@tushar-br/desktop 1.0.282 → 1.0.283

package/staging_area/micro projects/SD -Advanced Media Processing Toolkit Automated Downloader, Segmenter & Neural Dubber/.venv/Lib/site-packages/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3943 @@
+import base64
+import collections
+import getpass
+import hashlib
+import http.client
+import http.cookiejar
+import http.cookies
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import json
+import math
+import netrc
+import os
+import random
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+import types
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
+
+from ..compat import functools  # isort: split
+from ..compat import (
+    compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_expanduser,
+    compat_os_name,
+    urllib_req_to_req,
+)
+from ..cookies import LenientSimpleCookie
+from ..downloader.f4m import get_base_url, remove_encrypted_media
+from ..downloader.hls import HlsFD
+from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
+from ..networking.exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    IncompleteRead,
+    network_exceptions,
+)
+from ..utils import (
+    IDENTITY,
+    JSON_LD_RE,
+    NO_DEFAULT,
+    ExtractorError,
+    FormatSorter,
+    GeoRestrictedError,
+    GeoUtils,
+    LenientJSONDecoder,
+    Popen,
+    RegexNotFoundError,
+    RetryManager,
+    UnsupportedError,
+    age_restricted,
+    base_url,
+    bug_reports_message,
+    classproperty,
+    clean_html,
+    deprecation_warning,
+    determine_ext,
+    dict_get,
+    encode_data_uri,
+    error_to_compat_str,
+    extract_attributes,
+    filter_dict,
+    fix_xml_ampersands,
+    float_or_none,
+    format_field,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    js_to_json,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    netrc_from_content,
+    orderedSet,
+    parse_bitrate,
+    parse_codecs,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    parse_m3u8_attributes,
+    parse_resolution,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    sanitize_url,
+    smuggle_url,
+    str_or_none,
+    str_to_int,
+    strip_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    truncate_string,
+    try_call,
+    try_get,
+    unescapeHTML,
+    unified_strdate,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_basename,
+    url_or_none,
+    urlhandle_detect_ext,
+    urljoin,
+    variadic,
+    xpath_element,
+    xpath_text,
+    xpath_with_ns,
+)
+
+
+class InfoExtractor:
+    """Information Extractor class.
+
+    Information extractors are the classes that, given a URL, extract
+    information about the video (or videos) the URL refers to. This
+    information includes the real video URL, the video title, author and
+    others. The information is stored in a dictionary which is then
+    passed to the YoutubeDL. The YoutubeDL processes this
+    information possibly downloading the video to the file system, among
+    other possible outcomes.
+
+    The type field determines the type of the result.
+    By far the most common value (and the default if _type is missing) is
+    "video", which indicates a single video.
+
+    For a video, the dictionaries must include the following fields:
+
+    id:             Video identifier.
+    title:          Video title, unescaped. Set to an empty string if video has
+                    no title as opposed to "None" which signifies that the
+                    extractor failed to obtain a title
+
+    Additionally, it must contain either a formats entry or a url one:
+
+    formats:        A list of dictionaries for each format available, ordered
+                    from worst to best quality.
+
+                    Potential fields:
+                    * url        The mandatory URL representing the media:
+                                   for plain file media - HTTP URL of this file,
+                                   for RTMP - RTMP URL,
+                                   for HLS - URL of the M3U8 media playlist,
+                                   for HDS - URL of the F4M manifest,
+                                   for DASH
+                                     - HTTP URL to plain file media (in case of
+                                       unfragmented media)
+                                     - URL of the MPD manifest or base URL
+                                       representing the media if MPD manifest
+                                       is parsed from a string (in case of
+                                       fragmented media)
+                                   for MSS - URL of the ISM manifest.
+                    * request_data  Data to send in POST request to the URL
+                    * manifest_url
+                                 The URL of the manifest file in case of
+                                 fragmented media:
+                                   for HLS - URL of the M3U8 master playlist,
+                                   for HDS - URL of the F4M manifest,
+                                   for DASH - URL of the MPD manifest,
+                                   for MSS - URL of the ISM manifest.
+                    * manifest_stream_number  (For internal use only)
+                                 The index of the stream in the manifest file
+                    * ext        Will be calculated from URL if missing
+                    * format     A human-readable description of the format
+                                 ("mp4 container with h264/opus").
+                                 Calculated from the format_id, width, height.
+                                 and format_note fields if missing.
+                    * format_id  A short description of the format
+                                 ("mp4_h264_opus" or "19").
+                                Technically optional, but strongly recommended.
+                    * format_note Additional info about the format
+                                 ("3D" or "DASH video")
+                    * width      Width of the video, if known
+                    * height     Height of the video, if known
+                    * aspect_ratio  Aspect ratio of the video, if known
+                                 Automatically calculated from width and height
+                    * resolution Textual description of width and height
+                                 Automatically calculated from width and height
+                    * dynamic_range The dynamic range of the video. One of:
+                                 "SDR" (None), "HDR10", "HDR10+, "HDR12", "HLG, "DV"
+                    * tbr        Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s
+                    * abr        Average audio bitrate in KBit/s
+                    * acodec     Name of the audio codec in use
+                    * asr        Audio sampling rate in Hertz
+                    * audio_channels  Number of audio channels
+                    * vbr        Average video bitrate in KBit/s
+                    * fps        Frame rate
+                    * vcodec     Name of the video codec in use
+                    * container  Name of the container format
+                    * filesize   The number of bytes, if known in advance
+                    * filesize_approx  An estimate for the number of bytes
+                    * player_url SWF Player URL (used for rtmpdump).
+                    * protocol   The protocol that will be used for the actual
+                                 download, lower-case. One of "http", "https" or
+                                 one of the protocols defined in downloader.PROTOCOL_MAP
+                    * fragment_base_url
+                                 Base URL for fragments. Each fragment's path
+                                 value (if present) will be relative to
+                                 this URL.
+                    * fragments  A list of fragments of a fragmented media.
+                                 Each fragment entry must contain either an url
+                                 or a path. If an url is present it should be
+                                 considered by a client. Otherwise both path and
+                                 fragment_base_url must be present. Here is
+                                 the list of all potential fields:
+                                 * "url" - fragment's URL
+                                 * "path" - fragment's path relative to
+                                            fragment_base_url
+                                 * "duration" (optional, int or float)
+                                 * "filesize" (optional, int)
+                    * is_from_start  Is a live format that can be downloaded
+                                from the start. Boolean
+                    * preference Order number of this format. If this field is
+                                 present and not None, the formats get sorted
+                                 by this field, regardless of all other values.
+                                 -1 for default (order by other properties),
+                                 -2 or smaller for less than default.
+                                 < -1000 to hide the format (if there is
+                                    another one which is strictly better)
+                    * language   Language code, e.g. "de" or "en-US".
+                    * language_preference  Is this in the language mentioned in
+                                 the URL?
+                                 10 if it's what the URL is about,
+                                 -1 for default (don't know),
+                                 -10 otherwise, other values reserved for now.
+                    * quality    Order number of the video quality of this
+                                 format, irrespective of the file format.
+                                 -1 for default (order by other properties),
+                                 -2 or smaller for less than default.
+                    * source_preference  Order number for this video source
+                                  (quality takes higher priority)
+                                 -1 for default (order by other properties),
+                                 -2 or smaller for less than default.
+                    * http_headers  A dictionary of additional HTTP headers
+                                 to add to the request.
+                    * stretched_ratio  If given and not 1, indicates that the
+                                 video's pixels are not square.
+                                 width : height ratio as float.
+                    * no_resume  The server does not support resuming the
+                                 (HTTP or RTMP) download. Boolean.
+                    * has_drm    True if the format has DRM and cannot be downloaded.
+                                 'maybe' if the format may have DRM and has to be tested before download.
+                    * extra_param_to_segment_url  A query string to append to each
+                                 fragment's URL, or to update each existing query string
+                                 with. Only applied by the native HLS/DASH downloaders.
+                    * hls_aes    A dictionary of HLS AES-128 decryption information
+                                 used by the native HLS downloader to override the
+                                 values in the media playlist when an '#EXT-X-KEY' tag
+                                 is present in the playlist:
+                                 * uri  The URI from which the key will be downloaded
+                                 * key  The key (as hex) used to decrypt fragments.
+                                        If `key` is given, any key URI will be ignored
+                                 * iv   The IV (as hex) used to decrypt fragments
+                    * downloader_options  A dictionary of downloader options
+                                 (For internal use only)
+                                 * http_chunk_size Chunk size for HTTP downloads
+                                 * ffmpeg_args     Extra arguments for ffmpeg downloader
+                    * is_dash_periods  Whether the format is a result of merging
+                                 multiple DASH periods.
+                    RTMP formats can also have the additional fields: page_url,
+                    app, play_path, tc_url, flash_version, rtmp_live, rtmp_conn,
+                    rtmp_protocol, rtmp_real_time
+
+    url:            Final video URL.
+    ext:            Video filename extension.
+    format:         The video format, defaults to ext (used for --get-format)
+    player_url:     SWF Player URL (used for rtmpdump).
+
+    The following fields are optional:
+
+    direct:         True if a direct video file was given (must only be set by GenericIE)
+    alt_title:      A secondary title of the video.
+    display_id:     An alternative identifier for the video, not necessarily
+                    unique, but available before title. Typically, id is
+                    something like "4234987", title "Dancing naked mole rats",
+                    and display_id "dancing-naked-mole-rats"
+    thumbnails:     A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
+                        * "id" (optional, string) - Thumbnail format ID
+                        * "url"
+                        * "preference" (optional, int) - quality of the image
+                        * "width" (optional, int)
+                        * "height" (optional, int)
+                        * "resolution" (optional, string "{width}x{height}",
+                                        deprecated)
+                        * "filesize" (optional, int)
+                        * "http_headers" (dict) - HTTP headers for the request
+    thumbnail:      Full URL to a video thumbnail image.
+    description:    Full video description.
+    uploader:       Full name of the video uploader.
+    license:        License name the video is licensed under.
+    creators:       List of creators of the video.
+    timestamp:      UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was uploaded
+    upload_date:    Video upload date in UTC (YYYYMMDD).
+                    If not explicitly set, calculated from timestamp
+    release_timestamp: UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was released.
+                    If it is not clear whether to use timestamp or this, use the former
+    release_date:   The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released in UTC.
+                    If not explicitly set, calculated from release_timestamp
+    release_year:   Year (YYYY) as integer when the video or album was released.
+                    To be used if no exact release date is known.
+                    If not explicitly set, calculated from release_date.
+    modified_timestamp: UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was last modified.
+    modified_date:   The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was last modified in UTC.
+                    If not explicitly set, calculated from modified_timestamp
+    uploader_id:    Nickname or id of the video uploader.
+    uploader_url:   Full URL to a personal webpage of the video uploader.
+    channel:        Full name of the channel the video is uploaded on.
+                    Note that channel fields may or may not repeat uploader
+                    fields. This depends on a particular extractor.
+    channel_id:     Id of the channel.
+    channel_url:    Full URL to a channel webpage.
+    channel_follower_count: Number of followers of the channel.
+    channel_is_verified: Whether the channel is verified on the platform.
+    location:       Physical location where the video was filmed.
+    subtitles:      The available subtitles as a dictionary in the format
+                    {tag: subformats}. "tag" is usually a language code, and
+                    "subformats" is a list sorted from lower to higher
+                    preference, each element is a dictionary with the "ext"
+                    entry and one of:
+                        * "data": The subtitles file contents
+                        * "url": A URL pointing to the subtitles file
+                    It can optionally also have:
+                        * "name": Name or description of the subtitles
+                        * "http_headers": A dictionary of additional HTTP headers
+                                  to add to the request.
+                    "ext" will be calculated from URL if missing
+    automatic_captions: Like 'subtitles'; contains automatically generated
+                    captions instead of normal subtitles
+    duration:       Length of the video in seconds, as an integer or float.
+    view_count:     How many users have watched the video on the platform.
+    concurrent_view_count: How many users are currently watching the video on the platform.
+    like_count:     Number of positive ratings of the video
+    dislike_count:  Number of negative ratings of the video
+    repost_count:   Number of reposts of the video
+    average_rating: Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage
+    comment_count:  Number of comments on the video
+    comments:       A list of comments, each with one or more of the following
+                    properties (all but one of text or html optional):
+                        * "author" - human-readable name of the comment author
+                        * "author_id" - user ID of the comment author
+                        * "author_thumbnail" - The thumbnail of the comment author
+                        * "author_url" - The url to the comment author's page
+                        * "author_is_verified" - Whether the author is verified
+                                                 on the platform
+                        * "author_is_uploader" - Whether the comment is made by
+                                                 the video uploader
+                        * "id" - Comment ID
+                        * "html" - Comment as HTML
+                        * "text" - Plain text of the comment
+                        * "timestamp" - UNIX timestamp of comment
+                        * "parent" - ID of the comment this one is replying to.
+                                     Set to "root" to indicate that this is a
+                                     comment to the original video.
+                        * "like_count" - Number of positive ratings of the comment
+                        * "dislike_count" - Number of negative ratings of the comment
+                        * "is_favorited" - Whether the comment is marked as
+                                           favorite by the video uploader
+                        * "is_pinned" - Whether the comment is pinned to
+                                        the top of the comments
+    age_limit:      Age restriction for the video, as an integer (years)
+    webpage_url:    The URL to the video webpage, if given to yt-dlp it
+                    should allow to get the same result again. (It will be set
+                    by YoutubeDL if it's missing)
+    categories:     A list of categories that the video falls in, for example
+                    ["Sports", "Berlin"]
+    tags:           A list of tags assigned to the video, e.g. ["sweden", "pop music"]
+    cast:           A list of the video cast
+    is_live:        True, False, or None (=unknown). Whether this video is a
+                    live stream that goes on instead of a fixed-length video.
+    was_live:       True, False, or None (=unknown). Whether this video was
+                    originally a live stream.
+    live_status:    None (=unknown), 'is_live', 'is_upcoming', 'was_live', 'not_live',
+                    or 'post_live' (was live, but VOD is not yet processed)
+                    If absent, automatically set from is_live, was_live
+    start_time:     Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as
+                    specified in the URL.
+    end_time:       Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as
+                    specified in the URL.
+    chapters:       A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
+                        * "start_time" - The start time of the chapter in seconds
+                        * "end_time" - The end time of the chapter in seconds
+                        * "title" (optional, string)
+    heatmap:        A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
+                        * "start_time" - The start time of the data point in seconds
+                        * "end_time" - The end time of the data point in seconds
+                        * "value" - The normalized value of the data point (float between 0 and 1)
+    playable_in_embed: Whether this video is allowed to play in embedded
+                    players on other sites. Can be True (=always allowed),
+                    False (=never allowed), None (=unknown), or a string
+                    specifying the criteria for embedability; e.g. 'whitelist'
+    availability:   Under what condition the video is available. One of
+                    'private', 'premium_only', 'subscriber_only', 'needs_auth',
+                    'unlisted' or 'public'. Use 'InfoExtractor._availability'
+                    to set it
+    media_type:     The type of media as classified by the site, e.g. "episode", "clip", "trailer"
+    _old_archive_ids: A list of old archive ids needed for backward compatibility
+    _format_sort_fields: A list of fields to use for sorting formats
+    __post_extractor: A function to be called just before the metadata is
+                    written to either disk, logger or console. The function
+                    must return a dict which will be added to the info_dict.
+                    This is usefull for additional information that is
+                    time-consuming to extract. Note that the fields thus
+                    extracted will not be available to output template and
+                    match_filter. So, only "comments" and "comment_count" are
+                    currently allowed to be extracted via this method.
+
+    The following fields should only be used when the video belongs to some logical
+    chapter or section:
+
+    chapter:        Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to.
+    chapter_number: Number of the chapter the video belongs to, as an integer.
+    chapter_id:     Id of the chapter the video belongs to, as a unicode string.
+
+    The following fields should only be used when the video is an episode of some
+    series, programme or podcast:
+
+    series:         Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to.
+    series_id:      Id of the series or programme the video episode belongs to, as a unicode string.
+    season:         Title of the season the video episode belongs to.
+    season_number:  Number of the season the video episode belongs to, as an integer.
+    season_id:      Id of the season the video episode belongs to, as a unicode string.
+    episode:        Title of the video episode. Unlike mandatory video title field,
+                    this field should denote the exact title of the video episode
+                    without any kind of decoration.
+    episode_number: Number of the video episode within a season, as an integer.
+    episode_id:     Id of the video episode, as a unicode string.
+
+    The following fields should only be used when the media is a track or a part of
+    a music album:
+
+    track:          Title of the track.
+    track_number:   Number of the track within an album or a disc, as an integer.
+    track_id:       Id of the track (useful in case of custom indexing, e.g. 6.iii),
+                    as a unicode string.
+    artists:        List of artists of the track.
+    composers:      List of composers of the piece.
+    genres:         List of genres of the track.
+    album:          Title of the album the track belongs to.
+    album_type:     Type of the album (e.g. "Demo", "Full-length", "Split", "Compilation", etc).
+    album_artists:  List of all artists appeared on the album.
+                    E.g. ["Ash Borer", "Fell Voices"] or ["Various Artists"].
+                    Useful for splits and compilations.
+    disc_number:    Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to,
+                    as an integer.
+
+    The following fields should only be set for clips that should be cut from the original video:
+
+    section_start:  Start time of the section in seconds
+    section_end:    End time of the section in seconds
+
+    The following fields should only be set for storyboards:
+    rows:           Number of rows in each storyboard fragment, as an integer
+    columns:        Number of columns in each storyboard fragment, as an integer
+
+    The following fields are deprecated and should not be set by new code:
+    composer:       Use "composers" instead.
+                    Composer(s) of the piece, comma-separated.
+    artist:         Use "artists" instead.
+                    Artist(s) of the track, comma-separated.
+    genre:          Use "genres" instead.
+                    Genre(s) of the track, comma-separated.
+    album_artist:   Use "album_artists" instead.
+                    All artists appeared on the album, comma-separated.
+    creator:        Use "creators" instead.
+                    The creator of the video.
+
+    Unless mentioned otherwise, the fields should be Unicode strings.
+
+    Unless mentioned otherwise, None is equivalent to absence of information.
+
+
+    _type "playlist" indicates multiple videos.
+    There must be a key "entries", which is a list, an iterable, or a PagedList
+    object, each element of which is a valid dictionary by this specification.
+
+    Additionally, playlists can have "id", "title", and any other relevant
+    attributes with the same semantics as videos (see above).
+
+    It can also have the following optional fields:
+
+    playlist_count: The total number of videos in a playlist. If not given,
+                    YoutubeDL tries to calculate it from "entries"
+
+
+    _type "multi_video" indicates that there are multiple videos that
+    form a single show, for examples multiple acts of an opera or TV episode.
+    It must have an entries key like a playlist and contain all the keys
+    required for a video at the same time.
+
+
+    _type "url" indicates that the video must be extracted from another
+    location, possibly by a different extractor. Its only required key is:
+    "url" - the next URL to extract.
+    The key "ie_key" can be set to the class name (minus the trailing "IE",
+    e.g. "Youtube") if the extractor class is known in advance.
+    Additionally, the dictionary may have any properties of the resolved entity
+    known in advance, for example "title" if the title of the referred video is
+    known ahead of time.
+
+
+    _type "url_transparent" entities have the same specification as "url", but
+    indicate that the given additional information is more precise than the one
+    associated with the resolved URL.
+    This is useful when a site employs a video service that hosts the video and
+    its technical metadata, but that video service does not embed a useful
+    title, description etc.
+
+
+    Subclasses of this should also be added to the list of extractors and
+    should define _VALID_URL as a regexp or a Sequence of regexps, and
+    re-define the _real_extract() and (optionally) _real_initialize() methods.
+
+    Subclasses may also override suitable() if necessary, but ensure the function
+    signature is preserved and that this function imports everything it needs
+    (except other extractors), so that lazy_extractors works correctly.
+
+    Subclasses can define a list of _EMBED_REGEX, which will be searched for in
+    the HTML of Generic webpages. It may also override _extract_embed_urls
+    or _extract_from_webpage as necessary. While these are normally classmethods,
+    _extract_from_webpage is allowed to be an instance method.
+
+    _extract_from_webpage may raise self.StopExtraction() to stop further
+    processing of the webpage and obtain exclusive rights to it. This is useful
+    when the extractor cannot reliably be matched using just the URL,
+    e.g. invidious/peertube instances
+
+    Embed-only extractors can be defined by setting _VALID_URL = False.
+
+    To support username + password (or netrc) login, the extractor must define a
+    _NETRC_MACHINE and re-define _perform_login(username, password) and
+    (optionally) _initialize_pre_login() methods. The _perform_login method will
+    be called between _initialize_pre_login and _real_initialize if credentials
+    are passed by the user. In cases where it is necessary to have the login
+    process as part of the extraction rather than initialization, _perform_login
+    can be left undefined.
+
+    _GEO_BYPASS attribute may be set to False in order to disable
+    geo restriction bypass mechanisms for a particular extractor.
+    Though it won't disable explicit geo restriction bypass based on
+    country code provided with geo_bypass_country.
+
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
+    countries for this extractor. One of these countries will be used by
+    geo restriction bypass mechanism right away in order to bypass
+    geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled.
+
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
+    IP blocks in CIDR notation for this extractor. One of these IP blocks
+    will be used by geo restriction bypass mechanism similarly
+    to _GEO_COUNTRIES.
+
+    The _ENABLED attribute should be set to False for IEs that
+    are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled.
+
+    The _WORKING attribute should be set to False for broken IEs
+    in order to warn the users and skip the tests.
+    """
+
+    _ready = False
+    _downloader = None
+    _x_forwarded_for_ip = None
+    _GEO_BYPASS = True
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = None
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS = None
+    _WORKING = True
+    _ENABLED = True
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = None
+    IE_DESC = None
+    SEARCH_KEY = None
+    _VALID_URL = None
+    _EMBED_REGEX = []
+
+    def _login_hint(self, method=NO_DEFAULT, netrc=None):
+        password_hint = f'--username and --password, --netrc-cmd, or --netrc ({netrc or self._NETRC_MACHINE}) to provide account credentials'
+        return {
+            None: '',
+            'any': f'Use --cookies, --cookies-from-browser, {password_hint}',
+            'password': f'Use {password_hint}',
+            'cookies': (
+                'Use --cookies-from-browser or --cookies for the authentication. '
+                'See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-pass-cookies-to-yt-dlp  for how to manually pass cookies'),
+        }[method if method is not NO_DEFAULT else 'any' if self.supports_login() else 'cookies']
+
+    def __init__(self, downloader=None):
+        """Constructor. Receives an optional downloader (a YoutubeDL instance).
+        If a downloader is not passed during initialization,
+        it must be set using "set_downloader()" before "extract()" is called"""
+        self._ready = False
+        self._x_forwarded_for_ip = None
+        self._printed_messages = set()
+        self.set_downloader(downloader)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _match_valid_url(cls, url):
+        if cls._VALID_URL is False:
+            return None
+        # This does not use has/getattr intentionally - we want to know whether
+        # we have cached the regexp for *this* class, whereas getattr would also
+        # match the superclass
+        if '_VALID_URL_RE' not in cls.__dict__:
+            cls._VALID_URL_RE = tuple(map(re.compile, variadic(cls._VALID_URL)))
+        return next(filter(None, (regex.match(url) for regex in cls._VALID_URL_RE)), None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def suitable(cls, url):
+        """Receives a URL and returns True if suitable for this IE."""
+        # This function must import everything it needs (except other extractors),
+        # so that lazy_extractors works correctly
+        return cls._match_valid_url(url) is not None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _match_id(cls, url):
+        return cls._match_valid_url(url).group('id')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_temp_id(cls, url):
+        try:
+            return cls._match_id(url)
+        except (IndexError, AttributeError):
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def working(cls):
+        """Getter method for _WORKING."""
+        return cls._WORKING
+
+    @classmethod
+    def supports_login(cls):
+        return bool(cls._NETRC_MACHINE)
+
+    def initialize(self):
+        """Initializes an instance (authentication, etc)."""
+        self._printed_messages = set()
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES,
+            'ip_blocks': self._GEO_IP_BLOCKS,
+        })
+        if not self._ready:
+            self._initialize_pre_login()
+            if self.supports_login():
+                username, password = self._get_login_info()
+                if username:
+                    self._perform_login(username, password)
+            elif self.get_param('username') and False not in (self.IE_DESC, self._NETRC_MACHINE):
+                self.report_warning(f'Login with password is not supported for this website. {self._login_hint("cookies")}')
+            self._real_initialize()
+            self._ready = True
+
+    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, geo_bypass_context):
+        """
+        Initialize geo restriction bypass mechanism.
+
+        This method is used to initialize geo bypass mechanism based on faking
+        X-Forwarded-For HTTP header. A random country from provided country list
+        is selected and a random IP belonging to this country is generated. This
+        IP will be passed as X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in all subsequent
+        HTTP requests.
+
+        This method will be used for initial geo bypass mechanism initialization
+        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES and
+        _GEO_IP_BLOCKS.
+
+        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo bypass
+        information is not available beforehand (e.g. obtained during
+        extraction) or due to some other reason. In this case you should pass
+        this information in geo bypass context passed as first argument. It may
+        contain following fields:
+
+        countries:  List of geo unrestricted countries (similar
+                    to _GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        ip_blocks:  List of geo unrestricted IP blocks in CIDR notation
+                    (similar to _GEO_IP_BLOCKS)
+
+        """
+        if not self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+
+            # Geo bypass mechanism is explicitly disabled by user
+            if not self.get_param('geo_bypass', True):
+                return
+
+            if not geo_bypass_context:
+                geo_bypass_context = {}
+
+            # Backward compatibility: previously _initialize_geo_bypass
+            # expected a list of countries, some 3rd party code may still use
+            # it this way
+            if isinstance(geo_bypass_context, (list, tuple)):
+                geo_bypass_context = {
+                    'countries': geo_bypass_context,
+                }
+
+            # The whole point of geo bypass mechanism is to fake IP
+            # as X-Forwarded-For HTTP header based on some IP block or
+            # country code.
+
+            # Path 1: bypassing based on IP block in CIDR notation
+
+            # Explicit IP block specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            ip_block = self.get_param('geo_bypass_ip_block', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random IP block from geo bypass context but only
+            # if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not ip_block:
+                ip_blocks = geo_bypass_context.get('ip_blocks')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and ip_blocks:
+                    ip_block = random.choice(ip_blocks)
+
+            if ip_block:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(ip_block)
+                self.write_debug(f'Using fake IP {self._x_forwarded_for_ip} as X-Forwarded-For')
+                return
+
+            # Path 2: bypassing based on country code
+
+            # Explicit country code specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            country = self.get_param('geo_bypass_country', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random country code from geo bypass context but
+            # only if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not country:
+                countries = geo_bypass_context.get('countries')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and countries:
+                    country = random.choice(countries)
+
+            if country:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country)
+                self._downloader.write_debug(
+                    f'Using fake IP {self._x_forwarded_for_ip} ({country.upper()}) as X-Forwarded-For')
+
+    def extract(self, url):
+        """Extracts URL information and returns it in list of dicts."""
+        try:
+            for _ in range(2):
+                try:
+                    self.initialize()
+                    self.to_screen('Extracting URL: %s' % (
+                        url if self.get_param('verbose') else truncate_string(url, 100, 20)))
+                    ie_result = self._real_extract(url)
+                    if ie_result is None:
+                        return None
+                    if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+                        ie_result['__x_forwarded_for_ip'] = self._x_forwarded_for_ip
+                    subtitles = ie_result.get('subtitles') or {}
+                    if 'no-live-chat' in self.get_param('compat_opts'):
+                        for lang in ('live_chat', 'comments', 'danmaku'):
+                            subtitles.pop(lang, None)
+                    return ie_result
+                except GeoRestrictedError as e:
+                    if self.__maybe_fake_ip_and_retry(e.countries):
+                        continue
+                    raise
+        except UnsupportedError:
+            raise
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            e.video_id = e.video_id or self.get_temp_id(url)
+            e.ie = e.ie or self.IE_NAME
+            e.traceback = e.traceback or sys.exc_info()[2]
+            raise
+        except IncompleteRead as e:
+            raise ExtractorError('A network error has occurred.', cause=e, expected=True, video_id=self.get_temp_id(url))
+        except (KeyError, StopIteration) as e:
+            raise ExtractorError('An extractor error has occurred.', cause=e, video_id=self.get_temp_id(url))
+
+    def __maybe_fake_ip_and_retry(self, countries):
+        if (not self.get_param('geo_bypass_country', None)
+                and self._GEO_BYPASS
+                and self.get_param('geo_bypass', True)
+                and not self._x_forwarded_for_ip
+                and countries):
+            country_code = random.choice(countries)
+            self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
+            if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    'Video is geo restricted. Retrying extraction with fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
+                    % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def set_downloader(self, downloader):
+        """Sets a YoutubeDL instance as the downloader for this IE."""
+        self._downloader = downloader
+
+    @property
+    def cache(self):
+        return self._downloader.cache
+
+    @property
+    def cookiejar(self):
+        return self._downloader.cookiejar
+
+    def _initialize_pre_login(self):
+        """ Initialization before login. Redefine in subclasses."""
+        pass
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        """ Login with username and password. Redefine in subclasses."""
+        pass
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        """Real initialization process. Redefine in subclasses."""
+        pass
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        """Real extraction process. Redefine in subclasses."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def ie_key(cls):
+        """A string for getting the InfoExtractor with get_info_extractor"""
+        return cls.__name__[:-2]
+
+    @classproperty
+    def IE_NAME(cls):
+        return cls.__name__[:-2]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+        assert isinstance(err, HTTPError)
+        if expected_status is None:
+            return False
+        elif callable(expected_status):
+            return expected_status(err.status) is True
+        else:
+            return err.status in variadic(expected_status)
+
+    def _create_request(self, url_or_request, data=None, headers=None, query=None):
+        if isinstance(url_or_request, urllib.request.Request):
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning(
+                'Passing a urllib.request.Request to _create_request() is deprecated. '
+                'Use yt_dlp.networking.common.Request instead.')
+            url_or_request = urllib_req_to_req(url_or_request)
+        elif not isinstance(url_or_request, Request):
+            url_or_request = Request(url_or_request)
+
+        url_or_request.update(data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        return url_or_request
+
+    def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers=None, query=None, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the response handle.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        if not self._downloader._first_webpage_request:
+            sleep_interval = self.get_param('sleep_interval_requests') or 0
+            if sleep_interval > 0:
+                self.to_screen('Sleeping %s seconds ...' % sleep_interval)
+                time.sleep(sleep_interval)
+        else:
+            self._downloader._first_webpage_request = False
+
+        if note is None:
+            self.report_download_webpage(video_id)
+        elif note is not False:
+            if video_id is None:
+                self.to_screen(str(note))
+            else:
+                self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: {note}')
+
+        # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
+        # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
+        # restriction by faking this header's value to IP that belongs to some
+        # geo unrestricted country. We will do so once we encounter any
+        # geo restriction error.
+        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+            headers = (headers or {}).copy()
+            headers.setdefault('X-Forwarded-For', self._x_forwarded_for_ip)
+
+        try:
+            return self._downloader.urlopen(self._create_request(url_or_request, data, headers, query))
+        except network_exceptions as err:
+            if isinstance(err, HTTPError):
+                if self.__can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+                    return err.response
+
+            if errnote is False:
+                return False
+            if errnote is None:
+                errnote = 'Unable to download webpage'
+
+            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {error_to_compat_str(err)}'
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=err)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(errmsg)
+                return False
+
+    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True,
+                                 encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (page content as string, URL handle).
+
+        Arguments:
+        url_or_request -- plain text URL as a string or
+            a urllib.request.Request object
+        video_id -- Video/playlist/item identifier (string)
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        note -- note printed before downloading (string)
+        errnote -- note printed in case of an error (string)
+        fatal -- flag denoting whether error should be considered fatal,
+            i.e. whether it should cause ExtractionError to be raised,
+            otherwise a warning will be reported and extraction continued
+        encoding -- encoding for a page content decoding, guessed automatically
+            when not explicitly specified
+        data -- POST data (bytes)
+        headers -- HTTP headers (dict)
+        query -- URL query (dict)
+        expected_status -- allows to accept failed HTTP requests (non 2xx
+            status code) by explicitly specifying a set of accepted status
+            codes. Can be any of the following entities:
+                - an integer type specifying an exact failed status code to
+                  accept
+                - a list or a tuple of integer types specifying a list of
+                  failed status codes to accept
+                - a callable accepting an actual failed status code and
+                  returning True if it should be accepted
+            Note that this argument does not affect success status codes (2xx)
+            which are always accepted.
+        """
+
+        # Strip hashes from the URL (#1038)
+        if isinstance(url_or_request, str):
+            url_or_request = url_or_request.partition('#')[0]
+
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query, expected_status=expected_status)
+        if urlh is False:
+            assert not fatal
+            return False
+        content = self._webpage_read_content(urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, encoding=encoding)
+        return (content, urlh)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _guess_encoding_from_content(content_type, webpage_bytes):
+        m = re.match(r'[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+/[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+\s*;\s*charset=(.+)', content_type)
+        if m:
+            encoding = m.group(1)
+        else:
+            m = re.search(br'<meta[^>]+charset=[\'"]?([^\'")]+)[ /\'">]',
+                          webpage_bytes[:1024])
+            if m:
+                encoding = m.group(1).decode('ascii')
+            elif webpage_bytes.startswith(b'\xff\xfe'):
+                encoding = 'utf-16'
+            else:
+                encoding = 'utf-8'
+
+        return encoding
+
+    def __check_blocked(self, content):
+        first_block = content[:512]
+        if ('<title>Access to this site is blocked</title>' in content
+                and 'Websense' in first_block):
+            msg = 'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Websense filtering software in your network.'
+            blocked_iframe = self._html_search_regex(
+                r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
+                'Websense information URL', default=None)
+            if blocked_iframe:
+                msg += ' Visit %s for more details' % blocked_iframe
+            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+        if '<title>The URL you requested has been blocked</title>' in first_block:
+            msg = (
+                'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Indian censorship. '
+                'Use a VPN or proxy server (with --proxy) to route around it.')
+            block_msg = self._html_search_regex(
+                r'</h1><p>(.*?)</p>',
+                content, 'block message', default=None)
+            if block_msg:
+                msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
+            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+        if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content
+                and 'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'Access to this webpage has been blocked by decision of the Russian government. '
+                'Visit http://blocklist.rkn.gov.ru/ for a block reason.',
+                expected=True)
+
+    def _request_dump_filename(self, url, video_id):
+        basen = f'{video_id}_{url}'
+        trim_length = self.get_param('trim_file_name') or 240
+        if len(basen) > trim_length:
+            h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            basen = basen[:trim_length - len(h)] + h
+        filename = sanitize_filename(f'{basen}.dump', restricted=True)
+        # Working around MAX_PATH limitation on Windows (see
+        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx)
+        if compat_os_name == 'nt':
+            absfilepath = os.path.abspath(filename)
+            if len(absfilepath) > 259:
+                filename = fR'\\?\{absfilepath}'
+        return filename
+
+    def __decode_webpage(self, webpage_bytes, encoding, headers):
+        if not encoding:
+            encoding = self._guess_encoding_from_content(headers.get('Content-Type', ''), webpage_bytes)
+        try:
+            return webpage_bytes.decode(encoding, 'replace')
+        except LookupError:
+            return webpage_bytes.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+    def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, prefix=None, encoding=None):
+        webpage_bytes = urlh.read()
+        if prefix is not None:
+            webpage_bytes = prefix + webpage_bytes
+        if self.get_param('dump_intermediate_pages', False):
+            self.to_screen('Dumping request to ' + urlh.url)
+            dump = base64.b64encode(webpage_bytes).decode('ascii')
+            self._downloader.to_screen(dump)
+        if self.get_param('write_pages'):
+            filename = self._request_dump_filename(urlh.url, video_id)
+            self.to_screen(f'Saving request to {filename}')
+            with open(filename, 'wb') as outf:
+                outf.write(webpage_bytes)
+
+        content = self.__decode_webpage(webpage_bytes, encoding, urlh.headers)
+        self.__check_blocked(content)
+
+        return content
+
+    def __print_error(self, errnote, fatal, video_id, err):
+        if fatal:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{video_id}: {errnote}', cause=err)
+        elif errnote:
+            self.report_warning(f'{video_id}: {errnote}: {err}')
+
+    def _parse_xml(self, xml_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True, errnote=None):
+        if transform_source:
+            xml_string = transform_source(xml_string)
+        try:
+            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
+        except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError as ve:
+            self.__print_error('Failed to parse XML' if errnote is None else errnote, fatal, video_id, ve)
+
+    def _parse_json(self, json_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True, errnote=None, **parser_kwargs):
+        try:
+            return json.loads(
+                json_string, cls=LenientJSONDecoder, strict=False, transform_source=transform_source, **parser_kwargs)
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            self.__print_error('Failed to parse JSON' if errnote is None else errnote, fatal, video_id, ve)
+
+    def _parse_socket_response_as_json(self, data, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._parse_json(data[data.find('{'):data.rfind('}') + 1], *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __create_download_methods(name, parser, note, errnote, return_value):
+
+        def parse(ie, content, *args, errnote=errnote, **kwargs):
+            if parser is None:
+                return content
+            if errnote is False:
+                kwargs['errnote'] = errnote
+            # parser is fetched by name so subclasses can override it
+            return getattr(ie, parser)(content, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def download_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote, transform_source=None,
+                            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+            res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+                url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding,
+                data=data, headers=headers, query=query, expected_status=expected_status)
+            if res is False:
+                return res
+            content, urlh = res
+            return parse(self, content, video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, errnote=errnote), urlh
+
+        def download_content(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote, transform_source=None,
+                             fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+            if self.get_param('load_pages'):
+                url_or_request = self._create_request(url_or_request, data, headers, query)
+                filename = self._request_dump_filename(url_or_request.url, video_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'Loading request from {filename}')
+                try:
+                    with open(filename, 'rb') as dumpf:
+                        webpage_bytes = dumpf.read()
+                except OSError as e:
+                    self.report_warning(f'Unable to load request from disk: {e}')
+                else:
+                    content = self.__decode_webpage(webpage_bytes, encoding, url_or_request.headers)
+                    return parse(self, content, video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, errnote=errnote)
+            kwargs = {
+                'note': note,
+                'errnote': errnote,
+                'transform_source': transform_source,
+                'fatal': fatal,
+                'encoding': encoding,
+                'data': data,
+                'headers': headers,
+                'query': query,
+                'expected_status': expected_status,
+            }
+            if parser is None:
+                kwargs.pop('transform_source')
+            # The method is fetched by name so subclasses can override _download_..._handle
+            res = getattr(self, download_handle.__name__)(url_or_request, video_id, **kwargs)
+            return res if res is False else res[0]
+
+        def impersonate(func, name, return_value):
+            func.__name__, func.__qualname__ = name, f'InfoExtractor.{name}'
+            func.__doc__ = f'''
+                @param transform_source     Apply this transformation before parsing
+                @returns                    {return_value}
+
+                See _download_webpage_handle docstring for other arguments specification
+            '''
+
+        impersonate(download_handle, f'_download_{name}_handle', f'({return_value}, URL handle)')
+        impersonate(download_content, f'_download_{name}', f'{return_value}')
+        return download_handle, download_content
+
+    _download_xml_handle, _download_xml = __create_download_methods(
+        'xml', '_parse_xml', 'Downloading XML', 'Unable to download XML', 'xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element')
+    _download_json_handle, _download_json = __create_download_methods(
+        'json', '_parse_json', 'Downloading JSON metadata', 'Unable to download JSON metadata', 'JSON object as a dict')
+    _download_socket_json_handle, _download_socket_json = __create_download_methods(
+        'socket_json', '_parse_socket_response_as_json', 'Polling socket', 'Unable to poll socket', 'JSON object as a dict')
+    __download_webpage = __create_download_methods('webpage', None, None, None, 'data of the page as a string')[1]
+
+    def _download_webpage(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None,
+            fatal=True, tries=1, timeout=NO_DEFAULT, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Return the data of the page as a string.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        tries -- number of tries
+        timeout -- sleep interval between tries
+
+        See _download_webpage_handle docstring for other arguments specification.
+        """
+
+        R''' # NB: These are unused; should they be deprecated?
+        if tries != 1:
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning('tries argument is deprecated in InfoExtractor._download_webpage')
+        if timeout is NO_DEFAULT:
+            timeout = 5
+        else:
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning('timeout argument is deprecated in InfoExtractor._download_webpage')
+        '''
+
+        try_count = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.__download_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, None, fatal, *args, **kwargs)
+            except IncompleteRead as e:
+                try_count += 1
+                if try_count >= tries:
+                    raise e
+                self._sleep(timeout, video_id)
+
+    def report_warning(self, msg, video_id=None, *args, only_once=False, **kwargs):
+        idstr = format_field(video_id, None, '%s: ')
+        msg = f'[{self.IE_NAME}] {idstr}{msg}'
+        if only_once:
+            if f'WARNING: {msg}' in self._printed_messages:
+                return
+            self._printed_messages.add(f'WARNING: {msg}')
+        self._downloader.report_warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def to_screen(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Print msg to screen, prefixing it with '[ie_name]'"""
+        self._downloader.to_screen(f'[{self.IE_NAME}] {msg}', *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def write_debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._downloader.write_debug(f'[{self.IE_NAME}] {msg}', *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_param(self, name, default=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self._downloader:
+            return self._downloader.params.get(name, default, *args, **kwargs)
+        return default
+
+    def report_drm(self, video_id, partial=NO_DEFAULT):
+        if partial is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning('InfoExtractor.report_drm no longer accepts the argument partial')
+        self.raise_no_formats('This video is DRM protected', expected=True, video_id=video_id)
+
+    def report_extraction(self, id_or_name):
+        """Report information extraction."""
+        self.to_screen('%s: Extracting information' % id_or_name)
+
+    def report_download_webpage(self, video_id):
+        """Report webpage download."""
+        self.to_screen('%s: Downloading webpage' % video_id)
+
+    def report_age_confirmation(self):
+        """Report attempt to confirm age."""
+        self.to_screen('Confirming age')
+
+    def report_login(self):
+        """Report attempt to log in."""
+        self.to_screen('Logging in')
+
+    def raise_login_required(
+            self, msg='This video is only available for registered users',
+            metadata_available=False, method=NO_DEFAULT):
+        if metadata_available and (
+                self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error') or self.get_param('wait_for_video')):
+            self.report_warning(msg)
+            return
+        msg += format_field(self._login_hint(method), None, '. %s')
+        raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+
+    def raise_geo_restricted(
+            self, msg='This video is not available from your location due to geo restriction',
+            countries=None, metadata_available=False):
+        if metadata_available and (
+                self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error') or self.get_param('wait_for_video')):
+            self.report_warning(msg)
+        else:
+            raise GeoRestrictedError(msg, countries=countries)
+
+    def raise_no_formats(self, msg, expected=False, video_id=None):
+        if expected and (
+                self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error') or self.get_param('wait_for_video')):
+            self.report_warning(msg, video_id)
+        elif isinstance(msg, ExtractorError):
+            raise msg
+        else:
+            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=expected, video_id=video_id)
+
+    # Methods for following #608
+    @staticmethod
+    def url_result(url, ie=None, video_id=None, video_title=None, *, url_transparent=False, **kwargs):
+        """Returns a URL that points to a page that should be processed"""
+        if ie is not None:
+            kwargs['ie_key'] = ie if isinstance(ie, str) else ie.ie_key()
+        if video_id is not None:
+            kwargs['id'] = video_id
+        if video_title is not None:
+            kwargs['title'] = video_title
+        return {
+            **kwargs,
+            '_type': 'url_transparent' if url_transparent else 'url',
+            'url': url,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def playlist_from_matches(cls, matches, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None,
+                              getter=IDENTITY, ie=None, video_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+        return cls.playlist_result(
+            (cls.url_result(m, ie, **(video_kwargs or {})) for m in orderedSet(map(getter, matches), lazy=True)),
+            playlist_id, playlist_title, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None, playlist_description=None, *, multi_video=False, **kwargs):
+        """Returns a playlist"""
+        if playlist_id:
+            kwargs['id'] = playlist_id
+        if playlist_title:
+            kwargs['title'] = playlist_title
+        if playlist_description is not None:
+            kwargs['description'] = playlist_description
+        return {
+            **kwargs,
+            '_type': 'multi_video' if multi_video else 'playlist',
+            'entries': entries,
+        }
+
+    def _search_regex(self, pattern, string, name, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True, flags=0, group=None):
+        """
+        Perform a regex search on the given string, using a single or a list of
+        patterns returning the first matching group.
+        In case of failure return a default value or raise a WARNING or a
+        RegexNotFoundError, depending on fatal, specifying the field name.
+        """
+        if string is None:
+            mobj = None
+        elif isinstance(pattern, (str, re.Pattern)):
+            mobj = re.search(pattern, string, flags)
+        else:
+            for p in pattern:
+                mobj = re.search(p, string, flags)
+                if mobj:
+                    break
+
+        _name = self._downloader._format_err(name, self._downloader.Styles.EMPHASIS)
+
+        if mobj:
+            if group is None:
+                # return the first matching group
+                return next(g for g in mobj.groups() if g is not None)
+            elif isinstance(group, (list, tuple)):
+                return tuple(mobj.group(g) for g in group)
+            else:
+                return mobj.group(group)
+        elif default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            return default
+        elif fatal:
+            raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract %s' % _name)
+        else:
+            self.report_warning('unable to extract %s' % _name + bug_reports_message())
+            return None
+
+    def _search_json(self, start_pattern, string, name, video_id, *, end_pattern='',
+                     contains_pattern=r'{(?s:.+)}', fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT, **kwargs):
+        """Searches string for the JSON object specified by start_pattern"""
+        # NB: end_pattern is only used to reduce the size of the initial match
+        if default is NO_DEFAULT:
+            default, has_default = {}, False
+        else:
+            fatal, has_default = False, True
+
+        json_string = self._search_regex(
+            rf'(?:{start_pattern})\s*(?P<json>{contains_pattern})\s*(?:{end_pattern})',
+            string, name, group='json', fatal=fatal, default=None if has_default else NO_DEFAULT)
+        if not json_string:
+            return default
+
+        _name = self._downloader._format_err(name, self._downloader.Styles.EMPHASIS)
+        try:
+            return self._parse_json(json_string, video_id, ignore_extra=True, **kwargs)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'Unable to extract {_name} - Failed to parse JSON', cause=e.cause, video_id=video_id)
+            elif not has_default:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    f'Unable to extract {_name} - Failed to parse JSON: {e}', video_id=video_id)
+        return default
+
+    def _html_search_regex(self, pattern, string, name, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True, flags=0, group=None):
+        """
+        Like _search_regex, but strips HTML tags and unescapes entities.
+        """
+        res = self._search_regex(pattern, string, name, default, fatal, flags, group)
+        if isinstance(res, tuple):
+            return tuple(map(clean_html, res))
+        return clean_html(res)
+
+    def _get_netrc_login_info(self, netrc_machine=None):
+        netrc_machine = netrc_machine or self._NETRC_MACHINE
+
+        cmd = self.get_param('netrc_cmd')
+        if cmd:
+            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', netrc_machine)
+            self.to_screen(f'Executing command: {cmd}')
+            stdout, _, ret = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            if ret != 0:
+                raise OSError(f'Command returned error code {ret}')
+            info = netrc_from_content(stdout).authenticators(netrc_machine)
+
+        elif self.get_param('usenetrc', False):
+            netrc_file = compat_expanduser(self.get_param('netrc_location') or '~')
+            if os.path.isdir(netrc_file):
+                netrc_file = os.path.join(netrc_file, '.netrc')
+            info = netrc.netrc(netrc_file).authenticators(netrc_machine)
+
+        else:
+            return None, None
+        if not info:
+            self.to_screen(f'No authenticators for {netrc_machine}')
+            return None, None
+
+        self.write_debug(f'Using netrc for {netrc_machine} authentication')
+        return info[0], info[2]
+
+    def _get_login_info(self, username_option='username', password_option='password', netrc_machine=None):
+        """
+        Get the login info as (username, password)
+        First look for the manually specified credentials using username_option
+        and password_option as keys in params dictionary. If no such credentials
+        are available try the netrc_cmd if it is defined or look in the
+        netrc file using the netrc_machine or _NETRC_MACHINE value.
+        If there's no info available, return (None, None)
+        """
+
+        username = self.get_param(username_option)
+        if username is not None:
+            password = self.get_param(password_option)
+        else:
+            try:
+                username, password = self._get_netrc_login_info(netrc_machine)
+            except (OSError, netrc.NetrcParseError) as err:
+                self.report_warning(f'Failed to parse .netrc: {err}')
+                return None, None
+        return username, password
+
+    def _get_tfa_info(self, note='two-factor verification code'):
+        """
+        Get the two-factor authentication info
+        TODO - asking the user will be required for sms/phone verify
+        currently just uses the command line option
+        If there's no info available, return None
+        """
+
+        tfa = self.get_param('twofactor')
+        if tfa is not None:
+            return tfa
+
+        return getpass.getpass('Type %s and press [Return]: ' % note)
+
+    # Helper functions for extracting OpenGraph info
+    @staticmethod
+    def _og_regexes(prop):
+        content_re = r'content=(?:"([^"]+?)"|\'([^\']+?)\'|\s*([^\s"\'=<>`]+?)(?=\s|/?>))'
+        property_re = (r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og%(sep)s%(prop)s\'|"og%(sep)s%(prop)s"|\s*og%(sep)s%(prop)s\b)'
+                       % {'prop': re.escape(prop), 'sep': '(?:&#x3A;|[:-])'})
+        template = r'<meta[^>]+?%s[^>]+?%s'
+        return [
+            template % (property_re, content_re),
+            template % (content_re, property_re),
+        ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _meta_regex(prop):
+        return r'''(?isx)<meta
+                    (?=[^>]+(?:itemprop|name|property|id|http-equiv)=(["\']?)%s\1)
+                    [^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<content>.*?)\2''' % re.escape(prop)
+
+    def _og_search_property(self, prop, html, name=None, **kargs):
+        prop = variadic(prop)
+        if name is None:
+            name = 'OpenGraph %s' % prop[0]
+        og_regexes = []
+        for p in prop:
+            og_regexes.extend(self._og_regexes(p))
+        escaped = self._search_regex(og_regexes, html, name, flags=re.DOTALL, **kargs)
+        if escaped is None:
+            return None
+        return unescapeHTML(escaped)
+
+    def _og_search_thumbnail(self, html, **kargs):
+        return self._og_search_property('image', html, 'thumbnail URL', fatal=False, **kargs)
+
+    def _og_search_description(self, html, **kargs):
+        return self._og_search_property('description', html, fatal=False, **kargs)
+
+    def _og_search_title(self, html, *, fatal=False, **kargs):
+        return self._og_search_property('title', html, fatal=fatal, **kargs)
+
+    def _og_search_video_url(self, html, name='video url', secure=True, **kargs):
+        regexes = self._og_regexes('video') + self._og_regexes('video:url')
+        if secure:
+            regexes = self._og_regexes('video:secure_url') + regexes
+        return self._html_search_regex(regexes, html, name, **kargs)
+
+    def _og_search_url(self, html, **kargs):
+        return self._og_search_property('url', html, **kargs)
+
+    def _html_extract_title(self, html, name='title', *, fatal=False, **kwargs):
+        return self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)<title\b[^>]*>([^<]+)</title>', html, name, fatal=fatal, **kwargs)
+
+    def _html_search_meta(self, name, html, display_name=None, fatal=False, **kwargs):
+        name = variadic(name)
+        if display_name is None:
+            display_name = name[0]
+        return self._html_search_regex(
+            [self._meta_regex(n) for n in name],
+            html, display_name, fatal=fatal, group='content', **kwargs)
+
+    def _dc_search_uploader(self, html):
+        return self._html_search_meta('dc.creator', html, 'uploader')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _rta_search(html):
+        # See http://www.rtalabel.org/index.php?content=howtofaq#single
+        if re.search(r'(?ix)<meta\s+name="rating"\s+'
+                     r'     content="RTA-5042-1996-1400-1577-RTA"',
+                     html):
+            return 18
+
+        # And then there are the jokers who advertise that they use RTA, but actually don't.
+        AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS = [
+            r'Proudly Labeled <a href="http://www\.rtalabel\.org/" title="Restricted to Adults">RTA</a>',
+            r'>[^<]*you acknowledge you are at least (\d+) years old',
+            r'>\s*(?:18\s+U(?:\.S\.C\.|SC)\s+)?(?:§+\s*)?2257\b',
+        ]
+
+        age_limit = 0
+        for marker in AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS:
+            mobj = re.search(marker, html)
+            if mobj:
+                age_limit = max(age_limit, int(traverse_obj(mobj, 1, default=18)))
+        return age_limit
+
+    def _media_rating_search(self, html):
+        # See http://www.tjg-designs.com/WP/metadata-code-examples-adding-metadata-to-your-web-pages/
+        rating = self._html_search_meta('rating', html)
+
+        if not rating:
+            return None
+
+        RATING_TABLE = {
+            'safe for kids': 0,
+            'general': 8,
+            '14 years': 14,
+            'mature': 17,
+            'restricted': 19,
+        }
+        return RATING_TABLE.get(rating.lower())
+
+    def _family_friendly_search(self, html):
+        # See http://schema.org/VideoObject
+        family_friendly = self._html_search_meta(
+            'isFamilyFriendly', html, default=None)
+
+        if not family_friendly:
+            return None
+
+        RATING_TABLE = {
+            '1': 0,
+            'true': 0,
+            '0': 18,
+            'false': 18,
+        }
+        return RATING_TABLE.get(family_friendly.lower())
+
+    def _twitter_search_player(self, html):
+        return self._html_search_meta('twitter:player', html,
+                                      'twitter card player')
+
+    def _yield_json_ld(self, html, video_id, *, fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+        """Yield all json ld objects in the html"""
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            fatal = False
+        for mobj in re.finditer(JSON_LD_RE, html):
+            json_ld_item = self._parse_json(mobj.group('json_ld'), video_id, fatal=fatal)
+            for json_ld in variadic(json_ld_item):
+                if isinstance(json_ld, dict):
+                    yield json_ld
+
+    def _search_json_ld(self, html, video_id, expected_type=None, *, fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+        """Search for a video in any json ld in the html"""
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            fatal = False
+        info = self._json_ld(
+            list(self._yield_json_ld(html, video_id, fatal=fatal, default=default)),
+            video_id, fatal=fatal, expected_type=expected_type)
+        if info:
+            return info
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            return default
+        elif fatal:
+            raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract JSON-LD')
+        else:
+            self.report_warning('unable to extract JSON-LD %s' % bug_reports_message())
+            return {}
+
+    def _json_ld(self, json_ld, video_id, fatal=True, expected_type=None):
+        if isinstance(json_ld, str):
+            json_ld = self._parse_json(json_ld, video_id, fatal=fatal)
+        if not json_ld:
+            return {}
+        info = {}
+
+        INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP = {
+            'CommentAction': 'comment',
+            'AgreeAction': 'like',
+            'DisagreeAction': 'dislike',
+            'LikeAction': 'like',
+            'DislikeAction': 'dislike',
+            'ListenAction': 'view',
+            'WatchAction': 'view',
+            'ViewAction': 'view',
+        }
+
+        def is_type(e, *expected_types):
+            type = variadic(traverse_obj(e, '@type'))
+            return any(x in type for x in expected_types)
+
+        def extract_interaction_type(e):
+            interaction_type = e.get('interactionType')
+            if isinstance(interaction_type, dict):
+                interaction_type = interaction_type.get('@type')
+            return str_or_none(interaction_type)
+
+        def extract_interaction_statistic(e):
+            interaction_statistic = e.get('interactionStatistic')
+            if isinstance(interaction_statistic, dict):
+                interaction_statistic = [interaction_statistic]
+            if not isinstance(interaction_statistic, list):
+                return
+            for is_e in interaction_statistic:
+                if not is_type(is_e, 'InteractionCounter'):
+                    continue
+                interaction_type = extract_interaction_type(is_e)
+                if not interaction_type:
+                    continue
+                # For interaction count some sites provide string instead of
+                # an integer (as per spec) with non digit characters (e.g. ",")
+                # so extracting count with more relaxed str_to_int
+                interaction_count = str_to_int(is_e.get('userInteractionCount'))
+                if interaction_count is None:
+                    continue
+                count_kind = INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP.get(interaction_type.split('/')[-1])
+                if not count_kind:
+                    continue
+                count_key = '%s_count' % count_kind
+                if info.get(count_key) is not None:
+                    continue
+                info[count_key] = interaction_count
+
+        def extract_chapter_information(e):
+            chapters = [{
+                'title': part.get('name'),
+                'start_time': part.get('startOffset'),
+                'end_time': part.get('endOffset'),
+            } for part in variadic(e.get('hasPart') or []) if part.get('@type') == 'Clip']
+            for idx, (last_c, current_c, next_c) in enumerate(zip(
+                    [{'end_time': 0}] + chapters, chapters, chapters[1:])):
+                current_c['end_time'] = current_c['end_time'] or next_c['start_time']
+                current_c['start_time'] = current_c['start_time'] or last_c['end_time']
+                if None in current_c.values():
+                    self.report_warning(f'Chapter {idx} contains broken data. Not extracting chapters')
+                    return
+            if chapters:
+                chapters[-1]['end_time'] = chapters[-1]['end_time'] or info['duration']
+                info['chapters'] = chapters
+
+        def extract_video_object(e):
+            author = e.get('author')
+            info.update({
+                'url': url_or_none(e.get('contentUrl')),
+                'ext': mimetype2ext(e.get('encodingFormat')),
+                'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                'thumbnails': [{'url': unescapeHTML(url)}
+                               for url in variadic(traverse_obj(e, 'thumbnailUrl', 'thumbnailURL'))
+                               if url_or_none(url)],
+                'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
+                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('uploadDate')),
+                # author can be an instance of 'Organization' or 'Person' types.
+                # both types can have 'name' property(inherited from 'Thing' type). [1]
+                # however some websites are using 'Text' type instead.
+                # 1. https://schema.org/VideoObject
+                'uploader': author.get('name') if isinstance(author, dict) else author if isinstance(author, str) else None,
+                'artist': traverse_obj(e, ('byArtist', 'name'), expected_type=str),
+                'filesize': int_or_none(float_or_none(e.get('contentSize'))),
+                'tbr': int_or_none(e.get('bitrate')),
+                'width': int_or_none(e.get('width')),
+                'height': int_or_none(e.get('height')),
+                'view_count': int_or_none(e.get('interactionCount')),
+                'tags': try_call(lambda: e.get('keywords').split(',')),
+            })
+            if is_type(e, 'AudioObject'):
+                info.update({
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'abr': int_or_none(e.get('bitrate')),
+                })
+            extract_interaction_statistic(e)
+            extract_chapter_information(e)
+
+        def traverse_json_ld(json_ld, at_top_level=True):
+            for e in variadic(json_ld):
+                if not isinstance(e, dict):
+                    continue
+                if at_top_level and '@context' not in e:
+                    continue
+                if at_top_level and set(e.keys()) == {'@context', '@graph'}:
+                    traverse_json_ld(e['@graph'], at_top_level=False)
+                    continue
+                if expected_type is not None and not is_type(e, expected_type):
+                    continue
+                rating = traverse_obj(e, ('aggregateRating', 'ratingValue'), expected_type=float_or_none)
+                if rating is not None:
+                    info['average_rating'] = rating
+                if is_type(e, 'TVEpisode', 'Episode'):
+                    episode_name = unescapeHTML(e.get('name'))
+                    info.update({
+                        'episode': episode_name,
+                        'episode_number': int_or_none(e.get('episodeNumber')),
+                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                    })
+                    if not info.get('title') and episode_name:
+                        info['title'] = episode_name
+                    part_of_season = e.get('partOfSeason')
+                    if is_type(part_of_season, 'TVSeason', 'Season', 'CreativeWorkSeason'):
+                        info.update({
+                            'season': unescapeHTML(part_of_season.get('name')),
+                            'season_number': int_or_none(part_of_season.get('seasonNumber')),
+                        })
+                    part_of_series = e.get('partOfSeries') or e.get('partOfTVSeries')
+                    if is_type(part_of_series, 'TVSeries', 'Series', 'CreativeWorkSeries'):
+                        info['series'] = unescapeHTML(part_of_series.get('name'))
+                elif is_type(e, 'Movie'):
+                    info.update({
+                        'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                        'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
+                        'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('dateCreated')),
+                    })
+                elif is_type(e, 'Article', 'NewsArticle'):
+                    info.update({
+                        'timestamp': parse_iso8601(e.get('datePublished')),
+                        'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('headline')),
+                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('articleBody') or e.get('description')),
+                    })
+                    if is_type(traverse_obj(e, ('video', 0)), 'VideoObject'):
+                        extract_video_object(e['video'][0])
+                    elif is_type(traverse_obj(e, ('subjectOf', 0)), 'VideoObject'):
+                        extract_video_object(e['subjectOf'][0])
+                elif is_type(e, 'VideoObject', 'AudioObject'):
+                    extract_video_object(e)
+                    if expected_type is None:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        break
+                video = e.get('video')
+                if is_type(video, 'VideoObject'):
+                    extract_video_object(video)
+                if expected_type is None:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    break
+
+        traverse_json_ld(json_ld)
+        return filter_dict(info)
+
+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, *, transform_source=None, fatal=True, **kw):
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'(?s)<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>([^<]+)</script>',
+                webpage, 'next.js data', fatal=fatal, **kw),
+            video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+
+    def _search_nuxt_data(self, webpage, video_id, context_name='__NUXT__', *, fatal=True, traverse=('data', 0)):
+        """Parses Nuxt.js metadata. This works as long as the function __NUXT__ invokes is a pure function"""
+        rectx = re.escape(context_name)
+        FUNCTION_RE = r'\(function\((?P<arg_keys>.*?)\){.*?\breturn\s+(?P<js>{.*?})\s*;?\s*}\((?P<arg_vals>.*?)\)'
+        js, arg_keys, arg_vals = self._search_regex(
+            (rf'<script>\s*window\.{rectx}={FUNCTION_RE}\s*\)\s*;?\s*</script>', rf'{rectx}\(.*?{FUNCTION_RE}'),
+            webpage, context_name, group=('js', 'arg_keys', 'arg_vals'),
+            default=NO_DEFAULT if fatal else (None, None, None))
+        if js is None:
+            return {}
+
+        args = dict(zip(arg_keys.split(','), map(json.dumps, self._parse_json(
+            f'[{arg_vals}]', video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=fatal) or ())))
+
+        ret = self._parse_json(js, video_id, transform_source=functools.partial(js_to_json, vars=args), fatal=fatal)
+        return traverse_obj(ret, traverse) or {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _hidden_inputs(html):
+        html = re.sub(r'<!--(?:(?!<!--).)*-->', '', html)
+        hidden_inputs = {}
+        for input in re.findall(r'(?i)(<input[^>]+>)', html):
+            attrs = extract_attributes(input)
+            if not input:
+                continue
+            if attrs.get('type') not in ('hidden', 'submit'):
+                continue
+            name = attrs.get('name') or attrs.get('id')
+            value = attrs.get('value')
+            if name and value is not None:
+                hidden_inputs[name] = value
+        return hidden_inputs
+
+    def _form_hidden_inputs(self, form_id, html):
+        form = self._search_regex(
+            r'(?is)<form[^>]+?id=(["\'])%s\1[^>]*>(?P<form>.+?)</form>' % form_id,
+            html, '%s form' % form_id, group='form')
+        return self._hidden_inputs(form)
+
+    @classproperty(cache=True)
+    def FormatSort(cls):
+        class FormatSort(FormatSorter):
+            def __init__(ie, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init__(ie._downloader, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        deprecation_warning(
+            'yt_dlp.InfoExtractor.FormatSort is deprecated and may be removed in the future. '
+            'Use yt_dlp.utils.FormatSorter instead')
+        return FormatSort
+
+    def _sort_formats(self, formats, field_preference=[]):
+        if not field_preference:
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning(
+                'yt_dlp.InfoExtractor._sort_formats is deprecated and is no longer required')
+            return
+        self._downloader.deprecation_warning(
+            'yt_dlp.InfoExtractor._sort_formats is deprecated and no longer works as expected. '
+            'Return _format_sort_fields in the info_dict instead')
+        if formats:
+            formats[0]['__sort_fields'] = field_preference
+
+    def _check_formats(self, formats, video_id):
+        if formats:
+            formats[:] = filter(
+                lambda f: self._is_valid_url(
+                    f['url'], video_id,
+                    item='%s video format' % f.get('format_id') if f.get('format_id') else 'video'),
+                formats)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _remove_duplicate_formats(formats):
+        format_urls = set()
+        unique_formats = []
+        for f in formats:
+            if f['url'] not in format_urls:
+                format_urls.add(f['url'])
+                unique_formats.append(f)
+        formats[:] = unique_formats
+
+    def _is_valid_url(self, url, video_id, item='video', headers={}):
+        url = self._proto_relative_url(url, scheme='http:')
+        # For now assume non HTTP(S) URLs always valid
+        if not (url.startswith('http://') or url.startswith('https://')):
+            return True
+        try:
+            self._request_webpage(url, video_id, 'Checking %s URL' % item, headers=headers)
+            return True
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            self.to_screen(
+                '%s: %s URL is invalid, skipping: %s'
+                % (video_id, item, error_to_compat_str(e.cause)))
+            return False
+
+    def http_scheme(self):
+        """ Either "http:" or "https:", depending on the user's preferences """
+        return (
+            'http:'
+            if self.get_param('prefer_insecure', False)
+            else 'https:')
+
+    def _proto_relative_url(self, url, scheme=None):
+        scheme = scheme or self.http_scheme()
+        assert scheme.endswith(':')
+        return sanitize_url(url, scheme=scheme[:-1])
+
+    def _sleep(self, timeout, video_id, msg_template=None):
+        if msg_template is None:
+            msg_template = '%(video_id)s: Waiting for %(timeout)s seconds'
+        msg = msg_template % {'video_id': video_id, 'timeout': timeout}
+        self.to_screen(msg)
+        time.sleep(timeout)
+
+    def _extract_f4m_formats(self, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None, quality=None, f4m_id=None,
+                             transform_source=lambda s: fix_xml_ampersands(s).strip(),
+                             fatal=True, m3u8_id=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+        if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+            fatal = False
+
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            manifest_url, video_id, 'Downloading f4m manifest',
+            'Unable to download f4m manifest',
+            # Some manifests may be malformed, e.g. prosiebensat1 generated manifests
+            # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6215#issuecomment-121704244)
+            transform_source=transform_source,
+            fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        if res is False:
+            return []
+
+        manifest, urlh = res
+        manifest_url = urlh.url
+
+        return self._parse_f4m_formats(
+            manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=preference, quality=quality, f4m_id=f4m_id,
+            transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, m3u8_id=m3u8_id)
+
+    def _parse_f4m_formats(self, manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None, quality=None, f4m_id=None,
+                           transform_source=lambda s: fix_xml_ampersands(s).strip(),
+                           fatal=True, m3u8_id=None):
+        if not isinstance(manifest, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element) and not fatal:
+            return []
+
+        # currently yt-dlp cannot decode the playerVerificationChallenge as Akamai uses Adobe Alchemy
+        akamai_pv = manifest.find('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}pv-2.0')
+        if akamai_pv is not None and ';' in akamai_pv.text:
+            playerVerificationChallenge = akamai_pv.text.split(';')[0]
+            if playerVerificationChallenge.strip() != '':
+                return []
+
+        formats = []
+        manifest_version = '1.0'
+        media_nodes = manifest.findall('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}media')
+        if not media_nodes:
+            manifest_version = '2.0'
+            media_nodes = manifest.findall('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}media')
+        # Remove unsupported DRM protected media from final formats
+        # rendition (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8573).
+        media_nodes = remove_encrypted_media(media_nodes)
+        if not media_nodes:
+            return formats
+
+        manifest_base_url = get_base_url(manifest)
+
+        bootstrap_info = xpath_element(
+            manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}bootstrapInfo', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}bootstrapInfo'],
+            'bootstrap info', default=None)
+
+        vcodec = None
+        mime_type = xpath_text(
+            manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}mimeType', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}mimeType'],
+            'base URL', default=None)
+        if mime_type and mime_type.startswith('audio/'):
+            vcodec = 'none'
+
+        for i, media_el in enumerate(media_nodes):
+            tbr = int_or_none(media_el.attrib.get('bitrate'))
+            width = int_or_none(media_el.attrib.get('width'))
+            height = int_or_none(media_el.attrib.get('height'))
+            format_id = join_nonempty(f4m_id, tbr or i)
+            # If <bootstrapInfo> is present, the specified f4m is a
+            # stream-level manifest, and only set-level manifests may refer to
+            # external resources.  See section 11.4 and section 4 of F4M spec
+            if bootstrap_info is None:
+                media_url = None
+                # @href is introduced in 2.0, see section 11.6 of F4M spec
+                if manifest_version == '2.0':
+                    media_url = media_el.attrib.get('href')
+                if media_url is None:
+                    media_url = media_el.attrib.get('url')
+                if not media_url:
+                    continue
+                manifest_url = (
+                    media_url if media_url.startswith('http://') or media_url.startswith('https://')
+                    else ((manifest_base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
+                # If media_url is itself a f4m manifest do the recursive extraction
+                # since bitrates in parent manifest (this one) and media_url manifest
+                # may differ leading to inability to resolve the format by requested
+                # bitrate in f4m downloader
+                ext = determine_ext(manifest_url)
+                if ext == 'f4m':
+                    f4m_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
+                        manifest_url, video_id, preference=preference, quality=quality, f4m_id=f4m_id,
+                        transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+                    # Sometimes stream-level manifest contains single media entry that
+                    # does not contain any quality metadata (e.g. http://matchtv.ru/#live-player).
+                    # At the same time parent's media entry in set-level manifest may
+                    # contain it. We will copy it from parent in such cases.
+                    if len(f4m_formats) == 1:
+                        f = f4m_formats[0]
+                        f.update({
+                            'tbr': f.get('tbr') or tbr,
+                            'width': f.get('width') or width,
+                            'height': f.get('height') or height,
+                            'format_id': f.get('format_id') if not tbr else format_id,
+                            'vcodec': vcodec,
+                        })
+                    formats.extend(f4m_formats)
+                    continue
+                elif ext == 'm3u8':
+                    formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                        manifest_url, video_id, 'mp4', preference=preference,
+                        quality=quality, m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=fatal))
+                    continue
+            formats.append({
+                'format_id': format_id,
+                'url': manifest_url,
+                'manifest_url': manifest_url,
+                'ext': 'flv' if bootstrap_info is not None else None,
+                'protocol': 'f4m',
+                'tbr': tbr,
+                'width': width,
+                'height': height,
+                'vcodec': vcodec,
+                'preference': preference,
+                'quality': quality,
+            })
+        return formats
+
+    def _m3u8_meta_format(self, m3u8_url, ext=None, preference=None, quality=None, m3u8_id=None):
+        return {
+            'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, 'meta'),
+            'url': m3u8_url,
+            'ext': ext,
+            'protocol': 'm3u8',
+            'preference': preference - 100 if preference else -100,
+            'quality': quality,
+            'resolution': 'multiple',
+            'format_note': 'Quality selection URL',
+        }
+
+    def _report_ignoring_subs(self, name):
+        self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
+            f'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the {name} manifest; '
+            'if any subtitle tracks are missing,'
+        ), only_once=True)
+
+    def _extract_m3u8_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('HLS')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            self, m3u8_url, video_id, ext=None, entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+            preference=None, quality=None, m3u8_id=None, note=None,
+            errnote=None, fatal=True, live=False, data=None, headers={},
+            query={}):
+
+        if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+            fatal = False
+
+        if not m3u8_url:
+            if errnote is not False:
+                errnote = errnote or 'Failed to obtain m3u8 URL'
+                if fatal:
+                    raise ExtractorError(errnote, video_id=video_id)
+                self.report_warning(f'{errnote}{bug_reports_message()}')
+            return [], {}
+
+        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+            m3u8_url, video_id,
+            note='Downloading m3u8 information' if note is None else note,
+            errnote='Failed to download m3u8 information' if errnote is None else errnote,
+            fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+
+        if res is False:
+            return [], {}
+
+        m3u8_doc, urlh = res
+        m3u8_url = urlh.url
+
+        return self._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            m3u8_doc, m3u8_url, ext=ext, entry_protocol=entry_protocol,
+            preference=preference, quality=quality, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+            note=note, errnote=errnote, fatal=fatal, live=live, data=data,
+            headers=headers, query=query, video_id=video_id)
+
+    def _parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            self, m3u8_doc, m3u8_url=None, ext=None, entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+            preference=None, quality=None, m3u8_id=None, live=False, note=None,
+            errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            video_id=None):
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        has_drm = HlsFD._has_drm(m3u8_doc)
+
+        def format_url(url):
+            return url if re.match(r'^https?://', url) else urllib.parse.urljoin(m3u8_url, url)
+
+        if self.get_param('hls_split_discontinuity', False):
+            def _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(manifest_url=None, m3u8_doc=None):
+                if not m3u8_doc:
+                    if not manifest_url:
+                        return []
+                    m3u8_doc = self._download_webpage(
+                        manifest_url, video_id, fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers,
+                        note=False, errnote='Failed to download m3u8 playlist information')
+                    if m3u8_doc is False:
+                        return []
+                return range(1 + sum(line.startswith('#EXT-X-DISCONTINUITY') for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines()))
+
+        else:
+            def _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(*args, **kwargs):
+                return [None]
+
+        # References:
+        # 1. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-21
+        # 2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/12211
+        # 3. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/18923
+
+        # We should try extracting formats only from master playlists [1, 4.3.4],
+        # i.e. playlists that describe available qualities. On the other hand
+        # media playlists [1, 4.3.3] should be returned as is since they contain
+        # just the media without qualities renditions.
+        # Fortunately, master playlist can be easily distinguished from media
+        # playlist based on particular tags availability. As of [1, 4.3.3, 4.3.4]
+        # master playlist tags MUST NOT appear in a media playlist and vice versa.
+        # As of [1, 4.3.3.1] #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION tag is REQUIRED for every
+        # media playlist and MUST NOT appear in master playlist thus we can
+        # clearly detect media playlist with this criterion.
+
+        if '#EXT-X-TARGETDURATION' in m3u8_doc:  # media playlist, return as is
+            formats = [{
+                'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, idx),
+                'format_index': idx,
+                'url': m3u8_url or encode_data_uri(m3u8_doc.encode('utf-8'), 'application/x-mpegurl'),
+                'ext': ext,
+                'protocol': entry_protocol,
+                'preference': preference,
+                'quality': quality,
+                'has_drm': has_drm,
+            } for idx in _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(m3u8_doc=m3u8_doc)]
+
+            return formats, subtitles
+
+        groups = {}
+        last_stream_inf = {}
+
+        def extract_media(x_media_line):
+            media = parse_m3u8_attributes(x_media_line)
+            # As per [1, 4.3.4.1] TYPE, GROUP-ID and NAME are REQUIRED
+            media_type, group_id, name = media.get('TYPE'), media.get('GROUP-ID'), media.get('NAME')
+            if not (media_type and group_id and name):
+                return
+            groups.setdefault(group_id, []).append(media)
+            # <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8216#section-4.3.4.1>
+            if media_type == 'SUBTITLES':
+                # According to RFC 8216 §4.3.4.2.1, URI is REQUIRED in the
+                # EXT-X-MEDIA tag if the media type is SUBTITLES.
+                # However, lack of URI has been spotted in the wild.
+                # e.g. NebulaIE; see https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/339
+                if not media.get('URI'):
+                    return
+                url = format_url(media['URI'])
+                sub_info = {
+                    'url': url,
+                    'ext': determine_ext(url),
+                }
+                if sub_info['ext'] == 'm3u8':
+                    # Per RFC 8216 §3.1, the only possible subtitle format m3u8
+                    # files may contain is WebVTT:
+                    # <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8216#section-3.1>
+                    sub_info['ext'] = 'vtt'
+                    sub_info['protocol'] = 'm3u8_native'
+                lang = media.get('LANGUAGE') or 'und'
+                subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append(sub_info)
+            if media_type not in ('VIDEO', 'AUDIO'):
+                return
+            media_url = media.get('URI')
+            if media_url:
+                manifest_url = format_url(media_url)
+                formats.extend({
+                    'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, group_id, name, idx),
+                    'format_note': name,
+                    'format_index': idx,
+                    'url': manifest_url,
+                    'manifest_url': m3u8_url,
+                    'language': media.get('LANGUAGE'),
+                    'ext': ext,
+                    'protocol': entry_protocol,
+                    'preference': preference,
+                    'quality': quality,
+                    'has_drm': has_drm,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if media_type == 'AUDIO' else None,
+                } for idx in _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(manifest_url))
+
+        def build_stream_name():
+            # Despite specification does not mention NAME attribute for
+            # EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag it still sometimes may be present (see [1]
+            # or vidio test in TestInfoExtractor.test_parse_m3u8_formats)
+            # 1. http://www.vidio.com/watch/165683-dj_ambred-booyah-live-2015
+            stream_name = last_stream_inf.get('NAME')
+            if stream_name:
+                return stream_name
+            # If there is no NAME in EXT-X-STREAM-INF it will be obtained
+            # from corresponding rendition group
+            stream_group_id = last_stream_inf.get('VIDEO')
+            if not stream_group_id:
+                return
+            stream_group = groups.get(stream_group_id)
+            if not stream_group:
+                return stream_group_id
+            rendition = stream_group[0]
+            return rendition.get('NAME') or stream_group_id
+
+        # parse EXT-X-MEDIA tags before EXT-X-STREAM-INF in order to have the
+        # chance to detect video only formats when EXT-X-STREAM-INF tags
+        # precede EXT-X-MEDIA tags in HLS manifest such as [3].
+        for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines():
+            if line.startswith('#EXT-X-MEDIA:'):
+                extract_media(line)
+
+        for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines():
+            if line.startswith('#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:'):
+                last_stream_inf = parse_m3u8_attributes(line)
+            elif line.startswith('#') or not line.strip():
+                continue
+            else:
+                tbr = float_or_none(
+                    last_stream_inf.get('AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH')
+                    or last_stream_inf.get('BANDWIDTH'), scale=1000)
+                manifest_url = format_url(line.strip())
+
+                for idx in _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(manifest_url):
+                    format_id = [m3u8_id, None, idx]
+                    # Bandwidth of live streams may differ over time thus making
+                    # format_id unpredictable. So it's better to keep provided
+                    # format_id intact.
+                    if not live:
+                        stream_name = build_stream_name()
+                        format_id[1] = stream_name or '%d' % (tbr or len(formats))
+                    f = {
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty(*format_id),
+                        'format_index': idx,
+                        'url': manifest_url,
+                        'manifest_url': m3u8_url,
+                        'tbr': tbr,
+                        'ext': ext,
+                        'fps': float_or_none(last_stream_inf.get('FRAME-RATE')),
+                        'protocol': entry_protocol,
+                        'preference': preference,
+                        'quality': quality,
+                        'has_drm': has_drm,
+                    }
+                    resolution = last_stream_inf.get('RESOLUTION')
+                    if resolution:
+                        mobj = re.search(r'(?P<width>\d+)[xX](?P<height>\d+)', resolution)
+                        if mobj:
+                            f['width'] = int(mobj.group('width'))
+                            f['height'] = int(mobj.group('height'))
+                    # Unified Streaming Platform
+                    mobj = re.search(
+                        r'audio.*?(?:%3D|=)(\d+)(?:-video.*?(?:%3D|=)(\d+))?', f['url'])
+                    if mobj:
+                        abr, vbr = mobj.groups()
+                        abr, vbr = float_or_none(abr, 1000), float_or_none(vbr, 1000)
+                        f.update({
+                            'vbr': vbr,
+                            'abr': abr,
+                        })
+                    codecs = parse_codecs(last_stream_inf.get('CODECS'))
+                    f.update(codecs)
+                    audio_group_id = last_stream_inf.get('AUDIO')
+                    # As per [1, 4.3.4.1.1] any EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag which
+                    # references a rendition group MUST have a CODECS attribute.
+                    # However, this is not always respected. E.g. [2]
+                    # contains EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag which references AUDIO
+                    # rendition group but does not have CODECS and despite
+                    # referencing an audio group it represents a complete
+                    # (with audio and video) format. So, for such cases we will
+                    # ignore references to rendition groups and treat them
+                    # as complete formats.
+                    if audio_group_id and codecs and f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                        audio_group = groups.get(audio_group_id)
+                        if audio_group and audio_group[0].get('URI'):
+                            # TODO: update acodec for audio only formats with
+                            # the same GROUP-ID
+                            f['acodec'] = 'none'
+                    if not f.get('ext'):
+                        f['ext'] = 'm4a' if f.get('vcodec') == 'none' else 'mp4'
+                    formats.append(f)
+
+                    # for DailyMotion
+                    progressive_uri = last_stream_inf.get('PROGRESSIVE-URI')
+                    if progressive_uri:
+                        http_f = f.copy()
+                        del http_f['manifest_url']
+                        http_f.update({
+                            'format_id': f['format_id'].replace('hls-', 'http-'),
+                            'protocol': 'http',
+                            'url': progressive_uri,
+                        })
+                        formats.append(http_f)
+
+                last_stream_inf = {}
+        return formats, subtitles
+
+    def _extract_m3u8_vod_duration(
+            self, m3u8_vod_url, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+
+        m3u8_vod = self._download_webpage(
+            m3u8_vod_url, video_id,
+            note='Downloading m3u8 VOD manifest' if note is None else note,
+            errnote='Failed to download VOD manifest' if errnote is None else errnote,
+            fatal=False, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+
+        return self._parse_m3u8_vod_duration(m3u8_vod or '', video_id)
+
+    def _parse_m3u8_vod_duration(self, m3u8_vod, video_id):
+        if '#EXT-X-ENDLIST' not in m3u8_vod:
+            return None
+
+        return int(sum(
+            float(line[len('#EXTINF:'):].split(',')[0])
+            for line in m3u8_vod.splitlines() if line.startswith('#EXTINF:'))) or None
+
+    def _extract_mpd_vod_duration(
+            self, mpd_url, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+
+        mpd_doc = self._download_xml(
+            mpd_url, video_id,
+            note='Downloading MPD VOD manifest' if note is None else note,
+            errnote='Failed to download VOD manifest' if errnote is None else errnote,
+            fatal=False, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        if not isinstance(mpd_doc, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element):
+            return None
+        return int_or_none(parse_duration(mpd_doc.get('mediaPresentationDuration')))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _xpath_ns(path, namespace=None):
+        if not namespace:
+            return path
+        out = []
+        for c in path.split('/'):
+            if not c or c == '.':
+                out.append(c)
+            else:
+                out.append('{%s}%s' % (namespace, c))
+        return '/'.join(out)
+
+    def _extract_smil_formats_and_subtitles(self, smil_url, video_id, fatal=True, f4m_params=None, transform_source=None):
+        if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+            fatal = False
+
+        res = self._download_smil(smil_url, video_id, fatal=fatal, transform_source=transform_source)
+        if res is False:
+            assert not fatal
+            return [], {}
+        smil, urlh = res
+
+        return self._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(smil, urlh.url, video_id, f4m_params=f4m_params,
+                                                      namespace=self._parse_smil_namespace(smil))
+
+    def _extract_smil_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._extract_smil_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('SMIL')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _extract_smil_info(self, smil_url, video_id, fatal=True, f4m_params=None):
+        res = self._download_smil(smil_url, video_id, fatal=fatal)
+        if res is False:
+            return {}
+
+        smil, urlh = res
+        smil_url = urlh.url
+
+        return self._parse_smil(smil, smil_url, video_id, f4m_params=f4m_params)
+
+    def _download_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, fatal=True, transform_source=None):
+        return self._download_xml_handle(
+            smil_url, video_id, 'Downloading SMIL file',
+            'Unable to download SMIL file', fatal=fatal, transform_source=transform_source)
+
+    def _parse_smil(self, smil, smil_url, video_id, f4m_params=None):
+        namespace = self._parse_smil_namespace(smil)
+
+        formats, subtitles = self._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
+            smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace=namespace, f4m_params=f4m_params)
+
+        video_id = os.path.splitext(url_basename(smil_url))[0]
+        title = None
+        description = None
+        upload_date = None
+        for meta in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('./head/meta', namespace)):
+            name = meta.attrib.get('name')
+            content = meta.attrib.get('content')
+            if not name or not content:
+                continue
+            if not title and name == 'title':
+                title = content
+            elif not description and name in ('description', 'abstract'):
+                description = content
+            elif not upload_date and name == 'date':
+                upload_date = unified_strdate(content)
+
+        thumbnails = [{
+            'id': image.get('type'),
+            'url': image.get('src'),
+            'width': int_or_none(image.get('width')),
+            'height': int_or_none(image.get('height')),
+        } for image in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//image', namespace)) if image.get('src')]
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title or video_id,
+            'description': description,
+            'upload_date': upload_date,
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+        }
+
+    def _parse_smil_namespace(self, smil):
+        return self._search_regex(
+            r'(?i)^{([^}]+)?}smil$', smil.tag, 'namespace', default=None)
+
+    def _parse_smil_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('SMIL')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
+            self, smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace=None, f4m_params=None, transform_rtmp_url=None):
+        base = smil_url
+        for meta in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('./head/meta', namespace)):
+            b = meta.get('base') or meta.get('httpBase')
+            if b:
+                base = b
+                break
+
+        formats, subtitles = [], {}
+        rtmp_count = 0
+        http_count = 0
+        m3u8_count = 0
+        imgs_count = 0
+
+        srcs = set()
+        media = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            smil.findall(self._xpath_ns(arg, namespace))
+            for arg in ['.//video', './/audio', './/media'])
+        for medium in media:
+            src = medium.get('src')
+            if not src or src in srcs:
+                continue
+            srcs.add(src)
+
+            bitrate = float_or_none(medium.get('system-bitrate') or medium.get('systemBitrate'), 1000)
+            filesize = int_or_none(medium.get('size') or medium.get('fileSize'))
+            width = int_or_none(medium.get('width'))
+            height = int_or_none(medium.get('height'))
+            proto = medium.get('proto')
+            ext = medium.get('ext')
+            src_ext = determine_ext(src, default_ext=None) or ext or urlhandle_detect_ext(
+                self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(src), video_id, note='Requesting extension info', fatal=False))
+            streamer = medium.get('streamer') or base
+
+            if proto == 'rtmp' or streamer.startswith('rtmp'):
+                rtmp_count += 1
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': streamer,
+                    'play_path': src,
+                    'ext': 'flv',
+                    'format_id': 'rtmp-%d' % (rtmp_count if bitrate is None else bitrate),
+                    'tbr': bitrate,
+                    'filesize': filesize,
+                    'width': width,
+                    'height': height,
+                })
+                if transform_rtmp_url:
+                    streamer, src = transform_rtmp_url(streamer, src)
+                    formats[-1].update({
+                        'url': streamer,
+                        'play_path': src,
+                    })
+                continue
+
+            src_url = src if src.startswith('http') else urllib.parse.urljoin(base, src)
+            src_url = src_url.strip()
+
+            if proto == 'm3u8' or src_ext == 'm3u8':
+                m3u8_formats, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src_url, video_id, ext or 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+                self._merge_subtitles(m3u8_subs, target=subtitles)
+                if len(m3u8_formats) == 1:
+                    m3u8_count += 1
+                    m3u8_formats[0].update({
+                        'format_id': 'hls-%d' % (m3u8_count if bitrate is None else bitrate),
+                        'tbr': bitrate,
+                        'width': width,
+                        'height': height,
+                    })
+                formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
+            elif src_ext == 'f4m':
+                f4m_url = src_url
+                if not f4m_params:
+                    f4m_params = {
+                        'hdcore': '3.2.0',
+                        'plugin': 'flowplayer-3.2.0.1',
+                    }
+                f4m_url += '&' if '?' in f4m_url else '?'
+                f4m_url += urllib.parse.urlencode(f4m_params)
+                formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
+            elif src_ext == 'mpd':
+                mpd_formats, mpd_subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(mpd_formats)
+                self._merge_subtitles(mpd_subs, target=subtitles)
+            elif re.search(r'\.ism/[Mm]anifest', src_url):
+                ism_formats, ism_subs = self._extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    src_url, video_id, ism_id='mss', fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(ism_formats)
+                self._merge_subtitles(ism_subs, target=subtitles)
+            elif src_url.startswith('http') and self._is_valid_url(src, video_id):
+                http_count += 1
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': src_url,
+                    'ext': ext or src_ext or 'flv',
+                    'format_id': 'http-%d' % (bitrate or http_count),
+                    'tbr': bitrate,
+                    'filesize': filesize,
+                    'width': width,
+                    'height': height,
+                })
+
+        for medium in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//imagestream', namespace)):
+            src = medium.get('src')
+            if not src or src in srcs:
+                continue
+            srcs.add(src)
+
+            imgs_count += 1
+            formats.append({
+                'format_id': 'imagestream-%d' % (imgs_count),
+                'url': src,
+                'ext': mimetype2ext(medium.get('type')),
+                'acodec': 'none',
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+                'width': int_or_none(medium.get('width')),
+                'height': int_or_none(medium.get('height')),
+                'format_note': 'SMIL storyboards',
+            })
+
+        smil_subs = self._parse_smil_subtitles(smil, namespace=namespace)
+        self._merge_subtitles(smil_subs, target=subtitles)
+
+        return formats, subtitles
+
+    def _parse_smil_subtitles(self, smil, namespace=None, subtitles_lang='en'):
+        urls = []
+        subtitles = {}
+        for num, textstream in enumerate(smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//textstream', namespace))):
+            src = textstream.get('src')
+            if not src or src in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.append(src)
+            ext = textstream.get('ext') or mimetype2ext(textstream.get('type')) or determine_ext(src)
+            lang = textstream.get('systemLanguage') or textstream.get('systemLanguageName') or textstream.get('lang') or subtitles_lang
+            subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                'url': src,
+                'ext': ext,
+            })
+        return subtitles
+
+    def _extract_xspf_playlist(self, xspf_url, playlist_id, fatal=True):
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            xspf_url, playlist_id, 'Downloading xpsf playlist',
+            'Unable to download xspf manifest', fatal=fatal)
+        if res is False:
+            return []
+
+        xspf, urlh = res
+        xspf_url = urlh.url
+
+        return self._parse_xspf(
+            xspf, playlist_id, xspf_url=xspf_url,
+            xspf_base_url=base_url(xspf_url))
+
+    def _parse_xspf(self, xspf_doc, playlist_id, xspf_url=None, xspf_base_url=None):
+        NS_MAP = {
+            'xspf': 'http://xspf.org/ns/0/',
+            's1': 'http://static.streamone.nl/player/ns/0',
+        }
+
+        entries = []
+        for track in xspf_doc.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:trackList/xspf:track', NS_MAP)):
+            title = xpath_text(
+                track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:title', NS_MAP), 'title', default=playlist_id)
+            description = xpath_text(
+                track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:annotation', NS_MAP), 'description')
+            thumbnail = xpath_text(
+                track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:image', NS_MAP), 'thumbnail')
+            duration = float_or_none(
+                xpath_text(track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:duration', NS_MAP), 'duration'), 1000)
+
+            formats = []
+            for location in track.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:location', NS_MAP)):
+                format_url = urljoin(xspf_base_url, location.text)
+                if not format_url:
+                    continue
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'manifest_url': xspf_url,
+                    'format_id': location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:label', NS_MAP)),
+                    'width': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:width', NS_MAP))),
+                    'height': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:height', NS_MAP))),
+                })
+
+            entries.append({
+                'id': playlist_id,
+                'title': title,
+                'description': description,
+                'thumbnail': thumbnail,
+                'duration': duration,
+                'formats': formats,
+            })
+        return entries
+
+    def _extract_mpd_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('DASH')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        periods = self._extract_mpd_periods(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self._merge_mpd_periods(periods)
+
+    def _extract_mpd_periods(
+            self, mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id=None, note=None, errnote=None,
+            fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+
+        if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+            fatal = False
+
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            mpd_url, video_id,
+            note='Downloading MPD manifest' if note is None else note,
+            errnote='Failed to download MPD manifest' if errnote is None else errnote,
+            fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        if res is False:
+            return []
+        mpd_doc, urlh = res
+        if mpd_doc is None:
+            return []
+
+        # We could have been redirected to a new url when we retrieved our mpd file.
+        mpd_url = urlh.url
+        mpd_base_url = base_url(mpd_url)
+
+        return self._parse_mpd_periods(mpd_doc, mpd_id, mpd_base_url, mpd_url)
+
+    def _parse_mpd_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('DASH')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        periods = self._parse_mpd_periods(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self._merge_mpd_periods(periods)
+
+    def _merge_mpd_periods(self, periods):
+        """
+        Combine all formats and subtitles from an MPD manifest into a single list,
+        by concatenate streams with similar formats.
+        """
+        formats, subtitles = {}, {}
+        for period in periods:
+            for f in period['formats']:
+                assert 'is_dash_periods' not in f, 'format already processed'
+                f['is_dash_periods'] = True
+                format_key = tuple(v for k, v in f.items() if k not in (
+                    ('format_id', 'fragments', 'manifest_stream_number')))
+                if format_key not in formats:
+                    formats[format_key] = f
+                elif 'fragments' in f:
+                    formats[format_key].setdefault('fragments', []).extend(f['fragments'])
+
+            if subtitles and period['subtitles']:
+                self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
+                    'Found subtitles in multiple periods in the DASH manifest; '
+                    'if part of the subtitles are missing,'
+                ), only_once=True)
+
+            for sub_lang, sub_info in period['subtitles'].items():
+                subtitles.setdefault(sub_lang, []).extend(sub_info)
+
+        return list(formats.values()), subtitles
+
+    def _parse_mpd_periods(self, mpd_doc, mpd_id=None, mpd_base_url='', mpd_url=None):
+        """
+        Parse formats from MPD manifest.
+        References:
+         1. MPEG-DASH Standard, ISO/IEC 23009-1:2014(E),
+            http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c065274_ISO_IEC_23009-1_2014.zip
+         2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP
+        """
+        if not self.get_param('dynamic_mpd', True):
+            if mpd_doc.get('type') == 'dynamic':
+                return [], {}
+
+        namespace = self._search_regex(r'(?i)^{([^}]+)?}MPD$', mpd_doc.tag, 'namespace', default=None)
+
+        def _add_ns(path):
+            return self._xpath_ns(path, namespace)
+
+        def is_drm_protected(element):
+            return element.find(_add_ns('ContentProtection')) is not None
+
+        def extract_multisegment_info(element, ms_parent_info):
+            ms_info = ms_parent_info.copy()
+
+            # As per [1, 5.3.9.2.2] SegmentList and SegmentTemplate share some
+            # common attributes and elements.  We will only extract relevant
+            # for us.
+            def extract_common(source):
+                segment_timeline = source.find(_add_ns('SegmentTimeline'))
+                if segment_timeline is not None:
+                    s_e = segment_timeline.findall(_add_ns('S'))
+                    if s_e:
+                        ms_info['total_number'] = 0
+                        ms_info['s'] = []
+                        for s in s_e:
+                            r = int(s.get('r', 0))
+                            ms_info['total_number'] += 1 + r
+                            ms_info['s'].append({
+                                't': int(s.get('t', 0)),
+                                # @d is mandatory (see [1, 5.3.9.6.2, Table 17, page 60])
+                                'd': int(s.attrib['d']),
+                                'r': r,
+                            })
+                start_number = source.get('startNumber')
+                if start_number:
+                    ms_info['start_number'] = int(start_number)
+                timescale = source.get('timescale')
+                if timescale:
+                    ms_info['timescale'] = int(timescale)
+                segment_duration = source.get('duration')
+                if segment_duration:
+                    ms_info['segment_duration'] = float(segment_duration)
+
+            def extract_Initialization(source):
+                initialization = source.find(_add_ns('Initialization'))
+                if initialization is not None:
+                    ms_info['initialization_url'] = initialization.attrib['sourceURL']
+
+            segment_list = element.find(_add_ns('SegmentList'))
+            if segment_list is not None:
+                extract_common(segment_list)
+                extract_Initialization(segment_list)
+                segment_urls_e = segment_list.findall(_add_ns('SegmentURL'))
+                if segment_urls_e:
+                    ms_info['segment_urls'] = [segment.attrib['media'] for segment in segment_urls_e]
+            else:
+                segment_template = element.find(_add_ns('SegmentTemplate'))
+                if segment_template is not None:
+                    extract_common(segment_template)
+                    media = segment_template.get('media')
+                    if media:
+                        ms_info['media'] = media
+                    initialization = segment_template.get('initialization')
+                    if initialization:
+                        ms_info['initialization'] = initialization
+                    else:
+                        extract_Initialization(segment_template)
+            return ms_info
+
+        mpd_duration = parse_duration(mpd_doc.get('mediaPresentationDuration'))
+        stream_numbers = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for period_idx, period in enumerate(mpd_doc.findall(_add_ns('Period'))):
+            period_entry = {
+                'id': period.get('id', f'period-{period_idx}'),
+                'formats': [],
+                'subtitles': collections.defaultdict(list),
+            }
+            period_duration = parse_duration(period.get('duration')) or mpd_duration
+            period_ms_info = extract_multisegment_info(period, {
+                'start_number': 1,
+                'timescale': 1,
+            })
+            for adaptation_set in period.findall(_add_ns('AdaptationSet')):
+                adaption_set_ms_info = extract_multisegment_info(adaptation_set, period_ms_info)
+                for representation in adaptation_set.findall(_add_ns('Representation')):
+                    representation_attrib = adaptation_set.attrib.copy()
+                    representation_attrib.update(representation.attrib)
+                    # According to [1, 5.3.7.2, Table 9, page 41], @mimeType is mandatory
+                    mime_type = representation_attrib['mimeType']
+                    content_type = representation_attrib.get('contentType', mime_type.split('/')[0])
+
+                    codec_str = representation_attrib.get('codecs', '')
+                    # Some kind of binary subtitle found in some youtube livestreams
+                    if mime_type == 'application/x-rawcc':
+                        codecs = {'scodec': codec_str}
+                    else:
+                        codecs = parse_codecs(codec_str)
+                    if content_type not in ('video', 'audio', 'text'):
+                        if mime_type == 'image/jpeg':
+                            content_type = mime_type
+                        elif codecs.get('vcodec', 'none') != 'none':
+                            content_type = 'video'
+                        elif codecs.get('acodec', 'none') != 'none':
+                            content_type = 'audio'
+                        elif codecs.get('scodec', 'none') != 'none':
+                            content_type = 'text'
+                        elif mimetype2ext(mime_type) in ('tt', 'dfxp', 'ttml', 'xml', 'json'):
+                            content_type = 'text'
+                        else:
+                            self.report_warning('Unknown MIME type %s in DASH manifest' % mime_type)
+                            continue
+
+                    base_url = ''
+                    for element in (representation, adaptation_set, period, mpd_doc):
+                        base_url_e = element.find(_add_ns('BaseURL'))
+                        if try_call(lambda: base_url_e.text) is not None:
+                            base_url = base_url_e.text + base_url
+                            if re.match(r'^https?://', base_url):
+                                break
+                    if mpd_base_url and base_url.startswith('/'):
+                        base_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(mpd_base_url, base_url)
+                    elif mpd_base_url and not re.match(r'^https?://', base_url):
+                        if not mpd_base_url.endswith('/'):
+                            mpd_base_url += '/'
+                        base_url = mpd_base_url + base_url
+                    representation_id = representation_attrib.get('id')
+                    lang = representation_attrib.get('lang')
+                    url_el = representation.find(_add_ns('BaseURL'))
+                    filesize = int_or_none(url_el.attrib.get('{http://youtube.com/yt/2012/10/10}contentLength') if url_el is not None else None)
+                    bandwidth = int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('bandwidth'))
+                    if representation_id is not None:
+                        format_id = representation_id
+                    else:
+                        format_id = content_type
+                    if mpd_id:
+                        format_id = mpd_id + '-' + format_id
+                    if content_type in ('video', 'audio'):
+                        f = {
+                            'format_id': format_id,
+                            'manifest_url': mpd_url,
+                            'ext': mimetype2ext(mime_type),
+                            'width': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('width')),
+                            'height': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('height')),
+                            'tbr': float_or_none(bandwidth, 1000),
+                            'asr': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('audioSamplingRate')),
+                            'fps': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('frameRate')),
+                            'language': lang if lang not in ('mul', 'und', 'zxx', 'mis') else None,
+                            'format_note': 'DASH %s' % content_type,
+                            'filesize': filesize,
+                            'container': mimetype2ext(mime_type) + '_dash',
+                            **codecs
+                        }
+                    elif content_type == 'text':
+                        f = {
+                            'ext': mimetype2ext(mime_type),
+                            'manifest_url': mpd_url,
+                            'filesize': filesize,
+                        }
+                    elif content_type == 'image/jpeg':
+                        # See test case in VikiIE
+                        # https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1
+                        f = {
+                            'format_id': format_id,
+                            'ext': 'mhtml',
+                            'manifest_url': mpd_url,
+                            'format_note': 'DASH storyboards (jpeg)',
+                            'acodec': 'none',
+                            'vcodec': 'none',
+                        }
+                    if is_drm_protected(adaptation_set) or is_drm_protected(representation):
+                        f['has_drm'] = True
+                    representation_ms_info = extract_multisegment_info(representation, adaption_set_ms_info)
+
+                    def prepare_template(template_name, identifiers):
+                        tmpl = representation_ms_info[template_name]
+                        if representation_id is not None:
+                            tmpl = tmpl.replace('$RepresentationID$', representation_id)
+                        # First of, % characters outside $...$ templates
+                        # must be escaped by doubling for proper processing
+                        # by % operator string formatting used further (see
+                        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/16867).
+                        t = ''
+                        in_template = False
+                        for c in tmpl:
+                            t += c
+                            if c == '$':
+                                in_template = not in_template
+                            elif c == '%' and not in_template:
+                                t += c
+                        # Next, $...$ templates are translated to their
+                        # %(...) counterparts to be used with % operator
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)d', t)
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)%%([^$]+)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)\2', t)
+                        t.replace('$$', '$')
+                        return t
+
+                    # @initialization is a regular template like @media one
+                    # so it should be handled just the same way (see
+                    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11605)
+                    if 'initialization' in representation_ms_info:
+                        initialization_template = prepare_template(
+                            'initialization',
+                            # As per [1, 5.3.9.4.2, Table 15, page 54] $Number$ and
+                            # $Time$ shall not be included for @initialization thus
+                            # only $Bandwidth$ remains
+                            ('Bandwidth', ))
+                        representation_ms_info['initialization_url'] = initialization_template % {
+                            'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
+                        }
+
+                    def location_key(location):
+                        return 'url' if re.match(r'^https?://', location) else 'path'
+
+                    if 'segment_urls' not in representation_ms_info and 'media' in representation_ms_info:
+
+                        media_template = prepare_template('media', ('Number', 'Bandwidth', 'Time'))
+                        media_location_key = location_key(media_template)
+
+                        # As per [1, 5.3.9.4.4, Table 16, page 55] $Number$ and $Time$
+                        # can't be used at the same time
+                        if '%(Number' in media_template and 's' not in representation_ms_info:
+                            segment_duration = None
+                            if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info:
+                                segment_duration = float_or_none(representation_ms_info['segment_duration'], representation_ms_info['timescale'])
+                                representation_ms_info['total_number'] = int(math.ceil(
+                                    float_or_none(period_duration, segment_duration, default=0)))
+                            representation_ms_info['fragments'] = [{
+                                media_location_key: media_template % {
+                                    'Number': segment_number,
+                                    'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
+                                },
+                                'duration': segment_duration,
+                            } for segment_number in range(
+                                representation_ms_info['start_number'],
+                                representation_ms_info['total_number'] + representation_ms_info['start_number'])]
+                        else:
+                            # $Number*$ or $Time$ in media template with S list available
+                            # Example $Number*$: http://www.svtplay.se/klipp/9023742/stopptid-om-bjorn-borg
+                            # Example $Time$: https://play.arkena.com/embed/avp/v2/player/media/b41dda37-d8e7-4d3f-b1b5-9a9db578bdfe/1/129411
+                            representation_ms_info['fragments'] = []
+                            segment_time = 0
+                            segment_d = None
+                            segment_number = representation_ms_info['start_number']
+
+                            def add_segment_url():
+                                segment_url = media_template % {
+                                    'Time': segment_time,
+                                    'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
+                                    'Number': segment_number,
+                                }
+                                representation_ms_info['fragments'].append({
+                                    media_location_key: segment_url,
+                                    'duration': float_or_none(segment_d, representation_ms_info['timescale']),
+                                })
+
+                            for num, s in enumerate(representation_ms_info['s']):
+                                segment_time = s.get('t') or segment_time
+                                segment_d = s['d']
+                                add_segment_url()
+                                segment_number += 1
+                                for r in range(s.get('r', 0)):
+                                    segment_time += segment_d
+                                    add_segment_url()
+                                    segment_number += 1
+                                segment_time += segment_d
+                    elif 'segment_urls' in representation_ms_info and 's' in representation_ms_info:
+                        # No media template,
+                        # e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXZV5uAYMJI
+                        # or any YouTube dashsegments video
+                        fragments = []
+                        segment_index = 0
+                        timescale = representation_ms_info['timescale']
+                        for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
+                            duration = float_or_none(s['d'], timescale)
+                            for r in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
+                                segment_uri = representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index]
+                                fragments.append({
+                                    location_key(segment_uri): segment_uri,
+                                    'duration': duration,
+                                })
+                                segment_index += 1
+                        representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
+                    elif 'segment_urls' in representation_ms_info:
+                        # Segment URLs with no SegmentTimeline
+                        # E.g. https://www.seznam.cz/zpravy/clanek/cesko-zasahne-vitr-o-sile-vichrice-muze-byt-i-zivotu-nebezpecny-39091
+                        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/14844
+                        fragments = []
+                        segment_duration = float_or_none(
+                            representation_ms_info['segment_duration'],
+                            representation_ms_info['timescale']) if 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info else None
+                        for segment_url in representation_ms_info['segment_urls']:
+                            fragment = {
+                                location_key(segment_url): segment_url,
+                            }
+                            if segment_duration:
+                                fragment['duration'] = segment_duration
+                            fragments.append(fragment)
+                        representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
+                    # If there is a fragments key available then we correctly recognized fragmented media.
+                    # Otherwise we will assume unfragmented media with direct access. Technically, such
+                    # assumption is not necessarily correct since we may simply have no support for
+                    # some forms of fragmented media renditions yet, but for now we'll use this fallback.
+                    if 'fragments' in representation_ms_info:
+                        f.update({
+                            # NB: mpd_url may be empty when MPD manifest is parsed from a string
+                            'url': mpd_url or base_url,
+                            'fragment_base_url': base_url,
+                            'fragments': [],
+                            'protocol': 'http_dash_segments' if mime_type != 'image/jpeg' else 'mhtml',
+                        })
+                        if 'initialization_url' in representation_ms_info:
+                            initialization_url = representation_ms_info['initialization_url']
+                            if not f.get('url'):
+                                f['url'] = initialization_url
+                            f['fragments'].append({location_key(initialization_url): initialization_url})
+                        f['fragments'].extend(representation_ms_info['fragments'])
+                        if not period_duration:
+                            period_duration = try_get(
+                                representation_ms_info,
+                                lambda r: sum(frag['duration'] for frag in r['fragments']), float)
+                    else:
+                        # Assuming direct URL to unfragmented media.
+                        f['url'] = base_url
+                    if content_type in ('video', 'audio', 'image/jpeg'):
+                        f['manifest_stream_number'] = stream_numbers[f['url']]
+                        stream_numbers[f['url']] += 1
+                        period_entry['formats'].append(f)
+                    elif content_type == 'text':
+                        period_entry['subtitles'][lang or 'und'].append(f)
+            yield period_entry
+
+    def _extract_ism_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('ISM')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(self, ism_url, video_id, ism_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+        if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+            fatal = False
+
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            ism_url, video_id,
+            note='Downloading ISM manifest' if note is None else note,
+            errnote='Failed to download ISM manifest' if errnote is None else errnote,
+            fatal=fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        if res is False:
+            return [], {}
+        ism_doc, urlh = res
+        if ism_doc is None:
+            return [], {}
+
+        return self._parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(ism_doc, urlh.url, ism_id)
+
+    def _parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
+        """
+        Parse formats from ISM manifest.
+        References:
+         1. [MS-SSTR]: Smooth Streaming Protocol,
+            https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff469518.aspx
+        """
+        if ism_doc.get('IsLive') == 'TRUE':
+            return [], {}
+
+        duration = int(ism_doc.attrib['Duration'])
+        timescale = int_or_none(ism_doc.get('TimeScale')) or 10000000
+
+        formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
+        for stream in ism_doc.findall('StreamIndex'):
+            stream_type = stream.get('Type')
+            if stream_type not in ('video', 'audio', 'text'):
+                continue
+            url_pattern = stream.attrib['Url']
+            stream_timescale = int_or_none(stream.get('TimeScale')) or timescale
+            stream_name = stream.get('Name')
+            stream_language = stream.get('Language', 'und')
+            for track in stream.findall('QualityLevel'):
+                KNOWN_TAGS = {'255': 'AACL', '65534': 'EC-3'}
+                fourcc = track.get('FourCC') or KNOWN_TAGS.get(track.get('AudioTag'))
+                # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
+                if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL', 'TTML', 'EC-3'):
+                    self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
+                    continue
+                tbr = int(track.attrib['Bitrate']) // 1000
+                # [1] does not mention Width and Height attributes. However,
+                # they're often present while MaxWidth and MaxHeight are
+                # missing, so should be used as fallbacks
+                width = int_or_none(track.get('MaxWidth') or track.get('Width'))
+                height = int_or_none(track.get('MaxHeight') or track.get('Height'))
+                sampling_rate = int_or_none(track.get('SamplingRate'))
+
+                track_url_pattern = re.sub(r'{[Bb]itrate}', track.attrib['Bitrate'], url_pattern)
+                track_url_pattern = urllib.parse.urljoin(ism_url, track_url_pattern)
+
+                fragments = []
+                fragment_ctx = {
+                    'time': 0,
+                }
+                stream_fragments = stream.findall('c')
+                for stream_fragment_index, stream_fragment in enumerate(stream_fragments):
+                    fragment_ctx['time'] = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('t')) or fragment_ctx['time']
+                    fragment_repeat = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('r')) or 1
+                    fragment_ctx['duration'] = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('d'))
+                    if not fragment_ctx['duration']:
+                        try:
+                            next_fragment_time = int(stream_fragment[stream_fragment_index + 1].attrib['t'])
+                        except IndexError:
+                            next_fragment_time = duration
+                        fragment_ctx['duration'] = (next_fragment_time - fragment_ctx['time']) / fragment_repeat
+                    for _ in range(fragment_repeat):
+                        fragments.append({
+                            'url': re.sub(r'{start[ _]time}', str(fragment_ctx['time']), track_url_pattern),
+                            'duration': fragment_ctx['duration'] / stream_timescale,
+                        })
+                        fragment_ctx['time'] += fragment_ctx['duration']
+
+                if stream_type == 'text':
+                    subtitles.setdefault(stream_language, []).append({
+                        'ext': 'ismt',
+                        'protocol': 'ism',
+                        'url': ism_url,
+                        'manifest_url': ism_url,
+                        'fragments': fragments,
+                        '_download_params': {
+                            'stream_type': stream_type,
+                            'duration': duration,
+                            'timescale': stream_timescale,
+                            'fourcc': fourcc,
+                            'language': stream_language,
+                            'codec_private_data': track.get('CodecPrivateData'),
+                        }
+                    })
+                elif stream_type in ('video', 'audio'):
+                    formats.append({
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty(ism_id, stream_name, tbr),
+                        'url': ism_url,
+                        'manifest_url': ism_url,
+                        'ext': 'ismv' if stream_type == 'video' else 'isma',
+                        'width': width,
+                        'height': height,
+                        'tbr': tbr,
+                        'asr': sampling_rate,
+                        'vcodec': 'none' if stream_type == 'audio' else fourcc,
+                        'acodec': 'none' if stream_type == 'video' else fourcc,
+                        'protocol': 'ism',
+                        'fragments': fragments,
+                        'has_drm': ism_doc.find('Protection') is not None,
+                        'language': stream_language,
+                        'audio_channels': int_or_none(track.get('Channels')),
+                        '_download_params': {
+                            'stream_type': stream_type,
+                            'duration': duration,
+                            'timescale': stream_timescale,
+                            'width': width or 0,
+                            'height': height or 0,
+                            'fourcc': fourcc,
+                            'language': stream_language,
+                            'codec_private_data': track.get('CodecPrivateData'),
+                            'sampling_rate': sampling_rate,
+                            'channels': int_or_none(track.get('Channels', 2)),
+                            'bits_per_sample': int_or_none(track.get('BitsPerSample', 16)),
+                            'nal_unit_length_field': int_or_none(track.get('NALUnitLengthField', 4)),
+                        },
+                    })
+        return formats, subtitles
+
+    def _parse_html5_media_entries(self, base_url, webpage, video_id, m3u8_id=None, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native', mpd_id=None, preference=None, quality=None):
+        def absolute_url(item_url):
+            return urljoin(base_url, item_url)
+
+        def parse_content_type(content_type):
+            if not content_type:
+                return {}
+            ctr = re.search(r'(?P<mimetype>[^/]+/[^;]+)(?:;\s*codecs="?(?P<codecs>[^"]+))?', content_type)
+            if ctr:
+                mimetype, codecs = ctr.groups()
+                f = parse_codecs(codecs)
+                f['ext'] = mimetype2ext(mimetype)
+                return f
+            return {}
+
+        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type, type_info=None):
+            type_info = type_info or {}
+            full_url = absolute_url(src)
+            ext = type_info.get('ext') or determine_ext(full_url)
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                is_plain_url = False
+                formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    full_url, video_id, ext='mp4',
+                    entry_protocol=m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                    preference=preference, quality=quality, fatal=False)
+            elif ext == 'mpd':
+                is_plain_url = False
+                formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False)
+            else:
+                is_plain_url = True
+                formats = [{
+                    'url': full_url,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if cur_media_type == 'audio' else None,
+                    'ext': ext,
+                }]
+            return is_plain_url, formats
+
+        entries = []
+        # amp-video and amp-audio are very similar to their HTML5 counterparts
+        # so we will include them right here (see
+        # https://www.ampproject.org/docs/reference/components/amp-video)
+        # For dl8-* tags see https://delight-vr.com/documentation/dl8-video/
+        _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE = r'(?:(?:amp|dl8(?:-live)?)-)?(video|audio)'
+        media_tags = [(media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type, '')
+                      for media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type
+                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(%s)[^>]*/>)' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage)]
+        media_tags.extend(re.findall(
+            # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
+            # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
+            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11979,
+            # e.g. http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
+            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>%s)(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage))
+        for media_tag, _, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
+            media_info = {
+                'formats': [],
+                'subtitles': {},
+            }
+            media_attributes = extract_attributes(media_tag)
+            src = strip_or_none(dict_get(media_attributes, ('src', 'data-video-src', 'data-src', 'data-source')))
+            if src:
+                f = parse_content_type(media_attributes.get('type'))
+                _, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type, f)
+                media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
+            media_info['thumbnail'] = absolute_url(media_attributes.get('poster'))
+            if media_content:
+                for source_tag in re.findall(r'<source[^>]+>', media_content):
+                    s_attr = extract_attributes(source_tag)
+                    # data-video-src and data-src are non standard but seen
+                    # several times in the wild
+                    src = strip_or_none(dict_get(s_attr, ('src', 'data-video-src', 'data-src', 'data-source')))
+                    if not src:
+                        continue
+                    f = parse_content_type(s_attr.get('type'))
+                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type, f)
+                    if is_plain_url:
+                        # width, height, res, label and title attributes are
+                        # all not standard but seen several times in the wild
+                        labels = [
+                            s_attr.get(lbl)
+                            for lbl in ('label', 'title')
+                            if str_or_none(s_attr.get(lbl))
+                        ]
+                        width = int_or_none(s_attr.get('width'))
+                        height = (int_or_none(s_attr.get('height'))
+                                  or int_or_none(s_attr.get('res')))
+                        if not width or not height:
+                            for lbl in labels:
+                                resolution = parse_resolution(lbl)
+                                if not resolution:
+                                    continue
+                                width = width or resolution.get('width')
+                                height = height or resolution.get('height')
+                        for lbl in labels:
+                            tbr = parse_bitrate(lbl)
+                            if tbr:
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            tbr = None
+                        f.update({
+                            'width': width,
+                            'height': height,
+                            'tbr': tbr,
+                            'format_id': s_attr.get('label') or s_attr.get('title'),
+                        })
+                        f.update(formats[0])
+                        media_info['formats'].append(f)
+                    else:
+                        media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
+                for track_tag in re.findall(r'<track[^>]+>', media_content):
+                    track_attributes = extract_attributes(track_tag)
+                    kind = track_attributes.get('kind')
+                    if not kind or kind in ('subtitles', 'captions'):
+                        src = strip_or_none(track_attributes.get('src'))
+                        if not src:
+                            continue
+                        lang = track_attributes.get('srclang') or track_attributes.get('lang') or track_attributes.get('label')
+                        media_info['subtitles'].setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                            'url': absolute_url(src),
+                        })
+            for f in media_info['formats']:
+                f.setdefault('http_headers', {})['Referer'] = base_url
+            if media_info['formats'] or media_info['subtitles']:
+                entries.append(media_info)
+        return entries
+
+    def _extract_akamai_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        fmts, subs = self._extract_akamai_formats_and_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        if subs:
+            self._report_ignoring_subs('akamai')
+        return fmts
+
+    def _extract_akamai_formats_and_subtitles(self, manifest_url, video_id, hosts={}):
+        signed = 'hdnea=' in manifest_url
+        if not signed:
+            # https://learn.akamai.com/en-us/webhelp/media-services-on-demand/stream-packaging-user-guide/GUID-BE6C0F73-1E06-483B-B0EA-57984B91B7F9.html
+            manifest_url = re.sub(
+                r'(?:b=[\d,-]+|(?:__a__|attributes)=off|__b__=\d+)&?',
+                '', manifest_url).strip('?')
+
+        formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
+
+        hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.7.0'
+        f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/]+)/i/', r'\1/z/', manifest_url).replace('/master.m3u8', '/manifest.f4m')
+        hds_host = hosts.get('hds')
+        if hds_host:
+            f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://)[^/]+', r'\1' + hds_host, f4m_url)
+        if 'hdcore=' not in f4m_url:
+            f4m_url += ('&' if '?' in f4m_url else '?') + hdcore_sign
+        f4m_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
+            f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
+        for entry in f4m_formats:
+            entry.update({'extra_param_to_segment_url': hdcore_sign})
+        formats.extend(f4m_formats)
+
+        m3u8_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/]+)/z/', r'\1/i/', manifest_url).replace('/manifest.f4m', '/master.m3u8')
+        hls_host = hosts.get('hls')
+        if hls_host:
+            m3u8_url = re.sub(r'(https?://)[^/]+', r'\1' + hls_host, m3u8_url)
+        m3u8_formats, m3u8_subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+            m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
+            m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+        formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
+        subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, m3u8_subtitles)
+
+        http_host = hosts.get('http')
+        if http_host and m3u8_formats and not signed:
+            REPL_REGEX = r'https?://[^/]+/i/([^,]+),([^/]+),([^/]+)\.csmil/.+'
+            qualities = re.match(REPL_REGEX, m3u8_url).group(2).split(',')
+            qualities_length = len(qualities)
+            if len(m3u8_formats) in (qualities_length, qualities_length + 1):
+                i = 0
+                for f in m3u8_formats:
+                    if f['vcodec'] != 'none':
+                        for protocol in ('http', 'https'):
+                            http_f = f.copy()
+                            del http_f['manifest_url']
+                            http_url = re.sub(
+                                REPL_REGEX, protocol + fr'://{http_host}/\g<1>{qualities[i]}\3', f['url'])
+                            http_f.update({
+                                'format_id': http_f['format_id'].replace('hls-', protocol + '-'),
+                                'url': http_url,
+                                'protocol': protocol,
+                            })
+                            formats.append(http_f)
+                        i += 1
+
+        return formats, subtitles
+
+    def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native', skip_protocols=[]):
+        query = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query
+        url = re.sub(r'/(?:manifest|playlist|jwplayer)\.(?:m3u8|f4m|mpd|smil)', '', url)
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
+        url_base = mobj.group('url')
+        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
+        formats = []
+
+        def manifest_url(manifest):
+            m_url = f'{http_base_url}/{manifest}'
+            if query:
+                m_url += '?%s' % query
+            return m_url
+
+        if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                manifest_url('playlist.m3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
+                m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+        if 'f4m' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
+                manifest_url('manifest.f4m'),
+                video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
+        if 'dash' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                manifest_url('manifest.mpd'),
+                video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+        if re.search(r'(?:/smil:|\.smil)', url_base):
+            if 'smil' not in skip_protocols:
+                rtmp_formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
+                    manifest_url('jwplayer.smil'),
+                    video_id, fatal=False)
+                for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
+                    rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
+                    rtsp_format['url'] = '%s/%s' % (rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
+                    del rtsp_format['play_path']
+                    del rtsp_format['ext']
+                    rtsp_format.update({
+                        'url': rtsp_format['url'].replace('rtmp://', 'rtsp://'),
+                        'format_id': rtmp_format['format_id'].replace('rtmp', 'rtsp'),
+                        'protocol': 'rtsp',
+                    })
+                    formats.extend([rtmp_format, rtsp_format])
+        else:
+            for protocol in ('rtmp', 'rtsp'):
+                if protocol not in skip_protocols:
+                    formats.append({
+                        'url': f'{protocol}:{url_base}',
+                        'format_id': protocol,
+                        'protocol': protocol,
+                    })
+        return formats
+
+    def _find_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id=None, transform_source=js_to_json):
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'''(?s)jwplayer\s*\(\s*(?P<q>'|")(?!(?P=q)).+(?P=q)\s*\)(?!</script>).*?\.\s*setup\s*\(\s*(?P<options>(?:\([^)]*\)|[^)])+)\s*\)''',
+            webpage)
+        if mobj:
+            try:
+                jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(mobj.group('options'),
+                                                 video_id=video_id,
+                                                 transform_source=transform_source)
+            except ExtractorError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(jwplayer_data, dict):
+                    return jwplayer_data
+
+    def _extract_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+        jwplayer_data = self._find_jwplayer_data(
+            webpage, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        return self._parse_jwplayer_data(
+            jwplayer_data, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _parse_jwplayer_data(self, jwplayer_data, video_id=None, require_title=True,
+                             m3u8_id=None, mpd_id=None, rtmp_params=None, base_url=None):
+        entries = []
+        if not isinstance(jwplayer_data, dict):
+            return entries
+
+        playlist_items = jwplayer_data.get('playlist')
+        # JWPlayer backward compatibility: single playlist item/flattened playlists
+        # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.7.0/src/js/playlist/playlist.js#L10
+        # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.4.3/src/js/api/config.js#L81-L96
+        if not isinstance(playlist_items, list):
+            playlist_items = (playlist_items or jwplayer_data, )
+
+        for video_data in playlist_items:
+            if not isinstance(video_data, dict):
+                continue
+            # JWPlayer backward compatibility: flattened sources
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.4.3/src/js/playlist/item.js#L29-L35
+            if 'sources' not in video_data:
+                video_data['sources'] = [video_data]
+
+            this_video_id = video_id or video_data['mediaid']
+
+            formats = self._parse_jwplayer_formats(
+                video_data['sources'], video_id=this_video_id, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                mpd_id=mpd_id, rtmp_params=rtmp_params, base_url=base_url)
+
+            subtitles = {}
+            tracks = video_data.get('tracks')
+            if tracks and isinstance(tracks, list):
+                for track in tracks:
+                    if not isinstance(track, dict):
+                        continue
+                    track_kind = track.get('kind')
+                    if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, str):
+                        continue
+                    if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
+                        continue
+                    track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
+                    if not track_url:
+                        continue
+                    subtitles.setdefault(track.get('label') or 'en', []).append({
+                        'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
+                    })
+
+            entry = {
+                'id': this_video_id,
+                'title': unescapeHTML(video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title')),
+                'description': clean_html(video_data.get('description')),
+                'thumbnail': urljoin(base_url, self._proto_relative_url(video_data.get('image'))),
+                'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('pubdate')),
+                'duration': float_or_none(jwplayer_data.get('duration') or video_data.get('duration')),
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                'alt_title': clean_html(video_data.get('subtitle')),  # attributes used e.g. by Tele5 ...
+                'genre': clean_html(video_data.get('genre')),
+                'channel': clean_html(dict_get(video_data, ('category', 'channel'))),
+                'season_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('season')),
+                'episode_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('episode')),
+                'release_year': int_or_none(video_data.get('releasedate')),
+                'age_limit': int_or_none(video_data.get('age_restriction')),
+            }
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/utils/validator.js#L32
+            if len(formats) == 1 and re.search(r'^(?:http|//).*(?:youtube\.com|youtu\.be)/.+', formats[0]['url']):
+                entry.update({
+                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                    'url': formats[0]['url'],
+                })
+            else:
+                entry['formats'] = formats
+            entries.append(entry)
+        if len(entries) == 1:
+            return entries[0]
+        else:
+            return self.playlist_result(entries)
+
+    def _parse_jwplayer_formats(self, jwplayer_sources_data, video_id=None,
+                                m3u8_id=None, mpd_id=None, rtmp_params=None, base_url=None):
+        urls = set()
+        formats = []
+        for source in jwplayer_sources_data:
+            if not isinstance(source, dict):
+                continue
+            source_url = urljoin(
+                base_url, self._proto_relative_url(source.get('file')))
+            if not source_url or source_url in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.add(source_url)
+            source_type = source.get('type') or ''
+            ext = mimetype2ext(source_type) or determine_ext(source_url)
+            if source_type == 'hls' or ext == 'm3u8' or 'format=m3u8-aapl' in source_url:
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+                    m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=False))
+            elif source_type == 'dash' or ext == 'mpd' or 'format=mpd-time-csf' in source_url:
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False))
+            elif ext == 'smil':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, fatal=False))
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/providers/default.js#L67
+            elif source_type.startswith('audio') or ext in (
+                    'oga', 'aac', 'mp3', 'mpeg', 'vorbis'):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'ext': ext,
+                })
+            else:
+                format_id = str_or_none(source.get('label'))
+                height = int_or_none(source.get('height'))
+                if height is None and format_id:
+                    # Often no height is provided but there is a label in
+                    # format like "1080p", "720p SD", or 1080.
+                    height = parse_resolution(format_id).get('height')
+                a_format = {
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
+                    'height': height,
+                    'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate'), scale=1000),
+                    'filesize': int_or_none(source.get('filesize')),
+                    'ext': ext,
+                    'format_id': format_id
+                }
+                if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
+                    a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
+                    # See com/longtailvideo/jwplayer/media/RTMPMediaProvider.as
+                    # of jwplayer.flash.swf
+                    rtmp_url_parts = re.split(
+                        r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, 1)
+                    if len(rtmp_url_parts) == 3:
+                        rtmp_url, prefix, play_path = rtmp_url_parts
+                        a_format.update({
+                            'url': rtmp_url,
+                            'play_path': prefix + play_path,
+                        })
+                    if rtmp_params:
+                        a_format.update(rtmp_params)
+                formats.append(a_format)
+        return formats
+
+    def _live_title(self, name):
+        self._downloader.deprecation_warning('yt_dlp.InfoExtractor._live_title is deprecated and does not work as expected')
+        return name
+
+    def _int(self, v, name, fatal=False, **kwargs):
+        res = int_or_none(v, **kwargs)
+        if res is None:
+            msg = f'Failed to extract {name}: Could not parse value {v!r}'
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(msg)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(msg)
+        return res
+
+    def _float(self, v, name, fatal=False, **kwargs):
+        res = float_or_none(v, **kwargs)
+        if res is None:
+            msg = f'Failed to extract {name}: Could not parse value {v!r}'
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(msg)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(msg)
+        return res
+
+    def _set_cookie(self, domain, name, value, expire_time=None, port=None,
+                    path='/', secure=False, discard=False, rest={}, **kwargs):
+        cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+            0, name, value, port, port is not None, domain, True,
+            domain.startswith('.'), path, True, secure, expire_time,
+            discard, None, None, rest)
+        self.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie)
+
+    def _get_cookies(self, url):
+        """ Return a http.cookies.SimpleCookie with the cookies for the url """
+        return LenientSimpleCookie(self._downloader.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(url))
+
+    def _apply_first_set_cookie_header(self, url_handle, cookie):
+        """
+        Apply first Set-Cookie header instead of the last. Experimental.
+
+        Some sites (e.g. [1-3]) may serve two cookies under the same name
+        in Set-Cookie header and expect the first (old) one to be set rather
+        than second (new). However, as of RFC6265 the newer one cookie
+        should be set into cookie store what actually happens.
+        We will workaround this issue by resetting the cookie to
+        the first one manually.
+        1. https://new.vk.com/
+        2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9841#issuecomment-227871201
+        3. https://learning.oreilly.com/
+        """
+        for header, cookies in url_handle.headers.items():
+            if header.lower() != 'set-cookie':
+                continue
+            cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
+            cookie_value = re.search(
+                r'%s=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)' % cookie, cookies)
+            if cookie_value:
+                value, domain = cookie_value.groups()
+                self._set_cookie(domain, cookie, value)
+                break
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_testcases(cls, include_onlymatching=False):
+        # Do not look in super classes
+        t = vars(cls).get('_TEST')
+        if t:
+            assert not hasattr(cls, '_TESTS'), f'{cls.ie_key()}IE has _TEST and _TESTS'
+            tests = [t]
+        else:
+            tests = vars(cls).get('_TESTS', [])
+        for t in tests:
+            if not include_onlymatching and t.get('only_matching', False):
+                continue
+            t['name'] = cls.ie_key()
+            yield t
+        if getattr(cls, '__wrapped__', None):
+            yield from cls.__wrapped__.get_testcases(include_onlymatching)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_webpage_testcases(cls):
+        tests = vars(cls).get('_WEBPAGE_TESTS', [])
+        for t in tests:
+            t['name'] = cls.ie_key()
+            yield t
+        if getattr(cls, '__wrapped__', None):
+            yield from cls.__wrapped__.get_webpage_testcases()
+
+    @classproperty(cache=True)
+    def age_limit(cls):
+        """Get age limit from the testcases"""
+        return max(traverse_obj(
+            (*cls.get_testcases(include_onlymatching=False), *cls.get_webpage_testcases()),
+            (..., (('playlist', 0), None), 'info_dict', 'age_limit')) or [0])
+
+    @classproperty(cache=True)
+    def _RETURN_TYPE(cls):
+        """What the extractor returns: "video", "playlist", "any", or None (Unknown)"""
+        tests = tuple(cls.get_testcases(include_onlymatching=False))
+        if not tests:
+            return None
+        elif not any(k.startswith('playlist') for test in tests for k in test):
+            return 'video'
+        elif all(any(k.startswith('playlist') for k in test) for test in tests):
+            return 'playlist'
+        return 'any'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_single_video(cls, url):
+        """Returns whether the URL is of a single video, None if unknown"""
+        if cls.suitable(url):
+            return {'video': True, 'playlist': False}.get(cls._RETURN_TYPE)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_suitable(cls, age_limit):
+        """Test whether the extractor is generally suitable for the given age limit"""
+        return not age_restricted(cls.age_limit, age_limit)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def description(cls, *, markdown=True, search_examples=None):
+        """Description of the extractor"""
+        desc = ''
+        if cls._NETRC_MACHINE:
+            if markdown:
+                desc += f' [*{cls._NETRC_MACHINE}*](## "netrc machine")'
+            else:
+                desc += f' [{cls._NETRC_MACHINE}]'
+        if cls.IE_DESC is False:
+            desc += ' [HIDDEN]'
+        elif cls.IE_DESC:
+            desc += f' {cls.IE_DESC}'
+        if cls.SEARCH_KEY:
+            desc += f'{";" if cls.IE_DESC else ""} "{cls.SEARCH_KEY}:" prefix'
+            if search_examples:
+                _COUNTS = ('', '5', '10', 'all')
+                desc += f' (e.g. "{cls.SEARCH_KEY}{random.choice(_COUNTS)}:{random.choice(search_examples)}")'
+        if not cls.working():
+            desc += ' (**Currently broken**)' if markdown else ' (Currently broken)'
+
+        # Escape emojis. Ref: https://github.com/github/markup/issues/1153
+        name = (' - **%s**' % re.sub(r':(\w+:)', ':\u200B\\g<1>', cls.IE_NAME)) if markdown else cls.IE_NAME
+        return f'{name}:{desc}' if desc else name
+
+    def extract_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if (self.get_param('writesubtitles', False)
+                or self.get_param('listsubtitles')):
+            return self._get_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
+        return {}
+
+    def _get_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    class CommentsDisabled(Exception):
+        """Raise in _get_comments if comments are disabled for the video"""
+
+    def extract_comments(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self.get_param('getcomments'):
+            return None
+        generator = self._get_comments(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def extractor():
+            comments = []
+            interrupted = True
+            try:
+                while True:
+                    comments.append(next(generator))
+            except StopIteration:
+                interrupted = False
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                self.to_screen('Interrupted by user')
+            except self.CommentsDisabled:
+                return {'comments': None, 'comment_count': None}
+            except Exception as e:
+                if self.get_param('ignoreerrors') is not True:
+                    raise
+                self._downloader.report_error(e)
+            comment_count = len(comments)
+            self.to_screen(f'Extracted {comment_count} comments')
+            return {
+                'comments': comments,
+                'comment_count': None if interrupted else comment_count
+            }
+        return extractor
+
+    def _get_comments(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _merge_subtitle_items(subtitle_list1, subtitle_list2):
+        """ Merge subtitle items for one language. Items with duplicated URLs/data
+        will be dropped. """
+        list1_data = {(item.get('url'), item.get('data')) for item in subtitle_list1}
+        ret = list(subtitle_list1)
+        ret.extend(item for item in subtitle_list2 if (item.get('url'), item.get('data')) not in list1_data)
+        return ret
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _merge_subtitles(cls, *dicts, target=None):
+        """ Merge subtitle dictionaries, language by language. """
+        if target is None:
+            target = {}
+        for d in dicts:
+            for lang, subs in d.items():
+                target[lang] = cls._merge_subtitle_items(target.get(lang, []), subs)
+        return target
+
+    def extract_automatic_captions(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if (self.get_param('writeautomaticsub', False)
+                or self.get_param('listsubtitles')):
+            return self._get_automatic_captions(*args, **kwargs)
+        return {}
+
+    def _get_automatic_captions(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _cookies_passed(self):
+        """Whether cookies have been passed to YoutubeDL"""
+        return self.get_param('cookiefile') is not None or self.get_param('cookiesfrombrowser') is not None
+
+    def mark_watched(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self.get_param('mark_watched', False):
+            return
+        if self.supports_login() and self._get_login_info()[0] is not None or self._cookies_passed:
+            self._mark_watched(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _mark_watched(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    def geo_verification_headers(self):
+        headers = {}
+        geo_verification_proxy = self.get_param('geo_verification_proxy')
+        if geo_verification_proxy:
+            headers['Ytdl-request-proxy'] = geo_verification_proxy
+        return headers
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _generic_id(url):
+        return urllib.parse.unquote(os.path.splitext(url.rstrip('/').split('/')[-1])[0])
+
+    def _generic_title(self, url='', webpage='', *, default=None):
+        return (self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
+                or self._html_extract_title(webpage, default=None)
+                or urllib.parse.unquote(os.path.splitext(url_basename(url))[0])
+                or default)
+
+    def _extract_chapters_helper(self, chapter_list, start_function, title_function, duration, strict=True):
+        if not duration:
+            return
+        chapter_list = [{
+            'start_time': start_function(chapter),
+            'title': title_function(chapter),
+        } for chapter in chapter_list or []]
+        if strict:
+            warn = self.report_warning
+        else:
+            warn = self.write_debug
+            chapter_list.sort(key=lambda c: c['start_time'] or 0)
+
+        chapters = [{'start_time': 0}]
+        for idx, chapter in enumerate(chapter_list):
+            if chapter['start_time'] is None:
+                warn(f'Incomplete chapter {idx}')
+            elif chapters[-1]['start_time'] <= chapter['start_time'] <= duration:
+                chapters.append(chapter)
+            elif chapter not in chapters:
+                issue = (f'{chapter["start_time"]} > {duration}' if chapter['start_time'] > duration
+                         else f'{chapter["start_time"]} < {chapters[-1]["start_time"]}')
+                warn(f'Invalid start time ({issue}) for chapter "{chapter["title"]}"')
+        return chapters[1:]
+
+    def _extract_chapters_from_description(self, description, duration):
+        duration_re = r'(?:\d+:)?\d{1,2}:\d{2}'
+        sep_re = r'(?m)^\s*(%s)\b\W*\s(%s)\s*$'
+        return self._extract_chapters_helper(
+            re.findall(sep_re % (duration_re, r'.+?'), description or ''),
+            start_function=lambda x: parse_duration(x[0]), title_function=lambda x: x[1],
+            duration=duration, strict=False) or self._extract_chapters_helper(
+            re.findall(sep_re % (r'.+?', duration_re), description or ''),
+            start_function=lambda x: parse_duration(x[1]), title_function=lambda x: x[0],
+            duration=duration, strict=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _availability(is_private=None, needs_premium=None, needs_subscription=None, needs_auth=None, is_unlisted=None):
+        all_known = all(map(
+            lambda x: x is not None,
+            (is_private, needs_premium, needs_subscription, needs_auth, is_unlisted)))
+        return (
+            'private' if is_private
+            else 'premium_only' if needs_premium
+            else 'subscriber_only' if needs_subscription
+            else 'needs_auth' if needs_auth
+            else 'unlisted' if is_unlisted
+            else 'public' if all_known
+            else None)
+
+    def _configuration_arg(self, key, default=NO_DEFAULT, *, ie_key=None, casesense=False):
+        '''
+        @returns            A list of values for the extractor argument given by "key"
+                            or "default" if no such key is present
+        @param default      The default value to return when the key is not present (default: [])
+        @param casesense    When false, the values are converted to lower case
+        '''
+        ie_key = ie_key if isinstance(ie_key, str) else (ie_key or self).ie_key()
+        val = traverse_obj(self._downloader.params, ('extractor_args', ie_key.lower(), key))
+        if val is None:
+            return [] if default is NO_DEFAULT else default
+        return list(val) if casesense else [x.lower() for x in val]
+
+    def _yes_playlist(self, playlist_id, video_id, smuggled_data=None, *, playlist_label='playlist', video_label='video'):
+        if not playlist_id or not video_id:
+            return not video_id
+
+        no_playlist = (smuggled_data or {}).get('force_noplaylist')
+        if no_playlist is not None:
+            return not no_playlist
+
+        video_id = '' if video_id is True else f' {video_id}'
+        playlist_id = '' if playlist_id is True else f' {playlist_id}'
+        if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
+            self.to_screen(f'Downloading just the {video_label}{video_id} because of --no-playlist')
+            return False
+        self.to_screen(f'Downloading {playlist_label}{playlist_id} - add --no-playlist to download just the {video_label}{video_id}')
+        return True
+
+    def _error_or_warning(self, err, _count=None, _retries=0, *, fatal=True):
+        RetryManager.report_retry(
+            err, _count or int(fatal), _retries,
+            info=self.to_screen, warn=self.report_warning, error=None if fatal else self.report_warning,
+            sleep_func=self.get_param('retry_sleep_functions', {}).get('extractor'))
+
+    def RetryManager(self, **kwargs):
+        return RetryManager(self.get_param('extractor_retries', 3), self._error_or_warning, **kwargs)
+
+    def _extract_generic_embeds(self, url, *args, info_dict={}, note='Extracting generic embeds', **kwargs):
+        display_id = traverse_obj(info_dict, 'display_id', 'id')
+        self.to_screen(f'{format_field(display_id, None, "%s: ")}{note}')
+        return self._downloader.get_info_extractor('Generic')._extract_embeds(
+            smuggle_url(url, {'block_ies': [self.ie_key()]}), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def extract_from_webpage(cls, ydl, url, webpage):
+        ie = (cls if isinstance(cls._extract_from_webpage, types.MethodType)
+              else ydl.get_info_extractor(cls.ie_key()))
+        for info in ie._extract_from_webpage(url, webpage) or []:
+            # url = None since we do not want to set (webpage/original)_url
+            ydl.add_default_extra_info(info, ie, None)
+            yield info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_from_webpage(cls, url, webpage):
+        for embed_url in orderedSet(
+                cls._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage) or [], lazy=True):
+            yield cls.url_result(embed_url, None if cls._VALID_URL is False else cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        """@returns all the embed urls on the webpage"""
+        if '_EMBED_URL_RE' not in cls.__dict__:
+            assert isinstance(cls._EMBED_REGEX, (list, tuple))
+            for idx, regex in enumerate(cls._EMBED_REGEX):
+                assert regex.count('(?P<url>') == 1, \
+                    f'{cls.__name__}._EMBED_REGEX[{idx}] must have exactly 1 url group\n\t{regex}'
+            cls._EMBED_URL_RE = tuple(map(re.compile, cls._EMBED_REGEX))
+
+        for regex in cls._EMBED_URL_RE:
+            for mobj in regex.finditer(webpage):
+                embed_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(mobj.group('url')))
+                if cls._VALID_URL is False or cls.suitable(embed_url):
+                    yield embed_url
+
+    class StopExtraction(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_url(cls, webpage):  # TODO: Remove
+        """Only for compatibility with some older extractors"""
+        return next(iter(cls._extract_embed_urls(None, webpage) or []), None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, *, plugin_name=None, **kwargs):
+        if plugin_name:
+            mro = inspect.getmro(cls)
+            super_class = cls.__wrapped__ = mro[mro.index(cls) + 1]
+            cls.PLUGIN_NAME, cls.ie_key = plugin_name, super_class.ie_key
+            cls.IE_NAME = f'{super_class.IE_NAME}+{plugin_name}'
+            while getattr(super_class, '__wrapped__', None):
+                super_class = super_class.__wrapped__
+            setattr(sys.modules[super_class.__module__], super_class.__name__, cls)
+            _PLUGIN_OVERRIDES[super_class].append(cls)
+
+        return super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class SearchInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
+    """
+    Base class for paged search queries extractors.
+    They accept URLs in the format _SEARCH_KEY(|all|[0-9]):{query}
+    Instances should define _SEARCH_KEY and optionally _MAX_RESULTS
+    """
+
+    _MAX_RESULTS = float('inf')
+    _RETURN_TYPE = 'playlist'
+
+    @classproperty
+    def _VALID_URL(cls):
+        return r'%s(?P<prefix>|[1-9][0-9]*|all):(?P<query>[\s\S]+)' % cls._SEARCH_KEY
+
+    def _real_extract(self, query):
+        prefix, query = self._match_valid_url(query).group('prefix', 'query')
+        if prefix == '':
+            return self._get_n_results(query, 1)
+        elif prefix == 'all':
+            return self._get_n_results(query, self._MAX_RESULTS)
+        else:
+            n = int(prefix)
+            if n <= 0:
+                raise ExtractorError(f'invalid download number {n} for query "{query}"')
+            elif n > self._MAX_RESULTS:
+                self.report_warning('%s returns max %i results (you requested %i)' % (self._SEARCH_KEY, self._MAX_RESULTS, n))
+                n = self._MAX_RESULTS
+            return self._get_n_results(query, n)
+
+    def _get_n_results(self, query, n):
+        """Get a specified number of results for a query.
+        Either this function or _search_results must be overridden by subclasses """
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            itertools.islice(self._search_results(query), 0, None if n == float('inf') else n),
+            query, query)
+
+    def _search_results(self, query):
+        """Returns an iterator of search results"""
+        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
+
+    @classproperty
+    def SEARCH_KEY(cls):
+        return cls._SEARCH_KEY
+
+
+class UnsupportedURLIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = '.*'
+    _ENABLED = False
+    IE_DESC = False
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        raise UnsupportedError(url)
+
+
+_PLUGIN_OVERRIDES = collections.defaultdict(list)