtoon.transparent_with_z_write
+        mtoon_dict["renderQueueOffsetNumber"] = mtoon.render_queue_offset_number
+        if gltf.alpha_mode == "MASK":
+            material_dict["alphaCutoff"] = gltf.alpha_cutoff
+        material_dict["doubleSided"] = gltf.double_sided
+        pbr_metallic_roughness_dict["baseColorFactor"] = list(
+            gltf.pbr_metallic_roughness.base_color_factor
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "baseColorTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                gltf.pbr_metallic_roughness.base_color_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["shadeColorFactor"] = list(mtoon.shade_color_factor)
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "shadeMultiplyTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.shade_multiply_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "normalTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                gltf.normal_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        normal_texture_dict = material_dict.get("normalTexture")
+        if isinstance(normal_texture_dict, dict):
+            normal_texture_dict["scale"] = gltf.normal_texture.scale
+        mtoon_dict["shadingShiftFactor"] = mtoon.shading_shift_factor
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "shadingShiftTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.shading_shift_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        shading_shift_texture_dict = mtoon_dict.get("shadingShiftTexture")
+        if isinstance(shading_shift_texture_dict, dict):
+            shading_shift_texture_dict["scale"] = mtoon.shading_shift_texture.scale
+        mtoon_dict["shadingToonyFactor"] = mtoon.shading_toony_factor
+        mtoon_dict["giEqualizationFactor"] = mtoon.gi_equalization_factor
+        material_dict["emissiveFactor"] = list(gltf.emissive_factor)
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "emissiveTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                gltf.emissive_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        if assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "matcapTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.matcap_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        ):
+            mtoon_dict["matcapFactor"] = list(mtoon.matcap_factor)
+
+        mtoon_dict["parametricRimColorFactor"] = list(mtoon.parametric_rim_color_factor)
+        mtoon_dict["parametricRimFresnelPowerFactor"] = (
+            mtoon.parametric_rim_fresnel_power_factor
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["parametricRimLiftFactor"] = mtoon.parametric_rim_lift_factor
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "rimMultiplyTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.rim_multiply_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["rimLightingMixFactor"] = mtoon.rim_lighting_mix_factor
+        mtoon_dict["outlineWidthMode"] = mtoon.outline_width_mode
+        mtoon_dict["outlineWidthFactor"] = mtoon.outline_width_factor
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "outlineWidthMultiplyTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.outline_width_multiply_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["outlineColorFactor"] = list(mtoon.outline_color_factor)
+        mtoon_dict["outlineLightingMixFactor"] = mtoon.outline_lighting_mix_factor
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "uvAnimationMaskTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon1_texture_info_dict(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                mtoon.uv_animation_mask_texture,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["uvAnimationRotationSpeedFactor"] = (
+            mtoon.uv_animation_rotation_speed_factor
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["uvAnimationScrollXSpeedFactor"] = (
+            mtoon.uv_animation_scroll_x_speed_factor
+        )
+        mtoon_dict["uvAnimationScrollYSpeedFactor"] = (
+            mtoon.uv_animation_scroll_y_speed_factor
+        )
+
+        if pbr_metallic_roughness_dict:
+            material_dict["pbrMetallicRoughness"] = pbr_metallic_roughness_dict
+
+        extensions_dict["VRMC_materials_mtoon"] = mtoon_dict
+        material_dict["extensions"] = extensions_dict
+
+        return material_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_legacy_gltf_material_dict(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material: Material,
+        node: Node,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        material_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"name": material.name}
+        pbr_metallic_roughness_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+
+        if material.blend_method == "OPAQUE":
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "OPAQUE"
+        elif material.blend_method == "CLIP":
+            material_dict["alphaCutoff"] = max(0.0, min(1.0, material.alpha_threshold))
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "MASK"
+        else:
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "BLEND"
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict, "doubleSided", not material.use_backface_culling, False
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "baseColorFactor",
+            shader.get_rgba_value(node, "base_Color", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        base_color_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "color_texture",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict, "baseColorTexture", base_color_texture_dict
+        )
+
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "metallicFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "metallic", 0.0, 1.0),
+            default_value=1.0,
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "roughnessFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "roughness", 0.0, 1.0),
+            default_value=1.0,
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "metallicRoughnessTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "emissive_texture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        normal_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "normal",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        assign_dict(material_dict, "normalTexture", normal_texture_dict)
+
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "emissiveFactor",
+            shader.get_rgb_value(node, "emissive_color", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "emissiveTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "emissive_texture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "occlusionTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "occlusion_texture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if pbr_metallic_roughness_dict:
+            material_dict["pbrMetallicRoughness"] = pbr_metallic_roughness_dict
+
+        unlit_value = shader.get_float_value(node, "unlit")
+        if unlit_value is None or unlit_value > 0.5:
+            extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+            if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+                extensions_used = []
+                json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+            if "KHR_materials_unlit" not in extensions_used:
+                extensions_used.append("KHR_materials_unlit")
+
+            material_dict["extensions"] = {"KHR_materials_unlit": {}}
+
+        return material_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_legacy_transparent_zwrite_material_dict(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material: Material,
+        node: Node,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        # https://vrm-c.github.io/UniVRM/en/implementation/transparent_zwrite.html#mtoon-unlit
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if "KHR_materials_unlit" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_materials_unlit")
+        if "VRMC_materials_mtoon" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("VRMC_materials_mtoon")
+
+        mtoon_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "specVersion": "1.0",
+        }
+        extensions_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "KHR_materials_unlit": {},
+            "VRMC_materials_mtoon": mtoon_dict,
+        }
+
+        material_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "name": material.name,
+            "emissiveFactor": [1, 1, 1],
+        }
+        pbr_metallic_roughness_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "baseColorFactor": [0, 0, 0, 1],
+        }
+
+        material_dict["alphaMode"] = "BLEND"
+        mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = True
+        mtoon_dict["renderQueueOffsetNumber"] = 0
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict, "doubleSided", not material.use_backface_culling, False
+        )
+        base_color_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "Main_Texture",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict, "baseColorTexture", base_color_texture_dict
+        )
+        if base_color_texture_dict is not None:
+            mtoon_dict["shadeMultiplyTexture"] = base_color_texture_dict
+            material_dict["emissiveTexture"] = base_color_texture_dict
+
+        if pbr_metallic_roughness_dict:
+            material_dict["pbrMetallicRoughness"] = pbr_metallic_roughness_dict
+
+        extensions_dict["VRMC_materials_mtoon"] = mtoon_dict
+        material_dict["extensions"] = extensions_dict
+
+        return material_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mmd_material_dict(
+        cls,
+        _context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material: Material,
+        mmd_material: MmdMaterial,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        material_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "name": material.name,
+        }
+        if mmd_material.double_sided:
+            material_dict["doubleSided"] = True
+        if mmd_material.alpha < 1.0:
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "BLEND"
+
+        if texture_image := mmd_material.texture:
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                "baseColorFactor": [0, 0, 0, mmd_material.alpha],
+            }
+            image_index = cls.find_or_create_image(
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                texture_image,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            )
+
+            sampler_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                "magFilter": GL_LINEAR,
+                "minFilter": GL_LINEAR,
+                "wrapS": GL_REPEAT,
+                "wrapT": GL_REPEAT,
+            }
+            sampler_dicts = json_dict.get("samplers")
+            if not isinstance(sampler_dicts, list):
+                sampler_dicts = []
+                json_dict["samplers"] = sampler_dicts
+            if sampler_dict in sampler_dicts:
+                sampler_index = sampler_dicts.index(sampler_dict)
+            else:
+                sampler_index = len(sampler_dicts)
+                sampler_dicts.append(sampler_dict)
+
+            texture_dicts = json_dict.get("textures")
+            if not isinstance(texture_dicts, list):
+                texture_dicts = []
+                json_dict["textures"] = texture_dicts
+
+            texture_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+                "sampler": sampler_index,
+                "source": image_index,
+            }
+
+            if texture_dict in texture_dicts:
+                texture_index = texture_dicts.index(texture_dict)
+            else:
+                texture_index = len(texture_dicts)
+                texture_dicts.append(texture_dict)
+
+            texture_info: dict[str, Json] = {"index": texture_index}
+            material_dict["emissiveTexture"] = texture_info
+            material_dict["emissiveFactor"] = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+        else:
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict = {
+                "baseColorFactor": [*mmd_material.diffuse_color, mmd_material.alpha]
+            }
+
+        material_dict["pbrMetallicRoughness"] = pbr_metallic_roughness_dict
+        return material_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mtoon_unversioned_material_dict(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material: Material,
+        node: ShaderNodeGroup,
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> dict[str, Json]:
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if "KHR_materials_unlit" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("KHR_materials_unlit")
+        if "VRMC_materials_mtoon" not in extensions_used:
+            extensions_used.append("VRMC_materials_mtoon")
+
+        # https://github.com/vrm-c/UniVRM/blob/f3479190c330ec6ecd2b40be919285aa93a53aff/Assets/VRM10/Runtime/Migration/Materials/MigrationMToonMaterial.cs
+        mtoon_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "specVersion": "1.0",
+        }
+        extensions_dict: dict[str, Json] = {
+            "KHR_materials_unlit": {},
+            "VRMC_materials_mtoon": mtoon_dict,
+        }
+
+        material_dict: dict[str, Json] = {"name": material.name}
+        pbr_metallic_roughness_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+
+        if material.blend_method == "OPAQUE":
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "OPAQUE"
+            mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = False
+            mtoon_dict["renderQueueOffsetNumber"] = 0
+        elif material.blend_method == "CLIP":
+            alpha_cutoff = shader.get_float_value(node, "CutoffRate", 0, float_info.max)
+            if alpha_cutoff is not None:
+                material_dict["alphaCutoff"] = alpha_cutoff
+            else:
+                material_dict["alphaCutoff"] = 0.5
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "MASK"
+            mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = False
+            mtoon_dict["renderQueueOffsetNumber"] = 0
+        else:
+            material_dict["alphaMode"] = "BLEND"
+            transparent_with_z_write = shader.get_float_value(
+                node, "TransparentWithZWrite"
+            )
+            if (
+                transparent_with_z_write is None
+                or math.fabs(transparent_with_z_write) < float_info.epsilon
+            ):
+                mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = False
+            else:
+                mtoon_dict["transparentWithZWrite"] = True
+        mtoon_dict["renderQueueOffsetNumber"] = 0
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict, "doubleSided", not material.use_backface_culling, False
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict,
+            "baseColorFactor",
+            shader.get_rgba_value(node, "DiffuseColor", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        base_color_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "MainTexture",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            pbr_metallic_roughness_dict, "baseColorTexture", base_color_texture_dict
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "shadeColorFactor",
+            shader.get_rgb_value(node, "ShadeColor", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        shade_multiply_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "ShadeTexture",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        if shade_multiply_texture_dict is not None:
+            mtoon_dict["shadeMultiplyTexture"] = shade_multiply_texture_dict
+        elif base_color_texture_dict is not None:
+            # https://github.com/vrm-c/UniVRM/blob/f3479190c330ec6ecd2b40be919285aa93a53aff/Assets/VRM10/Runtime/Migration/Materials/MigrationMToonMaterial.cs#L185-L204
+            mtoon_dict["shadeMultiplyTexture"] = base_color_texture_dict
+        normal_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+            context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            node,
+            "NormalmapTexture",
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        if not normal_texture_dict:
+            normal_texture_dict = cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "NomalmapTexture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            )
+        if assign_dict(
+            material_dict, "normalTexture", normal_texture_dict
+        ) and isinstance(normal_texture_dict, dict):
+            assign_dict(
+                normal_texture_dict, "scale", shader.get_float_value(node, "BumpScale")
+            )
+
+        shading_shift_0x = shader.get_float_value(node, "ShadeShift")
+        if shading_shift_0x is None:
+            shading_shift_0x = 0.0
+
+        shading_toony_0x = shader.get_float_value(node, "ShadeToony")
+        if shading_toony_0x is None:
+            shading_toony_0x = 0.0
+
+        mtoon_dict["shadingShiftFactor"] = convert.mtoon_shading_shift_0_to_1(
+            shading_toony_0x, shading_shift_0x
+        )
+
+        mtoon_dict["shadingToonyFactor"] = convert.mtoon_shading_toony_0_to_1(
+            shading_toony_0x, shading_shift_0x
+        )
+
+        gi_equalization_0x = shader.get_float_value(node, "IndirectLightIntensity")
+        if gi_equalization_0x is not None:
+            mtoon_dict["giEqualizationFactor"] = (
+                convert.mtoon_intensity_to_gi_equalization(gi_equalization_0x)
+            )
+
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "emissiveFactor",
+            shader.get_rgb_value(node, "EmissionColor", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            material_dict,
+            "emissiveTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "Emission_Texture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        if assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "matcapTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "SphereAddTexture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        ):
+            mtoon_dict["matcapFactor"] = [1, 1, 1]
+
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "parametricRimColorFactor",
+            shader.get_rgb_value(node, "RimColor", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "parametricRimFresnelPowerFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "RimFresnelPower", 0.0, float_info.max),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "parametricRimLiftFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "RimLift"),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "rimMultiplyTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "RimTexture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # https://github.com/vrm-c/UniVRM/blob/7c9919ef47a25c04100a2dcbe6a75dff49ef4857/Assets/VRM10/Runtime/Migration/Materials/MigrationMToonMaterial.cs#L287-L290
+        mtoon_dict["rimLightingMixFactor"] = 1.0
+
+        centimeter_to_meter = 0.01
+        one_hundredth = 0.01
+
+        outline_width_mode = shader.get_float_value(node, "OutlineWidthMode")
+        if outline_width_mode is not None:
+            outline_width_mode = round(outline_width_mode)
+        else:
+            outline_width_mode = 0
+
+        outline_width = shader.get_float_value(node, "OutlineWidth")
+        if outline_width is None:
+            outline_width = 0.0
+
+        if outline_width_mode == 1:
+            mtoon_dict["outlineWidthMode"] = "worldCoordinates"
+            mtoon_dict["outlineWidthFactor"] = max(
+                0.0, outline_width * centimeter_to_meter
+            )
+        elif outline_width_mode == 2:
+            mtoon_dict["outlineWidthMode"] = "screenCoordinates"
+            mtoon_dict["outlineWidthFactor"] = max(
+                0.0, outline_width * one_hundredth * 0.5
+            )
+        else:
+            mtoon_dict["outlineWidthMode"] = "none"
+
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "outlineWidthMultiplyTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "OutlineWidthTexture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "outlineColorFactor",
+            shader.get_rgb_value(node, "OutlineColor", 0.0, 1.0),
+        )
+
+        outline_color_mode = shader.get_float_value(node, "OutlineColorMode")
+        if outline_color_mode is not None:
+            outline_color_mode = round(outline_color_mode)
+        else:
+            outline_color_mode = 0
+
+        mtoon_dict["outlineLightingMixFactor"] = 0.0
+        if outline_color_mode == 1:
+            assign_dict(
+                mtoon_dict,
+                "outlineLightingMixFactor",
+                shader.get_float_value(node, "OutlineLightingMix"),
+            )
+
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "uvAnimationMaskTexture",
+            cls.create_mtoon0_texture_info_dict(
+                context,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                node,
+                "UV_Animation_Mask_Texture",
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "uvAnimationRotationSpeedFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "UV_Scroll_Rotation"),
+        )
+        assign_dict(
+            mtoon_dict,
+            "uvAnimationScrollXSpeedFactor",
+            shader.get_float_value(node, "UV_Scroll_X"),
+        )
+
+        invert_y = -1
+        uv_animation_scroll_y_speed_factor = shader.get_float_value(node, "UV_Scroll_Y")
+        if uv_animation_scroll_y_speed_factor is not None:
+            mtoon_dict["uvAnimationScrollYSpeedFactor"] = (
+                uv_animation_scroll_y_speed_factor * invert_y
+            )
+
+        if pbr_metallic_roughness_dict:
+            material_dict["pbrMetallicRoughness"] = pbr_metallic_roughness_dict
+
+        extensions_dict["VRMC_materials_mtoon"] = mtoon_dict
+        material_dict["extensions"] = extensions_dict
+
+        return material_dict
+
+    @classmethod
+    def save_vrm_materials(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        material_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int],
+        gltf2_addon_export_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> None:
+        material_dicts = json_dict.get("materials")
+        if not isinstance(material_dicts, list):
+            material_dicts = []
+            json_dict["materials"] = material_dicts
+
+        for material_name, index in material_name_to_index_dict.items():
+            material = context.blend_data.materials.get(material_name)
+            if not isinstance(material, Material) or not (
+                0 <= index < len(material_dicts)
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            if get_material_extension(material).mtoon1.enabled:
+                material_dicts[index] = cls.create_mtoon1_material_dict(
+                    json_dict,
+                    buffer0,
+                    material,
+                    image_name_to_index_dict,
+                    gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            mmd_material = MmdMaterial.try_parse(material)
+            if mmd_material:
+                material_dicts[index] = cls.create_mmd_material_dict(
+                    context,
+                    json_dict,
+                    buffer0,
+                    material,
+                    mmd_material,
+                    image_name_to_index_dict,
+                    gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            # MToon_unversioned (MToon for VRM 0.0)
+            if not (legacy_addon_material := LegacyAddonMaterial.try_parse(material)):
+                continue
+            if legacy_addon_material.shader_name == "MToon_unversioned":
+                material_dicts[index] = cls.create_mtoon_unversioned_material_dict(
+                    context,
+                    json_dict,
+                    buffer0,
+                    material,
+                    legacy_addon_material.shader_node_group,
+                    image_name_to_index_dict,
+                    gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+                )
+            elif legacy_addon_material.shader_name == "GLTF":
+                material_dicts[index] = cls.create_legacy_gltf_material_dict(
+                    context,
+                    json_dict,
+                    buffer0,
+                    material,
+                    legacy_addon_material.shader_node_group,
+                    image_name_to_index_dict,
+                    gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+                )
+            elif legacy_addon_material.shader_name == "TRANSPARENT_ZWRITE":
+                material_dicts[index] = (
+                    cls.create_legacy_transparent_zwrite_material_dict(
+                        context,
+                        json_dict,
+                        buffer0,
+                        material,
+                        legacy_addon_material.shader_node_group,
+                        image_name_to_index_dict,
+                        gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if material_dicts:
+            json_dict["materials"] = material_dicts
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(context: Context) -> Sequence[str]:
+        disabled_material_names: list[str] = []
+        for material in context.blend_data.materials:
+            if not material:
+                continue
+            if not get_material_extension(material).mtoon1.enabled:
+                continue
+            link_or_unlink_gltf_material_nodes(context, material, link=False)
+            disabled_material_names.append(material.name)
+        return disabled_material_names
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def leave_disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(
+        context: Context, disabled_material_names: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> None:
+        for disabled_material_name in reversed(disabled_material_names):
+            disabled_material = context.blend_data.materials.get(disabled_material_name)
+            if not disabled_material:
+                continue
+            link_or_unlink_gltf_material_nodes(context, disabled_material, link=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @contextmanager
+    def disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(cls, context: Context) -> Generator[None]:
+        disabled_material_names = cls.enter_disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(context)
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            cls.leave_disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(context, disabled_material_names)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unassign_normal_from_mtoon_primitive_morph_target(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        material_name_to_index_dict: Mapping[str, int],
+    ) -> None:
+        mesh_dicts = json_dict.get("meshes")
+        if not isinstance(mesh_dicts, list):
+            return
+        for mesh_dict in mesh_dicts:
+            if not isinstance(mesh_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            primitive_dicts = mesh_dict.get("primitives")
+            if not isinstance(primitive_dicts, list):
+                continue
+            for primitive_dict in primitive_dicts:
+                if not isinstance(primitive_dict, dict):
+                    continue
+                material_index = primitive_dict.get("material")
+                if not isinstance(material_index, int):
+                    continue
+
+                skip = True
+                for (
+                    search_material_name,
+                    search_material_index,
+                ) in material_name_to_index_dict.items():
+                    if material_index != search_material_index:
+                        continue
+                    material = context.blend_data.materials.get(search_material_name)
+                    if not material:
+                        continue
+                    mtoon1 = get_material_extension(material).mtoon1
+                    if mtoon1.export_shape_key_normals:
+                        continue
+                    if mtoon1.enabled or (
+                        (
+                            legacy_addon_material := LegacyAddonMaterial.try_parse(
+                                material
+                            )
+                        )
+                        and legacy_addon_material.shader_name == "MToon_unversioned"
+                    ):
+                        skip = False
+                        break
+                if skip:
+                    continue
+
+                target_dicts = primitive_dict.get("targets")
+                if not isinstance(target_dicts, list):
+                    continue
+                for target_dict in target_dicts:
+                    if not isinstance(target_dict, dict):
+                        continue
+                    target_dict.pop("NORMAL", None)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_setup_flexible_hierarchy_bones(
+        context: Context,
+        armature_object: Object,
+        export_objects: Sequence[Object],
+    ) -> Optional[FlexibleHierarchyBoneSetup]:
+        armature_data = armature_object.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            return None
+        ext = get_armature_extension(armature_data)
+        human_bones = ext.vrm1.humanoid.human_bones
+        if human_bones.filter_by_human_bone_hierarchy:
+            return None
+
+        assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name: dict[
+            HumanBoneSpecification, str
+        ] = {}
+        for (
+            human_bone_name,
+            human_bone,
+        ) in human_bones.human_bone_name_to_human_bone().items():
+            if not human_bone.node.bone_name:
+                continue
+            if human_bone.node.bone_name not in armature_data.bones:
+                continue
+            specification = HumanBoneSpecifications.get(human_bone_name)
+            assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name[specification] = (
+                human_bone.node.bone_name
+            )
+
+        if not assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name:
+            return None
+
+        child_bone_name_to_parent_bone_name = (
+            Vrm1Exporter.create_child_bone_name_to_parent_bone_name(
+                armature_data=armature_data,
+                assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name=(
+                    assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name
+                ),
+                all_human_bone_specifications=HumanBoneSpecifications.all_human_bones,
+            )
+        )
+        if not child_bone_name_to_parent_bone_name:
+            return None
+
+        bone_name_and_muted_constraint_name: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        _, bone_constraints, _ = search.export_constraints(
+            export_objects, armature_object
+        )
+        vrm_constraints = {
+            vrm_constraint for _, vrm_constraint in bone_constraints.all_constraints
+        }
+        for pose_bone in armature_object.pose.bones:
+            for constraint in pose_bone.constraints:
+                if not isinstance(constraint, Constraint):
+                    continue
+                if constraint.mute:
+                    continue
+                if constraint in vrm_constraints:
+                    continue
+                bone_name_and_muted_constraint_name.append(
+                    (pose_bone.name, constraint.name)
+                )
+                constraint.mute = True
+
+        return FlexibleHierarchyBoneSetup(
+            original_bone_settings=Vrm1Exporter.reparent_edit_bones(
+                context,
+                armature_object,
+                assigned_human_bone_specification_to_bone_name,
+                child_bone_name_to_parent_bone_name,
+            ),
+            pose_bone_name_and_muted_constraint_name=bone_name_and_muted_constraint_name,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_setup_dummy_human_bones(
+        context: Context, armature_object: Object
+    ) -> Optional[Mapping[HumanBoneName, str]]:
+        armature_data = armature_object.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            return None
+        ext = get_armature_extension(armature_data)
+        human_bones = ext.vrm1.humanoid.human_bones
+        if (
+            not human_bones.allow_non_humanoid_rig
+            and human_bones.bones_are_correctly_assigned()
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        human_bone_name_to_human_bone = human_bones.human_bone_name_to_human_bone()
+        human_bone_name_to_bone_name: dict[HumanBoneName, str] = {}
+        for human_bone_name, human_bone in human_bone_name_to_human_bone.items():
+            if not human_bone.node.bone_name:
+                continue
+            human_bone_name_to_bone_name[human_bone_name] = human_bone.node.bone_name
+            human_bone.node.bone_name = ""
+
+        with save_workspace(context, armature_object, mode="EDIT"):
+            hips_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(HumanBoneName.HIPS.value)
+            hips_bone.head = Vector((0, 0, 0.5))
+            hips_bone.tail = Vector((0, 1, 0.5))
+            hips_bone_name = deepcopy(hips_bone.name)
+
+            right_upper_leg_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_UPPER_LEG.value
+            )
+            right_upper_leg_bone.head = Vector((-0.125, 0, 0.5))
+            right_upper_leg_bone.tail = Vector((-0.125, 1, 0.5))
+            right_upper_leg_bone.parent = hips_bone
+            right_upper_leg_bone_name = deepcopy(right_upper_leg_bone.name)
+
+            right_lower_leg_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_LOWER_LEG.value
+            )
+            right_lower_leg_bone.head = Vector((-0.125, 0, 0.25))
+            right_lower_leg_bone.tail = Vector((-0.125, 1, 0.25))
+            right_lower_leg_bone.parent = right_upper_leg_bone
+            right_lower_leg_bone_name = deepcopy(right_lower_leg_bone.name)
+
+            right_foot_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_FOOT.value
+            )
+            right_foot_bone.head = Vector((-0.125, 0, 0))
+            right_foot_bone.tail = Vector((-0.125, 1, 0))
+            right_foot_bone.parent = right_lower_leg_bone
+            right_foot_bone_name = deepcopy(right_foot_bone.name)
+
+            left_upper_leg_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.LEFT_UPPER_LEG.value
+            )
+            left_upper_leg_bone.head = Vector((0.125, 0, 0.5))
+            left_upper_leg_bone.tail = Vector((0.125, 1, 0.5))
+            left_upper_leg_bone.parent = hips_bone
+            left_upper_leg_bone_name = deepcopy(left_upper_leg_bone.name)
+
+            left_lower_leg_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.LEFT_LOWER_LEG.value
+            )
+            left_lower_leg_bone.head = Vector((0.125, 0, 0.25))
+            left_lower_leg_bone.tail = Vector((0.125, 1, 0.25))
+            left_lower_leg_bone.parent = left_upper_leg_bone
+            left_lower_leg_bone_name = deepcopy(left_lower_leg_bone.name)
+
+            left_foot_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(HumanBoneName.LEFT_FOOT.value)
+            left_foot_bone.head = Vector((0.125, 0, 0))
+            left_foot_bone.tail = Vector((0.125, 1, 0))
+            left_foot_bone.parent = left_lower_leg_bone
+            left_foot_bone_name = deepcopy(left_foot_bone.name)
+
+            spine_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(HumanBoneName.SPINE.value)
+            spine_bone.head = Vector((0, 0, 0.625))
+            spine_bone.tail = Vector((0, 1, 0.625))
+            spine_bone.parent = hips_bone
+            spine_bone_name = deepcopy(spine_bone.name)
+
+            right_upper_arm_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_UPPER_ARM.value
+            )
+            right_upper_arm_bone.head = Vector((-0.125, 0, 0.75))
+            right_upper_arm_bone.tail = Vector((-0.125, 1, 0.75))
+            right_upper_arm_bone.parent = spine_bone
+            right_upper_arm_bone_name = deepcopy(right_upper_arm_bone.name)
+
+            right_lower_arm_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_LOWER_ARM.value
+            )
+            right_lower_arm_bone.head = Vector((-0.25, 0, 0.75))
+            right_lower_arm_bone.tail = Vector((-0.25, 1, 0.75))
+            right_lower_arm_bone.parent = right_upper_arm_bone
+            right_lower_arm_bone_name = deepcopy(right_lower_arm_bone.name)
+
+            right_hand_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.RIGHT_HAND.value
+            )
+            right_hand_bone.head = Vector((-0.375, 0, 0.75))
+            right_hand_bone.tail = Vector((-0.375, 1, 0.75))
+            right_hand_bone.parent = right_lower_arm_bone
+            right_hand_bone_name = deepcopy(right_hand_bone.name)
+
+            left_upper_arm_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.LEFT_UPPER_ARM.value
+            )
+            left_upper_arm_bone.head = Vector((0.125, 0, 0.75))
+            left_upper_arm_bone.tail = Vector((0.125, 1, 0.75))
+            left_upper_arm_bone.parent = spine_bone
+            left_upper_arm_bone_name = deepcopy(left_upper_arm_bone.name)
+
+            left_lower_arm_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(
+                HumanBoneName.LEFT_LOWER_ARM.value
+            )
+            left_lower_arm_bone.head = Vector((0.25, 0, 0.75))
+            left_lower_arm_bone.tail = Vector((0.25, 1, 0.75))
+            left_lower_arm_bone.parent = left_upper_arm_bone
+            left_lower_arm_bone_name = deepcopy(left_lower_arm_bone.name)
+
+            left_hand_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(HumanBoneName.LEFT_HAND.value)
+            left_hand_bone.head = Vector((0.375, 0, 0.75))
+            left_hand_bone.tail = Vector((0.375, 1, 0.75))
+            left_hand_bone.parent = left_lower_arm_bone
+            left_hand_bone_name = deepcopy(left_hand_bone.name)
+
+            head_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.new(HumanBoneName.HEAD.value)
+            head_bone.head = Vector((0, 0, 0.75))
+            head_bone.tail = Vector((0, 1, 0.75))
+            head_bone.parent = spine_bone
+            head_bone_name = deepcopy(head_bone.name)
+
+        Vrm1HumanBonesPropertyGroup.update_all_bone_name_candidates(
+            context, armature_data.name
+        )
+
+        human_bones.head.node.bone_name = head_bone_name
+        human_bones.spine.node.bone_name = spine_bone_name
+        human_bones.hips.node.bone_name = hips_bone_name
+
+        human_bones.right_upper_arm.node.bone_name = right_upper_arm_bone_name
+        human_bones.right_lower_arm.node.bone_name = right_lower_arm_bone_name
+        human_bones.right_hand.node.bone_name = right_hand_bone_name
+
+        human_bones.left_upper_arm.node.bone_name = left_upper_arm_bone_name
+        human_bones.left_lower_arm.node.bone_name = left_lower_arm_bone_name
+        human_bones.left_hand.node.bone_name = left_hand_bone_name
+
+        human_bones.right_upper_leg.node.bone_name = right_upper_leg_bone_name
+        human_bones.right_lower_leg.node.bone_name = right_lower_leg_bone_name
+        human_bones.right_foot.node.bone_name = right_foot_bone_name
+
+        human_bones.left_upper_leg.node.bone_name = left_upper_leg_bone_name
+        human_bones.left_lower_leg.node.bone_name = left_lower_leg_bone_name
+        human_bones.left_foot.node.bone_name = left_foot_bone_name
+
+        return human_bone_name_to_bone_name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def leave_setup_dummy_human_bones(
+        context: Context,
+        armature_object: Object,
+        human_bone_name_to_bone_name: Mapping[HumanBoneName, str],
+    ) -> None:
+        armature_data = armature_object.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            return
+
+        human_bones = get_armature_extension(armature_data).vrm1.humanoid.human_bones
+
+        human_bone_name_to_human_bone = human_bones.human_bone_name_to_human_bone()
+        dummy_bone_names = deepcopy(
+            [
+                human_bone.node.bone_name
+                for human_bone in human_bone_name_to_human_bone.values()
+                if human_bone.node.bone_name
+            ]
+        )
+
+        for human_bone_name, human_bone in reversed(
+            list(human_bone_name_to_human_bone.items())
+        ):
+            bone_name = human_bone_name_to_bone_name.get(human_bone_name)
+            if bone_name:
+                human_bone.node.bone_name = bone_name
+            else:
+                human_bone.node.bone_name = ""
+        Vrm1HumanBonesPropertyGroup.update_all_bone_name_candidates(
+            context, armature_data.name
+        )
+        with save_workspace(context, armature_object, mode="EDIT"):
+            for dummy_bone_name in reversed(dummy_bone_names):
+                dummy_edit_bone = armature_data.edit_bones.get(dummy_bone_name)
+                if dummy_edit_bone:
+                    armature_data.edit_bones.remove(dummy_edit_bone)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @contextmanager
+    def setup_dummy_human_bones(
+        cls,
+        context: Context,
+        armature: Object,
+    ) -> Generator[None]:
+        human_bone_name_to_bone_name = cls.enter_setup_dummy_human_bones(
+            context,
+            armature,
+        )
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            if human_bone_name_to_bone_name is not None:
+                cls.leave_setup_dummy_human_bones(
+                    context,
+                    armature,
+                    human_bone_name_to_bone_name,
+                )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def clear_constrainted_rotation(
+        constraint: CopyRotationConstraint, object_or_bone: Union[Object, PoseBone]
+    ) -> None:
+        euler_order = constraint.euler_order
+        if euler_order == "AUTO":
+            if object_or_bone.rotation_mode in ROTATION_MODE_EULER:
+                euler_order = object_or_bone.rotation_mode
+            else:
+                euler_order = "XYZ"
+        euler = get_rotation_as_quaternion(object_or_bone).to_euler(euler_order)
+        if constraint.use_x:
+            euler.x = 0
+        if constraint.use_y:
+            euler.y = 0
+        if constraint.use_z:
+            euler.z = 0
+        set_rotation_without_mode_change(object_or_bone, euler.to_quaternion())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enter_disable_constraints(
+        context: Context, armature: Object, export_objects: Sequence[Object]
+    ) -> tuple[Sequence[tuple[str, str]], Sequence[tuple[str, str]]]:
+        constraint: Optional[Constraint] = None
+
+        object_constraints, bone_constraints, _ = search.export_constraints(
+            export_objects, armature
+        )
+        object_name_and_constraint_name: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        for object_name, constraint in object_constraints.all_constraints:
+            obj = context.blend_data.objects.get(object_name)
+            if not obj:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(constraint, CopyRotationConstraint):
+                Vrm1Exporter.clear_constrainted_rotation(constraint, obj)
+            else:
+                set_rotation_without_mode_change(obj, Quaternion())
+            constraint.mute = True
+            object_name_and_constraint_name.append((object_name, constraint.name))
+
+        bone_name_and_constraint_name: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        for bone_name, constraint in bone_constraints.all_constraints:
+            bone = armature.pose.bones.get(bone_name)
+            if not bone:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(constraint, CopyRotationConstraint):
+                Vrm1Exporter.clear_constrainted_rotation(constraint, bone)
+            else:
+                set_rotation_without_mode_change(bone, Quaternion())
+            constraint.mute = True
+            bone_name_and_constraint_name.append((bone_name, constraint.name))
+
+        return (object_name_and_constraint_name, bone_name_and_constraint_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def leave_disable_constraints(
+        context: Context,
+        armature: Object,
+        object_name_and_constraint_name: Sequence[tuple[str, str]],
+        bone_name_and_constraint_name: Sequence[tuple[str, str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        # Consider the possibility that Object or Constraint may have been
+        # deleted, and retrieve them again
+
+        for bone_name, constraint_name in reversed(list(bone_name_and_constraint_name)):
+            bone = armature.pose.bones.get(bone_name)
+            if not bone:
+                continue
+            constraint = bone.constraints.get(constraint_name)
+            if not isinstance(constraint, Constraint):
+                continue
+            constraint.mute = False
+
+        for object_name, constraint_name in reversed(
+            list(object_name_and_constraint_name)
+        ):
+            obj = context.blend_data.objects.get(object_name)
+            if not obj:
+                continue
+            constraint = obj.constraints.get(constraint_name)
+            if not isinstance(constraint, Constraint):
+                continue
+            constraint.mute = False
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def disable_constraints(self, context: Context) -> Generator[None]:
+        object_name_and_constraint_name, bone_name_and_constraint_name = (
+            self.enter_disable_constraints(
+                context, self._armature, self._export_objects
+            )
+        )
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            self.leave_disable_constraints(
+                context,
+                self._armature,
+                object_name_and_constraint_name,
+                bone_name_and_constraint_name,
+            )
+
+    def enter_assign_export_custom_properties(self) -> None:
+        self._armature[self._extras_main_armature_key] = True
+
+        armature_data = self._armature.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            return
+
+        # To minimize the impact of other glTF2ExportUserExtensions,
+        # use custom properties that seem to have less impact
+        # to establish correspondence between Blender objects and indices.
+        for obj in self._context.blend_data.objects:
+            obj[self._extras_object_name_key] = obj.name
+        for material in self._context.blend_data.materials:
+            material[self._extras_material_name_key] = material.name
+        for mesh in self._context.blend_data.meshes:
+            mesh[self._extras_mesh_name_key] = mesh.name
+
+        # The glTF 2.0 addon comment states that it saves custom properties with
+        # PoseBone, but it actually references custom properties of Bone.
+        # Therefore, write to both just in case
+        for pose_bone in self._armature.pose.bones:
+            pose_bone[self._extras_bone_name_key] = pose_bone.name
+        for bone in armature_data.bones:
+            bone[self._extras_bone_name_key] = bone.name
+
+    def leave_assign_export_custom_properties(self) -> None:
+        armature_data = self._armature.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            return
+
+        for bone in reversed(armature_data.bones):
+            bone.pop(self._extras_bone_name_key, None)
+        for pose_bone in reversed(self._armature.pose.bones):
+            pose_bone.pop(self._extras_bone_name_key, None)
+
+        for mesh in reversed(self._context.blend_data.meshes):
+            mesh.pop(self._extras_mesh_name_key, None)
+        for material in reversed(self._context.blend_data.materials):
+            material.pop(self._extras_material_name_key, None)
+        for obj in reversed(self._context.blend_data.objects):
+            obj.pop(self._extras_object_name_key, None)
+
+        self._armature.pop(self._extras_main_armature_key, None)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def assign_export_custom_properties(self) -> Generator[None]:
+        self.enter_assign_export_custom_properties()
+        try:
+            yield
+            # After yield, bpy's native objects may be deleted or frames may advance
+            # and become invalid. Accessing them in that state can cause crashes, so
+            # be careful not to access such potentially invalid native objects
+            # after yield
+        finally:
+            self.leave_assign_export_custom_properties()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def gltf_export_armature_object_remove(
+        context: Context, mesh_object_names: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return whether to enable export_armature_object_remove.
+
+        export_armature_object_remove is very useful and we'd like to use it,
+        but it has many bugs, so enable it only when not affected by those bugs.
+        """
+        if bpy.app.version < (4, 2):
+            return False
+
+        if bpy.app.version < (4, 4):
+            # Root bone with non-deform bones returns False
+            # https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Blender-IO/issues/2394
+            for selected_object in context.selected_objects:
+                if selected_object.type != "ARMATURE":
+                    continue
+                armature = selected_object.data
+                if not isinstance(armature, Armature):
+                    continue
+                for bone in armature.bones:
+                    if bone.parent:
+                        continue
+                    if not bone.use_deform:
+                        return False
+
+        # Return False if there are vertices with Armature modifier but no weights
+        # https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Blender-IO/issues/2436
+        armature_data_name_to_deform_bone_names: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
+        for mesh_object_name in mesh_object_names:
+            mesh_object = context.blend_data.objects.get(mesh_object_name)
+            if not mesh_object:
+                continue
+            if mesh_object.type != "MESH":
+                continue
+            mesh = mesh_object.data
+            if not isinstance(mesh, Mesh):
+                continue
+
+            vertex_group_names_set: Optional[set[tuple[str, ...]]] = None
+
+            for modifier in mesh_object.modifiers:
+                if modifier.type != "ARMATURE":
+                    continue
+                if not isinstance(modifier, ArmatureModifier):
+                    continue
+                if not modifier.show_viewport:
+                    continue
+                armature_object = modifier.object
+                if not armature_object:
+                    continue
+                armature_data = armature_object.data
+                if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+                    continue
+                deform_bone_names = armature_data_name_to_deform_bone_names.get(
+                    armature_data.name
+                )
+                if deform_bone_names is None:
+                    deform_bone_names = {
+                        bone.name for bone in armature_data.bones if bone.use_deform
+                    }
+                    armature_data_name_to_deform_bone_names[armature_data.name] = (
+                        deform_bone_names
+                    )
+
+                if vertex_group_names_set is None:
+                    vertex_groups = mesh_object.vertex_groups
+                    vertex_group_names_set = {
+                        tuple(
+                            vertex_groups[vertex_group_index].name
+                            for vertex_group_index in vertex_group_indices
+                            if 0 <= vertex_group_index < len(vertex_groups)
+                        )
+                        for vertex_group_indices in {
+                            tuple(
+                                sorted(
+                                    {
+                                        group.group
+                                        for group in vertex.groups
+                                        if group.weight > 0
+                                    }
+                                )
+                            )
+                            for vertex in mesh.vertices
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                for vertex_group_names in vertex_group_names_set:
+                    if all(
+                        vertex_group_name not in deform_bone_names
+                        for vertex_group_name in vertex_group_names
+                    ):
+                        return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def export(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        init_extras_export()
+
+        armature_data = self._armature.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            message = f"{type(armature_data)} is not an Armature"
+            raise TypeError(message)
+
+        self.setup_mtoon_gltf_fallback_nodes(self._context, is_vrm0=False)
+
+        with (
+            save_workspace(self._context),
+            self.setup_flexible_hierarchy_bones(
+                self._context, self._armature, self._export_objects
+            ),
+            self.setup_dummy_human_bones(self._context, self._armature),
+            self.clear_blend_shape_proxy_previews(self._context, armature_data),
+            self.enable_deform_for_all_referenced_bones(armature_data),
+            setup_humanoid_t_pose(self._context, self._armature),
+            self.overwrite_object_visibility_and_selection(),
+        ):
+            with (
+                self.disable_constraints(self._context),
+                self.hide_mtoon1_outline_geometry_nodes(self._context),
+                self.disable_mtoon1_material_nodes(self._context),
+                self.mount_skinned_mesh_parent(),
+                self.save_selected_mesh_compat_objects() as mesh_compat_object_names,
+                self.assign_export_custom_properties(),
+                tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir,
+            ):
+                _force_apply_modifiers_to_objects(
+                    self._context, self._armature, mesh_compat_object_names
+                )
+                _remove_inactive_uv_maps(self._context, mesh_compat_object_names)
+
+                filepath = Path(temp_dir, "out.glb")
+                export_scene_gltf_result = export_scene_gltf(
+                    ExportSceneGltfArguments(
+                        filepath=str(filepath),
+                        check_existing=False,
+                        export_format="GLB",
+                        export_extras=True,
+                        export_def_bones=True,
+                        export_current_frame=True,
+                        use_selection=True,
+                        use_active_scene=True,
+                        export_animations=self._export_gltf_animations,
+                        export_armature_object_remove=(
+                            self.gltf_export_armature_object_remove(
+                                self._context, mesh_compat_object_names
+                            )
+                        ),
+                        export_rest_position_armature=False,
+                        export_apply=False,
+                        # Models may appear incorrectly in many viewers
+                        export_all_influences=self._export_all_influences,
+                        export_lights=self._export_lights,
+                        export_try_sparse_sk=self._export_try_sparse_sk,
+                        export_vertex_color="MATERIAL",
+                    )
+                )
+                if export_scene_gltf_result == {"CANCELLED"}:
+                    return None
+                if export_scene_gltf_result != {"FINISHED"}:
+                    message = (
+                        'The glTF2 Exporter has not been {"FINISHED"}'
+                        f" but {export_scene_gltf_result}"
+                    )
+                    raise AssertionError(message)
+                extra_name_assigned_glb = filepath.read_bytes()
+            vrm_bytes = self.add_vrm_extension_to_glb(extra_name_assigned_glb)
+            if vrm_bytes is None:
+                return None
+            _logger.info("Generated VRM size: %s bytes", len(vrm_bytes))
+        return vrm_bytes
+
+    def remove_exported_armature_object_before_4_2(
+        self,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        node_dicts: list[Json],
+        armature_node_index: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete scene armature object if it can be deleted in Blender < 4.2.
+
+        This is to prevent the Armature object from being treated as a bone
+        when re-importing in Blender. TODO: Should be handled more intelligently
+        using skin.skeleton etc.
+
+        When the main armature has transforms, the current method doesn't work
+        well with Blender 4.2.1, UniVRM 0.126.0, etc., so we don't do it.
+
+        When there are multiple root bones with Skin Joints registered,
+        skin.joints requires a common root bone constraint, so we don't delete it.
+        """
+        if bpy.app.version >= (4, 2):
+            return
+
+        armature_world_matrix = (
+            _find_node_world_matrix(node_dicts, armature_node_index, None) or Matrix()
+        )
+
+        if not (0 <= armature_node_index < len(node_dicts)):
+            return
+        armature_node_dict = node_dicts[armature_node_index]
+        if not isinstance(armature_node_dict, dict):
+            return
+
+        if not is_identity_matrix(armature_world_matrix):
+            return
+
+        scene_dicts = json_dict.get("scenes")
+        if not isinstance(scene_dicts, list):
+            return
+
+        all_joint_node_indices: list[Sequence[int]] = []
+
+        skin_dicts = json_dict.get("skins")
+        if isinstance(skin_dicts, list):
+            for skin_dict in skin_dicts:
+                if not isinstance(skin_dict, dict):
+                    continue
+                joints = skin_dict.get("joints")
+                if not isinstance(joints, list):
+                    continue
+                all_joint_node_indices.append(
+                    [
+                        joint_node_index
+                        for joint_node_index in joints
+                        if isinstance(joint_node_index, int)
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        armature_child_indices = (
+            [child for child in children if isinstance(child, int)]
+            if isinstance(children := armature_node_dict.get("children"), Sequence)
+            else []
+        )
+
+        for joint_node_indices in all_joint_node_indices:
+            if len(set(joint_node_indices).intersection(armature_child_indices)) >= 2:
+                return
+
+        armature_replaced = False
+        for scene_dict in scene_dicts:
+            if not isinstance(scene_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            scene_node_indices = scene_dict.get("nodes")
+            if not isinstance(scene_node_indices, list):
+                continue
+
+            # Remove ancestor nodes of that armature among nodes belonging to the scene
+            for scene_node_index in list(scene_node_indices):
+                if not isinstance(scene_node_index, int):
+                    continue
+                search_scene_node_indices = [scene_node_index]
+                while search_scene_node_indices:
+                    search_scene_node_index = search_scene_node_indices.pop()
+                    if search_scene_node_index == armature_node_index:
+                        scene_node_indices.remove(scene_node_index)
+                        break
+                    if not (0 <= search_scene_node_index < len(node_dicts)):
+                        continue
+                    search_scene_node_dict = node_dicts[search_scene_node_index]
+                    if not isinstance(search_scene_node_dict, dict):
+                        continue
+                    child_indices = search_scene_node_dict.get("children")
+                    if not isinstance(child_indices, list):
+                        continue
+                    for child_index in child_indices:
+                        if not isinstance(child_index, int):
+                            continue
+                        search_scene_node_indices.append(child_index)
+
+            for armature_child_index in armature_child_indices:
+                if (
+                    not (0 <= armature_child_index < len(node_dicts))
+                    or armature_child_index in scene_node_indices
+                ):
+                    continue
+                scene_node_indices.append(armature_child_index)
+                if armature_replaced:
+                    continue
+                # Apply world matrix up to main armature to its children
+                child_node_dict = node_dicts[armature_child_index]
+                if not isinstance(child_node_dict, dict):
+                    continue
+                child_matrix = parse_gltf_node_matrix(child_node_dict)
+                _set_node_matrix(
+                    child_node_dict,
+                    armature_world_matrix @ child_matrix,
+                )
+            armature_replaced = True
+
+        if armature_replaced:
+            armature_node_dict.pop("children", None)
+            armature_node_dict["name"] = "secondary"  # Assign dummy name
+
+    def add_vrm_extension_to_glb(
+        self, extra_name_assigned_glb: bytes
+    ) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        armature_data = self._armature.data
+        if not isinstance(armature_data, Armature):
+            message = f"{type(armature_data)} is not an Armature"
+            raise TypeError(message)
+
+        vrm = get_armature_extension(armature_data).vrm1
+
+        json_dict, buffer0_bytes = parse_glb(extra_name_assigned_glb)
+        buffer0 = bytearray(buffer0_bytes)
+
+        bone_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        object_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        image_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+
+        node_dicts = json_dict.get("nodes")
+        if not isinstance(node_dicts, list):
+            node_dicts = []
+            json_dict["nodes"] = node_dicts
+
+        mesh_dicts = json_dict.get("meshes")
+        if not isinstance(mesh_dicts, list):
+            mesh_dicts = []
+            json_dict["meshes"] = mesh_dicts
+
+        for node_index, node_dict in enumerate(node_dicts):
+            if not isinstance(node_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            extras_dict = node_dict.get("extras")
+            if not isinstance(extras_dict, dict):
+                continue
+
+            bone_name = extras_dict.pop(self._extras_bone_name_key, None)
+            if isinstance(bone_name, str):
+                bone_name_to_index_dict[bone_name] = node_index
+
+            is_main_armature = extras_dict.pop(self._extras_main_armature_key, None)
+
+            object_name = extras_dict.pop(self._extras_object_name_key, None)
+            if isinstance(object_name, str):
+                object_name_to_index_dict[object_name] = node_index
+                if bpy.app.version < (3, 3):
+                    is_main_armature = object_name == self._armature.name
+
+            if is_main_armature:
+                if not extras_dict:
+                    node_dict.pop("extras", None)
+                self.remove_exported_armature_object_before_4_2(
+                    json_dict, node_dicts, node_index
+                )
+
+            mesh_index = node_dict.get("mesh")
+            if (
+                isinstance(object_name, str)
+                and isinstance(mesh_index, int)
+                and 0 <= mesh_index < len(mesh_dicts)
+            ):
+                mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict[object_name] = node_index
+                mesh_dict = mesh_dicts[mesh_index]
+                if isinstance(mesh_dict, dict):
+                    mesh_extras_dict = mesh_dict.get("extras")
+                    if isinstance(mesh_extras_dict, dict):
+                        target_names = mesh_extras_dict.get("targetNames")
+                        if isinstance(target_names, list):
+                            mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict[object_name] = [
+                                str(target_name) for target_name in target_names
+                            ]
+
+            if isinstance(object_name, str) and (
+                object_name.startswith(INTERNAL_NAME_PREFIX + "VrmAddonLinkTo")
+                # or object_name == dummy_skinned_mesh_object_name
+            ):
+                node_dict.clear()
+                for child_removing_node_dict in node_dicts:
+                    if not isinstance(child_removing_node_dict, dict):
+                        continue
+                    children = child_removing_node_dict.pop("children", None)
+                    if not isinstance(children, list):
+                        continue
+                    children = [child for child in children if child != node_index]
+                    if children:
+                        child_removing_node_dict["children"] = children
+
+                # TODO: remove from scenes, skin joints ...
+
+            if not extras_dict:
+                node_dict.pop("extras", None)
+
+        node_constraint_spec_version = "1.0"
+        use_node_constraint = False
+        object_constraints, bone_constraints, _ = search.export_constraints(
+            self._export_objects, self._armature
+        )
+
+        for object_name, node_index in object_name_to_index_dict.items():
+            if not (0 <= node_index < len(node_dicts)):
+                continue
+            node_dict = node_dicts[node_index]
+            if not isinstance(node_dict, dict):
+                _logger.error(
+                    "gltf.nodes[%d] is invalid value: %s", node_index, node_dict
+                )
+                node_dict = {}
+                node_dicts[node_index] = node_dict
+            constraint_dict = self.create_constraint_dict(
+                object_name,
+                object_constraints,
+                object_name_to_index_dict,
+                bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+            if constraint_dict:
+                extensions = node_dict.get("extensions")
+                if not isinstance(extensions, dict):
+                    node_dict["extensions"] = extensions = {}
+                extensions["VRMC_node_constraint"] = {
+                    "specVersion": node_constraint_spec_version,
+                    "constraint": constraint_dict,
+                }
+                use_node_constraint = True
+
+        for bone_name, node_index in bone_name_to_index_dict.items():
+            if not (0 <= node_index < len(node_dicts)):
+                continue
+            node_dict = node_dicts[node_index]
+            if not isinstance(node_dict, dict):
+                _logger.error(
+                    "gltf.nodes[%d] is invalid value: %s", node_index, node_dict
+                )
+                node_dict = {}
+                node_dicts[node_index] = node_dicts
+            constraint_dict = self.create_constraint_dict(
+                bone_name,
+                bone_constraints,
+                object_name_to_index_dict,
+                bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            )
+            if constraint_dict:
+                extensions = node_dict.get("extensions")
+                if not isinstance(extensions, dict):
+                    node_dict["extensions"] = extensions = {}
+                extensions["VRMC_node_constraint"] = {
+                    "specVersion": node_constraint_spec_version,
+                    "constraint": constraint_dict,
+                }
+                use_node_constraint = True
+
+        material_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        material_dicts = json_dict.get("materials")
+        if not isinstance(material_dicts, list):
+            material_dicts = []
+            json_dict["materials"] = material_dicts
+        for material_index, material_dict in enumerate(material_dicts):
+            if not isinstance(material_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            extras_dict = material_dict.get("extras")
+            if not isinstance(extras_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            material_name = extras_dict.pop(self._extras_material_name_key, None)
+            if not isinstance(material_name, str):
+                continue
+            material_name_to_index_dict[material_name] = material_index
+            if not extras_dict:
+                material_dict.pop("extras", None)
+
+        mesh_name_to_index_dict: dict[str, int] = {}
+        for mesh_index, mesh_dict in enumerate(mesh_dicts):
+            if not isinstance(mesh_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            extras_dict = mesh_dict.get("extras")
+            if not isinstance(extras_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            mesh_name = extras_dict.pop(self._extras_mesh_name_key, None)
+            if not isinstance(mesh_name, str):
+                continue
+            mesh_name_to_index_dict[mesh_name] = mesh_index
+            if not extras_dict:
+                mesh_dict.pop("extras", None)
+
+        self.save_vrm_materials(
+            self._context,
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            material_name_to_index_dict,
+            image_name_to_index_dict,
+            self._gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+        )
+        self.unassign_normal_from_mtoon_primitive_morph_target(
+            self._context, json_dict, material_name_to_index_dict
+        )
+
+        extensions_used = json_dict.get("extensionsUsed")
+        if not isinstance(extensions_used, list):
+            extensions_used = []
+            json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        if use_node_constraint:
+            extensions_used.append("VRMC_node_constraint")
+
+        extensions = json_dict.get("extensions")
+        if not isinstance(extensions, dict):
+            json_dict["extensions"] = extensions = {}
+
+        extensions_used.append("VRMC_vrm")
+        extensions["VRMC_vrm"] = {
+            "specVersion": get_armature_extension(armature_data).spec_version,
+            "meta": self.create_meta_dict(
+                vrm.meta,
+                json_dict,
+                buffer0,
+                image_name_to_index_dict,
+                self._gltf2_addon_export_settings,
+            ),
+            "humanoid": self.create_humanoid_dict(
+                vrm.humanoid, bone_name_to_index_dict
+            ),
+            "firstPerson": self.create_first_person_dict(
+                vrm.first_person, mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict
+            ),
+            "lookAt": self.create_look_at_dict(vrm.look_at),
+            "expressions": self.create_expressions_dict(
+                vrm.expressions,
+                mesh_object_name_to_node_index_dict,
+                mesh_object_name_to_morph_target_names_dict,
+                material_name_to_index_dict,
+            ),
+        }
+
+        spring_bone = get_armature_extension(armature_data).spring_bone1
+        spring_bone_dict: dict[str, Json] = {}
+
+        (
+            spring_bone_collider_dicts,
+            collider_uuid_to_index_dict,
+        ) = self.create_spring_bone_collider_dicts(
+            extensions_used, spring_bone, bone_name_to_index_dict
+        )
+        if spring_bone_collider_dicts:
+            spring_bone_dict["colliders"] = spring_bone_collider_dicts
+
+        (
+            spring_bone_collider_group_dicts,
+            collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict,
+        ) = self.create_spring_bone_collider_group_dicts(
+            spring_bone, collider_uuid_to_index_dict
+        )
+        if spring_bone_collider_group_dicts:
+            spring_bone_dict["colliderGroups"] = spring_bone_collider_group_dicts
+
+        spring_bone_spring_dicts = self.create_spring_bone_spring_dicts(
+            extensions_used,
+            spring_bone,
+            bone_name_to_index_dict,
+            collider_group_uuid_to_index_dict,
+            self._armature,
+        )
+        if spring_bone_spring_dicts:
+            spring_bone_dict["springs"] = spring_bone_spring_dicts
+
+        if spring_bone_dict:
+            extensions_used.append("VRMC_springBone")
+            spring_bone_dict["specVersion"] = "1.0"
+            extensions["VRMC_springBone"] = spring_bone_dict
+
+        json_dict["extensions"] = extensions
+        json_dict["extensionsUsed"] = extensions_used
+
+        v = get_addon_version()
+        if environ.get("BLENDER_VRM_USE_TEST_EXPORTER_VERSION") == "true":
+            v = (999, 999, 999)
+
+        generator = "VRM Add-on for Blender v" + ".".join(map(str, v))
+
+        asset_dict = json_dict.get("asset")
+        if not isinstance(asset_dict, dict):
+            asset_dict = {}
+            json_dict["asset"] = asset_dict
+
+        base_generator = asset_dict.get("generator")
+        if isinstance(base_generator, str):
+            generator += " with " + base_generator
+
+        generator += self.generator_postfix
+
+        asset_dict["generator"] = generator
+
+        if buffer0:
+            buffer_dicts = json_dict.get("buffers")
+            if not isinstance(buffer_dicts, list) or not buffer_dicts:
+                buffer_dicts = []
+                json_dict["buffers"] = buffer_dicts
+            if not buffer_dicts:
+                buffer_dicts.append({})
+            buffer_dict = buffer_dicts[0]
+            if not isinstance(buffer_dict, dict):
+                buffer_dict = {}
+                buffer_dicts[0] = buffer_dict
+            buffer_dict["byteLength"] = len(buffer0)
+
+        remove_empty_root_arrays(json_dict)
+
+        self.trigger_pre_save_hook(
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            self._armature,
+            MappingProxyType(
+                {
+                    index: obj
+                    for object_name, index in object_name_to_index_dict.items()
+                    if (obj := self._context.blend_data.objects.get(object_name))
+                }
+            ),
+            MappingProxyType(
+                {
+                    index: bone
+                    for bone_name, index in bone_name_to_index_dict.items()
+                    if (bone := armature_data.bones.get(bone_name))
+                }
+            ),
+            MappingProxyType(
+                {
+                    index: image
+                    for image_name, index in image_name_to_index_dict.items()
+                    if (image := self._context.blend_data.images.get(image_name))
+                }
+            ),
+            MappingProxyType(
+                {
+                    index: material
+                    for material_name, index in material_name_to_index_dict.items()
+                    if (
+                        material := self._context.blend_data.materials.get(
+                            material_name
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+            ),
+            MappingProxyType(
+                {
+                    index: mesh
+                    for mesh_name, index in mesh_name_to_index_dict.items()
+                    if (mesh := self._context.blend_data.meshes.get(mesh_name))
+                }
+            ),
+        )
+
+        json_dict = {str(k): make_json(v) for k, v in json_dict.items()}
+
+        asset_dict = json_dict.get("asset")
+        if not isinstance(asset_dict, dict):
+            asset_dict = {}
+            json_dict["asset"] = asset_dict
+        asset_dict["generator"] = generator
+
+        if buffer0:
+            buffer_dicts = json_dict.get("buffers")
+            if not isinstance(buffer_dicts, list) or not buffer_dicts:
+                buffer_dicts = []
+                json_dict["buffers"] = buffer_dicts
+            if not buffer_dicts:
+                buffer_dicts.append({})
+            buffer_dict = buffer_dicts[0]
+            if not isinstance(buffer_dict, dict):
+                buffer_dict = {}
+                buffer_dicts[0] = buffer_dict
+            buffer_dict["byteLength"] = len(buffer0)
+
+        return pack_glb(json_dict, buffer0)
+
+    def trigger_pre_save_hook(
+        self,
+        json_dict: dict[str, Json],
+        buffer0: bytearray,
+        armature_object: Object,
+        node_index_to_object: Mapping[int, Object],
+        node_index_to_bone: Mapping[int, Bone],
+        image_index_to_image: Mapping[int, Image],
+        material_index_to_material: Mapping[int, Material],
+        mesh_index_to_mesh: Mapping[int, Mesh],
+    ) -> None:
+        trigger_third_party_user_extension_hook(
+            self._third_party_user_extensions,
+            "pre_save_hook",
+            json_dict,
+            buffer0,
+            armature_object,
+            node_index_to_object,
+            node_index_to_bone,
+            image_index_to_image,
+            material_index_to_material,
+            mesh_index_to_mesh,
+        )
+
+
+def _remove_inactive_uv_maps(
+    context: Context, mesh_object_names: Sequence[str]
+) -> None:
+    """Remove UV maps that are not active for rendering from meshes.
+
+    As of UniVRM v0.131.0, only one UV map is supported, so UV maps not used for
+    rendering are removed.
+    """
+    for mesh_object_name in mesh_object_names:
+        if not (obj := context.blend_data.objects.get(mesh_object_name)):
+            continue
+        if not isinstance(mesh := obj.data, Mesh):
+            continue
+        uv_layers = mesh.uv_layers
+        for uv_layer_index in reversed(range(len(uv_layers))):
+            if len(uv_layers) <= 1:
+                break
+            if not (0 <= uv_layer_index < len(uv_layers)):
+                continue
+            uv_layer = uv_layers[uv_layer_index]
+            if uv_layer.active_render:
+                continue
+            uv_layers.remove(uv_layer)
+
+
+def _find_node_world_matrix(
+    node_dicts: list[Json],
+    target_node_index: int,
+    parent_node_index: Optional[int],
+) -> Optional[Matrix]:
+    if parent_node_index is None:
+        all_child_indices: list[int] = []
+        for node_dict in node_dicts:
+            if not isinstance(node_dict, dict):
+                continue
+            child_node_indices = node_dict.get("children")
+            if isinstance(child_node_indices, list):
+                all_child_indices.extend(
+                    child_node_index
+                    for child_node_index in child_node_indices
+                    if isinstance(child_node_index, int)
+                )
+        for node_index in range(len(node_dicts)):
+            if node_index in all_child_indices:
+                continue
+            matrix = _find_node_world_matrix(node_dicts, target_node_index, node_index)
+            if matrix is not None:
+                return matrix
+        return Matrix()
+
+    if not (0 <= parent_node_index < len(node_dicts)):
+        return None
+
+    node_dict = node_dicts[parent_node_index]
+    if not isinstance(node_dict, dict):
+        return None
+
+    parent_node_matrix = parse_gltf_node_matrix(node_dict)
+
+    if parent_node_index == target_node_index:
+        return parent_node_matrix
+
+    child_node_indices = node_dict.get("children")
+    if not isinstance(child_node_indices, list):
+        return None
+
+    for child_node_index in child_node_indices:
+        if not isinstance(child_node_index, int):
+            continue
+        child_node_matrix = _find_node_world_matrix(
+            node_dicts, target_node_index, child_node_index
+        )
+        if child_node_matrix is not None:
+            return parent_node_matrix @ child_node_matrix
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _set_node_matrix(node_dict: dict[str, Json], matrix: Matrix) -> None:
+    node_dict.pop("matrix", None)
+    location, rotation, scale = matrix.decompose()
+    node_dict["translation"] = list(location)
+    node_dict["rotation"] = [
+        rotation.x,
+        rotation.y,
+        rotation.z,
+        rotation.w,
+    ]
+    node_dict["scale"] = list(scale)
+
+
+def _force_apply_modifiers_to_objects(
+    context: Context,
+    armature_object: Object,
+    mesh_compatible_object_names: Sequence[str],
+) -> None:
+    selected_object_names: list[str] = [
+        obj.name for obj in context.selectable_objects if obj.select_get()
+    ]
+    for mesh_compatible_object_name in mesh_compatible_object_names:
+        _force_apply_modifiers_to_object(
+            context, armature_object, mesh_compatible_object_name
+        )
+    for obj in context.selectable_objects:
+        obj.select_set(obj.name in selected_object_names)
+
+
+def _force_apply_modifiers_to_object(
+    context: Context,
+    armature_object: Object,
+    mesh_compatible_object_name: str,
+) -> None:
+    mesh_compatible_object = context.blend_data.objects.get(mesh_compatible_object_name)
+    if not mesh_compatible_object:
+        return
+    if mesh_compatible_object.type == "MESH":
+        mesh_object: Optional[Object] = mesh_compatible_object
+    elif mesh_compatible_object.type in search.MESH_CONVERTIBLE_OBJECT_TYPES:
+        with save_workspace(context, mesh_compatible_object):
+            convert_result = bpy.ops.object.convert(target="MESH")
+            if convert_result != {"FINISHED"}:
+                _logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to convert %s to MESH: %s",
+                    mesh_compatible_object.name,
+                    convert_result,
+                )
+                return
+            mesh_object = context.blend_data.objects.get(mesh_compatible_object_name)
+    else:
+        return
+
+    if not mesh_object:
+        return
+
+    original_mesh_data = mesh_object.data
+    if not isinstance(original_mesh_data, Mesh):
+        return
+
+    armature_modifier_name_to_show_render_and_show_viewport: dict[
+        str, tuple[bool, bool]
+    ] = {}
+    need_apply_modifiers = False
+    for modifier in list(mesh_object.modifiers):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(modifier, ArmatureModifier)
+            or modifier.object != armature_object
+        ):
+            if modifier.show_render or modifier.show_viewport:
+                need_apply_modifiers = True
+            continue
+        armature_modifier_name_to_show_render_and_show_viewport[modifier.name] = (
+            modifier.show_render,
+            modifier.show_viewport,
+        )
+        modifier.show_render = False
+        modifier.show_viewport = False
+
+    try:
+        if not need_apply_modifiers:
+            return
+
+        mesh_data_name = original_mesh_data.name
+        original_mesh_data.name = "Backup-Apply-Data-" + uuid4().hex
+
+        mesh_data: Optional[ID] = force_apply_modifiers(context, mesh_object)
+        if not mesh_data:
+            return
+
+        original_mesh_data.user_remap(mesh_data)
+        if original_mesh_data.users:
+            _logger.warning(
+                'Failed to remove "%s" with %d users while applying modifiers',
+                original_mesh_data.name,
+                original_mesh_data.users,
+            )
+        else:
+            context.blend_data.meshes.remove(original_mesh_data)
+
+        mesh_data.name = mesh_data_name
+    finally:
+        for modifier in list(mesh_object.modifiers):
+            if (
+                not isinstance(modifier, ArmatureModifier)
+                or modifier.object != armature_object
+            ):
+                mesh_object.modifiers.remove(modifier)
+                continue
+            show_render_and_show_viewport = (
+                armature_modifier_name_to_show_render_and_show_viewport.get(
+                    modifier.name
+                )
+            )
+            if show_render_and_show_viewport is None:
+                continue
+            modifier.show_render, modifier.show_viewport = show_render_and_show_viewport
+
+
+def is_identity_matrix(matrix: Matrix) -> bool:
+    for row_index, row in enumerate(matrix):
+        for column_index, value in enumerate(row):
+            if row_index == column_index:
+                if abs(value - 1) < float_info.epsilon:
+                    continue
+            elif abs(value) < float_info.epsilon:
+                continue
+            return False
+    return True