@torrent-tv/proxy 2.87.20 → 2.88.0

package/services/torrent/naming.js

@@ -1,619 +1,619 @@
-/**
- * @file What a file NAME says about a track shipped beside the video.
- *
- * A name is written by the person who made the file, and reading it costs
- * nothing. Content detection is a guess — and a guess that is measurably wrong
- * on short text (`research/subtitle-language-ass-markup-2026-09-01.md` §6) — so
- * every name we can read is one track that never has to be guessed at.
- *
- * The grammar here is the UNION of what five players already implement, and
- * every rule in it is in at least two of them. Nothing is invented. Sources,
- * all read 2026-09-01 and quoted in
- * `research/sidecar-naming-conventions-2026-09-01.md`:
- *
- * - **Jellyfin** (`Emby.Naming/ExternalFiles/ExternalPathParser.cs`,
- *   `Common/NamingOptions.cs`): the `.` delimiter, the three flag lists, tokens
- *   read from the END backwards, the last language winning, the `hi`/Hindi
- *   collision resolved by whether another language is present, and leftover
- *   text becoming the stream title.
- * - **Plex** ("Adding Local Subtitles to Your Media"): the language code is
- *   "ISO-639-1 (2-letter) or ISO-639-2/B (3-letter)", flags after it.
- * - **Kodi** (wiki, "Subtitles"): `<movie name>.<language>.<ext>`, where the
- *   language "can be an ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 code, a BCP 47 tag (with `-`
- *   characters replaced with `_`) or the English name of a language"; the
- *   forced flag may be separated by a dot, a space or a dash.
- * - **mpv** (`misc/language.c`): the delimiter is taken from the LAST
- *   character — `(` when the name ends `)`, `[` when it ends `]` — which covers
- *   `Movie (Russian)` and `Movie [rus]` with one rule instead of a list of
- *   bracket shapes; and BCP-47 shape, primary subtag of 2 or 3 letters.
- * - **VLC** (`src/libvlc-module.c`): the folders that mean "subtitles live
- *   here" and NOT a language — its default `sub-autodetect-path` is
- *   `./Subtitles, ./subtitles, ./Subs, ./subs`.
- *
- * Used for BOTH subtitles and soundtracks, because both are the same question
- * about the same kind of path.
- */
-
-/**
- * One language, with every spelling a release might use for it.
- *
- * `aliases` carries: the ISO 639-1 code, BOTH ISO 639-2 sets where they differ
- * (Plex names the bibliographic set, ffmpeg and Matroska write either), the
- * English name, and — for the languages these trackers actually carry — the
- * name in Russian, because a Russian release names its folders in Russian.
- *
- * @type {Array<{ code: string, name: string, aliases: string[] }>}
- */
-const LANGUAGES = [
-  { code: "en", name: "English", aliases: ["en", "eng", "english", "английский", "англ", "англи", "английские", "инглиш"] },
-  { code: "ru", name: "Russian", aliases: ["ru", "rus", "russian", "русский", "рус", "русские", "русск"] },
-  { code: "uk", name: "Ukrainian", aliases: ["uk", "ukr", "ukrainian", "українська", "укр", "украинский"] },
-  { code: "be", name: "Belarusian", aliases: ["be", "bel", "belarusian", "беларуская", "белорусский"] },
-  { code: "ja", name: "Japanese", aliases: ["ja", "jpn", "japanese", "японский", "яп", "японские"] },
-  { code: "ko", name: "Korean", aliases: ["ko", "kor", "korean", "корейский"] },
-  { code: "zh", name: "Chinese", aliases: ["zh", "chi", "zho", "chinese", "китайский"] },
-  { code: "zh-Hans", name: "Chinese (Simplified)", aliases: ["chs", "hans", "simplified"] },
-  { code: "zh-Hant", name: "Chinese (Traditional)", aliases: ["cht", "hant", "traditional"] },
-  { code: "es", name: "Spanish", aliases: ["es", "spa", "spanish", "espanol", "español", "испанский"] },
-  { code: "fr", name: "French", aliases: ["fr", "fre", "fra", "french", "francais", "français", "французский"] },
-  { code: "de", name: "German", aliases: ["de", "ger", "deu", "german", "deutsch", "немецкий"] },
-  { code: "it", name: "Italian", aliases: ["it", "ita", "italian", "italiano", "итальянский"] },
-  { code: "pt", name: "Portuguese", aliases: ["pt", "por", "portuguese", "portugues", "português", "португальский"] },
-  { code: "pl", name: "Polish", aliases: ["pl", "pol", "polish", "polski", "польский"] },
-  { code: "nl", name: "Dutch", aliases: ["nl", "dut", "nld", "dutch", "nederlands", "голландский", "нидерландский"] },
-  { code: "ar", name: "Arabic", aliases: ["ar", "ara", "arabic", "арабский"] },
-  { code: "tr", name: "Turkish", aliases: ["tr", "tur", "turkish", "türkçe", "турецкий"] },
-  { code: "vi", name: "Vietnamese", aliases: ["vi", "vie", "vietnamese", "вьетнамский"] },
-  { code: "th", name: "Thai", aliases: ["th", "tha", "thai", "тайский"] },
-  { code: "hi", name: "Hindi", aliases: ["hi", "hin", "hindi", "хинди"] },
-  { code: "id", name: "Indonesian", aliases: ["id", "ind", "indonesian", "индонезийский"] },
-  { code: "ms", name: "Malay", aliases: ["ms", "may", "msa", "malay", "малайский"] },
-  { code: "cs", name: "Czech", aliases: ["cs", "cze", "ces", "czech", "чешский"] },
-  { code: "sk", name: "Slovak", aliases: ["sk", "slo", "slk", "slovak", "словацкий"] },
-  { code: "ro", name: "Romanian", aliases: ["ro", "rum", "ron", "romanian", "румынский"] },
-  { code: "hu", name: "Hungarian", aliases: ["hu", "hun", "hungarian", "венгерский"] },
-  { code: "sr", name: "Serbian", aliases: ["sr", "srp", "serbian", "српски", "сербский"] },
-  { code: "hr", name: "Croatian", aliases: ["hr", "hrv", "croatian", "hrvatski", "хорватский"] },
-  { code: "bs", name: "Bosnian", aliases: ["bs", "bos", "bosnian", "боснийский"] },
-  { code: "sl", name: "Slovenian", aliases: ["sl", "slv", "slovenian", "словенский"] },
-  { code: "bg", name: "Bulgarian", aliases: ["bg", "bul", "bulgarian", "български", "болгарский"] },
-  { code: "mk", name: "Macedonian", aliases: ["mk", "mac", "mkd", "macedonian", "македонский"] },
-  { code: "el", name: "Greek", aliases: ["el", "gre", "ell", "greek", "греческий"] },
-  { code: "he", name: "Hebrew", aliases: ["he", "heb", "hebrew", "иврит"] },
-  { code: "da", name: "Danish", aliases: ["da", "dan", "danish", "датский"] },
-  { code: "fi", name: "Finnish", aliases: ["fi", "fin", "finnish", "suomi", "финский"] },
-  { code: "no", name: "Norwegian", aliases: ["no", "nor", "nob", "nno", "norwegian", "норвежский"] },
-  { code: "sv", name: "Swedish", aliases: ["sv", "swe", "swedish", "svenska", "шведский"] },
-  { code: "et", name: "Estonian", aliases: ["et", "est", "estonian", "эстонский"] },
-  { code: "lv", name: "Latvian", aliases: ["lv", "lav", "latvian", "латышский"] },
-  { code: "lt", name: "Lithuanian", aliases: ["lt", "lit", "lithuanian", "литовский"] },
-  { code: "fa", name: "Persian", aliases: ["fa", "per", "fas", "persian", "farsi", "персидский"] },
-  { code: "ka", name: "Georgian", aliases: ["ka", "geo", "kat", "georgian", "грузинский"] },
-  { code: "hy", name: "Armenian", aliases: ["hy", "arm", "hye", "armenian", "армянский"] },
-  { code: "az", name: "Azerbaijani", aliases: ["az", "aze", "azerbaijani", "азербайджанский"] },
-  { code: "kk", name: "Kazakh", aliases: ["kk", "kaz", "kazakh", "казахский"] },
-  { code: "is", name: "Icelandic", aliases: ["is", "ice", "isl", "icelandic", "исландский"] },
-  { code: "sq", name: "Albanian", aliases: ["sq", "alb", "sqi", "albanian", "албанский"] },
-  { code: "eu", name: "Basque", aliases: ["eu", "baq", "eus", "basque"] },
-  { code: "cy", name: "Welsh", aliases: ["cy", "wel", "cym", "welsh"] },
-  { code: "ca", name: "Catalan", aliases: ["ca", "cat", "catalan", "català"] },
-  { code: "gl", name: "Galician", aliases: ["gl", "glg", "galician"] },
-  { code: "my", name: "Burmese", aliases: ["my", "bur", "mya", "burmese"] },
-  { code: "bo", name: "Tibetan", aliases: ["bo", "tib", "bod", "tibetan"] },
-  { code: "mi", name: "Maori", aliases: ["mi", "mao", "mri", "maori"] }
-];
-
-/** alias → { code, name }. Built once. */
-const BY_ALIAS = new Map();
-for (const language of LANGUAGES) {
-  for (const alias of language.aliases) {
-    BY_ALIAS.set(alias.toLowerCase(), { code: language.code, name: language.name });
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Words that appear where a language would and are NOT one.
- *
- * Two kinds, and both are needed. A folder can say only that a KIND of track
- * lives in it — VLC's own default search path is `./Subtitles, ./subtitles,
- * ./Subs, ./subs`, and a Russian release writes the same thing in Russian. And
- * a name can carry a technical word that happens to sit where a language token
- * does. Today `Subs/` is safe only because no such word happens to be in the
- * language table; that is an accident, and this makes it a statement.
- */
-const NEUTRAL_WORDS = new Set([
-  "sub", "subs", "subtitle", "subtitles", "subtitulos", "sous", "titres",
-  "sound", "audio", "dub", "dubs", "dubbed", "track", "tracks", "voice",
-  "субтитры", "субтитр", "суб", "сабы", "саб", "титры",
-  "звук", "звуковая", "звуковые", "дорожка", "дорожки", "аудио",
-  "озвучка", "озвучание", "перевод", "переводы", "дубляж"
-]);
-
-/** Flags, per Jellyfin's `NamingOptions` and mpv's `language.c`. */
-const FORCED_FLAGS = new Set(["forced", "foreign"]);
-const HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS = new Set(["sdh", "cc", "hi"]);
-const DEFAULT_FLAGS = new Set(["default"]);
-
-/**
- * Look up one bare token as a language.
- *
- * @param {string} token
- * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
- */
-export function lookupLanguage(token) {
-  if (typeof token !== "string") {
-    return null;
-  }
-  return BY_ALIAS.get(token.trim().toLowerCase()) ?? null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Is this a word that names a KIND of track rather than a language?
- *
- * @param {string} token
- * @returns {boolean}
- */
-export function isNeutralWord(token) {
-  return typeof token === "string" && NEUTRAL_WORDS.has(token.trim().toLowerCase());
-}
-
-/**
- * Read one token as a language tag, keeping a region or script subtag.
- *
- * Kodi writes BCP-47 with `_` where the standard has `-` (its own example is
- * `The Matrix.zh_yue.srt`), so both separators are accepted. The whole tag is
- * KEPT — `pt-BR` against `pt-PT` is a distinction a viewer can see — while the
- * lookup is done on the primary subtag alone. Per BCP-47 and mpv's reading of
- * it: the primary subtag is 2 or 3 letters, later subtags are 1 to 8
- * alphanumerics.
- *
- * @param {string} token
- * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
- */
-export function parseLanguageTag(token) {
-  if (typeof token !== "string") {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const trimmed = token.trim();
-  if (trimmed.length === 0 || isNeutralWord(trimmed)) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const whole = lookupLanguage(trimmed);
-  if (whole) {
-    return whole;
-  }
-  const parts = trimmed.split(/[-_]/);
-  if (parts.length < 2) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const primary = lookupLanguage(parts[0]);
-  if (!primary || !/^[A-Za-z]{2,3}$/.test(parts[0])) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  for (const subtag of parts.slice(1)) {
-    if (!/^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,8}$/.test(subtag)) {
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-  const base = primary.code.split("-")[0];
-  return { code: [base, ...parts.slice(1)].join("-"), name: primary.name };
-}
-
-/**
- * Split a base name into the tokens a language or a flag could be.
- *
- * The delimiter follows mpv: `.` normally, but `(` when the name ends with `)`
- * and `[` when it ends with `]`, so `Movie (Russian)` and `Movie [rus]` need no
- * rule of their own. `_` is accepted alongside `.` because releases on these
- * trackers use it interchangeably (`Avatar_The_Last_Airbender_S02E01_1080p_rus`),
- * and neither character occurs inside a language code or a flag word.
- *
- * A trailing flag separated by a space or a dash is peeled off the last token,
- * which is Kodi's rule for the forced flag: it "can use a '.' (dot), ' '
- * (space) or '-' (dash) to separate them from the name of the movie and
- * language of the subtitles".
- *
- * @param {string} baseName - File name with its extension already removed.
- * @returns {string[]} Tokens in name order.
- */
-export function tokenizeName(baseName) {
-  const text = String(baseName ?? "").trim();
-  if (text.length === 0) {
-    return [];
-  }
-  // A bracketed tail is a token of its own; what comes BEFORE it is still split
-  // the ordinary way, so `Film.rus [1080p]` yields `rus` rather than `.rus`.
-  const bracketed = /^(.*)[([]([^()[\]]*)[)\]]$/.exec(text);
-  const head = bracketed ? bracketed[1] : text;
-  const tail = bracketed ? splitTrailingFlags(bracketed[2]) : [];
-  const parts = head.split(/[._]/);
-  const last = parts.pop() ?? "";
-  return [...parts, ...splitTrailingFlags(last), ...tail];
-}
-
-/**
- * Peel flag words off the end of one token when a space or a dash separates
- * them — `"English Forced"` is two tokens, `"English"` is one.
- *
- * @param {string} token
- * @returns {string[]}
- */
-function splitTrailingFlags(token) {
-  let text = String(token ?? "").trim();
-  const flags = [];
-  for (;;) {
-    // Only a trailing FLAG is peeled. The token is otherwise left exactly as it
-    // is, because a dash is also what BCP-47 puts between subtags: splitting
-    // `pt-BR` here would destroy the region before anything could read it.
-    const match = /^(.*\S)[ -]+([A-Za-z]+)$/.exec(text);
-    if (!match) {
-      break;
-    }
-    const candidate = match[2].toLowerCase();
-    if (!FORCED_FLAGS.has(candidate) && !HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS.has(candidate) && !DEFAULT_FLAGS.has(candidate)) {
-      break;
-    }
-    flags.unshift(match[2]);
-    text = match[1];
-  }
-  return [text, ...flags].filter((word) => word.length > 0);
-}
-
-/**
- * @typedef {object} SidecarNameReading
- * @property {{ code: string, name: string } | null} language
- * @property {boolean} isForced
- * @property {boolean} isHearingImpaired
- * @property {boolean} isDefault
- * @property {string | null} title - Text that is neither a language nor a flag.
- */
-
-/**
- * Read the language and the flags a sidecar's file name states.
- *
- * Two readings, and which one applies depends on whether the picture's name is
- * known — this is Jellyfin's own safeguard, and without it a name is dangerous
- * to read. Jellyfin parses only the part of the name that FOLLOWS the video's
- * name, because everything before it belongs to the film: `Movie.It.Follows.
- * 2014.srt` would otherwise be read as Italian.
- *
- * 1. **The name begins with the video's name.** Everything after it is the
- *    releaser speaking about this track, so every token in it is read, the last
- *    language token wins, and what is neither language nor flag is the title.
- * 2. **It does not** (or the video is unknown). Then tokens are read from the
- *    END backwards and reading STOPS at the first token that is neither a flag
- *    nor a language — mpv's rule, and the only safe one when the boundary
- *    between the film's name and the track's description is not known.
- *
- * @param {string} baseName - The sidecar's file name, extension removed.
- * @param {string} [videoBaseName] - The picture's file name, extension removed.
- * @returns {SidecarNameReading}
- */
-/**
- * Whether a sidecar's base name continues the video's base name — and continues
- * it at a token boundary.
- *
- * The boundary is the whole of the rule's safety. Without it, "begins with the
- * video's name" pairs `Film.20.rus.srt` with `Film.2.mkv`: measured, and the
- * grammar then reports the leftover `0` as the track's title, which is the tell
- * that the remainder is a fragment of another film's name rather than anything
- * a releaser wrote about this track.
- *
- * The delimiters are the ones every surveyed player splits on — `.`, `_`, `-`,
- * space — plus mpv's bracket rule, so `Movie (Russian).srt` and `Movie [rus].srt`
- * are read as continuations too.
- *
- * @param {string} base - The sidecar's base name.
- * @param {string} video - The picture's base name.
- * @returns {boolean}
- */
-export function nameFollows(base, video) {
-  if (video.length === 0 || base.length < video.length) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (!base.toLowerCase().startsWith(video.toLowerCase())) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (base.length === video.length) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  return /^[._\-\s([]/.test(base.slice(video.length));
-}
-
-export function readSidecarName(baseName, videoBaseName = "") {
-  const reading = {
-    language: null,
-    isForced: false,
-    isHearingImpaired: false,
-    isDefault: false,
-    title: null
-  };
-  const base = String(baseName ?? "").trim();
-  if (base.length === 0) {
-    return reading;
-  }
-
-  const video = String(videoBaseName ?? "").trim();
-  const followsVideo = nameFollows(base, video);
-  const text = followsVideo ? base.slice(video.length) : base;
-  const tokens = tokenizeName(text);
-  if (tokens.length === 0) {
-    return reading;
-  }
-
-  const leftovers = [];
-  let sawHiToken = false;
-  // Backwards: the LAST language in the name is the one that counts, which is
-  // Jellyfin's documented rule and what its parser does by walking this way.
-  for (let index = tokens.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
-    const token = tokens[index];
-    const word = token.trim().toLowerCase();
-    if (word.length === 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (FORCED_FLAGS.has(word)) {
-      reading.isForced = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (DEFAULT_FLAGS.has(word)) {
-      reading.isDefault = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-    // `hi` is both Hindi and "hearing impaired". Which it is depends on whether
-    // another language is named — Jellyfin: "`hi` by itself will resolve as a
-    // Hindi language track, while `hi` in conjunction with another language
-    // identifier … will use the other language and tag it as hearing impaired."
-    // It cannot be settled here, because the other language may still be to the
-    // left, so it is remembered and settled below.
-    if (word === "hi") {
-      sawHiToken = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS.has(word)) {
-      reading.isHearingImpaired = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-    const language = parseLanguageTag(token);
-    if (language) {
-      if (reading.language === null) {
-        reading.language = language;
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (!followsVideo) {
-      break;
-    }
-    leftovers.unshift(token.trim());
-  }
-
-  if (sawHiToken) {
-    if (reading.language === null) {
-      reading.language = lookupLanguage("hi");
-    } else {
-      reading.isHearingImpaired = true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  const title = leftovers.filter((part) => part.length > 0).join(" ").trim();
-  reading.title = title.length > 0 ? title : null;
-  return reading;
-}
-
-/**
- * The language a path's FOLDERS state, looking from the innermost outwards.
- *
- * A whole segment is tried first (`ENG`, `Russian`, `рус`), then its words —
- * which is what reads `Rus Sound` as Russian. A word is only accepted from a
- * multi-word segment when it is at least three letters, because two-letter
- * codes are also ordinary words (`no`, `id`, `it`) and a folder called
- * `No Subs` does not mean Norwegian.
- *
- * A segment made only of words that name a KIND of track — `Subs`, `Субтитры` —
- * states no language and is skipped rather than searched, so a future table
- * entry cannot turn one into a language by accident.
- *
- * @param {string[]} folders - Folders above the file, outermost first.
- * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
- */
-export function languageFromFolderNames(folders) {
-  const segments = Array.isArray(folders) ? folders : [];
-  for (let index = segments.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
-    const segment = String(segments[index] ?? "").trim();
-    if (segment.length === 0 || isNeutralWord(segment)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    const whole = parseLanguageTag(segment);
-    if (whole) {
-      return whole;
-    }
-    const words = segment.split(/[^\p{L}]+/u).filter((word) => word.length >= 3);
-    for (const word of words) {
-      const found = lookupLanguage(word);
-      if (found) {
-        return found;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Reading a whole sidecar path: its name AND the folders above it.
-//
-// This half used to live in the browser (`subtitle-utils.js`), which is also
-// where the pairing was decided — two answers about the same file, computed on
-// two sides, compared nowhere. Measured 2026-09-04 over the 115 torrents in
-// `Dropbox/trn`: 1249 video files, 1239 pairings agreed and 10 did not, every
-// one of the ten a `<video base>.<language>.<ext>` name that the browser paired
-// and the proxy did not. The proxy warms what it paired and the browser offers
-// what it paired, so a disagreement reached the viewer as a track nobody had
-// warmed — a wait of 27.7 s in the field measurement of 2026-08-31.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Remove the file extension from a name.
- *
- * @param {string} name
- * @returns {string}
- */
-export function stripExtension(name) {
-  const text = typeof name === "string" ? name : "";
-  const dot = text.lastIndexOf(".");
-  return dot > 0 ? text.slice(0, dot) : text;
-}
-
-/**
- * The bracketed groups of a name, in order.
- *
- * @param {string} text
- * @returns {string[]}
- */
-function bracketTokens(text) {
-  const source = typeof text === "string" ? text : "";
-  const tokens = [];
-  for (const match of source.matchAll(/\[([^\]]+)\]/g)) {
-    const token = match[1].trim();
-    if (token.length > 0) {
-      tokens.push(token);
-    }
-  }
-  return tokens;
-}
-
-/**
- * Bracketed groups that describe the ENCODE rather than a team — resolution,
- * codec, source, audio format, bit depth. A releaser's name is what is left
- * after these are set aside.
- *
- * @param {string} token
- * @returns {boolean}
- */
-function isTechnicalToken(token) {
-  const text = String(token ?? "").trim().toLowerCase();
-  if (text.length === 0) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  // A release hash: `[78EFD746]`. It identifies the file, not its author.
-  if (/^[0-9a-f]{4,10}$/.test(text) && /\d/.test(text)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (/^\d{3,4}[pi]$/.test(text) || /^\d{3,4}x\d{3,4}$/.test(text)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (/^(x|h)\.?26[45]$/.test(text) || /^(hevc|avc|av1|vp9|xvid|divx)$/.test(text)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (/^(aac|ac3|eac3|dts(-?hd)?|flac|mp3|opus|truehd|atmos|pcm|\d\.\d)$/.test(text)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (/^(web-?rip|web-?dl|bd-?rip|blu-?ray|hdtv|dvd-?rip|remux|hdr\d*|dv|sdr|\d{1,2}bit)$/.test(text)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  // A bracket that names a language names a language, not a team; and one that
-  // names the KIND of track (`[Subs]`) names neither.
-  return lookupLanguage(text) !== null || isNeutralWord(text);
-}
-
-/**
- * What is left of a name after the language and the flags, as a TITLE — or
- * nothing, when what is left only describes the encode.
- *
- * Jellyfin keeps every leftover word ("Any arbitrary text not parsable to a
- * language or flag will be combined and used as the title of the stream"), and
- * on its own library that is right, because the part it reads is what the owner
- * deliberately appended. A torrent is not that tidy: `Film.1080p.rus.srt` beside
- * `Film.mkv` leaves `1080p`, and a track labelled "Russian (1080p)" is worse
- * than one labelled "Russian".
- *
- * @param {string | null} title
- * @returns {string | null}
- */
-function titleOf(title) {
-  if (typeof title !== "string") {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const words = title.split(/\s+/).filter((word) => word.length > 0);
-  if (words.length === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  // ALL of it, or none. A word is only weighed on its own when it stands on its
-  // own: inside a phrase, a word that happens to name a language is part of the
-  // phrase — `English Commentary` is a title, and dropping `English` from it
-  // would leave a label nobody wrote.
-  return words.every((word) => isTechnicalToken(word)) ? null : words.join(" ");
-}
-
-/**
- * Who made a track that ships as its own file, when the torrent says so.
- *
- * The rule that keeps this honest: a bracketed group is only a releaser of the
- * SIDECAR when it is not also in the video's own name. In the field case that
- * settles it — a Russian dub named exactly like the picture,
- * `[HorribleSubs] Drifters - 02 [1080p].mka`, sitting in `Rus Sound/` — every
- * bracket it carries is the picture's, and attributing the dub to HorribleSubs
- * would be inventing an author. The subtitles of the same release, in
- * `Sub/[Stan WarHammer & Nesitach]/`, carry a bracket the video does not, and
- * that one IS their author.
- *
- * The innermost folder is looked at before the file name, because that is where
- * a release puts the team when several of them contributed.
- *
- * @param {object} params
- * @param {string[]} params.folders - Folders above the file, innermost last.
- * @param {string} params.fileName
- * @param {string} [params.videoName] - The picture's own file name.
- * @returns {string | null}
- */
-export function releaserFrom({ folders, fileName, videoName = "" }) {
-  const shared = new Set(
-    bracketTokens(stripExtension(String(videoName ?? ""))).map((token) => token.toLowerCase())
-  );
-  const sources = [...(Array.isArray(folders) ? folders : [])].reverse();
-  sources.push(stripExtension(String(fileName ?? "")));
-  for (const source of sources) {
-    for (const token of bracketTokens(source)) {
-      if (shared.has(token.toLowerCase()) || isTechnicalToken(token)) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      return token;
-    }
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Language, flags and releaser for a track that ships as its own file.
- *
- * Reading order, and the reason for it: the FILE NAME first, then the folders.
- * All five players surveyed read the name
- * (`research/sidecar-naming-conventions-2026-09-01.md`); only VLC and Kodi treat
- * a folder as a place rather than as a statement about language. A name is also
- * per-file where a folder is per-group, so where both speak the name is the more
- * specific of the two.
- *
- * A soundtrack is named by the same conventions a subtitle is — Jellyfin's own
- * example set carries `Film.en.ac3` and `Film.german.ac3` beside `Film.de.srt` —
- * so it is the same grammar over the same path.
- *
- * @param {object} params
- * @param {string[]} params.folders
- * @param {string} params.fileName
- * @param {string} [params.videoName]
- * @returns {{ code: string | null, name: string | null, releaser: string | null,
- *   isForced: boolean, isHearingImpaired: boolean, isDefault: boolean }}
- */
-export function sidecarNaming({ folders, fileName, videoName = "" }) {
-  const fromName = readSidecarName(
-    stripExtension(String(fileName ?? "")),
-    stripExtension(String(videoName ?? ""))
-  );
-  const language = fromName.language ?? languageFromFolderNames(folders);
-  return {
-    code: language?.code ?? null,
-    name: language?.name ?? null,
-    releaser: titleOf(fromName.title) ?? releaserFrom({ folders, fileName, videoName }),
-    isForced: fromName.isForced,
-    isHearingImpaired: fromName.isHearingImpaired,
-    isDefault: fromName.isDefault
-  };
-}
+/**
+ * @file What a file NAME says about a track shipped beside the video.
+ *
+ * A name is written by the person who made the file, and reading it costs
+ * nothing. Content detection is a guess — and a guess that is measurably wrong
+ * on short text (`research/subtitle-language-ass-markup-2026-09-01.md` §6) — so
+ * every name we can read is one track that never has to be guessed at.
+ *
+ * The grammar here is the UNION of what five players already implement, and
+ * every rule in it is in at least two of them. Nothing is invented. Sources,
+ * all read 2026-09-01 and quoted in
+ * `research/sidecar-naming-conventions-2026-09-01.md`:
+ *
+ * - **Jellyfin** (`Emby.Naming/ExternalFiles/ExternalPathParser.cs`,
+ *   `Common/NamingOptions.cs`): the `.` delimiter, the three flag lists, tokens
+ *   read from the END backwards, the last language winning, the `hi`/Hindi
+ *   collision resolved by whether another language is present, and leftover
+ *   text becoming the stream title.
+ * - **Plex** ("Adding Local Subtitles to Your Media"): the language code is
+ *   "ISO-639-1 (2-letter) or ISO-639-2/B (3-letter)", flags after it.
+ * - **Kodi** (wiki, "Subtitles"): `<movie name>.<language>.<ext>`, where the
+ *   language "can be an ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 code, a BCP 47 tag (with `-`
+ *   characters replaced with `_`) or the English name of a language"; the
+ *   forced flag may be separated by a dot, a space or a dash.
+ * - **mpv** (`misc/language.c`): the delimiter is taken from the LAST
+ *   character — `(` when the name ends `)`, `[` when it ends `]` — which covers
+ *   `Movie (Russian)` and `Movie [rus]` with one rule instead of a list of
+ *   bracket shapes; and BCP-47 shape, primary subtag of 2 or 3 letters.
+ * - **VLC** (`src/libvlc-module.c`): the folders that mean "subtitles live
+ *   here" and NOT a language — its default `sub-autodetect-path` is
+ *   `./Subtitles, ./subtitles, ./Subs, ./subs`.
+ *
+ * Used for BOTH subtitles and soundtracks, because both are the same question
+ * about the same kind of path.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * One language, with every spelling a release might use for it.
+ *
+ * `aliases` carries: the ISO 639-1 code, BOTH ISO 639-2 sets where they differ
+ * (Plex names the bibliographic set, ffmpeg and Matroska write either), the
+ * English name, and — for the languages these trackers actually carry — the
+ * name in Russian, because a Russian release names its folders in Russian.
+ *
+ * @type {Array<{ code: string, name: string, aliases: string[] }>}
+ */
+const LANGUAGES = [
+  { code: "en", name: "English", aliases: ["en", "eng", "english", "английский", "англ", "англи", "английские", "инглиш"] },
+  { code: "ru", name: "Russian", aliases: ["ru", "rus", "russian", "русский", "рус", "русские", "русск"] },
+  { code: "uk", name: "Ukrainian", aliases: ["uk", "ukr", "ukrainian", "українська", "укр", "украинский"] },
+  { code: "be", name: "Belarusian", aliases: ["be", "bel", "belarusian", "беларуская", "белорусский"] },
+  { code: "ja", name: "Japanese", aliases: ["ja", "jpn", "japanese", "японский", "яп", "японские"] },
+  { code: "ko", name: "Korean", aliases: ["ko", "kor", "korean", "корейский"] },
+  { code: "zh", name: "Chinese", aliases: ["zh", "chi", "zho", "chinese", "китайский"] },
+  { code: "zh-Hans", name: "Chinese (Simplified)", aliases: ["chs", "hans", "simplified"] },
+  { code: "zh-Hant", name: "Chinese (Traditional)", aliases: ["cht", "hant", "traditional"] },
+  { code: "es", name: "Spanish", aliases: ["es", "spa", "spanish", "espanol", "español", "испанский"] },
+  { code: "fr", name: "French", aliases: ["fr", "fre", "fra", "french", "francais", "français", "французский"] },
+  { code: "de", name: "German", aliases: ["de", "ger", "deu", "german", "deutsch", "немецкий"] },
+  { code: "it", name: "Italian", aliases: ["it", "ita", "italian", "italiano", "итальянский"] },
+  { code: "pt", name: "Portuguese", aliases: ["pt", "por", "portuguese", "portugues", "português", "португальский"] },
+  { code: "pl", name: "Polish", aliases: ["pl", "pol", "polish", "polski", "польский"] },
+  { code: "nl", name: "Dutch", aliases: ["nl", "dut", "nld", "dutch", "nederlands", "голландский", "нидерландский"] },
+  { code: "ar", name: "Arabic", aliases: ["ar", "ara", "arabic", "арабский"] },
+  { code: "tr", name: "Turkish", aliases: ["tr", "tur", "turkish", "türkçe", "турецкий"] },
+  { code: "vi", name: "Vietnamese", aliases: ["vi", "vie", "vietnamese", "вьетнамский"] },
+  { code: "th", name: "Thai", aliases: ["th", "tha", "thai", "тайский"] },
+  { code: "hi", name: "Hindi", aliases: ["hi", "hin", "hindi", "хинди"] },
+  { code: "id", name: "Indonesian", aliases: ["id", "ind", "indonesian", "индонезийский"] },
+  { code: "ms", name: "Malay", aliases: ["ms", "may", "msa", "malay", "малайский"] },
+  { code: "cs", name: "Czech", aliases: ["cs", "cze", "ces", "czech", "чешский"] },
+  { code: "sk", name: "Slovak", aliases: ["sk", "slo", "slk", "slovak", "словацкий"] },
+  { code: "ro", name: "Romanian", aliases: ["ro", "rum", "ron", "romanian", "румынский"] },
+  { code: "hu", name: "Hungarian", aliases: ["hu", "hun", "hungarian", "венгерский"] },
+  { code: "sr", name: "Serbian", aliases: ["sr", "srp", "serbian", "српски", "сербский"] },
+  { code: "hr", name: "Croatian", aliases: ["hr", "hrv", "croatian", "hrvatski", "хорватский"] },
+  { code: "bs", name: "Bosnian", aliases: ["bs", "bos", "bosnian", "боснийский"] },
+  { code: "sl", name: "Slovenian", aliases: ["sl", "slv", "slovenian", "словенский"] },
+  { code: "bg", name: "Bulgarian", aliases: ["bg", "bul", "bulgarian", "български", "болгарский"] },
+  { code: "mk", name: "Macedonian", aliases: ["mk", "mac", "mkd", "macedonian", "македонский"] },
+  { code: "el", name: "Greek", aliases: ["el", "gre", "ell", "greek", "греческий"] },
+  { code: "he", name: "Hebrew", aliases: ["he", "heb", "hebrew", "иврит"] },
+  { code: "da", name: "Danish", aliases: ["da", "dan", "danish", "датский"] },
+  { code: "fi", name: "Finnish", aliases: ["fi", "fin", "finnish", "suomi", "финский"] },
+  { code: "no", name: "Norwegian", aliases: ["no", "nor", "nob", "nno", "norwegian", "норвежский"] },
+  { code: "sv", name: "Swedish", aliases: ["sv", "swe", "swedish", "svenska", "шведский"] },
+  { code: "et", name: "Estonian", aliases: ["et", "est", "estonian", "эстонский"] },
+  { code: "lv", name: "Latvian", aliases: ["lv", "lav", "latvian", "латышский"] },
+  { code: "lt", name: "Lithuanian", aliases: ["lt", "lit", "lithuanian", "литовский"] },
+  { code: "fa", name: "Persian", aliases: ["fa", "per", "fas", "persian", "farsi", "персидский"] },
+  { code: "ka", name: "Georgian", aliases: ["ka", "geo", "kat", "georgian", "грузинский"] },
+  { code: "hy", name: "Armenian", aliases: ["hy", "arm", "hye", "armenian", "армянский"] },
+  { code: "az", name: "Azerbaijani", aliases: ["az", "aze", "azerbaijani", "азербайджанский"] },
+  { code: "kk", name: "Kazakh", aliases: ["kk", "kaz", "kazakh", "казахский"] },
+  { code: "is", name: "Icelandic", aliases: ["is", "ice", "isl", "icelandic", "исландский"] },
+  { code: "sq", name: "Albanian", aliases: ["sq", "alb", "sqi", "albanian", "албанский"] },
+  { code: "eu", name: "Basque", aliases: ["eu", "baq", "eus", "basque"] },
+  { code: "cy", name: "Welsh", aliases: ["cy", "wel", "cym", "welsh"] },
+  { code: "ca", name: "Catalan", aliases: ["ca", "cat", "catalan", "català"] },
+  { code: "gl", name: "Galician", aliases: ["gl", "glg", "galician"] },
+  { code: "my", name: "Burmese", aliases: ["my", "bur", "mya", "burmese"] },
+  { code: "bo", name: "Tibetan", aliases: ["bo", "tib", "bod", "tibetan"] },
+  { code: "mi", name: "Maori", aliases: ["mi", "mao", "mri", "maori"] }
+];
+
+/** alias → { code, name }. Built once. */
+const BY_ALIAS = new Map();
+for (const language of LANGUAGES) {
+  for (const alias of language.aliases) {
+    BY_ALIAS.set(alias.toLowerCase(), { code: language.code, name: language.name });
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Words that appear where a language would and are NOT one.
+ *
+ * Two kinds, and both are needed. A folder can say only that a KIND of track
+ * lives in it — VLC's own default search path is `./Subtitles, ./subtitles,
+ * ./Subs, ./subs`, and a Russian release writes the same thing in Russian. And
+ * a name can carry a technical word that happens to sit where a language token
+ * does. Today `Subs/` is safe only because no such word happens to be in the
+ * language table; that is an accident, and this makes it a statement.
+ */
+const NEUTRAL_WORDS = new Set([
+  "sub", "subs", "subtitle", "subtitles", "subtitulos", "sous", "titres",
+  "sound", "audio", "dub", "dubs", "dubbed", "track", "tracks", "voice",
+  "субтитры", "субтитр", "суб", "сабы", "саб", "титры",
+  "звук", "звуковая", "звуковые", "дорожка", "дорожки", "аудио",
+  "озвучка", "озвучание", "перевод", "переводы", "дубляж"
+]);
+
+/** Flags, per Jellyfin's `NamingOptions` and mpv's `language.c`. */
+const FORCED_FLAGS = new Set(["forced", "foreign"]);
+const HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS = new Set(["sdh", "cc", "hi"]);
+const DEFAULT_FLAGS = new Set(["default"]);
+
+/**
+ * Look up one bare token as a language.
+ *
+ * @param {string} token
+ * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
+ */
+export function lookupLanguage(token) {
+  if (typeof token !== "string") {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return BY_ALIAS.get(token.trim().toLowerCase()) ?? null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Is this a word that names a KIND of track rather than a language?
+ *
+ * @param {string} token
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function isNeutralWord(token) {
+  return typeof token === "string" && NEUTRAL_WORDS.has(token.trim().toLowerCase());
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read one token as a language tag, keeping a region or script subtag.
+ *
+ * Kodi writes BCP-47 with `_` where the standard has `-` (its own example is
+ * `The Matrix.zh_yue.srt`), so both separators are accepted. The whole tag is
+ * KEPT — `pt-BR` against `pt-PT` is a distinction a viewer can see — while the
+ * lookup is done on the primary subtag alone. Per BCP-47 and mpv's reading of
+ * it: the primary subtag is 2 or 3 letters, later subtags are 1 to 8
+ * alphanumerics.
+ *
+ * @param {string} token
+ * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
+ */
+export function parseLanguageTag(token) {
+  if (typeof token !== "string") {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const trimmed = token.trim();
+  if (trimmed.length === 0 || isNeutralWord(trimmed)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const whole = lookupLanguage(trimmed);
+  if (whole) {
+    return whole;
+  }
+  const parts = trimmed.split(/[-_]/);
+  if (parts.length < 2) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const primary = lookupLanguage(parts[0]);
+  if (!primary || !/^[A-Za-z]{2,3}$/.test(parts[0])) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  for (const subtag of parts.slice(1)) {
+    if (!/^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,8}$/.test(subtag)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+  const base = primary.code.split("-")[0];
+  return { code: [base, ...parts.slice(1)].join("-"), name: primary.name };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Split a base name into the tokens a language or a flag could be.
+ *
+ * The delimiter follows mpv: `.` normally, but `(` when the name ends with `)`
+ * and `[` when it ends with `]`, so `Movie (Russian)` and `Movie [rus]` need no
+ * rule of their own. `_` is accepted alongside `.` because releases on these
+ * trackers use it interchangeably (`Avatar_The_Last_Airbender_S02E01_1080p_rus`),
+ * and neither character occurs inside a language code or a flag word.
+ *
+ * A trailing flag separated by a space or a dash is peeled off the last token,
+ * which is Kodi's rule for the forced flag: it "can use a '.' (dot), ' '
+ * (space) or '-' (dash) to separate them from the name of the movie and
+ * language of the subtitles".
+ *
+ * @param {string} baseName - File name with its extension already removed.
+ * @returns {string[]} Tokens in name order.
+ */
+export function tokenizeName(baseName) {
+  const text = String(baseName ?? "").trim();
+  if (text.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  // A bracketed tail is a token of its own; what comes BEFORE it is still split
+  // the ordinary way, so `Film.rus [1080p]` yields `rus` rather than `.rus`.
+  const bracketed = /^(.*)[([]([^()[\]]*)[)\]]$/.exec(text);
+  const head = bracketed ? bracketed[1] : text;
+  const tail = bracketed ? splitTrailingFlags(bracketed[2]) : [];
+  const parts = head.split(/[._]/);
+  const last = parts.pop() ?? "";
+  return [...parts, ...splitTrailingFlags(last), ...tail];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Peel flag words off the end of one token when a space or a dash separates
+ * them — `"English Forced"` is two tokens, `"English"` is one.
+ *
+ * @param {string} token
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+function splitTrailingFlags(token) {
+  let text = String(token ?? "").trim();
+  const flags = [];
+  for (;;) {
+    // Only a trailing FLAG is peeled. The token is otherwise left exactly as it
+    // is, because a dash is also what BCP-47 puts between subtags: splitting
+    // `pt-BR` here would destroy the region before anything could read it.
+    const match = /^(.*\S)[ -]+([A-Za-z]+)$/.exec(text);
+    if (!match) {
+      break;
+    }
+    const candidate = match[2].toLowerCase();
+    if (!FORCED_FLAGS.has(candidate) && !HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS.has(candidate) && !DEFAULT_FLAGS.has(candidate)) {
+      break;
+    }
+    flags.unshift(match[2]);
+    text = match[1];
+  }
+  return [text, ...flags].filter((word) => word.length > 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} SidecarNameReading
+ * @property {{ code: string, name: string } | null} language
+ * @property {boolean} isForced
+ * @property {boolean} isHearingImpaired
+ * @property {boolean} isDefault
+ * @property {string | null} title - Text that is neither a language nor a flag.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Read the language and the flags a sidecar's file name states.
+ *
+ * Two readings, and which one applies depends on whether the picture's name is
+ * known — this is Jellyfin's own safeguard, and without it a name is dangerous
+ * to read. Jellyfin parses only the part of the name that FOLLOWS the video's
+ * name, because everything before it belongs to the film: `Movie.It.Follows.
+ * 2014.srt` would otherwise be read as Italian.
+ *
+ * 1. **The name begins with the video's name.** Everything after it is the
+ *    releaser speaking about this track, so every token in it is read, the last
+ *    language token wins, and what is neither language nor flag is the title.
+ * 2. **It does not** (or the video is unknown). Then tokens are read from the
+ *    END backwards and reading STOPS at the first token that is neither a flag
+ *    nor a language — mpv's rule, and the only safe one when the boundary
+ *    between the film's name and the track's description is not known.
+ *
+ * @param {string} baseName - The sidecar's file name, extension removed.
+ * @param {string} [videoBaseName] - The picture's file name, extension removed.
+ * @returns {SidecarNameReading}
+ */
+/**
+ * Whether a sidecar's base name continues the video's base name — and continues
+ * it at a token boundary.
+ *
+ * The boundary is the whole of the rule's safety. Without it, "begins with the
+ * video's name" pairs `Film.20.rus.srt` with `Film.2.mkv`: measured, and the
+ * grammar then reports the leftover `0` as the track's title, which is the tell
+ * that the remainder is a fragment of another film's name rather than anything
+ * a releaser wrote about this track.
+ *
+ * The delimiters are the ones every surveyed player splits on — `.`, `_`, `-`,
+ * space — plus mpv's bracket rule, so `Movie (Russian).srt` and `Movie [rus].srt`
+ * are read as continuations too.
+ *
+ * @param {string} base - The sidecar's base name.
+ * @param {string} video - The picture's base name.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function nameFollows(base, video) {
+  if (video.length === 0 || base.length < video.length) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!base.toLowerCase().startsWith(video.toLowerCase())) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (base.length === video.length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return /^[._\-\s([]/.test(base.slice(video.length));
+}
+
+export function readSidecarName(baseName, videoBaseName = "") {
+  const reading = {
+    language: null,
+    isForced: false,
+    isHearingImpaired: false,
+    isDefault: false,
+    title: null
+  };
+  const base = String(baseName ?? "").trim();
+  if (base.length === 0) {
+    return reading;
+  }
+
+  const video = String(videoBaseName ?? "").trim();
+  const followsVideo = nameFollows(base, video);
+  const text = followsVideo ? base.slice(video.length) : base;
+  const tokens = tokenizeName(text);
+  if (tokens.length === 0) {
+    return reading;
+  }
+
+  const leftovers = [];
+  let sawHiToken = false;
+  // Backwards: the LAST language in the name is the one that counts, which is
+  // Jellyfin's documented rule and what its parser does by walking this way.
+  for (let index = tokens.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+    const token = tokens[index];
+    const word = token.trim().toLowerCase();
+    if (word.length === 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (FORCED_FLAGS.has(word)) {
+      reading.isForced = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (DEFAULT_FLAGS.has(word)) {
+      reading.isDefault = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    // `hi` is both Hindi and "hearing impaired". Which it is depends on whether
+    // another language is named — Jellyfin: "`hi` by itself will resolve as a
+    // Hindi language track, while `hi` in conjunction with another language
+    // identifier … will use the other language and tag it as hearing impaired."
+    // It cannot be settled here, because the other language may still be to the
+    // left, so it is remembered and settled below.
+    if (word === "hi") {
+      sawHiToken = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (HEARING_IMPAIRED_FLAGS.has(word)) {
+      reading.isHearingImpaired = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const language = parseLanguageTag(token);
+    if (language) {
+      if (reading.language === null) {
+        reading.language = language;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!followsVideo) {
+      break;
+    }
+    leftovers.unshift(token.trim());
+  }
+
+  if (sawHiToken) {
+    if (reading.language === null) {
+      reading.language = lookupLanguage("hi");
+    } else {
+      reading.isHearingImpaired = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const title = leftovers.filter((part) => part.length > 0).join(" ").trim();
+  reading.title = title.length > 0 ? title : null;
+  return reading;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The language a path's FOLDERS state, looking from the innermost outwards.
+ *
+ * A whole segment is tried first (`ENG`, `Russian`, `рус`), then its words —
+ * which is what reads `Rus Sound` as Russian. A word is only accepted from a
+ * multi-word segment when it is at least three letters, because two-letter
+ * codes are also ordinary words (`no`, `id`, `it`) and a folder called
+ * `No Subs` does not mean Norwegian.
+ *
+ * A segment made only of words that name a KIND of track — `Subs`, `Субтитры` —
+ * states no language and is skipped rather than searched, so a future table
+ * entry cannot turn one into a language by accident.
+ *
+ * @param {string[]} folders - Folders above the file, outermost first.
+ * @returns {{ code: string, name: string } | null}
+ */
+export function languageFromFolderNames(folders) {
+  const segments = Array.isArray(folders) ? folders : [];
+  for (let index = segments.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+    const segment = String(segments[index] ?? "").trim();
+    if (segment.length === 0 || isNeutralWord(segment)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const whole = parseLanguageTag(segment);
+    if (whole) {
+      return whole;
+    }
+    const words = segment.split(/[^\p{L}]+/u).filter((word) => word.length >= 3);
+    for (const word of words) {
+      const found = lookupLanguage(word);
+      if (found) {
+        return found;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Reading a whole sidecar path: its name AND the folders above it.
+//
+// This half used to live in the browser (`subtitle-utils.js`), which is also
+// where the pairing was decided — two answers about the same file, computed on
+// two sides, compared nowhere. Measured 2026-09-04 over the 115 torrents in
+// `Dropbox/trn`: 1249 video files, 1239 pairings agreed and 10 did not, every
+// one of the ten a `<video base>.<language>.<ext>` name that the browser paired
+// and the proxy did not. The proxy warms what it paired and the browser offers
+// what it paired, so a disagreement reached the viewer as a track nobody had
+// warmed — a wait of 27.7 s in the field measurement of 2026-08-31.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Remove the file extension from a name.
+ *
+ * @param {string} name
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function stripExtension(name) {
+  const text = typeof name === "string" ? name : "";
+  const dot = text.lastIndexOf(".");
+  return dot > 0 ? text.slice(0, dot) : text;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The bracketed groups of a name, in order.
+ *
+ * @param {string} text
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+function bracketTokens(text) {
+  const source = typeof text === "string" ? text : "";
+  const tokens = [];
+  for (const match of source.matchAll(/\[([^\]]+)\]/g)) {
+    const token = match[1].trim();
+    if (token.length > 0) {
+      tokens.push(token);
+    }
+  }
+  return tokens;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bracketed groups that describe the ENCODE rather than a team — resolution,
+ * codec, source, audio format, bit depth. A releaser's name is what is left
+ * after these are set aside.
+ *
+ * @param {string} token
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function isTechnicalToken(token) {
+  const text = String(token ?? "").trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (text.length === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // A release hash: `[78EFD746]`. It identifies the file, not its author.
+  if (/^[0-9a-f]{4,10}$/.test(text) && /\d/.test(text)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (/^\d{3,4}[pi]$/.test(text) || /^\d{3,4}x\d{3,4}$/.test(text)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (/^(x|h)\.?26[45]$/.test(text) || /^(hevc|avc|av1|vp9|xvid|divx)$/.test(text)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (/^(aac|ac3|eac3|dts(-?hd)?|flac|mp3|opus|truehd|atmos|pcm|\d\.\d)$/.test(text)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (/^(web-?rip|web-?dl|bd-?rip|blu-?ray|hdtv|dvd-?rip|remux|hdr\d*|dv|sdr|\d{1,2}bit)$/.test(text)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // A bracket that names a language names a language, not a team; and one that
+  // names the KIND of track (`[Subs]`) names neither.
+  return lookupLanguage(text) !== null || isNeutralWord(text);
+}
+
+/**
+ * What is left of a name after the language and the flags, as a TITLE — or
+ * nothing, when what is left only describes the encode.
+ *
+ * Jellyfin keeps every leftover word ("Any arbitrary text not parsable to a
+ * language or flag will be combined and used as the title of the stream"), and
+ * on its own library that is right, because the part it reads is what the owner
+ * deliberately appended. A torrent is not that tidy: `Film.1080p.rus.srt` beside
+ * `Film.mkv` leaves `1080p`, and a track labelled "Russian (1080p)" is worse
+ * than one labelled "Russian".
+ *
+ * @param {string | null} title
+ * @returns {string | null}
+ */
+function titleOf(title) {
+  if (typeof title !== "string") {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const words = title.split(/\s+/).filter((word) => word.length > 0);
+  if (words.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  // ALL of it, or none. A word is only weighed on its own when it stands on its
+  // own: inside a phrase, a word that happens to name a language is part of the
+  // phrase — `English Commentary` is a title, and dropping `English` from it
+  // would leave a label nobody wrote.
+  return words.every((word) => isTechnicalToken(word)) ? null : words.join(" ");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Who made a track that ships as its own file, when the torrent says so.
+ *
+ * The rule that keeps this honest: a bracketed group is only a releaser of the
+ * SIDECAR when it is not also in the video's own name. In the field case that
+ * settles it — a Russian dub named exactly like the picture,
+ * `[HorribleSubs] Drifters - 02 [1080p].mka`, sitting in `Rus Sound/` — every
+ * bracket it carries is the picture's, and attributing the dub to HorribleSubs
+ * would be inventing an author. The subtitles of the same release, in
+ * `Sub/[Stan WarHammer & Nesitach]/`, carry a bracket the video does not, and
+ * that one IS their author.
+ *
+ * The innermost folder is looked at before the file name, because that is where
+ * a release puts the team when several of them contributed.
+ *
+ * @param {object} params
+ * @param {string[]} params.folders - Folders above the file, innermost last.
+ * @param {string} params.fileName
+ * @param {string} [params.videoName] - The picture's own file name.
+ * @returns {string | null}
+ */
+export function releaserFrom({ folders, fileName, videoName = "" }) {
+  const shared = new Set(
+    bracketTokens(stripExtension(String(videoName ?? ""))).map((token) => token.toLowerCase())
+  );
+  const sources = [...(Array.isArray(folders) ? folders : [])].reverse();
+  sources.push(stripExtension(String(fileName ?? "")));
+  for (const source of sources) {
+    for (const token of bracketTokens(source)) {
+      if (shared.has(token.toLowerCase()) || isTechnicalToken(token)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      return token;
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Language, flags and releaser for a track that ships as its own file.
+ *
+ * Reading order, and the reason for it: the FILE NAME first, then the folders.
+ * All five players surveyed read the name
+ * (`research/sidecar-naming-conventions-2026-09-01.md`); only VLC and Kodi treat
+ * a folder as a place rather than as a statement about language. A name is also
+ * per-file where a folder is per-group, so where both speak the name is the more
+ * specific of the two.
+ *
+ * A soundtrack is named by the same conventions a subtitle is — Jellyfin's own
+ * example set carries `Film.en.ac3` and `Film.german.ac3` beside `Film.de.srt` —
+ * so it is the same grammar over the same path.
+ *
+ * @param {object} params
+ * @param {string[]} params.folders
+ * @param {string} params.fileName
+ * @param {string} [params.videoName]
+ * @returns {{ code: string | null, name: string | null, releaser: string | null,
+ *   isForced: boolean, isHearingImpaired: boolean, isDefault: boolean }}
+ */
+export function sidecarNaming({ folders, fileName, videoName = "" }) {
+  const fromName = readSidecarName(
+    stripExtension(String(fileName ?? "")),
+    stripExtension(String(videoName ?? ""))
+  );
+  const language = fromName.language ?? languageFromFolderNames(folders);
+  return {
+    code: language?.code ?? null,
+    name: language?.name ?? null,
+    releaser: titleOf(fromName.title) ?? releaserFrom({ folders, fileName, videoName }),
+    isForced: fromName.isForced,
+    isHearingImpaired: fromName.isHearingImpaired,
+    isDefault: fromName.isDefault
+  };
+}