@tinypoly/gpu-renderer 0.0.4 → 0.1.0

package/dist/pathTracePass.js

@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ import { TEXTURE_WGSL } from "./wgsl/texture.wgsl.js";
  * declarations. The scene's translated shaders sit between the texture code they call and the surface code that calls
  * them.
  */
-export function pathTraceSource(programs = null) {
-    return COMMON_WGSL + RANDOM_WGSL + BVH_WGSL + SAMPLING_WGSL + TEXTURE_WGSL + SHADER_SUPPORT_WGSL
+export function pathTraceSource(programs = null, subsurface = true, volumes = true, bevel = true) {
+    // The random walk inside materials and the media inside volumes are compiled in only for a scene that has them: the
+    // kernel is bound by its size, and either would cost every other scene a few percent for code that never runs.
+    return `const SUBSURFACE_WALK: bool = ${subsurface};\nconst VOLUMES: bool = ${volumes};\nconst BEVEL: bool = ${bevel};\n`
+        + COMMON_WGSL + RANDOM_WGSL + BVH_WGSL + SAMPLING_WGSL + TEXTURE_WGSL + SHADER_SUPPORT_WGSL
         + programsWgsl(programs) + ENVIRONMENT_WGSL + SURFACE_WGSL + BSDF_WGSL + LIGHTS_WGSL + PATH_TRACE_WGSL;
 }
 const FRAME_BYTES = FRAME_WORDS * 4;
@@ -30,23 +33,26 @@ export class PathTracePass {
     uniforms;
     values = new ArrayBuffer(FRAME_BYTES);
     bindGroup = null;
-    programKey = "";
+    programKey = "|false|false|false";
     constructor(device) {
         this.device = device;
-        this.pipeline = this.build(null);
+        this.pipeline = this.build(null, false, false, false);
         this.uniforms = device.createBuffer({ size: FRAME_BYTES, usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST });
     }
-    /** Recompiles the kernel when the scene's shaders changed; the same set of programs keeps the pipeline it has. */
-    setPrograms(programs) {
-        const key = programs?.key ?? "";
+    /**
+     * Recompiles the kernel when the scene's shaders changed, or whether it has a material that scatters light inside;
+     * the same set keeps the pipeline it has.
+     */
+    setPrograms(programs, subsurface = false, volumes = false, bevel = false) {
+        const key = `${programs?.key ?? ""}|${subsurface}|${volumes}|${bevel}`;
         if (key === this.programKey)
             return;
         this.programKey = key;
-        this.pipeline = this.build(programs);
+        this.pipeline = this.build(programs, subsurface, volumes, bevel);
         this.bindGroup = null;
     }
-    build(programs) {
-        const module = createShaderModule(this.device, "path trace", pathTraceSource(programs));
+    build(programs, subsurface, volumes, bevel) {
+        const module = createShaderModule(this.device, "path trace", pathTraceSource(programs, subsurface, volumes, bevel));
         return this.device.createComputePipeline({ layout: "auto", compute: { module, entryPoint: "main" } });
     }
     /** Rebinds after the scene or the accumulation buffer was replaced. */

package/dist/pathTracePass.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/renderer.d.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { type BvhWorkerFactory } from "./bvhBuilder.js";
+import { type GpuRenderSettings, type GpuRenderSettingsInput } from "./settings.js";
 import { type DenoiserSettings } from "./denoise.js";
-import { EventEmitter, type Bucket, type RenderCamera, type RenderEnvironment, type RenderImage, type RenderPhase, type RenderPixels, type RenderScene, type RenderSettings, type RenderSettingsInput, type SerializedScene } from "./upstream.js";
+import { EventEmitter, type Bucket, type RenderCamera, type RenderEnvironment, type RenderImage, type RenderPhase, type RenderPixels, type RenderScene, type SerializedScene } from "./upstream.js";
 export type { RenderCamera, RenderImage, RenderPhase, RenderPixels, RenderScene } from "./upstream.js";
 /**
  * The CPU renderer's events, with the same payloads, so a host listens to either renderer the same way. What differs
@@ -42,8 +43,11 @@ export interface GpuRendererOptions {
     scene?: RenderScene | SerializedScene;
     /** Defaults to a perspective camera at (5, 5, 5) looking at the origin. */
     camera?: RenderCamera;
-    /** Merged over `DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS`, group by group. */
-    settings?: RenderSettingsInput;
+    /**
+     * Merged over `DEFAULT_GPU_RENDER_SETTINGS`, group by group: the CPU renderer's settings, and the groups only this
+     * renderer reads (`bloom`, `lens`, `camera`, `subsurface`, the roulette under `globalIllumination`).
+     */
+    settings?: GpuRenderSettingsInput;
     /** Defaults to `DEFAULT_RENDER_ENVIRONMENT`. */
     environment?: RenderEnvironment;
     /** Image size in CSS pixels; the render size also applies `pixelRatio` and `settings.renderScale`. */
@@ -102,11 +106,13 @@ export declare class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter<GpuRendererEvents> {
     private planar;
     private resolve;
     private denoisePass;
+    private lensPass;
     private denoiserSettings;
     private finished;
     private denoised;
     private denoiseView;
     private environmentSource;
+    private environmentAverage;
     private environmentImage;
     private canvas;
     private context;
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ export declare class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter<GpuRendererEvents> {
     private bvh;
     constructor(options: GpuRendererOptions);
     /** The settings the next frame renders with. */
-    get settings(): Readonly<RenderSettings>;
+    get settings(): Readonly<GpuRenderSettings>;
     /** How the denoiser filters. */
     get denoiser(): Readonly<DenoiserSettings>;
     /**
@@ -153,10 +159,11 @@ export declare class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter<GpuRendererEvents> {
      */
     setCamera(camera: RenderCamera): void;
     /**
-     * Merges the given fields into the current settings, group by group. Turning the denoiser on or off also filters the
-     * finished image again at once, as `setDenoiser` does, since that needs no tracing.
+     * Merges the given fields into the current settings, group by group. Turning the denoiser on or off, or changing
+     * what is done to the light after it is traced (exposure, tone mapping, vignette, bloom, chromatic aberration, white
+     * balance), shows the finished image again at once, as `setDenoiser` does, since none of that needs tracing.
      */
-    setSettings(settings: RenderSettingsInput): void;
+    setSettings(settings: GpuRenderSettingsInput): void;
     setEnvironment(environment: RenderEnvironment): void;
     /** Used by `attachCanvas`; pass `null` to detach. */
     setOutputCanvas(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement | null): void;
@@ -201,6 +208,11 @@ export declare class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter<GpuRendererEvents> {
     private renderCaptures;
     private configureCanvas;
     private encodePresent;
+    /**
+     * The lens and the sensor over the radiance (or the denoiser's output), when the settings ask for any of them: the
+     * buffer of graded colour the display transform reads instead, or the input as it was.
+     */
+    private encodeLens;
     /** Denoises the accumulation as it stands, for the canvas and for the finished image. */
     private encodeDenoise;
     private frameUniforms;

package/dist/renderer.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/renderer.js

@@ -8,16 +8,21 @@ import { DispatchScheduler } from "./dispatchScheduler.js";
 import { packGeometry } from "./geometry.js";
 import { packLights } from "./lights.js";
 import { NO_PROGRAM } from "./materialLayout.js";
-import { NO_TEXTURE, planTextures, writeTextures } from "./texturePack.js";
+import { NO_TEXTURE, planTextures, textureEntry, writeTextures } from "./texturePack.js";
 import { PathTracePass } from "./pathTracePass.js";
 import { ImageResolvePass } from "./imageResolve.js";
 import { PresentPass } from "./presentPass.js";
+import { LensPass, lensEffects } from "./lensPass.js";
+import { DEFAULT_GPU_RENDER_SETTINGS, effectiveExposure, mergeGpuSettings, } from "./settings.js";
+import { bevelOf, bevelRadius, subsurfaceMedium, subsurfaceOf, volumeMedium, volumeOf, } from "./subsurface.js";
+import { containingVolume, NO_MATERIAL, volumeTriangles } from "./volumeContainment.js";
 import { CONVERGED_ERROR, DEFAULT_DENOISER, DenoisePass, mergeDenoiser, } from "./denoise.js";
 import { CaptureResolvePass, planarCaptures } from "./planarCapture.js";
 import { prepareSceneAssets } from "./sceneAssets.js";
 import { packVolumetricLights, VOLUMETRIC_WORDS } from "./volumetric.js";
 import { environmentPower, uploadScene } from "./sceneUpload.js";
-import { DEFAULT_RENDER_ENVIRONMENT, DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS, EventEmitter, mergeSettings, serializeCamera, serializeScene, srgbToLinear, } from "./upstream.js";
+import { atmosphereExtinction, averageRadiance, brightestSun, gradientAverage } from "./atmosphere.js";
+import { DEFAULT_RENDER_ENVIRONMENT, EventEmitter, serializeCamera, serializeScene, srgbToLinear, } from "./upstream.js";
 function abortError(message) {
     return Object.assign(new Error(message), { name: "AbortError" });
 }
@@ -38,6 +43,29 @@ const yieldToPage = () => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
  * Waiting for an animation frame after every band would leave the device idle for most of each one.
  */
 const SHOW_EVERY_MS = 16;
+/**
+ * Submits on the device at once. Two keep it busy: the next band is queued while the last one runs, and each submit
+ * still stays short enough for the watchdog on its own.
+ */
+const BANDS_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
+/** Throughput under which Russian roulette may end a path, with the chance of carrying on equal to the throughput. */
+const ROULETTE_THRESHOLD = 0.2;
+/** How often the canvas takes a freshly denoised image while a frame traces. */
+const DENOISE_EVERY_MS = 200;
+/** The most paths per pixel one dispatch takes, while no pixel can stop yet. */
+const BATCH_PATHS = 4;
+/**
+ * Paths per pixel the next pass takes. The first takes one, so the canvas shows something at once. Until adaptive
+ * sampling may stop a pixel, every pixel takes every path anyway, so a pass takes several and pays for reading and
+ * writing the accumulation once; from then on one at a time, so a pixel stops as soon as it has converged.
+ */
+function pathsPerDispatch(taken, until, adaptive) {
+    if (taken === 0)
+        return 1;
+    if (adaptive && taken >= until)
+        return 1;
+    return Math.max(1, Math.min(BATCH_PATHS, until - taken));
+}
 const EMPTY_SCENE = { meshes: [], lights: [], textures: [] };
 /** Paths every pixel takes before adaptive sampling may stop it: below this its variance says too little. */
 const ADAPTIVE_MIN = 32;
@@ -106,6 +134,7 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
     planar = false;
     resolve = null;
     denoisePass = null;
+    lensPass = null;
     denoiserSettings = { ...DEFAULT_DENOISER };
     // The size of the last frame that finished, which setDenoiser filters again; null while a frame traces.
     finished = null;
@@ -115,6 +144,8 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
     denoiseView = { pixelScale: 1, orthographic: false };
     // Reading an environment image is a fetch, so it is started once and awaited by the frame that needs it.
     environmentSource = "";
+    // The surroundings' radiance averaged over the sphere, which the air glows with; null for the gradient.
+    environmentAverage = null;
     environmentImage = Promise.resolve(null);
     canvas = null;
     context = null;
@@ -129,10 +160,10 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         this.width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(options.width));
         this.height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(options.height));
         this.pixelRatio = checkedPixelRatio(options.pixelRatio ?? 1);
-        this.current = mergeSettings(DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS, options.settings);
+        this.current = mergeGpuSettings(DEFAULT_GPU_RENDER_SETTINGS, options.settings);
         this.denoiserSettings = mergeDenoiser(DEFAULT_DENOISER, options.denoiser);
         this.environment = DEFAULT_RENDER_ENVIRONMENT;
-        this.scheduler = new DispatchScheduler({ maxRows: this.renderHeight });
+        this.scheduler = new DispatchScheduler({ maxRows: this.renderHeight, maxSamples: BATCH_PATHS });
         this.setEnvironment(options.environment ?? DEFAULT_RENDER_ENVIRONMENT);
         if (options.scene)
             this.setScene(options.scene);
@@ -232,13 +263,14 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         this.camera = camera;
     }
     /**
-     * Merges the given fields into the current settings, group by group. Turning the denoiser on or off also filters the
-     * finished image again at once, as `setDenoiser` does, since that needs no tracing.
+     * Merges the given fields into the current settings, group by group. Turning the denoiser on or off, or changing
+     * what is done to the light after it is traced (exposure, tone mapping, vignette, bloom, chromatic aberration, white
+     * balance), shows the finished image again at once, as `setDenoiser` does, since none of that needs tracing.
      */
     setSettings(settings) {
-        const denoise = this.current.globalIllumination.denoise;
-        this.current = mergeSettings(this.current, settings);
-        if (this.current.globalIllumination.denoise !== denoise)
+        const before = developing(this.current);
+        this.current = mergeGpuSettings(this.current, settings);
+        if (developing(this.current) !== before)
             this.refilter();
     }
     setEnvironment(environment) {
@@ -326,6 +358,8 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         this.buffers?.destroy();
         this.accumulator?.destroy();
         this.denoisePass?.destroy();
+        this.lensPass?.destroy();
+        this.lensPass = null;
         this.imageResolve?.dispose();
         this.imageResolve = null;
         this.gpu?.device.destroy();
@@ -378,25 +412,48 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         this.output = { width, height, data: new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4) };
         this.emit("start", { width, height });
         const target = Math.max(1, Math.round(this.current.samples));
-        // Adaptive sampling: the frame has the work of `target` passes over the whole image to spend. Pixels that have
+        // Adaptive sampling: the frame has the work of `target` paths over the whole image to spend. Pixels that have
         // converged stop taking samples, and a row with none left stops being dispatched, so what they would have used goes
         // to the rows that still need it, up to a few times `target` paths in the noisiest pixels.
         const adaptive = target > ADAPTIVE_MIN;
-        const maxPasses = adaptive ? target * ADAPTIVE_REACH : target;
+        const maxPaths = adaptive ? target * ADAPTIVE_REACH : target;
+        // In rows times paths, the unit the scheduler measures work in.
         const budget = target * height;
         const accumulator = this.accumulator;
         let active = Array.from({ length: height }, (_, row) => row);
-        let spent = 0, band = 0, pass = 0;
+        // Paths every pixel still in the running has taken so far, which is also the next sample index.
+        let taken = 0;
+        let spent = 0, band = 0;
         let shown = performance.now();
+        let denoisedAt = -Infinity;
         const denoise = this.current.globalIllumination.denoise;
+        // Bands on the device, oldest first. The next one is encoded and queued while the last one runs, so the device
+        // never waits for the page to hear that a band finished.
+        const flight = [];
+        let settledAt = 0;
+        const settle = async () => {
+            const oldest = flight.shift();
+            if (!oldest)
+                return;
+            await oldest.done;
+            const now = performance.now();
+            // A band starts on the device when the one before it ends, or when it was submitted if the device was idle. The
+            // page may hear of that end late, which would make this band look shorter than it ran; since it was submitted it
+            // has waited for at most the bands ahead of it, so its share of that wait bounds it from below.
+            const ran = Math.max(now - Math.max(oldest.submitted, settledAt), (now - oldest.submitted) / BANDS_IN_FLIGHT);
+            this.scheduler.record(ran, oldest.rows, oldest.samples);
+            settledAt = now;
+        };
         this.denoised = false;
         this.finished = null;
         const matrices = cameraMatrices(camera, width, height);
+        const uniforms = this.frameUniforms(camera, width, height, assets);
         // Two over the projection's vertical scale and the height: one pixel's extent, per unit of depth in perspective.
         this.denoiseView = { pixelScale: 2 / (matrices.projection[5] * height), orthographic: matrices.orthographic };
-        while (pass < maxPasses && spent < budget && active.length) {
+        while (taken < maxPaths && spent < budget && active.length) {
             // Only a pass whose pixels may stop needs its rows flagged; before that every row is busy anyway.
-            const flagging = adaptive && pass >= ADAPTIVE_MIN;
+            const flagging = adaptive && taken >= ADAPTIVE_MIN;
+            const samples = pathsPerDispatch(taken, adaptive ? ADAPTIVE_MIN : target, adaptive);
             if (flagging) {
                 const clear = gpu.device.createCommandEncoder();
                 clear.clearBuffer(accumulator.buffer, accumulator.rowFlagsOffset, accumulator.rowFlagsLength);
@@ -408,16 +465,16 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
                     if (this.isPaused)
                         await this.unpaused;
                     this.check(revision);
-                    const rows = this.scheduler.next(end - row);
+                    const rows = this.scheduler.next(end - row, samples);
                     const started = performance.now();
                     const encoder = gpu.device.createCommandEncoder();
                     this.emit("bucket", { worker: 0, bucket: { x: 0, y: row, width, height: rows, index: band++ }, width, height });
                     this.pathTrace?.encode(encoder, {
-                        ...this.frameUniforms(camera, width, height, assets),
+                        ...uniforms,
                         bandOrigin: [0, row],
                         bandSize: [width, rows],
-                        sampleIndex: pass,
-                        sampleCount: 1,
+                        sampleIndex: taken,
+                        sampleCount: samples,
                         adaptiveMin: adaptive ? ADAPTIVE_MIN : 0,
                         adaptiveThreshold: ADAPTIVE_THRESHOLD,
                     });
@@ -426,10 +483,11 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
                     if (show)
                         this.encodePresent(encoder, width, height);
                     gpu.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-                    await gpu.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
-                    this.scheduler.record(performance.now() - started, rows);
+                    flight.push({ done: gpu.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone(), submitted: performance.now(), rows, samples });
+                    while (flight.length >= BANDS_IN_FLIGHT)
+                        await settle();
                     row += rows;
-                    spent += rows;
+                    spent += rows * samples;
                     this.emit("progress", { completed: Math.min(spent, budget), total: budget, phase: "shade" });
                     if (show) {
                         shown = performance.now();
@@ -437,20 +495,29 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            pass++;
+            taken += samples;
             this.frameIndex++;
-            // The canvas shows the denoised image from the end of each pass on, and the bands of the next pass refine
-            // underneath it until it is denoised again.
-            if (denoise && this.canvas && this.context) {
+            // The rows this pass still traced in are copied out before anything else is queued, so they can be read while
+            // the device goes on with the denoiser.
+            const rowsRead = flagging ? this.activeRows(gpu, accumulator) : null;
+            // The canvas shows the denoised image, refreshed a few times a second while the bands refine underneath it:
+            // filtering the whole image after every pass would cost a cheap scene as much as tracing it.
+            if (denoise && this.canvas && this.context && performance.now() - denoisedAt >= DENOISE_EVERY_MS) {
                 const encoder = gpu.device.createCommandEncoder();
                 this.encodeDenoise(gpu, encoder, width, height);
                 this.encodePresent(encoder, width, height);
                 gpu.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+                denoisedAt = performance.now();
             }
             this.emit("sample", { samples: Math.min(target, Math.round(spent / height)), target });
-            if (flagging)
-                active = await this.activeRows(gpu, accumulator);
+            if (rowsRead) {
+                while (flight.length)
+                    await settle();
+                active = await rowsRead;
+            }
         }
+        while (flight.length)
+            await settle();
         // Converged early, or spent: either way the image is as finished as this frame makes it.
         this.emit("progress", { completed: budget, total: budget, phase: "shade" });
         this.emit("sample", { samples: target, target });
@@ -495,9 +562,14 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
     /** Uploads what changed and makes sure the passes point at the current buffers. */
     async prepare(gpu, revision, assets, camera, width, height, image) {
         this.pathTrace ??= new PathTracePass(gpu.device);
-        this.pathTrace.setPrograms(assets.programs);
+        const materials = assets.scene.meshes.flatMap(mesh => mesh.materials);
+        this.pathTrace.setPrograms(assets.programs, this.current.subsurface.enabled && materials.some(material => (material.type === "MeshStandardMaterial" || material.type === "MeshPhysicalMaterial")
+            && subsurfaceOf(material) !== null), 
+        // Even turned off, a volume's boundary has to stay invisible, which takes the same code.
+        materials.some(material => volumeOf(material) !== null), this.current.bevel.enabled && materials.some(material => bevelOf(material) > 0));
         // A procedural sky stands in for the renderer's own environment, as it does in the CPU renderer.
         const environment = assets.sky?.environment ?? image;
+        this.environmentAverage = environment ? averageRadiance(environment) : null;
         const matrices = cameraMatrices(camera, width, height);
         const view = `${JSON.stringify(camera)}|${width}|${height}`;
         const moved = (!!this.packed?.cameraDependent || this.planar) && view !== this.packedView;
@@ -523,7 +595,7 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         const resized = !this.accumulator || this.accumulator.resize(width, height);
         this.accumulator ??= new Accumulator(gpu.device, width, height);
         if (resized)
-            this.scheduler = new DispatchScheduler({ maxRows: height });
+            this.scheduler = new DispatchScheduler({ maxRows: height, maxSamples: BATCH_PATHS });
         this.pathTrace.setBindings(this.buffers, this.accumulator.buffer);
         this.configureCanvas(gpu, width, height);
         // Every frame starts from nothing: the camera, the scene or the settings may have moved since the last one. The
@@ -575,7 +647,8 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         // Nothing is on the device yet, so a frame replaced while the hierarchy was built has nothing to give back.
         this.check(revision);
         const buffers = uploadScene(gpu.device, geometry, bvh, textures, lights, environment, cdf);
-        const textureOffsets = new Map([...textures.indexOf].map(([id, index]) => [id, textures.data[index * 16 + 2]]));
+        const textureOffsets = new Map([...textures.indexOf]
+            .map(([id, index]) => [id, textures.data[textureEntry(index) + 2]]));
         const packed = { cameraDependent: geometry.cameraDependent, textureOffsets };
         if (buffers.bytes.largest > gpu.maxStorageBufferBindingSize) {
             buffers.destroy();
@@ -587,6 +660,7 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
             skyData,
             volumetricData,
             volumetricCount: Math.min(volumetric.length / VOLUMETRIC_WORDS, 8),
+            volumes: volumeTriangles(geometry),
         };
     }
     /**
@@ -616,6 +690,10 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
                 const uniforms = {
                     ...this.frameUniforms(capture.camera, width, height, assets, target, capture.background),
                     lens: [0, 1, 0, 0],
+                    lensDistortion: 0,
+                    // A capture is a texture of the scene, seen again by the camera, which lays the air over it then.
+                    atmosphereColor: [0, 0, 0, 0],
+                    cameraVolume: NO_MATERIAL,
                     volumetricCount: 0,
                     clipPlane: capture.clip ?? [0, 0, 0, 0],
                     bandOrigin: [0, 0],
@@ -659,20 +737,31 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
         this.present.setAccumulation(this.accumulator.buffer);
     }
     encodePresent(encoder, width, height) {
-        if (!this.context || !this.present)
+        if (!this.context || !this.present || !this.gpu)
             return;
         this.present.encode(encoder, this.context.getCurrentTexture().createView(), {
             width,
             height,
-            exposure: this.current.exposure,
+            exposure: effectiveExposure(this.current),
             toneMapping: this.current.toneMapping,
             vignette: this.current.vignette,
             grain: this.current.grain,
             frameIndex: this.frameIndex,
             transparent: this.current.background.mode === "transparent",
-            denoised: this.denoised ? this.denoisePass?.output : null,
+            denoised: this.encodeLens(this.gpu, encoder, width, height, this.denoised ? this.denoisePass?.output ?? null : null),
         });
     }
+    /**
+     * The lens and the sensor over the radiance (or the denoiser's output), when the settings ask for any of them: the
+     * buffer of graded colour the display transform reads instead, or the input as it was.
+     */
+    encodeLens(gpu, encoder, width, height, denoised) {
+        const effects = lensEffects(this.current);
+        if (!effects)
+            return denoised;
+        this.lensPass ??= new LensPass(gpu.device);
+        return this.lensPass.encode(encoder, this.accumulator.buffer, denoised, width, height, effects);
+    }
     /** Denoises the accumulation as it stands, for the canvas and for the finished image. */
     encodeDenoise(gpu, encoder, width, height) {
         this.denoisePass ??= new DenoisePass(gpu.device);
@@ -695,6 +784,13 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
             ? focalLength / (2 * Math.max(depthOfField.aperture, 1e-3))
             : 0;
         const backgroundMode = background.mode === "color" ? 1 : background.mode === "transparent" ? 2 : 0;
+        const { atmosphere } = this.current;
+        const strength = sky ? sky.intensity : this.environment.intensity ?? 1;
+        const airGlow = atmosphere.color
+            ? linearColor(atmosphere.color, [0, 0, 0])
+            : (this.environmentAverage ?? gradientAverage(linearColor(gradient?.topColor, [1, 1, 1]), linearColor(gradient?.bottomColor, [0, 0, 0]), gradient?.exponent ?? 2)).map(channel => channel * strength);
+        const extinction = atmosphereExtinction(atmosphere);
+        const sun = brightestSun(assets.scene.lights);
         return {
             cameraToWorld: matrices.cameraWorld,
             worldToCamera: matrices.view,
@@ -721,15 +817,35 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
             resolution: [width, height],
             cameraKind: matrices.orthographic ? 1 : 0,
             bounces: Math.max(1, Math.round(this.current.globalIllumination.bounces)),
+            rouletteThreshold: this.current.globalIllumination.russianRoulette === false ? 0 : ROULETTE_THRESHOLD,
+            rouletteStart: Math.max(0, Math.round(this.current.globalIllumination.rouletteStart ?? 0)),
+            lensDistortion: Number.isFinite(this.current.lens.distortion) ? this.current.lens.distortion : 0,
+            subsurfaceEnabled: this.current.subsurface.enabled,
+            bevelEnabled: this.current.bevel.enabled,
+            volumesEnabled: this.current.volumes.enabled,
+            cameraVolume: this.current.volumes.enabled
+                ? containingVolume(target?.volumes ?? null, matrices.cameraWorld.slice(12, 15))
+                : NO_MATERIAL,
+            atmosphereColor: [...airGlow, extinction.some(value => value > 0) ? 1 : 0],
+            atmosphereExtinction: [...extinction, Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number(atmosphere.haze) || 0))],
+            atmosphereSun: [...sun?.direction ?? [0, 1, 0], 0],
+            atmosphereSunColor: [...sun?.irradiance ?? [0, 0, 0], 0],
             triangleCount: buffers?.triangleCount ?? 0,
             lightCount: buffers?.lightCount ?? 0,
             areaLightCount: buffers?.areaLightCount ?? 0,
+            lightCdf: buffers?.lightCdf ?? 0,
+            lightTriangles: buffers?.lightTriangles ?? 0,
+            localLightCount: buffers?.localLightCount ?? 0,
+            localLightPick: buffers?.localLightPick ?? 0,
+            lightTree: this.current.globalIllumination.lightTree === false ? 0 : buffers?.lightTree ?? 0,
+            lightLeaves: buffers?.lightLeaves ?? 0,
             clampIndirect: Math.max(0, this.current.globalIllumination.clamp),
             // The setting is the angular diameter a light covers, in degrees, as it is for the CPU renderer's shadow blur.
             shadowSpread: shadows.enabled ? Math.tan(Math.max(0, shadows.softness) * Math.PI / 360) : 0,
             shadowsEnabled: shadows.enabled,
             uvOffset: buffers?.uvOffset ?? 0,
             orderOffset: buffers?.orderOffset ?? 0,
+            leafOffset: buffers?.leafOffset ?? 0,
             colorOffset: buffers?.colorOffset ?? 0,
             hasColors: buffers?.hasColors ?? false,
             varyingOffset: buffers?.varyingOffset ?? 0,
@@ -755,11 +871,16 @@ export class GpuRenderer extends EventEmitter {
      */
     async readImage(gpu, width, height, denoised) {
         const accumulator = this.accumulator;
-        const { exposure, toneMapping, vignette } = this.current;
+        const { toneMapping, vignette } = this.current;
+        const exposure = effectiveExposure(this.current);
         const transparent = this.current.background.mode === "transparent";
         // Resolved on the device, so the page only copies the bytes of the image.
         this.imageResolve ??= new ImageResolvePass(gpu.device);
-        const data = await this.imageResolve.read(accumulator.buffer, denoised, width, height, { exposure, toneMapping, vignette, transparent });
+        // The lens's effects are encoded on their own, ahead of the resolve, which reads the colour they leave.
+        const encoder = gpu.device.createCommandEncoder({ label: "lens" });
+        const graded = this.encodeLens(gpu, encoder, width, height, denoised);
+        gpu.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        const data = await this.imageResolve.read(accumulator.buffer, graded, width, height, { exposure, toneMapping, vignette, transparent });
         return { width, height, data };
     }
 }
@@ -777,6 +898,9 @@ const SERIALIZABLE = new Set([
  */
 async function serializeLive(scene) {
     const renamed = new Map();
+    // The snapshot keeps a material's name but not its media, so the name carries a mark to them.
+    const named = new Map();
+    const media = [];
     scene.traverse(object => {
         const value = object.material;
         for (const material of Array.isArray(value) ? value : value ? [value] : []) {
@@ -785,16 +909,54 @@ async function serializeLive(scene) {
                 renamed.set(material, material.type);
                 material.type = shader.isRawShaderMaterial ? "RawShaderMaterial" : "ShaderMaterial";
             }
+            const data = material.userData?.cpuRenderer;
+            if (!named.has(material)
+                && (subsurfaceMedium(data?.subsurface) || volumeMedium(data?.volume) || bevelRadius(data?.bevel) > 0)) {
+                named.set(material, material.name);
+                material.name = `${material.name}${MEDIA_MARK}${media.length}`;
+                media.push({ subsurface: data?.subsurface, volume: data?.volume, bevel: data?.bevel });
+            }
         }
     });
+    let snapshot;
     try {
         // The path tracer samples only the base level of a texture: the mip chain would be built and thrown away.
-        return (await serializeScene(scene, { mipmaps: false })).scene;
+        snapshot = (await serializeScene(scene, { mipmaps: false })).scene;
     }
     finally {
         for (const [material, type] of renamed)
             material.type = type;
+        for (const [material, name] of named)
+            material.name = name;
+    }
+    // Materials are shared between the meshes that use them, so each one is unmarked once and seen marked no more.
+    for (const mesh of snapshot.meshes) {
+        for (const material of mesh.materials) {
+            const at = material.name.lastIndexOf(MEDIA_MARK);
+            if (at < 0)
+                continue;
+            const medium = media[Number(material.name.slice(at + MEDIA_MARK.length))];
+            material.name = material.name.slice(0, at) || material.type;
+            if (medium.subsurface !== undefined)
+                material.subsurface = medium.subsurface;
+            if (medium.volume !== undefined)
+                material.volume = medium.volume;
+            if (medium.bevel !== undefined)
+                material.bevel = medium.bevel;
+        }
     }
+    return snapshot;
+}
+/** Ends a material's name while it is serialized, followed by the index of its media. */
+const MEDIA_MARK = "\u0000media:";
+/**
+ * Everything that changes the finished image without tracing it again, as one string: the denoiser switch and what
+ * happens to the light between the radiance and the screen.
+ */
+function developing(settings) {
+    const { exposure, toneMapping, vignette, bloom, glare, lens, camera, depthOfField, globalIllumination } = settings;
+    return JSON.stringify([globalIllumination.denoise, exposure, toneMapping, vignette, bloom, glare,
+        lens.chromaticAberration, camera, camera.physicalExposure ? depthOfField.aperture : 0]);
 }
 /**
  * The summed coefficients of every LightProbe the renderer would draw, times its intensity, as Three's WebGLLights sums