@typeonce/effect-machine 0.6.0 → 0.7.0

package/src/internal/machine/runtime.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2512 @@
+/**
+ * Internal machine process runtime helpers.
+ *
+ * @since 0.4.0
+ */
+
+import * as Cause from "effect/Cause"
+import * as Channel from "effect/Channel"
+import * as Context from "effect/Context"
+import * as Deferred from "effect/Deferred"
+import * as Effect from "effect/Effect"
+import * as Exit from "effect/Exit"
+import * as Fiber from "effect/Fiber"
+import * as Option from "effect/Option"
+import * as PubSub from "effect/PubSub"
+import * as Queue from "effect/Queue"
+import * as Scope from "effect/Scope"
+import * as Stream from "effect/Stream"
+import * as SynchronizedRef from "effect/SynchronizedRef"
+import type * as Take from "effect/Take"
+import { ChildAlreadyExistsError, StoppedError } from "./errors.js"
+
+type ChildDescriptor = {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly machine: object
+}
+
+type ChildEntry =
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Starting"
+    readonly token: symbol
+    readonly ownerKey?: string
+    readonly ownerPath?: string
+    ownerActive?: boolean
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Started"
+    readonly token: symbol
+    readonly descriptor: ChildDescriptor | undefined
+    readonly ref: MachineRef<any, any, any, any>
+    readonly ownerKey?: string
+    readonly ownerPath?: string
+    ownerActive?: boolean
+  }
+
+type ChildSelector = string | ChildDescriptor
+type ChildKey = string | symbol
+
+/** @internal */
+export const activeSnapshotObserver: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/Machine/activeSnapshotObserver")
+
+/** @internal */
+export const sendParentOverride: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/Machine/sendParentOverride")
+
+/** @internal */
+export const acknowledgedSend: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/Machine/acknowledgedSend")
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface AcknowledgedDelivery<State> {
+  readonly before: State
+  readonly plan: unknown
+  readonly after: State
+}
+
+const AcknowledgedMessageTypeId: unique symbol = Symbol("effect/Machine/AcknowledgedMessage")
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface AcknowledgedMessage<Event> {
+  readonly [AcknowledgedMessageTypeId]: true
+  readonly event: Event
+  readonly deferred: Deferred.Deferred<AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>, unknown>
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export type ProcessMessage<Event> = Event | AcknowledgedMessage<Event>
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isAcknowledgedMessage = <Event>(
+  message: ProcessMessage<Event>
+): message is AcknowledgedMessage<Event> =>
+  typeof message === "object" && message !== null && AcknowledgedMessageTypeId in message
+
+/** @internal */
+export const messageEvent = <Event>(message: ProcessMessage<Event>): Event =>
+  isAcknowledgedMessage(message) ? message.event : message
+
+const succeedAcknowledgedMessage = <State>(
+  message: ProcessMessage<unknown> | undefined,
+  delivery: AcknowledgedDelivery<State>
+): void => {
+  if (message !== undefined && isAcknowledgedMessage(message)) {
+    Deferred.doneUnsafe(message.deferred, Effect.succeed(delivery as AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>))
+  }
+}
+
+const failAcknowledgedMessage = (
+  message: ProcessMessage<unknown> | undefined,
+  cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>
+): void => {
+  if (message !== undefined && isAcknowledgedMessage(message)) {
+    Deferred.doneUnsafe(message.deferred, Effect.failCause(cause))
+  }
+}
+
+const stopAcknowledgedMessage = (message: ProcessMessage<unknown> | undefined): void => {
+  if (message !== undefined && isAcknowledgedMessage(message)) {
+    Deferred.doneUnsafe(message.deferred, Effect.fail(new StoppedError()))
+  }
+}
+
+type ChildObservation = Option.Option<MachineRef<any, any, any, any>>
+type ChildObservationBatch = [ChildObservation, ...Array<ChildObservation>]
+
+interface ChildObserver {
+  readonly child: ChildSelector
+  readonly id: string
+  values: ChildObservationBatch | undefined
+  waiter: Deferred.Deferred<void> | undefined
+}
+
+const offerChildObservation = (
+  observer: ChildObserver,
+  value: ChildObservation
+): void => {
+  if (observer.values === undefined) {
+    observer.values = [value]
+  } else {
+    observer.values.push(value)
+  }
+  if (observer.waiter !== undefined) {
+    const waiter = observer.waiter
+    observer.waiter = undefined
+    Deferred.doneUnsafe(waiter, Effect.void)
+  }
+}
+
+const takeChildObservations = (
+  observer: ChildObserver
+): Effect.Effect<ChildObservationBatch> =>
+  Effect.suspend(() => {
+    if (observer.values !== undefined) {
+      const values = observer.values
+      observer.values = undefined
+      return Effect.succeed(values)
+    }
+    const waiter = Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>()
+    observer.waiter = waiter
+    return Deferred.await(waiter).pipe(Effect.andThen(takeChildObservations(observer)))
+  })
+
+interface ChildRegistry {
+  closed: boolean
+  readonly children: Map<ChildKey, ChildEntry>
+  observers: Set<ChildObserver> | undefined
+  scope: Scope.Closeable | undefined
+}
+
+const matchesChild = (
+  entry: ChildEntry,
+  child: ChildSelector
+): entry is Extract<ChildEntry, { readonly _tag: "Started" }> =>
+  entry._tag === "Started" && (typeof child === "string" || (
+    entry.descriptor !== undefined &&
+    entry.descriptor.id === child.id &&
+    entry.descriptor.machine === child.machine
+  ))
+
+const selectRegistryChild = (
+  registry: ChildRegistry,
+  id: string,
+  child: ChildSelector
+): ChildObservation => {
+  if (registry.closed) return Option.none()
+  const entry = registry.children.get(id)
+  return entry !== undefined && matchesChild(entry, child) ? Option.some(entry.ref) : Option.none()
+}
+
+const publishRegistryChange = (registry: ChildRegistry): void => {
+  if (registry.observers === undefined) return
+  for (const observer of registry.observers) {
+    offerChildObservation(observer, selectRegistryChild(registry, observer.id, observer.child))
+  }
+}
+
+const unregisterChild = (registry: ChildRegistry, key: ChildKey, token: symbol): void => {
+  const entry = registry.children.get(key)
+  if (entry === undefined || entry.token !== token) return
+  registry.children.delete(key)
+  if (typeof key === "string") publishRegistryChange(registry)
+}
+
+const registerChild = (
+  registry: ChildRegistry,
+  key: ChildKey,
+  token: symbol,
+  ref: MachineRef<any, any, any, any>,
+  descriptor: ChildDescriptor | undefined
+): boolean => {
+  const entry = registry.children.get(key)
+  if (registry.closed || entry === undefined || entry._tag !== "Starting" || entry.token !== token) {
+    return false
+  }
+  registry.children.delete(key)
+  const started: ChildEntry = entry.ownerKey === undefined
+    ? { _tag: "Started", token, descriptor, ref }
+    : {
+      _tag: "Started",
+      token,
+      descriptor,
+      ref,
+      ownerKey: entry.ownerKey,
+      ownerPath: entry.ownerPath!,
+      ownerActive: entry.ownerActive === true
+    }
+  registry.children.set(key, started)
+  if (typeof key === "string") publishRegistryChange(registry)
+  return true
+}
+
+export type RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error = never, Output = never> =
+  | {
+    readonly status: "active"
+    readonly state: State
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly status: "done"
+    readonly state: State
+    readonly output: Output
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly status: "error"
+    readonly state: State
+    readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly status: "stopped"
+    readonly state: State
+  }
+
+interface VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output> {
+  readonly revision: number
+  readonly snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  readonly terminalizing: boolean
+  readonly changes: PubSub.PubSub<Take.Take<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>> | undefined
+  /** Compiled drains retain one non-empty publication chunk until their next Effect boundary. */
+  pendingChanges?: VersionedSnapshotBatch<State, Error, Output> | undefined
+}
+
+type VersionedSnapshotBatch<State, Error, Output> = [
+  VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>,
+  ...Array<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>
+]
+
+export type RuntimeOutcome<State, Error = never, Output = never> =
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Done"
+    readonly output: Output
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "done" }>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Failure"
+    readonly error: Error
+    readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "error" }>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Defect"
+    readonly defect: unknown
+    readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "error" }>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Interrupted"
+    readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "error" }>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Cause"
+    readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "error" }>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Stopped"
+    readonly snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "stopped" }>
+  }
+
+export interface MachineRef<out State, in Event, out Error = never, out Output = never> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly sessionId: string
+  readonly state: Effect.Effect<State>
+  readonly snapshot: Effect.Effect<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>
+  readonly changes: Stream.Stream<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>
+  readonly join: Effect.Effect<Output, Error | StoppedError>
+  readonly stop: Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly send: (event: Event) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+  readonly [acknowledgedSend]?: (
+    event: Event
+  ) => Effect.Effect<AcknowledgedDelivery<State>, Error | StoppedError>
+  readonly child: (child: any) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<any>>
+  readonly childChanges: (child: any) => Stream.Stream<Option.Option<any>>
+}
+
+interface ProcessAddress<in Event> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly sessionId: string
+  readonly stop: Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly send: (event: Event) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+}
+
+export interface ProcessScope<Event> {
+  readonly self: ProcessAddress<Event>
+  readonly parent: ProcessAddress<unknown> | undefined
+  readonly spawn: ProcessSpawn
+  readonly sendParent: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+  readonly sendTo: (child: ChildSelector, event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+  readonly stopChild: (child: ChildSelector) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly failCause: (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>) => Effect.Effect<void>
+}
+
+export interface ProcessContext<State, Event> extends ProcessScope<Event> {
+  readonly receive: Effect.Effect<Event>
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly poll?: Effect.Effect<Option.Option<Event>>
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly receiveMessage?: Effect.Effect<ProcessMessage<Event>>
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly pollMessage?: Effect.Effect<Option.Option<ProcessMessage<Event>>>
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly completeMessage?: (delivery: AcknowledgedDelivery<State>) => void
+  readonly state: Effect.Effect<State>
+  readonly setState: (state: State) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly updateState: <E, R>(
+    f: (state: State) => Effect.Effect<State, E, R>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void, E, R>
+  /** Present only when a compiled statechart is forced through the generic runtime. @internal */
+  readonly ownedChildren?: OwnedChildRuntime
+}
+
+/**
+ * Owner-local execution context for compiled statecharts.
+ *
+ * Unlike `ProcessContext`, synchronous mailbox and state operations do not
+ * introduce an Effect boundary. The compiled drain still returns an Effect so
+ * actor commands, invokes, observation callbacks, interruption, and the Effect
+ * scheduler remain explicit at their actual boundaries.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export interface CompiledProcessContext<State, Event> {
+  readonly scope: ProcessScope<Event>
+  readonly ownedChildren: OwnedChildRuntime
+  readonly poll: () => Option.Option<Event>
+  readonly pollMessage: () => Option.Option<ProcessMessage<Event>>
+  readonly state: () => State
+  readonly completeMessage: (delivery: AcknowledgedDelivery<State>) => void
+  readonly commit: (state: State) => Effect.Effect<void> | undefined
+  /**
+   * Publishes the current synchronous segment before continuing with work that
+   * may suspend, run user effects, or make the committed state observable.
+   */
+  readonly runAfterChanges: <A, E, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R>
+  executionState: unknown
+}
+
+type CompiledProcessInitial<State, Output> =
+  | { readonly state: State; readonly done: false; readonly output: undefined }
+  | { readonly state: State; readonly done: true; readonly output: Output }
+  | {
+    readonly state: State
+    readonly done: boolean
+    readonly output: Output | undefined
+    readonly executionState: unknown
+  }
+
+export type CompiledProcessDrain<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output> =
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Process"
+    readonly run: (
+      context: ProcessContext<State, Event>
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<Output>, Error, Requirements>
+  }
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Owned"
+    readonly run: (
+      context: CompiledProcessContext<State, Event>
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<Output>, Error, Requirements>
+  }
+
+/**
+ * The complete capability descriptor consumed by the compact process runtime.
+ * Generic process logic omits this field entirely.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export interface CompiledProcessExecution<
+  State,
+  Event,
+  Error,
+  Requirements,
+  Output,
+  InitialError
+> {
+  readonly _tag: "Compiled"
+  readonly childless: boolean
+  readonly initial?: (
+    scope: ProcessScope<Event>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<CompiledProcessInitial<State, Output>, InitialError, Requirements>
+  readonly initialSync?: (
+    scope: ProcessScope<Event>
+  ) => CompiledProcessInitial<State, Output>
+  readonly drain: CompiledProcessDrain<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output>
+}
+
+export type ProcessExecution<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError> =
+  | {
+    readonly _tag: "Childless"
+  }
+  | CompiledProcessExecution<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>
+
+const executionIsChildless = (
+  execution: ProcessExecution<any, any, any, any, any, any> | undefined
+): boolean => execution?._tag === "Childless" || execution?.childless === true
+
+interface CompactProcessMailbox<Event> {
+  items: Array<ProcessMessage<Event>> | undefined
+  index: number
+  closed: boolean
+}
+
+const offerCompactMailbox = <Event>(mailbox: CompactProcessMailbox<Event>, event: ProcessMessage<Event>): void => {
+  const items = mailbox.items ?? []
+  mailbox.items = items
+  items.push(event)
+}
+
+const pollCompactMailbox = <Event>(mailbox: CompactProcessMailbox<Event>): Option.Option<ProcessMessage<Event>> => {
+  if (mailbox.items === undefined) {
+    return Option.none()
+  }
+  const event = mailbox.items[mailbox.index]!
+  mailbox.index += 1
+  if (mailbox.index === mailbox.items.length) {
+    mailbox.items = undefined
+    mailbox.index = 0
+  }
+  return Option.some(event)
+}
+
+const closeCompactMailbox = (mailbox: CompactProcessMailbox<unknown>): void => {
+  if (mailbox.items !== undefined) {
+    for (let index = mailbox.index; index < mailbox.items.length; index += 1) {
+      stopAcknowledgedMessage(mailbox.items[index])
+    }
+  }
+  mailbox.closed = true
+  mailbox.items = undefined
+  mailbox.index = 0
+}
+
+export interface ProcessLogic<
+  State,
+  Event,
+  out Error = never,
+  out Requirements = never,
+  out Output = never,
+  out InitialError = never
+> {
+  /** @internal */
+  readonly execution?: ProcessExecution<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>
+  initial(scope: ProcessScope<Event>): Effect.Effect<State, InitialError, Requirements>
+  run(context: ProcessContext<State, Event>): Effect.Effect<Output, Error, Requirements>
+}
+
+export interface ProcessSpawn {
+  <ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError = never>(
+    logic: ProcessLogic<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError>
+  ): Effect.Effect<
+    MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+    ChildInitialError,
+    Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+  >
+  <ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError = never>(
+    logic: ProcessLogic<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError>,
+    options: {
+      readonly id: string
+      readonly descriptor?: ChildDescriptor
+      readonly onOutcome?: (
+        outcome: RuntimeOutcome<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [activeSnapshotObserver]?: (
+        snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [sendParentOverride]?: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+    }
+  ): Effect.Effect<
+    MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+    ChildAlreadyExistsError | ChildInitialError,
+    Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+  >
+}
+
+export class MachineRuntime extends Context.Service<MachineRuntime, ProcessScope<any>>()(
+  "effect/Machine/MachineRuntime"
+) {}
+
+export const provideMachineRuntime = <A, E, R, Event>(
+  effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>,
+  scope: ProcessScope<Event>
+): Effect.Effect<A, E, Exclude<R, MachineRuntime>> =>
+  Effect.provideService(effect, MachineRuntime, scope as ProcessScope<any>)
+
+const classifyOutcome = <State, Error, Output>(
+  snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+): RuntimeOutcome<State, Error, Output> | undefined => {
+  switch (snapshot.status) {
+    case "active": {
+      return undefined
+    }
+    case "done": {
+      return {
+        _tag: "Done",
+        output: snapshot.output,
+        snapshot
+      }
+    }
+    case "error": {
+      const failure = snapshot.cause.reasons.find(Cause.isFailReason)
+      if (failure !== undefined) {
+        return {
+          _tag: "Failure",
+          error: failure.error,
+          cause: snapshot.cause,
+          snapshot
+        }
+      }
+      const defect = snapshot.cause.reasons.find(Cause.isDieReason)
+      if (defect !== undefined) {
+        return {
+          _tag: "Defect",
+          defect: defect.defect,
+          cause: snapshot.cause,
+          snapshot
+        }
+      }
+      const interrupted = snapshot.cause.reasons.find(Cause.isInterruptReason)
+      if (interrupted !== undefined) {
+        return {
+          _tag: "Interrupted",
+          cause: snapshot.cause,
+          snapshot
+        }
+      }
+      return {
+        _tag: "Cause",
+        cause: snapshot.cause,
+        snapshot
+      }
+    }
+    case "stopped": {
+      return {
+        _tag: "Stopped",
+        snapshot
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const notifyActiveSnapshot = <State, Error, Output>(
+  onSnapshot: (
+    snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void>,
+  snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+  Effect.suspend(() => onSnapshot(snapshot)).pipe(
+    Effect.exit,
+    Effect.asVoid
+  )
+
+export const watch = <State, Event, Error = never, Output = never>(
+  ref: MachineRef<State, Event, Error, Output>
+): Stream.Stream<RuntimeOutcome<State, Error, Output>> =>
+  ref.changes.pipe(
+    Stream.filter((snapshot) => snapshot.status !== "active"),
+    Stream.map((snapshot) => classifyOutcome(snapshot)!),
+    Stream.take(1)
+  )
+
+interface ProcessRuntime {
+  readonly nextSessionId: Effect.Effect<string>
+}
+
+const makeProcessRuntime: Effect.Effect<ProcessRuntime> = Effect.sync(() => {
+  let sessionIdCounter = 0
+  return {
+    nextSessionId: Effect.sync(() => `machine:${sessionIdCounter++}`)
+  }
+})
+
+interface StartInternalOptions {
+  readonly detached?: boolean
+  readonly id?: string
+  readonly onOutcome?: (outcome: RuntimeOutcome<any, any, any>) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly onSnapshot?: (
+    snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<any, any, any>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly onReady?: (
+    ref: MachineRef<any, any, any, any>,
+    requestStop: Effect.Effect<void>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly onReadySync?: (ref: MachineRef<any, any, any, any>) => boolean
+  readonly onStop?: Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly onStopSync?: () => void
+  readonly skipStoppedOutcome?: boolean
+  readonly parent?: ProcessAddress<unknown>
+  readonly runtime: ProcessRuntime
+  readonly sendParent?: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface OwnedChildSpawnOptions {
+  readonly key: string
+  readonly path: string
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly duplicateId: string
+  readonly descriptor?: ChildDescriptor
+  readonly onOutcome: (
+    isCurrent: () => boolean,
+    outcome: RuntimeOutcome<any, any, any>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly onSnapshot?: (
+    isCurrent: () => boolean,
+    snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<any, any, any>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly sendParent: (
+    isCurrent: () => boolean,
+    event: unknown
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export interface OwnedChildRuntime {
+  readonly spawn: (
+    makeLogic: () => ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+    options: OwnedChildSpawnOptions
+  ) => Effect.Effect<void, any, any>
+  readonly stopAll: () => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly stopPaths: (paths: ReadonlyArray<string>) => Effect.Effect<void> | undefined
+}
+
+interface ChildRuntime {
+  readonly close: <A, E>(exit: Exit.Exit<A, E>) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly spawn: ProcessSpawn
+  readonly get: <ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>(
+    child: ChildSelector
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>>>
+  readonly changes: <ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>(
+    child: ChildSelector
+  ) => Stream.Stream<Option.Option<MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>>>
+  readonly sendTo: (child: ChildSelector, event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+  readonly stop: (child: ChildSelector) => Effect.Effect<void>
+  readonly owned: OwnedChildRuntime
+}
+
+class OwnedChildRuntimeImpl implements OwnedChildRuntime {
+  private scopedServices: Context.Context<any> | undefined
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly registry: ChildRegistry,
+    private readonly self: ProcessAddress<any>,
+    private readonly runtime: ProcessRuntime,
+    private readonly services?: Context.Context<any>
+  ) {}
+
+  private has(key: string): boolean {
+    for (const entry of this.registry.children.values()) {
+      if (entry.ownerActive && entry.ownerKey === key) return true
+    }
+    return false
+  }
+
+  private stopEntry(entry: ChildEntry): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    entry.ownerActive = false
+    return entry._tag === "Started" ? entry.ref.stop : Effect.void
+  }
+
+  spawn(
+    makeLogic: () => ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+    options: OwnedChildSpawnOptions
+  ): Effect.Effect<void, any, any> {
+    const token = Symbol()
+    let startedChild: MachineRef<any, any, any, any> | undefined
+    const isCurrent = (): boolean => {
+      const entry = this.registry.children.get(options.id)
+      return entry?.token === token && entry.ownerKey === options.key && entry.ownerActive === true
+    }
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (this.registry.closed) return Effect.interrupt
+      if (this.has(options.key) || this.registry.children.has(options.id)) {
+        return Effect.fail(new ChildAlreadyExistsError({ id: options.duplicateId }))
+      }
+      const logic = makeLogic()
+      const scope = this.registry.scope ??= Scope.makeUnsafe("parallel")
+      this.registry.children.set(options.id, {
+        _tag: "Starting",
+        token,
+        ownerKey: options.key,
+        ownerPath: options.path,
+        ownerActive: true
+      })
+      const startOptions: StartInternalOptions = {
+        detached: true,
+        id: options.id,
+        sendParent: (event) => options.sendParent(isCurrent, event),
+        onOutcome: (outcome) => options.onOutcome(isCurrent, outcome),
+        ...(options.onSnapshot === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : { onSnapshot: (snapshot) => options.onSnapshot!(isCurrent, snapshot) }),
+        onReadySync: (child) => {
+          startedChild = child
+          return registerChild(this.registry, options.id, token, child, options.descriptor)
+        },
+        onStopSync: () => unregisterChild(this.registry, options.id, token),
+        skipStoppedOutcome: true,
+        parent: this.self,
+        runtime: this.runtime
+      }
+      const execution = logic.execution
+      const synchronous = this.services !== undefined && options.onSnapshot === undefined &&
+        execution?._tag === "Compiled" && execution.childless && execution.drain._tag === "Owned" &&
+        execution.initialSync !== undefined
+      const start = synchronous
+        ? Effect.flatMap(
+          this.runtime.nextSessionId,
+          (sessionId) =>
+            new CompiledProcess(
+              logic,
+              startOptions,
+              this.scopedServices ??= Context.add(this.services!, Scope.Scope, scope),
+              sessionId
+            ).initializeCompiledSync()
+        )
+        : startLogicInternal(logic, startOptions)
+      const guarded = start.pipe(
+        Effect.onExit((exit) => {
+          if (Exit.isSuccess(exit)) return Effect.void
+          unregisterChild(this.registry, options.id, token)
+          return startedChild === undefined ? Effect.void : startedChild.stop
+        })
+      )
+      return (synchronous ? guarded : Scope.provide(guarded, scope)).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+    })
+  }
+
+  stopAll(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      const effects: Array<Effect.Effect<void>> = []
+      for (const entry of this.registry.children.values()) {
+        if (entry.ownerActive) effects.push(this.stopEntry(entry))
+      }
+      return effects.length === 0
+        ? Effect.void
+        : effects.length === 1
+        ? effects[0]!
+        : Effect.all(effects, { concurrency: "unbounded", discard: true })
+    })
+  }
+
+  stopPaths(paths: ReadonlyArray<string>): Effect.Effect<void> | undefined {
+    if (paths.length === 0) return undefined
+    const pathSet = new Set(paths)
+    const effects: Array<Effect.Effect<void>> = []
+    for (const entry of this.registry.children.values()) {
+      if (entry.ownerActive && entry.ownerPath !== undefined && pathSet.has(entry.ownerPath)) {
+        effects.push(this.stopEntry(entry))
+      }
+    }
+    return effects.length === 0
+      ? undefined
+      : effects.length === 1
+      ? effects[0]!
+      : Effect.all(effects, { concurrency: "unbounded", discard: true })
+  }
+}
+
+const noChildChanges = Stream.succeed(Option.none()).pipe(Stream.concat(Stream.never))
+const noParentSend = (_event: unknown): Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError> => Effect.void
+
+const childlessRuntime: ChildRuntime = {
+  close: () => Effect.void,
+  spawn: (() => Effect.die(new Error("Childless machine logic cannot spawn a process"))) as ProcessSpawn,
+  get: () => Effect.succeed(Option.none()),
+  changes: () => noChildChanges,
+  sendTo: () => Effect.void,
+  stop: () => Effect.void,
+  owned: {
+    spawn: () => Effect.die(new Error("Childless machine logic cannot spawn an owned process")),
+    stopAll: () => Effect.void,
+    stopPaths: () => undefined
+  }
+}
+
+const makeChildRuntimeSync = (
+  self: ProcessAddress<any>,
+  runtime: ProcessRuntime,
+  services?: Context.Context<any>
+): ChildRuntime => {
+  // Child-registry decisions are synchronous and every access below runs in
+  // one Effect.sync / Effect.suspend step. Keep the unobserved representation
+  // compact; selector-specific handoffs are installed only while
+  // childChanges streams are running.
+  const registry: ChildRegistry = {
+    closed: false,
+    children: new Map(),
+    observers: undefined,
+    scope: undefined
+  }
+
+  const close = <A, E>(exit: Exit.Exit<A, E>): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+    Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (registry.closed) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      registry.closed = true
+      if (registry.scope === undefined) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const finalizers = Scope.closeUnsafe(registry.scope, exit)
+      let first: Effect.Effect<void> | undefined
+      let rest: Array<Effect.Effect<void>> | undefined
+      for (const entry of registry.children.values()) {
+        if (entry._tag !== "Started") {
+          continue
+        }
+        if (first === undefined) {
+          first = entry.ref.stop
+        } else {
+          rest ??= [first]
+          rest.push(entry.ref.stop)
+        }
+      }
+      if (finalizers !== undefined) {
+        if (first === undefined) {
+          first = finalizers
+        } else {
+          rest ??= [first]
+          rest.push(finalizers)
+        }
+      }
+      const cleanup = rest ?? first
+      return cleanup === undefined
+        ? Effect.void
+        : Array.isArray(cleanup)
+        ? Effect.all(cleanup, { concurrency: "unbounded", discard: true })
+        : cleanup
+    })
+
+  const unregister = (
+    key: ChildKey,
+    token: symbol
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> => Effect.sync(() => unregisterChild(registry, key, token))
+
+  const register = (
+    key: ChildKey,
+    token: symbol,
+    ref: MachineRef<any, any, any, any>,
+    descriptor: ChildDescriptor | undefined
+  ): Effect.Effect<boolean> => Effect.sync(() => registerChild(registry, key, token, ref, descriptor))
+
+  const get: ChildRuntime["get"] = (child) => {
+    const id = typeof child === "string" ? child : child.id
+    return Effect.sync(() => {
+      if (registry.closed) {
+        return Option.none()
+      }
+      const entry = registry.children.get(id)
+      return entry !== undefined && matchesChild(entry, child)
+        ? Option.some(entry.ref)
+        : Option.none()
+    })
+  }
+
+  const changes: ChildRuntime["changes"] = (child) => {
+    const id = typeof child === "string" ? child : child.id
+    return Stream.fromChannel(
+      Channel.fromTransform((_, streamScope) =>
+        Effect.sync((): ChildObserver => ({ child, id, values: undefined, waiter: undefined })).pipe(
+          Effect.flatMap((observer) => {
+            const removeObserver = Effect.sync(() => {
+              if (registry.observers !== undefined) {
+                registry.observers.delete(observer)
+                if (registry.observers.size === 0) {
+                  registry.observers = undefined
+                }
+              }
+              observer.values = undefined
+              observer.waiter = undefined
+            })
+            return Scope.addFinalizer(streamScope, removeObserver).pipe(
+              Effect.andThen(
+                Effect.sync(() => {
+                  if (!registry.closed && streamScope.state._tag !== "Closed") {
+                    registry.observers ??= new Set()
+                    registry.observers.add(observer)
+                  }
+                  offerChildObservation(observer, selectRegistryChild(registry, id, child))
+                })
+              ),
+              Effect.as(takeChildObservations(observer))
+            )
+          })
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  const sendTo = (child: ChildSelector, event: unknown): Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError> => {
+    const id = typeof child === "string" ? child : child.id
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (registry.closed) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const entry = registry.children.get(id)
+      return entry !== undefined && matchesChild(entry, child)
+        ? entry.ref.send(event)
+        : Effect.void
+    })
+  }
+
+  const stop = (child: ChildSelector): Effect.Effect<void> => {
+    const id = typeof child === "string" ? child : child.id
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (registry.closed) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const entry = registry.children.get(id)
+      return entry !== undefined && matchesChild(entry, child)
+        ? entry.ref.stop
+        : Effect.void
+    })
+  }
+
+  function spawn<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError = never>(
+    logic: ProcessLogic<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError>
+  ): Effect.Effect<
+    MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+    ChildInitialError,
+    Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+  >
+  function spawn<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError = never>(
+    logic: ProcessLogic<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError>,
+    spawnOptions: {
+      readonly id: string
+      readonly descriptor?: ChildDescriptor
+      readonly onOutcome?: (
+        outcome: RuntimeOutcome<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [activeSnapshotObserver]?: (
+        snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [sendParentOverride]?: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+    }
+  ): Effect.Effect<
+    MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+    ChildAlreadyExistsError | ChildInitialError,
+    Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+  >
+  function spawn<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError = never>(
+    logic: ProcessLogic<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildRequirements, ChildOutput, ChildInitialError>,
+    spawnOptions?: {
+      readonly id: string
+      readonly descriptor?: ChildDescriptor
+      readonly onOutcome?: (
+        outcome: RuntimeOutcome<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [activeSnapshotObserver]?: (
+        snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<ChildState, ChildError, ChildOutput>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+      ) => Effect.Effect<void>
+      readonly [sendParentOverride]?: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>
+    }
+  ): Effect.Effect<
+    MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+    ChildAlreadyExistsError | ChildInitialError,
+    Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+  > {
+    const token = Symbol()
+    const key = spawnOptions?.id ?? token
+    let startedChild: MachineRef<any, any, any, any> | undefined
+    return Effect.suspend((): Effect.Effect<
+      MachineRef<ChildState, ChildEvent, ChildError, ChildOutput>,
+      ChildAlreadyExistsError | ChildInitialError,
+      Exclude<ChildRequirements, Scope.Scope>
+    > => {
+      if (registry.closed) {
+        return Effect.interrupt
+      }
+      if (typeof key === "string" && registry.children.has(key)) {
+        return Effect.fail(new ChildAlreadyExistsError({ id: key }))
+      }
+      registry.scope ??= Scope.makeUnsafe("parallel")
+      registry.children.set(key, { _tag: "Starting", token })
+      return startLogicInternal(logic, {
+        detached: true,
+        ...(spawnOptions?.id === undefined ? undefined : { id: spawnOptions.id }),
+        ...(spawnOptions?.onOutcome === undefined ? undefined : { onOutcome: spawnOptions.onOutcome }),
+        ...(spawnOptions?.[activeSnapshotObserver] === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : { onSnapshot: spawnOptions[activeSnapshotObserver] }),
+        ...(spawnOptions?.[sendParentOverride] === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : { sendParent: spawnOptions[sendParentOverride] }),
+        onReady: (child, requestChildStop) =>
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            startedChild = child
+          }).pipe(
+            Effect.andThen(register(key, token, child, spawnOptions?.descriptor)),
+            Effect.flatMap((registered) => registered ? Effect.void : requestChildStop)
+          ),
+        onStop: unregister(key, token),
+        parent: self,
+        runtime
+      }).pipe(
+        Effect.onExit((exit) =>
+          Exit.isFailure(exit)
+            ? unregister(key, token).pipe(
+              Effect.andThen(startedChild === undefined ? Effect.void : startedChild.stop)
+            )
+            : Effect.void
+        ),
+        Scope.provide(registry.scope)
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  return {
+    close,
+    spawn,
+    get,
+    changes,
+    sendTo,
+    stop,
+    owned: new OwnedChildRuntimeImpl(registry, self, runtime, services)
+  }
+}
+
+const makeChildRuntime = (
+  self: ProcessAddress<any>,
+  runtime: ProcessRuntime,
+  services?: Context.Context<any>
+): Effect.Effect<ChildRuntime> => Effect.sync(() => makeChildRuntimeSync(self, runtime, services))
+
+// `Machine.logic` permits an arbitrary Effect program, including programs that
+// suspend or supervise their own fibers. Keep its two-fiber worker/supervisor
+// protocol as the general contract rather than weakening it for statecharts.
+const startGenericInternal: <
+  State,
+  Event,
+  Error = never,
+  Requirements = never,
+  Output = never,
+  InitialError = never
+>(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>,
+  options: StartInternalOptions
+) => Effect.Effect<
+  MachineRef<State, Event, Error, Output>,
+  InitialError,
+  Requirements
+> = Effect.fnUntraced(function*<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>,
+  options: StartInternalOptions
+) {
+  const {
+    detached,
+    id: requestedId,
+    onOutcome,
+    onReady,
+    onReadySync,
+    onSnapshot,
+    onStop,
+    onStopSync,
+    parent,
+    runtime,
+    sendParent: overrideSendParent
+  } = options
+  type ProcessTermination =
+    | { readonly _tag: "Stopped" }
+    | { readonly _tag: "Done"; readonly output: Output }
+    | { readonly _tag: "Failure"; readonly cause: Cause.Cause<Error> }
+
+  const sessionId = yield* runtime.nextSessionId
+  const id = requestedId ?? sessionId
+  const queue = yield* Queue.unbounded<ProcessMessage<Event>>()
+  const termination = yield* Deferred.make<ProcessTermination>()
+  const done = yield* Deferred.make<Output, Error | StoppedError>()
+  const awaitCompletion = Deferred.await(done).pipe(Effect.exit, Effect.asVoid)
+  let initializing = true
+  let inFlightMessage: ProcessMessage<Event> | undefined
+  const requestStop = Deferred.succeed(termination, { _tag: "Stopped" }).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+  const self: ProcessAddress<Event> = {
+    id,
+    sessionId,
+    // Initialization must finish constructing a state before a stopped
+    // snapshot can be published. A stop requested there is therefore recorded
+    // and returns so initialization can finish. Once running, the requesting
+    // process waits forever and is interrupted by the supervisor after the
+    // stop request wins, so execution never continues after `self.stop`.
+    stop: Effect.suspend(() =>
+      initializing
+        ? requestStop
+        : requestStop.pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.never))
+    ),
+    send: (event: Event) =>
+      Queue.offer(queue, event).pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((accepted) => accepted ? Effect.void : Effect.fail(new StoppedError()))
+      )
+  }
+  const sendAcknowledged:
+    | ((event: Event) => Effect.Effect<AcknowledgedDelivery<State>, Error | StoppedError>)
+    | undefined = logic.execution?._tag !== "Compiled"
+      ? undefined
+      : (event) =>
+        Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+          Deferred.make<AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>, unknown>().pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap((deferred) =>
+              Queue.offer(queue, {
+                [AcknowledgedMessageTypeId]: true as const,
+                event,
+                deferred
+              }).pipe(
+                Effect.flatMap((accepted) =>
+                  accepted
+                    ? restore(Deferred.await(deferred))
+                    : Effect.fail(new StoppedError())
+                )
+              )
+            ),
+            Effect.map((delivery) => delivery as AcknowledgedDelivery<State>)
+          )
+        ) as Effect.Effect<AcknowledgedDelivery<State>, Error | StoppedError>
+
+  let {
+    changes: childChanges,
+    close: closeChildren,
+    get: getChild,
+    owned: ownedChildren,
+    sendTo,
+    spawn,
+    stop: stopChild
+  } = childlessRuntime
+  if (!executionIsChildless(logic.execution)) {
+    ;({
+      changes: childChanges,
+      close: closeChildren,
+      get: getChild,
+      owned: ownedChildren,
+      sendTo,
+      spawn,
+      stop: stopChild
+    } = yield* makeChildRuntime(self, runtime))
+  }
+  const cleanupStartupFailure = <A, E>(exit: Exit.Exit<A, E>): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+    Exit.isFailure(exit)
+      ? closeChildren(exit)
+      : Effect.void
+  const cleanup = onStopSync === undefined ? onStop ?? Effect.void : Effect.sync(onStopSync)
+  const sendParent = overrideSendParent ?? (parent === undefined ? noParentSend : parent.send)
+
+  const scope: ProcessScope<Event> = {
+    self,
+    parent,
+    spawn,
+    sendParent,
+    sendTo,
+    stopChild,
+    failCause: (cause) =>
+      Deferred.succeed(termination, {
+        _tag: "Failure",
+        cause: cause as Cause.Cause<Error>
+      }).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+  }
+
+  const initial = yield* logic.initial(scope).pipe(
+    Effect.onExit(cleanupStartupFailure),
+    Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+      initializing = false
+    }))
+  )
+  const current = yield* SynchronizedRef.make<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>({
+    revision: 0,
+    terminalizing: false,
+    changes: undefined,
+    snapshot: {
+      status: "active",
+      state: initial
+    }
+  })
+  const publishSnapshot: (
+    snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ) => Effect.Effect<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>> = onSnapshot === undefined
+    ? (snapshot) =>
+      snapshot.changes === undefined
+        ? Effect.succeed(snapshot)
+        : PubSub.publish(snapshot.changes, [snapshot] as const).pipe(Effect.as(snapshot))
+    : (snapshot) => {
+      const publish = snapshot.changes === undefined
+        ? Effect.succeed(snapshot)
+        : PubSub.publish(snapshot.changes, [snapshot] as const).pipe(Effect.as(snapshot))
+      const runtimeSnapshot = snapshot.snapshot
+      return runtimeSnapshot.status !== "active"
+        ? publish
+        : publish.pipe(Effect.tap(() => notifyActiveSnapshot(onSnapshot, runtimeSnapshot)))
+    }
+
+  const completeChanges = (
+    snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+    snapshot.changes === undefined
+      ? Effect.void
+      : PubSub.publish(snapshot.changes, Exit.succeed<void>(undefined)).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+
+  const completeIfTerminal = (
+    snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>> => {
+    if (snapshot.snapshot.status === "active") {
+      return Effect.succeed(snapshot)
+    }
+    return completeChanges(snapshot).pipe(Effect.as(snapshot))
+  }
+
+  const publishIfCurrent = (
+    snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined> =>
+    SynchronizedRef.get(current).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap((
+        currentSnapshot
+      ): Effect.Effect<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined> =>
+        currentSnapshot.revision === snapshot.revision
+          ? publishSnapshot(snapshot).pipe(Effect.flatMap(completeIfTerminal))
+          : Effect.succeed(undefined)
+      )
+    )
+
+  type SnapshotModification = readonly [
+    VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined,
+    VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ]
+
+  const updateSnapshot = <E2, R2>(
+    f: (
+      snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+    ) => Effect.Effect<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined, E2, R2>
+  ): Effect.Effect<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined, E2, R2> =>
+    SynchronizedRef.modifyEffect(
+      current,
+      (current) =>
+        current.terminalizing
+          ? Effect.succeed([undefined, current] as const)
+          : Effect.map(
+            f(current.snapshot),
+            (next) => {
+              if (next === undefined) {
+                return [undefined, current] as const
+              }
+              const versioned = {
+                revision: current.revision + 1,
+                snapshot: next,
+                terminalizing: false,
+                changes: current.changes
+              }
+              return [versioned, versioned] as const
+            }
+          )
+    ).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap((versioned) => versioned === undefined ? Effect.succeed(undefined) : publishIfCurrent(versioned)),
+      Effect.map((published) => published?.snapshot)
+    )
+
+  const reserveTerminalSnapshot = (
+    f: (
+      snapshot: Extract<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>, { readonly status: "active" }>
+    ) => RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output> | undefined> =>
+    SynchronizedRef.modify(
+      current,
+      (current): SnapshotModification => {
+        if (current.terminalizing || current.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+          return [undefined, current]
+        }
+        return [
+          {
+            revision: current.revision + 1,
+            snapshot: f(current.snapshot),
+            terminalizing: true,
+            changes: current.changes
+          },
+          { ...current, terminalizing: true }
+        ]
+      }
+    ).pipe(Effect.map((versioned) => versioned?.snapshot))
+
+  const setAndPublishSnapshot = (
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+    SynchronizedRef.updateAndGet(current, (current) => ({
+      revision: current.revision + 1,
+      snapshot,
+      terminalizing: true,
+      changes: current.changes
+    })).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap(publishSnapshot),
+      Effect.flatMap(completeIfTerminal),
+      Effect.asVoid
+    )
+
+  const setActiveState = (state: State) =>
+    updateSnapshot((snapshot) =>
+      Effect.succeed(
+        snapshot.status === "active"
+          ? {
+            status: "active",
+            state
+          }
+          : undefined
+      )
+    ).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+
+  const terminalizeWith = (
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>,
+    exit: Exit.Exit<unknown, unknown>,
+    completeDone: Effect.Effect<void>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> => {
+    const notifyOutcome =
+      onOutcome === undefined || (snapshot.status === "stopped" && options.skipStoppedOutcome === true)
+        ? Effect.void
+        : Effect.suspend(() => onOutcome(classifyOutcome(snapshot)!)).pipe(
+          Effect.exit,
+          Effect.asVoid
+        )
+    return Effect.uninterruptible(
+      Effect.sync(() => {
+        while (true) {
+          const pending = Queue.takeUnsafe(queue)
+          if (pending === undefined || Exit.isFailure(pending)) break
+          stopAcknowledgedMessage(pending.value)
+        }
+      }).pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(Queue.shutdown(queue)),
+        Effect.andThen(closeChildren(exit)),
+        Effect.andThen(setAndPublishSnapshot(snapshot)),
+        Effect.andThen(Effect.sync(() => {
+          if (Exit.isFailure(exit)) {
+            failAcknowledgedMessage(inFlightMessage, exit.cause)
+          } else {
+            stopAcknowledgedMessage(inFlightMessage)
+          }
+          inFlightMessage = undefined
+        })),
+        Effect.andThen(notifyOutcome),
+        Effect.andThen(cleanup),
+        Effect.andThen(completeDone)
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  const reserveStoppedSnapshot = reserveTerminalSnapshot((snapshot) => ({
+    status: "stopped",
+    state: snapshot.state
+  }))
+
+  const reserveFailureSnapshot = (cause: Cause.Cause<Error>) =>
+    reserveTerminalSnapshot((snapshot) => ({
+      status: "error",
+      state: snapshot.state,
+      cause
+    }))
+
+  const reserveSuccessSnapshot = (output: Output) =>
+    reserveTerminalSnapshot((snapshot) => ({
+      status: "done",
+      state: snapshot.state,
+      output
+    }))
+
+  const terminalizeReservedStop = (
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> => {
+    const exit = Exit.void
+    return terminalizeWith(
+      snapshot,
+      exit,
+      Deferred.fail(done, new StoppedError())
+    )
+  }
+
+  const terminalizeReservedFailure = (
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>,
+    cause: Cause.Cause<Error>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> => {
+    const exit = Exit.failCause(cause)
+    return terminalizeWith(snapshot, exit, Deferred.failCause(done, cause))
+  }
+
+  const terminalizeReservedSuccess = (
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>,
+    output: Output
+  ): Effect.Effect<void> => {
+    const exit = Exit.succeed(output)
+    return terminalizeWith(snapshot, exit, Deferred.succeed(done, output))
+  }
+
+  const stop: Effect.Effect<void> = Effect.uninterruptible(
+    requestStop.pipe(Effect.andThen(awaitCompletion))
+  )
+
+  const acknowledgedContext:
+    | Pick<
+      ProcessContext<State, Event>,
+      "receiveMessage" | "pollMessage" | "completeMessage"
+    >
+    | undefined = logic.execution?._tag !== "Compiled" ? undefined : {
+      receiveMessage: Queue.take(queue).pipe(
+        Effect.tap((message) =>
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            inFlightMessage = isAcknowledgedMessage(message) ? message : undefined
+          })
+        )
+      ),
+      pollMessage: Queue.poll(queue).pipe(
+        Effect.tap((message) =>
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            if (Option.isSome(message)) {
+              inFlightMessage = isAcknowledgedMessage(message.value) ? message.value : undefined
+            }
+          })
+        )
+      ),
+      completeMessage: (delivery) => {
+        succeedAcknowledgedMessage(inFlightMessage, delivery)
+        inFlightMessage = undefined
+      }
+    }
+  const context: ProcessContext<State, Event> = {
+    ...scope,
+    ...(logic.execution?._tag === "Compiled" && !logic.execution.childless ? { ownedChildren } : undefined),
+    ...acknowledgedContext,
+    receive: Queue.take(queue).pipe(Effect.map(messageEvent)),
+    poll: Queue.poll(queue).pipe(Effect.map(Option.map(messageEvent))),
+    state: SynchronizedRef.get(current).pipe(Effect.map((current) => current.snapshot.state)),
+    setState: setActiveState,
+    updateState: (f) =>
+      updateSnapshot((snapshot) =>
+        snapshot.status === "active"
+          ? f(snapshot.state).pipe(
+            Effect.map((state) => ({
+              status: "active" as const,
+              state
+            }))
+          )
+          : Effect.succeed(undefined)
+      ).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+  }
+
+  const getOrCreateChanges = SynchronizedRef.modifyEffect(
+    current,
+    (current) => {
+      if (current.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+        return Effect.succeed([undefined, current] as const)
+      }
+      if (current.changes !== undefined) {
+        return Effect.succeed([current.changes, current] as const)
+      }
+      return PubSub.unbounded<Take.Take<VersionedSnapshot<State, Error, Output>>>({ replay: 1 }).pipe(
+        Effect.map((changes) => [changes, { ...current, changes }] as const)
+      )
+    }
+  )
+
+  const changesStream: Stream.Stream<RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>> = Stream.unwrap(
+    Effect.gen(function*() {
+      const changes = yield* getOrCreateChanges
+      if (changes === undefined) {
+        return Stream.succeed((yield* SynchronizedRef.get(current)).snapshot)
+      }
+      const subscription = yield* PubSub.subscribe(changes)
+      const captured = yield* SynchronizedRef.get(current)
+      if (captured.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+        return Stream.succeed(captured.snapshot)
+      }
+      return Stream.succeed(captured.snapshot).pipe(
+        Stream.concat(
+          Stream.fromChannel(Channel.fromEffectTake(PubSub.take(subscription))).pipe(
+            Stream.filter((next) => next.revision > captured.revision),
+            Stream.map((next) => next.snapshot)
+          )
+        )
+      )
+    })
+  )
+
+  const ref: MachineRef<State, Event, Error, Output> = {
+    id,
+    sessionId,
+    state: SynchronizedRef.get(current).pipe(Effect.map((current) => current.snapshot.state)),
+    snapshot: SynchronizedRef.get(current).pipe(Effect.map((current) => current.snapshot)),
+    changes: changesStream,
+    join: Deferred.await(done),
+    stop,
+    send: self.send,
+    ...(sendAcknowledged === undefined ? undefined : { [acknowledgedSend]: sendAcknowledged }),
+    child: getChild,
+    childChanges
+  }
+
+  if (onReadySync !== undefined && !onReadySync(ref)) {
+    yield* requestStop
+  } else if (onReady !== undefined) {
+    yield* onReady(ref, requestStop)
+  }
+  if (onSnapshot !== undefined) {
+    yield* notifyActiveSnapshot(onSnapshot, { status: "active", state: initial })
+  }
+
+  const reserveTermination = (termination: ProcessTermination) => {
+    switch (termination._tag) {
+      case "Stopped":
+        return reserveStoppedSnapshot
+      case "Done":
+        return reserveSuccessSnapshot(termination.output)
+      case "Failure":
+        return reserveFailureSnapshot(termination.cause)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const completeTermination = (
+    termination: ProcessTermination,
+    snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<State, Error, Output>
+  ) => {
+    switch (termination._tag) {
+      case "Stopped":
+        return terminalizeReservedStop(snapshot)
+      case "Done":
+        return terminalizeReservedSuccess(snapshot, termination.output)
+      case "Failure":
+        return terminalizeReservedFailure(snapshot, termination.cause)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const forkRuntime = <A, E, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) =>
+    detached === true
+      ? Effect.forkDetach(effect)
+      : Effect.forkChild(effect)
+
+  const pendingTermination = yield* Deferred.poll(termination)
+  const worker = Option.isNone(pendingTermination)
+    ? yield* Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+      restore(Effect.suspend(() => logic.run(context))).pipe(
+        Effect.exit,
+        Effect.flatMap((exit) =>
+          Deferred.succeed(
+            termination,
+            Exit.isFailure(exit)
+              ? { _tag: "Failure", cause: exit.cause }
+              : { _tag: "Done", output: exit.value }
+          )
+        )
+      )
+    ).pipe(forkRuntime)
+    : undefined
+
+  // One Deferred arbitrates all terminal causes. The supervisor reserves the
+  // terminal snapshot before interrupting the worker, so worker finalizers
+  // cannot mutate the frozen state. It then waits for those finalizers before
+  // publishing and completing `join` / `stop`.
+  const runFiber: Effect.Effect<void, never, Requirements> = Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+    Effect.gen(function*() {
+      const requested = Option.isSome(pendingTermination)
+        ? yield* pendingTermination.value
+        : yield* restore(Deferred.await(termination))
+
+      const snapshot = yield* reserveTermination(requested)
+      if (worker !== undefined) {
+        yield* Fiber.interrupt(worker)
+      }
+      if (snapshot === undefined) {
+        return yield* awaitCompletion
+      }
+      return yield* completeTermination(requested, snapshot)
+    })
+  )
+
+  yield* forkRuntime(runFiber)
+  yield* Effect.yieldNow
+
+  return ref
+})
+
+type CompiledTermination =
+  | { readonly _tag: "Stopped" }
+  | { readonly _tag: "Done"; readonly output: unknown }
+  | { readonly _tag: "Failure"; readonly cause: Cause.Cause<unknown> }
+
+type CompiledInitialized = CompiledProcessInitial<unknown, unknown>
+
+// Stopping is commonly used only for resource cleanup. Keep that path free of
+// Error stack capture and materialize the typed join failure only if observed.
+const CompiledStoppedCompletion: unique symbol = Symbol("effect/Machine/CompiledStoppedCompletion")
+
+type CompiledCompletion =
+  | Effect.Effect<unknown, unknown>
+  | typeof CompiledStoppedCompletion
+
+type CompiledLifecycle = "Active" | "TerminationRequested" | "Completed"
+type CompiledRunState = "Initializing" | "Idle" | "Draining"
+
+/**
+ * Compact runtime for compiled statecharts.
+ *
+ * All long-lived state is stored directly on this object. Operations are
+ * implemented by shared prototype methods, and public Effect / Stream values
+ * are materialized only when accessed. Arbitrary process logic continues to
+ * use the general runtime above.
+ */
+class CompiledProcess implements MachineRef<any, any, any, any> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly sessionId: string
+  readonly send: (event: unknown) => Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError>;
+  [acknowledgedSend](
+    event: unknown
+  ): Effect.Effect<AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>, unknown | StoppedError> {
+    return this.sendAcknowledgedEffect(event)
+  }
+
+  private readonly mailbox: CompactProcessMailbox<unknown> = {
+    items: undefined,
+    index: 0,
+    closed: false
+  }
+  private readonly address: ProcessAddress<unknown>
+  private childRuntime: ChildRuntime = childlessRuntime
+  private processScope!: ProcessScope<unknown>
+  private processContext: ProcessContext<unknown, unknown> | undefined
+  private compiledContext: CompiledProcessContext<unknown, unknown> | undefined
+  private current!: VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>
+  /**
+   * `Active` has no terminal payload, `TerminationRequested` owns
+   * `termination` and its optional reserved snapshot, and `Completed` owns
+   * `completion`. `runState` independently tracks worker activity.
+   */
+  private lifecycle: CompiledLifecycle = "Active"
+  private runState: CompiledRunState = "Initializing"
+  private completion: CompiledCompletion | undefined
+  private waiter: Deferred.Deferred<unknown, unknown> | undefined
+  private termination: CompiledTermination | undefined
+  private terminationSnapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown> | undefined
+  private worker: Fiber.Fiber<any, never> | undefined
+  private interruptRequested = false
+  private offerRevision = 0
+  private inFlightMessage: ProcessMessage<unknown> | undefined
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly logic: ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+    private readonly options: StartInternalOptions,
+    private readonly services: Context.Context<any>,
+    sessionId: string
+  ) {
+    this.sessionId = sessionId
+    this.id = options.id ?? sessionId
+    this.send = (event) => this.offerMessage(event)
+    this.address = {
+      id: this.id,
+      sessionId,
+      stop: Effect.suspend(() => this.stopFromProcess()),
+      send: this.send
+    }
+  }
+
+  private get execution(): CompiledProcessExecution<any, any, any, any, any, any> {
+    return this.logic.execution as CompiledProcessExecution<any, any, any, any, any, any>
+  }
+
+  initializeCompiledSync(): Effect.Effect<MachineRef<any, any, any, any>, unknown> {
+    if (!this.execution.childless) {
+      this.childRuntime = makeChildRuntimeSync(this.address, this.options.runtime, this.services)
+    }
+    const parent = this.options.parent
+    const sendParent = this.options.sendParent ?? (parent === undefined ? noParentSend : parent.send)
+    this.processScope = {
+      self: this.address,
+      parent,
+      spawn: this.childRuntime.spawn,
+      sendParent,
+      sendTo: this.childRuntime.sendTo,
+      stopChild: this.childRuntime.stop,
+      failCause: (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>) => this.failCause(cause)
+    }
+    const compiledInitial = this.execution.initialSync!
+    let initialized: CompiledInitialized
+    try {
+      initialized = compiledInitial(this.processScope)
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.runState = "Idle"
+      return Effect.fail(error)
+    }
+    this.runState = "Idle"
+    this.current = {
+      revision: 0,
+      terminalizing: false,
+      changes: undefined,
+      snapshot: { status: "active", state: initialized.state }
+    }
+    this.compiledContext = new CompiledProcessContextImpl(this.processScope, this.childRuntime.owned, this)
+    if ("executionState" in initialized) {
+      this.compiledContext.executionState = initialized.executionState
+    }
+    if (this.options.onReadySync !== undefined && !this.options.onReadySync(this)) {
+      this.requestTerminationSync({ _tag: "Stopped" })
+    }
+    if (initialized.done === true && this.lifecycle === "Active") {
+      this.requestTerminationSync({ _tag: "Done", output: initialized.output })
+    }
+    if (
+      initialized.done === false && this.execution.childless &&
+      this.lifecycle === "Active" &&
+      this.mailbox.items === undefined
+    ) {
+      return Effect.succeed(this)
+    }
+    this.runState = "Draining"
+    return Effect.provideContext(this.drainRuntime(), this.services).pipe(Effect.as(this))
+  }
+
+  initialize(): Effect.Effect<MachineRef<any, any, any, any>, unknown, any> {
+    const self = this
+    return Effect.gen(function*() {
+      if (!self.execution.childless) {
+        self.childRuntime = yield* makeChildRuntime(self.address, self.options.runtime, self.services)
+      }
+      const parent = self.options.parent
+      const sendParent = self.options.sendParent ?? (parent === undefined ? noParentSend : parent.send)
+      self.processScope = {
+        self: self.address,
+        parent,
+        spawn: self.childRuntime.spawn,
+        sendParent,
+        sendTo: self.childRuntime.sendTo,
+        stopChild: self.childRuntime.stop,
+        failCause: (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>) => self.failCause(cause)
+      }
+
+      const cleanupStartupFailure = <A, E>(exit: Exit.Exit<A, E>): Effect.Effect<void> =>
+        Exit.isFailure(exit) ? self.childRuntime.close(exit) : Effect.void
+      const compiledInitial = self.execution.initial
+      const initializeEffect: Effect.Effect<
+        {
+          readonly state: unknown
+          readonly done: boolean | undefined
+          readonly output: unknown
+        },
+        unknown,
+        any
+      > = compiledInitial === undefined
+        ? self.logic.initial(self.processScope).pipe(
+          Effect.map((state) => ({ state, done: undefined, output: undefined } as const))
+        )
+        : compiledInitial(self.processScope)
+      const initialized = yield* initializeEffect.pipe(
+        Effect.onExit(cleanupStartupFailure),
+        Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+          self.runState = "Idle"
+        }))
+      )
+      const initial = initialized.state
+      self.current = {
+        revision: 0,
+        terminalizing: false,
+        changes: undefined,
+        snapshot: { status: "active", state: initial }
+      }
+      if (self.execution.drain._tag === "Process") {
+        self.processContext = {
+          ...self.processScope,
+          receive: Effect.never,
+          poll: Effect.sync(() => Option.map(pollCompactMailbox(self.mailbox), messageEvent)),
+          receiveMessage: Effect.never,
+          pollMessage: Effect.sync(() => self.pollCompiledMessage()),
+          completeMessage: (delivery) => self.completeCompiledMessage(delivery),
+          state: Effect.sync(() => self.current.snapshot.state),
+          setState: (state: unknown) => self.setActiveState(state),
+          updateState: (f) => self.updateState(f)
+        }
+      } else {
+        self.compiledContext = new CompiledProcessContextImpl(self.processScope, self.childRuntime.owned, self)
+        if ("executionState" in initialized) {
+          self.compiledContext.executionState = initialized.executionState
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (self.options.onReadySync !== undefined && !self.options.onReadySync(self)) {
+        yield* self.requestTermination({ _tag: "Stopped" })
+      } else if (self.options.onReady !== undefined) {
+        yield* self.options.onReady(self, self.requestTermination({ _tag: "Stopped" }).pipe(Effect.asVoid))
+      }
+      if (self.options.onSnapshot !== undefined) {
+        yield* notifyActiveSnapshot(self.options.onSnapshot, { status: "active", state: initial })
+      }
+      if (initialized.done === true && self.lifecycle === "Active") {
+        yield* self.requestTermination({ _tag: "Done", output: initialized.output })
+      }
+
+      // A compiled machine startup plan has already settled entry actions,
+      // raised events, and eventless transitions. If it is known active and
+      // neither startup hooks nor emitted work queued an event, there is no
+      // first drain to perform. Future sends observe an idle run state and
+      // schedule the ordinary compiled worker.
+      if (
+        initialized.done === false && self.execution.childless &&
+        self.lifecycle === "Active" && self.mailbox.items === undefined
+      ) {
+        return self
+      }
+
+      self.runState = "Draining"
+      yield* self.drainRuntime()
+      return self
+    })
+  }
+
+  get state(): Effect.Effect<unknown> {
+    return Effect.sync(() => this.current.snapshot.state)
+  }
+
+  get snapshot(): Effect.Effect<RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>> {
+    return Effect.sync(() => this.current.snapshot)
+  }
+
+  get changes(): Stream.Stream<RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>> {
+    return this.changesStream()
+  }
+
+  get join(): Effect.Effect<unknown, unknown> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (this.lifecycle === "Completed") {
+        return this.resolveCompletion(this.completion!)
+      }
+      this.waiter ??= Deferred.makeUnsafe<unknown, unknown>()
+      return Deferred.await(this.waiter)
+    })
+  }
+
+  get stop(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.uninterruptible(this.stopEffect())
+  }
+
+  child(child: ChildSelector): Effect.Effect<Option.Option<any>> {
+    return this.childRuntime.get(child)
+  }
+
+  childChanges(child: ChildSelector): Stream.Stream<Option.Option<any>> {
+    return this.childRuntime.changes(child)
+  }
+
+  private requestTermination(requested: CompiledTermination): Effect.Effect<boolean> {
+    return Effect.sync(() => this.requestTerminationSync(requested))
+  }
+
+  private hasTerminationRequest(): boolean {
+    return this.lifecycle === "TerminationRequested"
+  }
+
+  private requestTerminationSync(requested: CompiledTermination): boolean {
+    if (this.lifecycle !== "Active") {
+      return false
+    }
+    this.lifecycle = "TerminationRequested"
+    this.termination = requested
+    this.terminationSnapshot = this.reserveTermination(requested)
+    return true
+  }
+
+  private reserveTermination(
+    requested: CompiledTermination
+  ): RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown> | undefined {
+    const latest = this.current
+    if (latest === undefined || latest.terminalizing || latest.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+      return undefined
+    }
+    const snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown> = requested._tag === "Stopped"
+      ? { status: "stopped", state: latest.snapshot.state }
+      : requested._tag === "Done"
+      ? { status: "done", state: latest.snapshot.state, output: requested.output }
+      : { status: "error", state: latest.snapshot.state, cause: requested.cause }
+    this.current = { ...latest, terminalizing: true }
+    return snapshot
+  }
+
+  private stopFromProcess(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    const request = this.requestTermination({ _tag: "Stopped" }).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+    return this.runState === "Initializing" ? request : request.pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.interrupt))
+  }
+
+  private failCause(cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    const requested = { _tag: "Failure", cause } as const
+    return this.requestTermination(requested).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap((accepted) =>
+        accepted
+          ? Effect.forkDetach(this.settleRequestedTermination()).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+          : Effect.void
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  private sendAcknowledgedEffect(
+    event: unknown
+  ): Effect.Effect<AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>, unknown | StoppedError> {
+    return Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+      Deferred.make<AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>, unknown>().pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((deferred) =>
+          this.offerMessage({
+            [AcknowledgedMessageTypeId]: true as const,
+            event,
+            deferred
+          }).pipe(
+            Effect.andThen(restore(Deferred.await(deferred)))
+          )
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  private offerMessage(message: ProcessMessage<unknown>): Effect.Effect<void, StoppedError> {
+    return Effect.uninterruptible(
+      Effect.suspend(() => {
+        if (this.mailbox.closed || this.lifecycle !== "Active") {
+          return Effect.fail(new StoppedError())
+        }
+        offerCompactMailbox(this.mailbox, message)
+        this.offerRevision += 1
+        if (this.runState === "Draining") {
+          return Effect.void
+        }
+        this.runState = "Draining"
+        const scheduled = Effect.yieldNow.pipe(
+          Effect.andThen(Effect.provideContext(this.drainRuntime(), this.services))
+        )
+        const fork = this.options.detached === true
+          ? Effect.forkDetach(scheduled, { startImmediately: true })
+          : Effect.forkChild(scheduled, { startImmediately: true })
+        return fork.pipe(
+          Effect.flatMap((fiber) =>
+            Effect.sync(() => {
+              this.worker = fiber
+              if (!this.interruptRequested) {
+                return false
+              }
+              this.interruptRequested = false
+              return true
+            }).pipe(
+              Effect.flatMap((interrupt) => interrupt ? this.interruptAndFinish(fiber) : Effect.void)
+            )
+          ),
+          Effect.asVoid
+        )
+      })
+    )
+  }
+
+  private stopEffect(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (this.lifecycle === "Completed") {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      if (this.finishIdleChildlessStop()) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const requested = { _tag: "Stopped" } as const
+      return this.requestTermination(requested).pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((accepted) =>
+          accepted
+            ? this.settleRequestedTermination()
+            : this.awaitCompletion()
+        )
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private finishIdleChildlessStop(): boolean {
+    if (
+      !this.execution.childless || this.runState !== "Idle" || this.worker !== undefined ||
+      this.lifecycle !== "Active" ||
+      (this.options.onOutcome !== undefined && this.options.skipStoppedOutcome !== true) ||
+      this.options.onStop !== undefined ||
+      this.current.changes !== undefined ||
+      this.current.terminalizing || this.current.snapshot.status !== "active"
+    ) {
+      return false
+    }
+    const snapshot = { status: "stopped" as const, state: this.current.snapshot.state }
+    this.lifecycle = "TerminationRequested"
+    this.termination = { _tag: "Stopped" }
+    this.terminationSnapshot = snapshot
+    closeCompactMailbox(this.mailbox)
+    this.current = {
+      revision: this.current.revision + 1,
+      terminalizing: true,
+      changes: undefined,
+      snapshot
+    }
+    stopAcknowledgedMessage(this.inFlightMessage)
+    this.inFlightMessage = undefined
+    this.interruptRequested = false
+    if (this.compiledContext !== undefined) {
+      this.compiledContext.executionState = undefined
+    }
+    this.options.onStopSync?.()
+    this.completion = CompiledStoppedCompletion
+    this.lifecycle = "Completed"
+    if (this.waiter !== undefined) {
+      Deferred.doneUnsafe(this.waiter, this.resolveCompletion(CompiledStoppedCompletion))
+      this.waiter = undefined
+    }
+    return true
+  }
+
+  private settleRequestedTermination(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (this.runState !== "Draining") {
+        return this.finishRequestedTermination()
+      }
+      if (this.worker === undefined) {
+        this.interruptRequested = true
+        return this.awaitCompletion()
+      }
+      return this.interruptAndFinish(this.worker).pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(this.awaitCompletion())
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private interruptAndFinish(worker: Fiber.Fiber<any, never>): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Fiber.interrupt(worker).pipe(
+      Effect.andThen(
+        Effect.suspend(() =>
+          this.lifecycle !== "Completed"
+            ? this.finishRequestedTermination()
+            : Effect.void
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  }
+
+  private awaitCompletion(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return this.lifecycle !== "Completed"
+      ? this.join.pipe(Effect.exit, Effect.asVoid)
+      : Effect.void
+  }
+
+  private resolveCompletion(completion: CompiledCompletion): Effect.Effect<unknown, unknown> {
+    if (completion !== CompiledStoppedCompletion) {
+      return completion
+    }
+    const stopped = Effect.fail(new StoppedError())
+    this.completion = stopped
+    return stopped
+  }
+
+  private drainRuntime(): Effect.Effect<void, never, any> {
+    const self = this
+    return Effect.uninterruptibleMask((restore) =>
+      Effect.gen(function*() {
+        let observedRevision = self.offerRevision
+        while (true) {
+          if (self.hasTerminationRequest()) {
+            return yield* self.finishRequestedTermination()
+          }
+
+          const exit = yield* restore(
+            Effect.suspend(() => {
+              const drain = self.execution.drain
+              return drain._tag === "Process"
+                ? drain.run(self.processContext!)
+                : drain.run(self.compiledContext!)
+            })
+          ).pipe(Effect.exit)
+          self.flushPendingChanges()
+          if (Exit.isFailure(exit)) {
+            if (self.lifecycle === "Active") {
+              yield* self.requestTermination({ _tag: "Failure", cause: exit.cause })
+            }
+            return yield* self.finishRequestedTermination()
+          }
+          if (Option.isSome(exit.value)) {
+            yield* self.requestTermination({ _tag: "Done", output: exit.value.value })
+            return yield* self.finishRequestedTermination()
+          }
+          if (self.hasTerminationRequest()) {
+            return yield* self.finishRequestedTermination()
+          }
+
+          if (self.offerRevision !== observedRevision) {
+            observedRevision = self.offerRevision
+            continue
+          }
+          self.runState = "Idle"
+          self.worker = undefined
+          return
+        }
+      })
+    )
+  }
+
+  private finishRequestedTermination(): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      if (this.lifecycle !== "TerminationRequested") {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const requested = this.termination
+      if (requested === undefined) {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      const snapshot = this.terminationSnapshot ?? this.reserveTermination(requested)
+      if (snapshot === undefined) {
+        return this.awaitCompletion()
+      }
+      const exit = requested._tag === "Stopped"
+        ? Exit.void
+        : requested._tag === "Done"
+        ? Exit.succeed(requested.output)
+        : Exit.failCause(requested.cause)
+      const completion: CompiledCompletion = requested._tag === "Stopped"
+        ? CompiledStoppedCompletion
+        : requested._tag === "Done"
+        ? Effect.succeed(requested.output)
+        : Effect.failCause(requested.cause)
+      const notifyOutcome = this.options.onOutcome === undefined ||
+          (requested._tag === "Stopped" && this.options.skipStoppedOutcome === true)
+        ? Effect.void
+        : Effect.suspend(() => this.options.onOutcome!(classifyOutcome(snapshot)!)).pipe(
+          Effect.exit,
+          Effect.asVoid
+        )
+      return Effect.uninterruptible(
+        Effect.sync(() => {
+          closeCompactMailbox(this.mailbox)
+        }).pipe(
+          Effect.andThen(this.childRuntime.close(exit)),
+          Effect.andThen(this.setAndPublishSnapshot(snapshot)),
+          Effect.andThen(Effect.sync(() => {
+            if (requested._tag === "Failure") {
+              failAcknowledgedMessage(this.inFlightMessage, requested.cause)
+            } else {
+              stopAcknowledgedMessage(this.inFlightMessage)
+            }
+            this.inFlightMessage = undefined
+          })),
+          Effect.andThen(notifyOutcome),
+          Effect.andThen(this.options.onStop ?? Effect.void),
+          Effect.andThen(Effect.sync(() => {
+            this.options.onStopSync?.()
+            this.runState = "Idle"
+            this.worker = undefined
+            this.interruptRequested = false
+            if (this.compiledContext !== undefined) {
+              this.compiledContext.executionState = undefined
+            }
+            this.completion = completion
+            this.lifecycle = "Completed"
+            if (this.waiter !== undefined) {
+              Deferred.doneUnsafe(this.waiter, this.resolveCompletion(completion))
+              this.waiter = undefined
+            }
+          }))
+        )
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private publishSnapshot(
+    snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>
+  ): Effect.Effect<VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>> {
+    const publish = snapshot.changes === undefined
+      ? Effect.succeed(snapshot)
+      : PubSub.publish(snapshot.changes, [snapshot] as const).pipe(Effect.as(snapshot))
+    const current = snapshot.snapshot
+    return this.options.onSnapshot === undefined || current.status !== "active"
+      ? publish
+      : publish.pipe(Effect.tap(() => notifyActiveSnapshot(this.options.onSnapshot!, current)))
+  }
+
+  private completeChanges(snapshot: VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return snapshot.changes === undefined
+      ? Effect.void
+      : PubSub.publish(snapshot.changes, Exit.succeed<void>(undefined)).pipe(Effect.asVoid)
+  }
+
+  private setAndPublishSnapshot(snapshot: RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      this.flushPendingChanges()
+      const versioned = {
+        revision: this.current.revision + 1,
+        snapshot,
+        terminalizing: true,
+        changes: this.current.changes
+      }
+      this.current = versioned
+      return this.publishSnapshot(versioned).pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((published) => this.completeChanges(published)),
+        Effect.asVoid
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private setActiveState(state: unknown): Effect.Effect<void> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => this.commitActiveState(state) ?? Effect.void)
+  }
+
+  pollCompiledMessage(): Option.Option<ProcessMessage<unknown>> {
+    const message = pollCompactMailbox(this.mailbox)
+    if (Option.isSome(message)) {
+      this.inFlightMessage = isAcknowledgedMessage(message.value) ? message.value : undefined
+    }
+    return message
+  }
+
+  completeCompiledMessage(delivery: AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>): void {
+    succeedAcknowledgedMessage(this.inFlightMessage, delivery)
+    this.inFlightMessage = undefined
+  }
+
+  compiledState(): unknown {
+    return this.current.snapshot.state
+  }
+
+  commitCompiledState(state: unknown): Effect.Effect<void> | undefined {
+    return this.commitActiveState(state, true)
+  }
+
+  private commitActiveState(state: unknown, batchChanges = false): Effect.Effect<void> | undefined {
+    const latest = this.current
+    if (latest.terminalizing || latest.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+      return undefined
+    }
+    const pendingChanges = latest.pendingChanges
+    if (pendingChanges !== undefined) {
+      latest.pendingChanges = undefined
+    }
+    const activeSnapshot = { status: "active" as const, state }
+    const versioned = {
+      revision: latest.revision + 1,
+      snapshot: activeSnapshot,
+      terminalizing: false,
+      changes: latest.changes
+    } as VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>
+    this.current = versioned
+    if (versioned.changes !== undefined) {
+      if (pendingChanges === undefined) {
+        if (batchChanges) {
+          versioned.pendingChanges = [versioned]
+        } else {
+          PubSub.publishUnsafe(versioned.changes, [versioned] as const)
+        }
+      } else {
+        pendingChanges.push(versioned)
+        if (batchChanges) {
+          versioned.pendingChanges = pendingChanges
+        } else {
+          PubSub.publishUnsafe(versioned.changes, pendingChanges)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return this.options.onSnapshot === undefined
+      ? undefined
+      : notifyActiveSnapshot(this.options.onSnapshot, activeSnapshot)
+  }
+
+  flushPendingChanges(): void {
+    const current = this.current
+    const pendingChanges = current?.pendingChanges
+    if (pendingChanges === undefined || current.changes === undefined) {
+      return
+    }
+    current.pendingChanges = undefined
+    PubSub.publishUnsafe(current.changes, pendingChanges)
+  }
+
+  private updateState<E, R>(
+    f: (state: unknown) => Effect.Effect<unknown, E, R>
+  ): Effect.Effect<void, E, R> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      const observed = this.current
+      if (observed.terminalizing || observed.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+        return Effect.void
+      }
+      return f(observed.snapshot.state).pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((state) => {
+          const latest = this.current
+          return latest.terminalizing || latest.revision !== observed.revision
+            ? Effect.void
+            : this.setActiveState(state)
+        })
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private getOrCreateChanges(): Effect.Effect<
+    PubSub.PubSub<Take.Take<VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>>> | undefined
+  > {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      const observed = this.current
+      if (observed.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+        return Effect.succeed(undefined)
+      }
+      if (observed.changes !== undefined) {
+        return Effect.succeed(observed.changes)
+      }
+      return PubSub.unbounded<Take.Take<VersionedSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>>>({ replay: 1 }).pipe(
+        Effect.flatMap((candidate) =>
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            const latest = this.current
+            if (latest.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+              return [undefined, true] as const
+            }
+            if (latest.changes !== undefined) {
+              return [latest.changes, true] as const
+            }
+            this.current = { ...latest, changes: candidate }
+            return [candidate, false] as const
+          }).pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap(([changes, discard]) =>
+              discard ? PubSub.shutdown(candidate).pipe(Effect.as(changes)) : Effect.succeed(changes)
+            )
+          )
+        )
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  private changesStream(): Stream.Stream<RuntimeSnapshot<unknown, unknown, unknown>> {
+    const self = this
+    return Stream.unwrap(
+      Effect.gen(function*() {
+        const changes = yield* self.getOrCreateChanges()
+        if (changes === undefined) {
+          return Stream.succeed(self.current.snapshot)
+        }
+        const subscription = yield* PubSub.subscribe(changes)
+        const captured = self.current
+        if (captured.snapshot.status !== "active") {
+          return Stream.succeed(captured.snapshot)
+        }
+        return Stream.succeed(captured.snapshot).pipe(
+          Stream.concat(
+            Stream.fromChannel(Channel.fromEffectTake(PubSub.take(subscription))).pipe(
+              Stream.filter((next) => next.revision > captured.revision),
+              Stream.map((next) => next.snapshot)
+            )
+          )
+        )
+      })
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+class CompiledProcessContextImpl implements CompiledProcessContext<unknown, unknown> {
+  executionState: unknown
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly scope: ProcessScope<unknown>,
+    readonly ownedChildren: OwnedChildRuntime,
+    private readonly process: CompiledProcess
+  ) {}
+
+  poll(): Option.Option<unknown> {
+    return Option.map(this.process.pollCompiledMessage(), messageEvent)
+  }
+
+  pollMessage(): Option.Option<ProcessMessage<unknown>> {
+    return this.process.pollCompiledMessage()
+  }
+
+  state(): unknown {
+    return this.process.compiledState()
+  }
+
+  completeMessage(delivery: AcknowledgedDelivery<unknown>): void {
+    this.process.completeCompiledMessage(delivery)
+  }
+
+  commit(state: unknown): Effect.Effect<void> | undefined {
+    return this.process.commitCompiledState(state)
+  }
+
+  runAfterChanges<A, E, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>): Effect.Effect<A, E, R> {
+    this.process.flushPendingChanges()
+    return effect
+  }
+}
+
+const startCompactCompiledInternal: typeof startGenericInternal = Effect.fnUntraced(function*(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+  options: StartInternalOptions
+) {
+  const sessionId = yield* options.runtime.nextSessionId
+  const services = yield* Effect.context<any>()
+  const execution = logic.execution as CompiledProcessExecution<any, any, any, any, any, any>
+  const process = new CompiledProcess(logic, options, services, sessionId)
+  // A compiled initializer is synchronous by construction. Only startup
+  // callbacks that themselves return Effects need the generic initialization
+  // program; the compiled drain is still provided the complete service context.
+  return yield* execution.initialSync !== undefined &&
+      options.onReady === undefined && options.onSnapshot === undefined
+    ? process.initializeCompiledSync()
+    : process.initialize()
+}) as typeof startGenericInternal
+
+const startLogicInternal: typeof startGenericInternal = ((
+  logic: ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+  options: StartInternalOptions
+) =>
+  logic.execution?._tag === "Compiled"
+    ? startCompactCompiledInternal(logic, options)
+    : startGenericInternal(logic, options)) as typeof startGenericInternal
+
+export type ProcessRuntimeStrategy = "generic" | "compiled" | "auto"
+
+const startProcessWithStrategy = Effect.fnUntraced(function*(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<any, any, any, any, any, any>,
+  strategy: ProcessRuntimeStrategy,
+  options?: {
+    readonly id?: string
+  }
+) {
+  const runtime = yield* makeProcessRuntime
+  const internalOptions: StartInternalOptions = options === undefined
+    ? {
+      detached: true,
+      runtime
+    }
+    : {
+      ...options,
+      detached: true,
+      runtime
+    }
+  if (strategy === "generic") {
+    return yield* startGenericInternal(logic, internalOptions)
+  }
+  if (strategy === "compiled") {
+    if (logic.execution?._tag !== "Compiled") {
+      return yield* Effect.die(new Error("Machine cannot force the compiled runtime for generic process logic"))
+    }
+    return yield* startCompactCompiledInternal(logic, internalOptions)
+  }
+  return yield* startLogicInternal(logic, internalOptions)
+})
+
+/** @internal Test-only startup strategy selection. */
+export const startProcessWithStrategyForTesting = <
+  State,
+  Event,
+  Error = never,
+  Requirements = never,
+  Output = never,
+  InitialError = never
+>(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>,
+  strategy: ProcessRuntimeStrategy,
+  options?: {
+    readonly id?: string
+  }
+): Effect.Effect<
+  MachineRef<State, Event, Error, Output>,
+  InitialError,
+  Requirements
+> => startProcessWithStrategy(logic, strategy, options) as any
+
+export const startProcess: <
+  State,
+  Event,
+  Error = never,
+  Requirements = never,
+  Output = never,
+  InitialError = never
+>(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>,
+  options?: {
+    readonly id?: string
+  }
+) => Effect.Effect<
+  MachineRef<State, Event, Error, Output>,
+  InitialError,
+  Requirements
+> = Effect.fnUntraced(function*<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>(
+  logic: ProcessLogic<State, Event, Error, Requirements, Output, InitialError>,
+  options?: {
+    readonly id?: string
+  }
+) {
+  const runtime = yield* makeProcessRuntime
+  return yield* startLogicInternal(
+    logic,
+    options === undefined
+      ? {
+        detached: true,
+        runtime
+      }
+      : {
+        ...options,
+        detached: true,
+        runtime
+      }
+  )
+})