@v587d/capital-generation 2.7.7 → 2.7.8

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/ecl-computation/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: ecl-computation
+description: When the user wants to calculate Expected Credit Losses (ECL) under IFRS 9 or CECL (ASC 326). Also use when the user mentions "loan loss provisions," "probability of default," "PD/LGD/EAD," "impairment of financial assets," or "credit risk modeling."
+metadata:
+  version: 1.0.0
+---
+
+# ECL Computation (IFRS 9)
+
+You are a Credit Risk Accountant. Your goal is to provide a forward-looking estimate of credit losses for financial assets, accounting for historical data, current conditions, and reasonable forecasts.
+
+## Initial Assessment
+
+1. **Asset Classification**
+   - Amortized Cost, FVOCI, or FVTPL?
+   - Is the asset "Stage 1" (Performing), "Stage 2" (Significant Increase in Credit Risk), or "Stage 3" (Credit-Impaired)?
+
+2. **The Components**
+   - **PD**: Probability of Default.
+   - **LGD**: Loss Given Default (percentage of exposure lost if default occurs).
+   - **EAD**: Exposure at Default (total value at risk).
+
+3. **Macroeconomic Overlay**
+   - What are the forward-looking economic scenarios (Base, Upside, Downside) and their probabilities?
+
+---
+
+## ECL Framework
+
+### The Formula
+`ECL = PD * LGD * EAD * DF`
+- **DF**: Discount Factor (to present value).
+
+### Priority Order
+1. **Segmentation** (Grouping similar assets - e.g., by geography or product).
+2. **Stage Assignment** (Determining if credit risk has increased significantly since inception).
+3. **Parameter Estimation** (Calculating PD, LGD, EAD).
+4. **Scenario Weighting** (Applying macroeconomic forecasts).
+5. **Loss Allowance Posting** (Generating the journal entry).
+
+---
+
+## Technical Computation Steps
+
+### 1. Simplified Approach (Trade Receivables)
+- Use a **Provision Matrix** based on historical loss rates for different aging buckets (e.g., 0-30 days, 31-60 days).
+
+### 2. General Approach (Loans/Bonds)
+- **12-month ECL** (Stage 1): Losses from defaults likely in the next 12 months.
+- **Lifetime ECL** (Stage 2 & 3): Losses from defaults likely over the entire life of the asset.
+
+---
+
+## Output Format
+
+### ECL Analysis Report
+
+**The Portfolio**
+- Total Exposure at Default (EAD).
+- Breakdown of assets by Stage (1, 2, 3).
+
+**The Provision**
+- **Total Loss Allowance**: $X.
+- **Coverage Ratio**: (Allowance / EAD).
+
+**Sensitivity & Scenarios**
+- Impact on ECL if the probability of the "Downside" economic scenario increases by 10%.
+
+---
+
+## Scripts
+- [calculate.py](./scripts/calculate.py): 12-month/lifetime ECL, provision matrix, and scenario weighting functions, kept as reviewable material. This plugin's research role has no shell and the scripts are not part of the installed package, so nothing here runs them: work the parameters from [PD/LGD/EAD Modeling](./references/risk-modeling.md) and the stage definitions in [IFRS 9 Impairment](./references/ifrs9-standard.md), show each calculation in the answer, and hand anything that needs real compute to the delegated `data_junior`.
+
+---
+
+## References
+- [IFRS 9 Impairment](./references/ifrs9-standard.md): Official IASB guidance.
+- [PD/LGD/EAD Modeling](./references/risk-modeling.md): Quantitative risk basics.
+
+---
+
+## Related Skills
+- **risk-assessment**: For identifying the underlying credit risks.
+- **financial-statement-prep**: For accurately reporting the impairment allowance.
+- **corporate-consolidation**: For aggregating ECL across subsidiaries.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/ecl-computation/references/ifrs9-standard.md

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+# IFRS 9 Expected Credit Loss: Standard Essentials
+
+## The Three-Stage Model
+| Stage | Trigger | ECL Horizon | Interest Revenue Basis |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | No significant increase in credit risk (SICR) since origination | 12-month ECL | Gross carrying amount |
+| 2 | SICR (rebuttable: >30 days past due) | Lifetime ECL | Gross carrying amount |
+| 3 | Credit-impaired (default; rebuttable: >90 DPD) | Lifetime ECL | Net (amortized cost) |
+
+## SICR Indicators
+Quantitative: PD doubling or breach of origination-PD threshold; 30+ DPD backstop. Qualitative: watchlist placement, forbearance, covenant breach, sector deterioration. Low-credit-risk exemption (investment grade) is optional, use sparingly.
+
+## ECL Formula
+`ECL = Σt [ PDt × LGDt × EADt × Dt ]` — probability-weighted across at least 2–3 macro scenarios (base/upside/downside) with scenario weights documented.
+
+- **PD**: Point-in-time, forward-looking (adjust TTC ratings with macro overlays — GDP, oil price, unemployment, policy rate).
+- **LGD**: 1 − recovery rate; collateral haircuts, time-to-recovery discounting at EIR.
+- **EAD**: Amortization profile + CCF on undrawn commitments.
+- **D**: Discount at original effective interest rate.
+
+## Simplified Approach (Trade Receivables)
+Lifetime ECL always; provision matrix by aging bucket with forward-looking adjustment. Document the loss-rate derivation (historical write-offs by bucket, adjusted).
+
+## Governance
+- Staging overrides require credit committee sign-off.
+- Post-model adjustments (PMAs/overlays) documented with quantified rationale and release criteria.
+- Back-test: actual defaults vs. predicted PDs annually.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/ecl-computation/references/risk-modeling.md

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+# Credit Risk Modeling for ECL
+
+## PD Modeling
+- **Scorecard/logistic regression**: `PD = 1/(1+e^-(β0+βX))` on borrower financials + behavioral data. Standard for retail and SME books.
+- **Rating-based**: Map internal/external ratings to PD via transition matrices; derive multi-year cumulative PDs from matrix powers (Markov assumption — validate it).
+- **PIT conversion**: Vasicek single-factor: `PD_PIT = N[(N⁻¹(PD_TTC) + √ρ × Z)/√(1−ρ)]` where Z is the macro factor.
+
+## LGD Modeling
+- Workout LGD: discounted recoveries less costs / EAD. Segment by collateral type and seniority.
+- Downturn LGD for stressed scenarios.
+- Floors: regulatory floors may apply; never let modeled LGD go negative.
+
+## EAD / CCF
+- Term loans: amortization schedule.
+- Revolvers: `EAD = Drawn + CCF × Undrawn`. Estimate CCF from defaulted-facility history (typical 40%–75%).
+
+## Macro Scenario Integration
+1. Select drivers with economic rationale (GDP growth, unemployment, oil price for energy books, FX for dollarized liabilities).
+2. Regress historical default rates on drivers (with lags); beware short series — use judgment overlays.
+3. Apply to base/up/down scenarios; weights typically 40–50/20–30/25–35.
+
+## Validation Checklist
+- Discriminatory power: AUC/Gini > 0.6 acceptable, > 0.7 good.
+- Calibration: predicted vs. observed default rates by grade (binomial test).
+- Stability: PSI < 0.1 stable, 0.1–0.25 monitor, > 0.25 rebuild.
+- Sensitivity: ECL response to ±1σ macro moves should be monotonic and explainable.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/esg-reporting/EXAMPLE.md

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+# Worked Example - esg-reporting
+
+## Ask
+
+> Our factory used 1,000 MWh of electricity this year. Is this Scope 1 or Scope 2 emissions?
+
+## What a correct response contains
+
+Should identify purchased electricity as Scope 2. Should explain that Scope 1 is for direct on-site combustion. Should suggest reporting this as part of an ESG Performance Report.
+
+## File-driven variant
+
+With fixture(s) `evals/files/activity_data.csv`:
+
+> Compute Scope 1 and Scope 2 (location-based) emissions in tCO2e from the attached activity data and factors (evals/files/activity_data.csv), present them GHG Protocol-style, and note what would be needed for a market-based Scope 2 figure.
+
+Expected: Scope 1 804.4 tCO2e (diesel 482.4 + gas 183.3 + fleet 138.6); Scope 2 location-based 1,032.0 tCO2e; market-based needs supplier-specific/REC factors.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/esg-reporting/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: esg-reporting
+description: When the user wants to prepare, audit, or analyze Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports. Also use when the user mentions "sustainability reporting," "carbon footprint audit," "governance transparency," "SASB standards," "TCFD alignment," or "non-financial disclosure."
+metadata:
+  version: 1.0.0
+---
+
+# ESG Reporting
+
+You are an ESG Specialist. Your goal is to quantify and disclose non-financial metrics that impact long-term enterprise value and stakeholder trust.
+
+## Initial Assessment
+
+1. **Reporting Standards**
+   - SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board)?
+   - GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)?
+   - TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures)?
+
+2. **Materiality**
+   - Which ESG factors are "material" for this specific industry? (e.g., Water usage for semiconductors vs. Data privacy for software).
+
+3. **Data Sources**
+   - Utility bills, HR diversity logs, Board composition records, Carbon emissions data.
+
+---
+
+## ESG Framework
+
+### Priority Order
+1. **Materiality Assessment** (Identifying what to measure).
+2. **Data Ingestion** (Collecting environmental and social metrics).
+3. **Gap Analysis** (Comparing current performance to industry benchmarks).
+4. **Disclosure Preparation** (Drafting the non-financial statement).
+
+---
+
+## Technical ESG Steps
+
+### 1. Scope 1, 2, & 3 Emissions
+- **Scope 1**: Direct emissions from company-owned sources.
+- **Scope 2**: Indirect emissions from purchased energy.
+- **Scope 3**: All other indirect emissions in the value chain (Suppliers/Users).
+
+### 2. Social Metric Calculation
+- Calculate gender pay gaps, diversity ratios in management, and employee turnover rates.
+
+### 3. Governance Audit
+- Review board independence, executive compensation alignment with sustainability goals, and anti-corruption policies.
+
+---
+
+## Output Format
+
+### ESG Performance Report
+
+**Scorecard**
+- Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) vs. Targets.
+- Alignment rating with SASB/GRI.
+
+**The Findings**
+- Environmental impact summary (Carbon/Waste/Water).
+- Social impact summary (Human Capital/Community).
+- Governance summary (Ethics/Transparency).
+
+**Actionable Goals**
+- Roadmaps for emission reductions or diversity improvements.
+
+---
+
+## References
+- [SASB Materiality Map](./references/sasb-map.md): Industry-specific materiality.
+- [Carbon Accounting 101](./references/ghg-protocol.md): Scope 1/2/3 definitions.
+
+---
+
+## Related Skills
+- **audit-checklist**: For auditing the accuracy of ESG data.
+- **financial-analysis**: To see if ESG risks impact the financial bottom line.
+- **investment-analysis**: To factor ESG scores into the investment thesis.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/esg-reporting/references/ghg-protocol.md

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+# GHG Protocol Essentials
+
+## The Three Scopes
+- **Scope 1 — direct**: owned/controlled sources: combustion (generators, fleet, gas processing), process emissions, fugitives (flaring, venting, methane leaks — dominant in oil & gas), refrigerants.
+- **Scope 2 — purchased energy**: electricity, steam, heat. Report BOTH location-based (grid average factor) and market-based (contractual instruments/RECs/PPAs).
+- **Scope 3 — value chain**: 15 categories; materiality varies wildly. O&G: category 11 (use of sold products) is typically 80%+ of total footprint. Banks: category 15 (financed emissions, PCAF methodology).
+
+## Calculation Basics
+`Emissions (tCO2e) = Activity data × Emission factor × GWP`
+- Factors: IPCC, national inventories, IEA grid factors, API Compendium (O&G).
+- GWP: use AR5/AR6 100-year values consistently (CH4 ≈ 28–30, N2O ≈ 265–273).
+- Hierarchy of data quality: measured/metered > calculated (fuel × factor) > estimated (spend-based). Spend-based Scope 3 is a screening tool, not a reporting-grade method.
+
+## Organizational Boundaries
+Choose and disclose: equity share vs. operational control vs. financial control. O&G joint ventures swing the inventory massively depending on this choice — align it with financial consolidation where possible.
+
+## Common Errors
+1. Netting renewables purchases against the location-based figure.
+2. Double counting: a generator's diesel in both Scope 1 (combustion) and Scope 3 (fuel upstream — that part belongs in category 3).
+3. Missing fugitives/flaring — in upstream oil & gas these can exceed combustion.
+4. Recalculating the base year only when convenient (need a structural-change policy with threshold, e.g., 5%).
+5. Mixing GWP vintages across years without restating.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/esg-reporting/references/sasb-map.md

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+# SASB / ISSB Industry Mapping
+
+## Framework Landscape (post-consolidation)
+SASB standards now sit under the ISSB (IFRS Foundation). IFRS S1 (general sustainability disclosures) and IFRS S2 (climate) reference SASB metrics as the industry-specific layer. TCFD is absorbed into IFRS S2. GRI remains the impact/multi-stakeholder framework — dual reporting (ISSB for investors + GRI for stakeholders) is the common pattern.
+
+## SASB's 77 Industries → 5-Factor Materiality
+Each industry standard selects from: Environment / Social capital / Human capital / Business model & innovation / Leadership & governance. Examples:
+
+| Industry | Most Material Topics (illustrative) |
+|---|---|
+| Oil & Gas E&P | GHG emissions, water management, biodiversity, community relations, reserves valuation & capex resilience, critical incident management |
+| Commercial Banks | Data security, access & affordability, financed emissions, business ethics, systemic risk management |
+| Insurance | ESG integration in investments, physical risk exposure, policyholder transparency |
+| Software/IT | Energy of data centers, data privacy, employee recruitment/diversity, IP & competitive behavior |
+| Food & Beverage | Energy/water, packaging, ingredient sourcing, health & nutrition, labor |
+
+## Building the Disclosure Map
+1. Classify the entity into SASB industry (SICS code); diversified groups map per segment.
+2. Pull that industry's disclosure topics + quantitative metrics + activity metrics.
+3. Gap-assess current data availability per metric; classify ready / partial / absent.
+4. Overlay IFRS S2 climate requirements: governance, strategy, risk management, metrics & targets, Scope 1-2 (Scope 3 with relief provisions), scenario analysis.
+5. Map each metric to an owner and a system of record — disclosure without data lineage fails assurance.
+
+## Assurance Trajectory
+Limited assurance on GHG (ISSA 5000) is becoming the baseline; build audit-trail discipline (methodology memos, evidence retention) from day one.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/financial-analysis/EXAMPLE.md

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+# Worked Example - financial-analysis
+
+## Ask
+
+> Can you analyze these Q3 financials? Revenue: $120M, COGS: $40M, OpEx: $30M, Net Income: $35M. Cash: $50M, Current Liabilities: $25M.
+
+## What a correct response contains
+
+Should perform data normalization and calculate key ratios. Should identify Gross Margin (66.7%), Operating Margin (41.7%), and Net Margin (29.2%). Should calculate Current Ratio (2.0) and assess liquidity. Should check for profitability health and solvency. Output should follow the structured report format: Executive Summary, Detailed Findings (Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency), and Recommendations.
+
+## File-driven variant
+
+With fixture(s) `evals/files/financial_statements.csv`:
+
+> Using the attached two-year financial statements (evals/files/financial_statements.csv), compute the FY2025 liquidity, profitability, and leverage ratios (use average balances where appropriate), flag any deterioration vs FY2024, and produce your standard analysis memo.
+
+Expected: Current ratio 2.00, quick ratio 1.27, net margin 8.6%, ROE (avg equity) 24.7%, DSO (avg AR) 60 days, D/E 0.84, revenue growth 20%. Should flag AR growing ~40% against 20% revenue growth (DSO deterioration) and the quick ratio near/below 1.
+
+## Compute, don't estimate
+
+All figures above come from [`scripts/calculate.py`](./scripts/calculate.py) - import its functions rather than doing arithmetic in prose.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/financial-analysis/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: financial-analysis
+description: When the user wants to perform a deep dive into a company's financial performance. Also use when the user mentions "10-K review," "quarterly earnings," "profitability audit," "ratio analysis," "balance sheet health," "cash flow analysis," "EBITDA margin," "financial statement audit," "how is this company doing," or "analyze these financials." Use this even if the user just says "look at these numbers" — start with a structured analysis.
+metadata:
+  version: 1.2.0
+---
+
+# Financial Analysis
+
+You are a Senior Financial Analyst. Your goal is to extract, analyze, and interpret financial data to provide a comprehensive view of an entity's financial health.
+
+## Initial Assessment
+
+**Check for corporate context first:**
+If `./projects/context.md` or similar files exist, read them before asking questions. Use that context and only ask for information not already covered.
+
+Before analyzing, understand:
+
+1. **Entity Context**
+   - Public or private company?
+   - Industry (SaaS, Manufacturing, FinTech, etc.)
+   - Reporting currency and period (Q3 2023, FY 2024).
+
+2. **Source Data**
+   - Do we have the Big 3? (Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow).
+   - Are we using GAAP, IFRS, or a local standard?
+
+3. **Goal of Analysis**
+   - General health check?
+   - Valuation prep?
+   - Liquidity/Solvency focus?
+
+---
+
+## Analysis Framework
+
+### Priority Order
+1. **Data Extraction & Normalization** (Ensure the numbers are clean and comparable).
+2. **Profitability Analysis** (Is the business model working?).
+3. **Liquidity & Solvency** (Can they pay their bills?).
+4. **Efficiency Ratios** (How well are assets being used?).
+5. **Trend & Anomaly Detection** (What's changing and why?).
+
+---
+
+## Technical Analysis Steps
+
+### 1. Data Normalization
+- Extract Revenue, COGS, OpEx, Net Income.
+- Identify non-recurring items (one-time charges, gains/losses).
+- Calculate Adjusted EBITDA if applicable.
+
+### 2. Ratio Calculation
+- **Liquidity**: Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Days Sales Outstanding (DSO).
+- **Profitability**: Gross Margin, Operating Margin, Net Margin, ROE.
+- **Solvency**: Debt-to-Equity, Interest Coverage Ratio.
+
+### 3. Trend Analysis (Horizontal Analysis)
+- Calculate Year-over-Year (YoY) and Quarter-over-Quarter (QoQ) growth rates.
+- Identify acceleration or deceleration in key metrics.
+
+### 4. Anomaly Detection
+- Flag any line item with a variance > 15% without clear footnote explanation.
+- Check for "Earnings Management" red flags (e.g., revenue growing faster than cash flow).
+
+---
+
+## Output Format
+
+### Financial Analysis Report Structure
+
+**Executive Summary**
+- Overall Health Rating (e.g., "Strong," "Stable," "Concerning").
+- Top 3 critical findings.
+
+**Detailed Findings**
+- **Profitability**: Analysis of margins and earnings quality.
+- **Liquidity**: Assessment of short-term cash position.
+- **Solvency**: Long-term debt profile and coverage.
+- **Anomalies**: List of flagged items requiring clarification.
+
+**Recommendations**
+1. Immediate operational improvements.
+2. Financial restructuring needs.
+3. Questions for management.
+
+---
+
+## Scripts
+- [calculate.py](./scripts/calculate.py): Ratio calculations with DuPont decomposition and zero-division safety. Run with `python3 scripts/calculate.py` to self-test; import the functions for actual computations.
+
+---
+
+## References
+- [Ratio Definitions](./references/ratio-definitions.md): Standard formulas used in this skill.
+- [IFRS vs GAAP](./references/accounting-standards.md): Key differences affecting analysis.
+
+---
+
+## Assets
+- [analysis-memo-template.md](./assets/analysis-memo-template.md): Standard memo structure for the final output.
+
+---
+
+## Related Skills
+- **investment-analysis**: For valuing the company based on this analysis.
+- **risk-assessment**: For deeper dive into the solvency/default risks.
+- **budget-forecast**: For projecting future performance based on trends.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/financial-analysis/assets/analysis-memo-template.md

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+# Financial Analysis Memo
+
+**Entity:** {entity} | **Period:** {period} | **Prepared:** {date} | **Currency:** {ccy}
+
+## Executive Summary
+{2-4 sentences: overall health, the one number that matters most, the key risk.}
+
+## Ratio Dashboard
+| Category | Metric | {prior} | {current} | Trend | Benchmark |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Liquidity | Current ratio | | | | |
+| Liquidity | Quick ratio | | | | |
+| Profitability | Gross margin | | | | |
+| Profitability | Net margin | | | | |
+| Profitability | ROE (avg equity) | | | | |
+| Efficiency | DSO / DIO / DPO | | | | |
+| Leverage | Debt / Equity | | | | |
+| Coverage | Interest coverage | | | | |
+
+## Key Findings
+1. {Finding - quantified, with cause}
+2. {Finding}
+
+## Red Flags
+- {Anything deteriorating faster than revenue, covenant proximity, quality-of-earnings issues}
+
+## Recommended Actions
+1. {Action - owner - timeframe}
+
+---
+*Calculations verified by code ({script reference}). AI-prepared analysis - review by a qualified professional before relying on it.*

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/financial-analysis/references/accounting-standards.md

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+# Accounting Standards: IFRS vs US GAAP
+
+Detailed comparison of the two primary financial reporting frameworks. Understanding these differences is critical for accurate financial analysis and normalization.
+
+## 🏛️ Framework Overview
+
+### IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)
+- **Governance**: International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
+- **Usage**: Used in 140+ countries (EU, Canada, Australia, most of Africa).
+- **Philosophy**: Principles-based. Focuses on the "substance over form" of a transaction.
+
+### US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)
+- **Governance**: Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
+- **Usage**: Mandatory for all US public companies.
+- **Philosophy**: Rules-based. Highly detailed with specific guidance for various industries.
+
+---
+
+## 🔍 Key Differences
+
+### 1. Inventory Valuation
+- **IFRS**: LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) is prohibited. Only FIFO and Weighted Average are allowed.
+- **GAAP**: LIFO is allowed and commonly used for tax benefits.
+- **Impact**: Using LIFO in a period of rising prices results in higher COGS and lower net income compared to FIFO.
+
+### 2. Revaluation of Assets
+- **IFRS**: Allows the revaluation of assets (PPE, Intangibles) to fair value if it can be measured reliably.
+- **GAAP**: Revaluation is generally prohibited (assets are carried at historical cost).
+
+### 3. Development Costs
+- **IFRS**: Development costs can be capitalized if certain criteria are met (future economic benefit).
+- **GAAP**: Development costs are generally expensed as incurred (except for certain software development costs).
+
+### 4. Statement of Cash Flows
+- **Interest Paid**: 
+  - IFRS: Can be Operating or Financing.
+  - GAAP: Must be Operating.
+- **Dividends Received**:
+  - IFRS: Can be Operating or Investing.
+  - GAAP: Must be Operating.
+
+## 🔗 Sources
+- [IASB Official Standards](https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/)
+- [FASB Official Guidance](https://www.fasb.org/standards/)
+- [PwC: IFRS and US GAAP: Similarities and Differences](https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/audit-assurance/accounting-advisory/ifrs-us-gaap-comparison.html)

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/financial-analysis/references/ratio-definitions.md

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+# Financial Ratio Definitions
+
+### Liquidity Ratios
+- **Current Ratio**: Current Assets / Current Liabilities. Measures ability to pay short-term obligations.
+- **Quick Ratio**: (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities. A more stringent liquidity test.
+
+### Profitability Ratios
+- **Gross Margin**: (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue. Percentage of revenue exceeding cost of goods sold.
+- **Net Margin**: Net Income / Revenue. The "bottom line" profitability.
+- **ROE (Return on Equity)**: Net Income / Shareholders' Equity. How effectively management uses equity to generate profit.
+
+### Solvency Ratios
+- **Debt-to-Equity**: Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity. The company's financial leverage.
+- **Interest Coverage**: EBIT / Interest Expense. Ability to pay interest on outstanding debt.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/fixed-asset-accounting/EXAMPLE.md

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+# Worked Example - fixed-asset-accounting
+
+## Ask
+
+> We bought a generator: invoice 12,000,000 NGN, delivery 400,000, installation 600,000, staff training 250,000, 10-year life, 1,000,000 residual, straight-line. What do we capitalize and what's annual depreciation?
+
+## What a correct response contains
+
+Capitalize 13,000,000 (invoice + delivery + installation); expense training 250,000. Annual depreciation = (13,000,000 - 1,000,000)/10 = 1,200,000.
+
+## File-driven variant
+
+With fixture(s) `evals/files/asset_register.xlsx`:
+
+> Compute year-1 depreciation for each asset in the attached register (evals/files/asset_register.xlsx) using the stated method, and total the charge. The mould has a 200,000-unit life and produced 35,000 units this year.
+
+Expected: Press $20,000 (SL); trucks $40,000 (DDB y1); mould $17,500 (UoP); total $77,500.
+
+## Compute, don't estimate
+
+All figures above come from [`scripts/calculate.py`](./scripts/calculate.py) - import its functions rather than doing arithmetic in prose.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/fixed-asset-accounting/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+---
+name: fixed-asset-accounting
+description: When the user wants to account for property, plant and equipment or intangibles — capitalization, depreciation, disposals, impairment, or the fixed asset register. Also use when the user mentions "capitalize vs expense," "useful life," "componentization," "asset disposal," "impairment test," "CIP/WIP transfer," or "fixed asset rollforward."
+metadata:
+  version: 1.0.0
+---
+
+# Fixed Asset Accounting (IAS 16 / IAS 36 / ASC 360)
+
+You are a Fixed Assets Accountant. Your goal is to keep the asset register accurate: capitalize what qualifies, depreciate it sensibly, catch impairments, and account for disposals cleanly.
+
+## Initial Assessment
+
+1. **Transaction Type**
+   - Acquisition, self-construction (CIP), subsequent expenditure, disposal/retirement, impairment indicator, or register maintenance.
+
+2. **Policy Inputs**
+   - Capitalization threshold, useful life table by asset class, residual value conventions, depreciation methods, componentization policy.
+
+---
+
+## Accounting Framework
+
+### Capitalization Decision
+Capitalize: purchase price + directly attributable costs to bring the asset to working condition (delivery, installation, testing net of sample proceeds rules, professional fees, irrecoverable taxes) + initial restoration estimate (aro-computation). Borrowing costs on qualifying assets (IAS 23). 
+Expense: training, relocation, admin overhead, abnormal waste, repairs/maintenance. Subsequent expenditure: capitalize only if it enhances future benefits beyond original standard (capacity, life, quality) — otherwise repair expense.
+
+### Depreciation
+- Methods: straight-line `(cost − residual)/life`, reducing balance, units of production (E&P, mining equipment).
+- Start when AVAILABLE for use (not when used); stop at derecognition or held-for-sale.
+- **Componentization (IAS 16)**: depreciate significant parts separately (aircraft engines vs. frame; plant turnarounds; building roof/lifts/shell).
+- Annual review of life, residual, method = change in ESTIMATE (prospective, never restate).
+
+### Impairment (IAS 36)
+Indicators (external: market decline, rates, obsolescence; internal: damage, idle, restructuring, underperformance) → test: `Recoverable amount = max(fair value − costs of disposal, value in use)`; impair carrying amount down to it. CGU level if no standalone cash flows. Reversals allowed under IFRS (not goodwill, not US GAAP).
+
+### Disposal
+`Gain/(loss) = proceeds − carrying amount`; derecognize cost AND accumulated depreciation. Held-for-sale (IFRS 5): stop depreciating, measure at lower of carrying and FV−CTS.
+
+---
+
+## Technical Analysis Steps
+
+1. **Register integrity**: rollforward (opening + additions − disposals − depreciation ± impairment ± transfers = closing) must tie to GL control accounts; CIP aging review for stalled projects that should be tested for impairment.
+2. **Compute with code**: depreciation schedules, gain/loss on disposal, impairment math.
+3. **Physical verification cycle**: existence testing rotation, ghost-asset write-off protocol.
+
+---
+
+## Output Format
+
+### Fixed Asset Memo / Schedule
+
+**Conclusion**: capitalize/expense decision or disposal/impairment outcome with standard reference.
+
+**Computation**: depreciation schedule or gain/loss calculation.
+
+**Entries**: full journal entries (journal-entry format).
+
+**Register Impact**: rollforward line movement.
+
+---
+
+## Scripts
+- [calculate.py](./scripts/calculate.py): Deterministic functions for this skill's core computations. Run `python3 scripts/calculate.py` to self-test; import the functions instead of doing mental math.
+
+---
+
+## References
+- [Useful Life Benchmarks](./references/useful-life-guide.md): Typical lives, componentization and policy guidance by asset class.
+
+---
+
+## Related Skills
+- **aro-computation**: Restoration cost capitalized into the asset.
+- **journal-entry**: For the entries this skill produces.
+- **deferred-tax**: Tax-vs-book depreciation creates temporary differences.
+- **lease-accounting**: ROU assets follow similar depreciation logic.

package/selected-skills/financeskills/skills/fixed-asset-accounting/references/useful-life-guide.md

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+# Useful Life Benchmarks and Policy Guidance
+
+## Typical Useful Lives (calibrate to entity experience — these are starting points)
+| Asset Class | Life (years) | Method Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| Buildings — shell | 30–50 | Straight-line; componentize |
+| Buildings — roof, HVAC, lifts | 10–20 | Separate components |
+| Leasehold improvements | Shorter of life and lease term | Include reasonably certain renewals only |
+| Plant & machinery (general) | 8–15 | SL or UoP if usage-driven wear |
+| Oil & gas production facilities | Field life | Units of production on proved developed reserves |
+| Pipelines | 20–40 | SL; integrity-driven component reviews |
+| Motor vehicles | 4–6 | Residual values meaningful — set and review |
+| IT hardware | 3–5 | Zero residual typical |
+| Servers/network infra | 4–6 | Hyperscalers have stretched to 6 — follow entity evidence |
+| Office furniture & fittings | 5–10 | — |
+| Software (purchased/internally developed) | 3–7 | Amortize from go-live; cloud config costs usually EXPENSED (SaaS arrangements — IFRIC agenda decision) |
+
+## Componentization Triggers
+Component is "significant" if its cost is a meaningful share (rule of thumb ≥ 10–20%) of the asset AND its life differs materially. Classic mandatory cases: aircraft (frame/engines/interiors), vessels (hull/dry-docking), refineries and plants (turnaround/overhaul costs capitalized as a component, depreciated to next turnaround).
+
+## Residual Values
+Use only with credible disposal markets (vehicles, aircraft, some plant). Review annually; residual ≥ carrying amount → depreciation stops. Document the evidence (auction data, dealer quotes).
+
+## Estimate Change Mechanics (prospective)
+New annual depreciation = (carrying amount − revised residual) / remaining revised life, from the date of change. No restatement, but disclose if material.
+
+## Register Hygiene Rules
+- CIP > 12 months without spend movement → investigate, impairment-test, or write off.
+- Fully depreciated assets still in use → flag for life-policy recalibration (chronic pattern = lives too short, distorting margins).
+- Ghost assets: physical verification on rotation (high-value annually, full population over 2–3 years); write-offs need approval and root-cause (theft? records?).