@tickernelz/paperclip-pro-adapter-utils 2026.925.0

package/node_modules/zod/src/v4/classic/tests/string.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1440 @@
+import { randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
+import { expect, expectTypeOf, test } from "vitest";
+
+import * as z from "zod/v4";
+
+const minFive = z.string().min(5, "min5");
+const maxFive = z.string().max(5, "max5");
+const justFive = z.string().length(5);
+const nonempty = z.string().min(1, "nonempty");
+const includes = z.string().includes("includes");
+const includesFromIndex2 = z.string().includes("includes", { position: 2 });
+const startsWith = z.string().startsWith("startsWith");
+const endsWith = z.string().endsWith("endsWith");
+
+test("string factory checks", async () => {
+  const schema = z.string({ checks: [z.minLength(1), z.maxLength(3)] as const });
+  const chained = z.string().min(1).max(3);
+  expectTypeOf<z.output<typeof schema>>().toEqualTypeOf<string>();
+  for (const value of ["", "ab", "abcd", 1, undefined]) {
+    expect(z.validate(schema, value)).toBe(z.validate(chained, value));
+    expect(schema.safeParse(value)).toEqual(chained.safeParse(value));
+  }
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toEqual(z.toJSONSchema(chained));
+  expect(schema.minLength).toBe(1);
+  expect(schema.maxLength).toBe(3);
+  expect(schema._zod.parent).toBeUndefined();
+  expect([...schema._zod.traits]).toEqual([...chained._zod.traits]);
+  const extended = schema.max(2);
+  expect(extended._zod.parent).toBe(schema);
+  expect(z.validate(schema, "abc")).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.validate(extended, "abc")).toBe(false);
+  const coerce = z.coerce.string({ checks: [z.minLength(2)] });
+  expect(coerce.parse(12)).toBe("12");
+  expect(z.validate(coerce, 1)).toBe(false);
+  const asyncSchema = z.string({
+    checks: [
+      z.check<string>(async (ctx) => {
+        if (ctx.value !== "ok") ctx.issues.push({ code: "custom", input: ctx.value });
+      }),
+    ],
+  });
+  expect(await asyncSchema.safeParseAsync("ok")).toEqual({ success: true, data: "ok" });
+  expect((await asyncSchema.safeParseAsync("bad")).success).toBe(false);
+  // @ts-expect-error numeric checks cannot validate strings
+  z.string({ checks: [z.gte(1)] });
+});
+
+test("factory checks snapshot caller arrays", () => {
+  for (const factory of [z.string, z.coerce.string]) {
+    for (const initial of [[], [z.minLength(1)]]) {
+      const schema = factory({ checks: initial });
+      let reads = 0;
+      const getterSchema = factory({
+        get checks() {
+          if (++reads > 1) throw new Error("checks read twice");
+          return initial;
+        },
+      });
+      expect(reads).toBe(1);
+      expect(z.validate(getterSchema, "long")).toBe(true);
+      const before = z.toJSONSchema(schema);
+      initial.push(z.minLength(10));
+      expect(schema._zod.def.checks).not.toBe(initial);
+      expect(z.validate(schema, "long")).toBe(true);
+      expect(z.validate(z.compile(schema), "long")).toBe(true);
+      expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toEqual(before);
+      expect(z.validate(schema.check(z.minLength(2)), "long")).toBe(true);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test("length checks", () => {
+  minFive.parse("12345");
+  minFive.parse("123456");
+  maxFive.parse("12345");
+  maxFive.parse("1234");
+  nonempty.parse("1");
+  justFive.parse("12345");
+
+  expect(() => minFive.parse("1234")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => maxFive.parse("123456")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => nonempty.parse("")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => justFive.parse("1234")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => justFive.parse("123456")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("includes", () => {
+  includes.parse("XincludesXX");
+  includesFromIndex2.parse("XXXincludesXX");
+
+  expect(() => includes.parse("XincludeXX")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => includesFromIndex2.parse("XincludesXX")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("includes with string error message", () => {
+  const schema = z.string().includes("test", "must contain test");
+  schema.parse("this is a test");
+
+  expect(schema.safeParse("this is invalid")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "error": [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "includes",
+        "includes": "test",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "must contain test"
+      }
+    ]],
+      "success": false,
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("startswith/endswith", () => {
+  startsWith.parse("startsWithX");
+  endsWith.parse("XendsWith");
+
+  expect(() => startsWith.parse("x")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => endsWith.parse("x")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("email validations", () => {
+  const validEmails = [
+    `email@domain.com`,
+    `firstname.lastname@domain.com`,
+    `email@subdomain.domain.com`,
+    `firstname+lastname@domain.com`,
+    `1234567890@domain.com`,
+    `email@domain-one.com`,
+    `_______@domain.com`,
+    `email@domain.name`,
+    `email@domain.co.jp`,
+    `firstname-lastname@domain.com`,
+    `very.common@example.com`,
+    `disposable.style.email.with+symbol@example.com`,
+    `other.email-with-hyphen@example.com`,
+    `fully-qualified-domain@example.com`,
+    `user.name+tag+sorting@example.com`,
+    `x@example.com`,
+    `mojojojo@asdf.example.com`,
+    `example-indeed@strange-example.com`,
+    `example@s.example`,
+    `user-@example.org`,
+    `user@my-example.com`,
+    `a@b.cd`,
+    `work+user@mail.com`,
+    `tom@test.te-st.com`,
+    `something@subdomain.domain-with-hyphens.tld`,
+    `common'name@domain.com`,
+    `francois@etu.inp-n7.fr`,
+  ];
+  const invalidEmails = [
+    // no "printable characters"
+    // `user%example.com@example.org`,
+    // `mailhost!username@example.org`,
+    // `test/test@test.com`,
+
+    // double @
+    `francois@@etu.inp-n7.fr`,
+    // do not support quotes
+    `"email"@domain.com`,
+    `"e asdf sadf ?<>ail"@domain.com`,
+    `" "@example.org`,
+    `"john..doe"@example.org`,
+    `"very.(),:;<>[]\".VERY.\"very@\\ \"very\".unusual"@strange.example.com`,
+    // do not support comma
+    `a,b@domain.com`,
+
+    // do not support IPv4
+    `email@123.123.123.123`,
+    `email@[123.123.123.123]`,
+    `postmaster@123.123.123.123`,
+    `user@[68.185.127.196]`,
+    `ipv4@[85.129.96.247]`,
+    `valid@[79.208.229.53]`,
+    `valid@[255.255.255.255]`,
+    `valid@[255.0.55.2]`,
+    `valid@[255.0.55.2]`,
+
+    // do not support ipv6
+    `hgrebert0@[IPv6:4dc8:ac7:ce79:8878:1290:6098:5c50:1f25]`,
+    `bshapiro4@[IPv6:3669:c709:e981:4884:59a3:75d1:166b:9ae]`,
+    `jsmith@[IPv6:2001:db8::1]`,
+    `postmaster@[IPv6:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]`,
+    `postmaster@[IPv6:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:192.168.1.1]`,
+
+    // microsoft test cases
+    `plainaddress`,
+    `#@%^%#$@#$@#.com`,
+    `@domain.com`,
+    `Joe Smith &lt;email@domain.com&gt;`,
+    `email.domain.com`,
+    `email@domain@domain.com`,
+    `.email@domain.com`,
+    `email.@domain.com`,
+    `email..email@domain.com`,
+    `あいうえお@domain.com`,
+    `email@domain.com (Joe Smith)`,
+    `email@domain`,
+    `email@-domain.com`,
+    `email@111.222.333.44444`,
+    `email@domain..com`,
+    `Abc.example.com`,
+    `A@b@c@example.com`,
+    `colin..hacks@domain.com`,
+    `a"b(c)d,e:f;g<h>i[j\k]l@example.com`,
+    `just"not"right@example.com`,
+    `this is"not\allowed@example.com`,
+    `this\ still\"not\\allowed@example.com`,
+
+    // random
+    `i_like_underscore@but_its_not_allowed_in_this_part.example.com`,
+    `QA[icon]CHOCOLATE[icon]@test.com`,
+    `invalid@-start.com`,
+    `invalid@end.com-`,
+    `a.b@c.d`,
+    `invalid@[1.1.1.-1]`,
+    `invalid@[68.185.127.196.55]`,
+    `temp@[192.168.1]`,
+    `temp@[9.18.122.]`,
+    `double..point@test.com`,
+    `asdad@test..com`,
+    `asdad@hghg...sd...au`,
+    `asdad@hghg........au`,
+    `invalid@[256.2.2.48]`,
+    `invalid@[256.2.2.48]`,
+    `invalid@[999.465.265.1]`,
+    `jkibbey4@[IPv6:82c4:19a8::70a9:2aac:557::ea69:d985:28d]`,
+    `mlivesay3@[9952:143f:b4df:2179:49a1:5e82:b92e:6b6]`,
+    `gbacher0@[IPv6:bc37:4d3f:5048:2e26:37cc:248e:df8e:2f7f:af]`,
+    `invalid@[IPv6:5348:4ed3:5d38:67fb:e9b:acd2:c13:192.168.256.1]`,
+    `test@.com`,
+    `aaaaaaaaaaaaaaalongemailthatcausesregexDoSvulnerability@test.c`,
+  ];
+  const emailSchema = z.string().email();
+
+  expect(
+    validEmails.every((email) => {
+      return emailSchema.safeParse(email).success;
+    })
+  ).toBe(true);
+  expect(
+    invalidEmails.every((email) => {
+      return emailSchema.safeParse(email).success === false;
+    })
+  ).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test("base64 validations", () => {
+  const validBase64Strings = [
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", // "Hello World"
+    "VGhpcyBpcyBhbiBlbmNvZGVkIHN0cmluZw==", // "This is an encoded string"
+    "TWFueSBoYW5kcyBtYWtlIGxpZ2h0IHdvcms=", // "Many hands make light work"
+    "UGF0aWVuY2UgaXMgdGhlIGtleSB0byBzdWNjZXNz", // "Patience is the key to success"
+    "QmFzZTY0IGVuY29kaW5nIGlzIGZ1bg==", // "Base64 encoding is fun"
+    "MTIzNDU2Nzg5MA==", // "1234567890"
+    "YWJjZGVmZ2hpamtsbW5vcHFyc3R1dnd4eXo=", // "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    "QUJDREVGR0hJSktMTU5PUFFSU1RVVldYWVo=", // "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    "ISIkJSMmJyonKCk=", // "!\"#$%&'()*"
+    "", // Empty string is technically a valid base64
+  ];
+
+  for (const str of validBase64Strings) {
+    expect(str + z.string().base64().safeParse(str).success).toBe(`${str}true`);
+  }
+
+  const invalidBase64Strings = [
+    "12345", // Not padded correctly, not a multiple of 4 characters
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ", // Missing padding
+    "VGhpcyBpcyBhbiBlbmNvZGVkIHN0cmluZw", // Missing padding
+    "!UGF0aWVuY2UgaXMgdGhlIGtleSB0byBzdWNjZXNz", // Invalid character '!'
+    "?QmFzZTY0IGVuY29kaW5nIGlzIGZ1bg==", // Invalid character '?'
+    ".MTIzND2Nzg5MC4=", // Invalid character '.'
+    "QUJDREVGR0hJSktMTU5PUFFSU1RVVldYWVo", // Missing padding
+    // Whitespace is not part of canonical base64 (RFC 4648 §3.3) — atob() strips whitespace internally before validating, so the length check alone would accept "123 " etc.
+    "123 ", // bypasses length-mod-4 via trailing whitespace
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ= ", // trailing space
+    " SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", // leading space
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\n", // trailing newline
+    "SGVs bG8gV29ybGQ=", // internal space
+    "SGVs\nbG8gV29ybGQ=", // internal newline
+    "SGVs\tbG8gV29ybGQ=", // internal tab
+  ];
+
+  for (const str of invalidBase64Strings) {
+    expect(str + z.string().base64().safeParse(str).success).toBe(`${str}false`);
+  }
+});
+
+test("base64url validations", () => {
+  const base64url = z.string().base64url();
+
+  const validBase64URLStrings = [
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ", // "Hello World"
+
+    "VGhpcyBpcyBhbiBlbmNvZGVkIHN0cmluZw", // "This is an encoded string"
+
+    "TWFueSBoYW5kcyBtYWtlIGxpZ2h0IHdvcms", // "Many hands make light work"
+
+    "UGF0aWVuY2UgaXMgdGhlIGtleSB0byBzdWNjZXNz", // "Patience is the key to success"
+    "QmFzZTY0IGVuY29kaW5nIGlzIGZ1bg", // "Base64 encoding is fun"
+
+    "MTIzNDU2Nzg5MA", // "1234567890"
+
+    "YWJjZGVmZ2hpamtsbW5vcHFyc3R1dnd4eXo", // "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+
+    "QUJDREVGR0hJSktMTU5PUFFSU1RVVldYWVo", // "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+
+    "ISIkJSMmJyonKCk", // "!\"#$%&'()*"
+
+    "", // Empty string is technically valid base64url
+    "w7_Dv8O-w74K", // ÿÿþþ
+    "123456",
+  ];
+
+  for (const str of validBase64URLStrings) {
+    expect(str + base64url.safeParse(str).success).toBe(`${str}true`);
+  }
+
+  const invalidBase64URLStrings = [
+    "w7/Dv8O+w74K", // Has + and / characters (is base64)
+    "A", // Invalid length (1 mod 4 carries no whole byte)
+    "12345", // Invalid length (not a multiple of 4 characters when adding allowed number of padding characters)
+    "12345===", // Not padded correctly
+    "!UGF0aWVuY2UgaXMgdGhlIGtleSB0byBzdWNjZXNz", // Invalid character '!'
+    "?QmFzZTY0IGVuY29kaW5nIGlzIGZ1bg==", // Invalid character '?'
+    ".MTIzND2Nzg5MC4=", // Invalid character '.'
+
+    // disallow valid padding
+    "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", // "Hello World" with padding
+    "VGhpcyBpcyBhbiBlbmNvZGVkIHN0cmluZw==", // "This is an encoded string" with padding
+    "TWFueSBoYW5kcyBtYWtlIGxpZ2h0IHdvcms=", // "Many hands make light work" with padding
+    "QmFzZTY0IGVuY29kaW5nIGlzIGZ1bg==", // "Base64 encoding is fun" with padding
+    "MTIzNDU2Nzg5MA==", // "1234567890" with padding
+    "YWJjZGVmZ2hpamtsbW5vcHFyc3R1dnd4eXo=", // "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz with padding"
+    "QUJDREVGR0hJSktMTU5PUFFSU1RVVldYWVo=", // "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" with padding
+    "ISIkJSMmJyonKCk=", // "!\"#$%&'()*" with padding
+  ];
+
+  for (const str of invalidBase64URLStrings) {
+    expect(str + base64url.safeParse(str).success).toBe(`${str}false`);
+  }
+});
+
+test("big base64 and base64url", () => {
+  const bigbase64 = randomBytes(1024 * 1024 * 10).toString("base64");
+  z.base64().parse(bigbase64);
+  const bigbase64url = randomBytes(1024 * 1024 * 10).toString("base64url");
+  z.base64url().parse(bigbase64url);
+
+  // template literals compose def.pattern and test it on every parse; the quantified block forms overflowed the regex stack here
+  expect(z.templateLiteral(["id-", z.base64()]).safeParse(`id-${bigbase64}`).success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.templateLiteral(["id-", z.base64url()]).safeParse(`id-${bigbase64url}`).success).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test("template literal composes base64 without alternation leaks", () => {
+  // the ^$| alternation in regexes.base64 used to leak: "AAAA" matched with the prefix dropped and "id-AAAA" was rejected
+  const tl = z.templateLiteral(["id-", z.base64()]);
+  expect(tl.safeParse("id-AAAA").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(tl.safeParse("id-").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(tl.safeParse("AAAA").success).toBe(false);
+});
+
+function makeJwt(header: object, payload: object) {
+  const headerBase64 = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(header)).toString("base64url");
+  const payloadBase64 = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(payload)).toString("base64url");
+  const signature = "signature"; // Placeholder for the signature
+  return `${headerBase64}.${payloadBase64}.${signature}`;
+}
+
+test("jwt token", () => {
+  const jwt = z.string().jwt();
+  expect(() => jwt.parse("invalid")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => jwt.parse("invalid.invalid")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => jwt.parse("invalid.invalid.invalid")).toThrow();
+
+  // Valid JWTs
+  const es256jwt = z.string().jwt({ alg: "ES256" });
+  const d1 = makeJwt({ typ: "JWT", alg: "ES256" }, {});
+  jwt.parse(d1);
+  es256jwt.parse(d1);
+
+  // Invalid header
+  const d2 = makeJwt({}, {});
+  expect(() => jwt.parse(d2)).toThrow();
+
+  // Wrong algorithm
+  const d3 = makeJwt({ typ: "JWT", alg: "RS256" }, {});
+  expect(() => es256jwt.parse(d3)).toThrow();
+
+  // missing typ is fine
+  const d4 = makeJwt({ alg: "HS256" }, {});
+  jwt.parse(d4);
+
+  // type isn't JWT
+  const d5 = makeJwt({ typ: "SUP", alg: "HS256" }, { foo: "bar" });
+  expect(() => jwt.parse(d5)).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("url validations", () => {
+  const url = z.string().url();
+  url.parse("http://google.com");
+  url.parse("https://google.com/asdf?asdf=ljk3lk4&asdf=234#asdf");
+  url.parse("https://anonymous:flabada@developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/URL/password");
+  url.parse("https://localhost");
+  url.parse("https://my.local");
+  url.parse("http://aslkfjdalsdfkjaf");
+  url.parse("http://localhost");
+
+  url.parse("c:");
+
+  expect(() => url.parse("asdf")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => url.parse("https:/")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => url.parse("asdfj@lkjsdf.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => url.parse("https://")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("url preserves original input", () => {
+  const url = z.string().url();
+
+  // Test the specific case from the user report
+  const input = "https://example.com?key=NUXOmHqWNVTapJkJJHw8BfD155AuqhH_qju_5fNmQ4ZHV7u8";
+  const output = url.parse(input);
+  expect(output).toBe(input); // Should preserve the original input exactly
+
+  // Test other cases where URL constructor would normalize
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com?foo=bar")).toBe("https://example.com?foo=bar");
+  expect(url.parse("http://example.com?test=123")).toBe("http://example.com?test=123");
+  expect(url.parse("https://sub.example.com?param=value&other=data")).toBe(
+    "https://sub.example.com?param=value&other=data"
+  );
+
+  // Test cases with trailing slashes are preserved
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com/")).toBe("https://example.com/");
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com/path/")).toBe("https://example.com/path/");
+
+  // Test cases with paths and query parameters
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com/path?query=param")).toBe("https://example.com/path?query=param");
+});
+
+test("url trims whitespace", () => {
+  const url = z.string().url();
+
+  // Test trimming whitespace from URLs
+  expect(url.parse("  https://example.com  ")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(url.parse("  https://example.com/path?query=param  ")).toBe("https://example.com/path?query=param");
+  expect(url.parse("\t\nhttps://example.com\t\n")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(url.parse("   https://example.com?key=value   ")).toBe("https://example.com?key=value");
+
+  // Test that URLs without extra whitespace are unchanged
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(url.parse("https://example.com/path")).toBe("https://example.com/path");
+});
+
+test("url returns the string the parser validated", () => {
+  // The URL parser deletes ASCII tab, LF and CR instead of failing, so `new URL()` reports on a string that is not the one it was given. The host is the consequential case: this validated example.com and used to hand back a URL naming a different host.
+  expect(z.url().parse("https://exa\nmple.com")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(z.url().parse("https://exa\tmple.com")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(z.url().parse("https://exa\rmple.com")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(z.httpUrl().parse("https://exa\nmple.com")).toBe("https://example.com");
+  expect(z.url({ hostname: /^a\.com$/ }).parse("https://a\n.com")).toBe("https://a.com");
+  expect(z.url().parse("https://example.com/a\nb?c=\td#e")).toBe("https://example.com/ab?c=d#e");
+
+  // Nothing that parsed before stops parsing, and normalize still wins where it applies.
+  expect(z.url().parse("https://example.com/path")).toBe("https://example.com/path");
+  expect(z.url({ normalize: true }).parse("https://exa\nmple.com")).toBe("https://example.com/");
+});
+
+test("ipv6 and cidrv6 reject anything outside the address alphabet", () => {
+  // `new URL("http://[...]")` parses an authority rather than an address, so a delimiter re-splits it and the parser validates something else entirely.
+  expect(z.ipv6().safeParse("::@1\\").success).toBe(false); // used to validate against the host 0.0.0.1
+  expect(z.ipv6().safeParse("::]/1").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(z.ipv6().safeParse("@[::1").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(z.cidrv6().safeParse("::@1\\/64").success).toBe(false);
+
+  for (const c of ["\t", "\n", "\r"]) {
+    expect(z.ipv6().safeParse(`2001:db8::${c}1`).success).toBe(false);
+    expect(z.ipv6().safeParse(`::1${c}`).success).toBe(false);
+    expect(z.cidrv6().safeParse(`::1${c}/64`).success).toBe(false);
+  }
+
+  // A rejection has to surface as an issue, not just success: false.
+  const result = z.ipv6().safeParse("::1\n");
+  expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0]).toMatchObject({ code: "invalid_format", format: "ipv6" });
+
+  expect(z.ipv6().parse("2001:db8::1")).toBe("2001:db8::1");
+  expect(z.ipv6().parse("::ffff:192.0.2.1")).toBe("::ffff:192.0.2.1");
+  expect(z.ipv6().parse("2001:DB8::1")).toBe("2001:DB8::1");
+  expect(z.cidrv6().parse("::ffff:192.0.2.1/96")).toBe("::ffff:192.0.2.1/96");
+});
+
+test("url normalize flag", () => {
+  const normalizeUrl = z.url({ normalize: true });
+  const preserveUrl = z.url(); // normalize: false/undefined by default
+
+  // Test that normalize flag causes URL normalization
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com?key=value")).toBe("https://example.com/?key=value");
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("http://example.com?test=123")).toBe("http://example.com/?test=123");
+
+  // Test with already normalized URLs
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com/")).toBe("https://example.com/");
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com/path?query=param")).toBe("https://example.com/path?query=param");
+
+  // Test complex URLs with normalization
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com/../?key=value")).toBe("https://example.com/?key=value");
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com/./path?key=value")).toBe("https://example.com/path?key=value");
+
+  // Compare with non-normalize behavior
+  expect(preserveUrl.parse("https://example.com?key=value")).toBe("https://example.com?key=value");
+  expect(preserveUrl.parse("http://example.com?test=123")).toBe("http://example.com?test=123");
+
+  // Test trimming with normalize
+  expect(normalizeUrl.parse("  https://example.com?key=value  ")).toBe("https://example.com/?key=value");
+  expect(preserveUrl.parse("  https://example.com?key=value  ")).toBe("https://example.com?key=value");
+});
+
+test("url normalize with hostname and protocol constraints", () => {
+  const constrainedNormalizeUrl = z.url({
+    normalize: true,
+    protocol: /^https$/,
+    hostname: /^example\.com$/,
+  });
+
+  // Test that normalization works with constraints
+  expect(constrainedNormalizeUrl.parse("https://example.com?key=value")).toBe("https://example.com/?key=value");
+
+  // Test that constraints are still enforced
+  expect(() => constrainedNormalizeUrl.parse("http://example.com?key=value")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => constrainedNormalizeUrl.parse("https://other.com?key=value")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("httpurl", () => {
+  const httpUrl = z.url({
+    protocol: /^https?$/,
+    hostname: z.regexes.domain,
+    // /^(?=.{1,253}$)([a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,63}$/
+  });
+
+  httpUrl.parse("https://example.com");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://example.com");
+  // ports
+  httpUrl.parse("https://example.com:8080");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://example.com:8080");
+  // subdomains
+  httpUrl.parse("https://sub.example.com");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://sub.example.com");
+  // paths
+  httpUrl.parse("https://example.com/path/to/resource");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://example.com/path/to/resource");
+  // query parameters
+  httpUrl.parse("https://example.com/path?query=param");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://example.com/path?query=param");
+  // fragment identifiers
+  httpUrl.parse("https://example.com/path#fragment");
+  httpUrl.parse("http://example.com/path#fragment");
+  // fails
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("ftp://example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("shttp://example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("httpz://example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http://")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http://localhost")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http://-asdf.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() =>
+    httpUrl.parse(
+      "http://asdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf.com"
+    )
+  ).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http://asdf.c")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("mailto:asdf@lckj.com")).toThrow();
+  // total host length over the RFC 1035 limit of 253 chars (built from valid-length labels)
+  const longHost = `${`${"a".repeat(50)}.`.repeat(5)}com`; // 5 * 51 + 3 = 258 chars
+  expect(longHost.length).toBeGreaterThan(253);
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse(`http://${longHost}`)).toThrow();
+  // TLD over the 63-char label limit
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse(`http://example.${"a".repeat(64)}`)).toThrow();
+  // a host at exactly the 253-char limit is still accepted, one char more is not
+  const maxHost = `${`${"a".repeat(61)}.`.repeat(4)}aaaaa`; // 4 * 62 + 5 = 253 chars
+  httpUrl.parse(`http://${maxHost}`);
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse(`http://${maxHost}a`)).toThrow();
+  // missing // after protocol
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http:example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("https:example.com")).toThrow();
+  // missing one /
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("https:/www.google.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => httpUrl.parse("http:/example.com")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("url error overrides", () => {
+  try {
+    z.string().url().parse("https");
+  } catch (err) {
+    expect((err as z.ZodError).issues[0].message).toEqual("Invalid URL");
+  }
+  try {
+    z.string().url("badurl").parse("https");
+  } catch (err) {
+    expect((err as z.ZodError).issues[0].message).toEqual("badurl");
+  }
+  try {
+    z.string().url({ message: "badurl" }).parse("https");
+  } catch (err) {
+    expect((err as z.ZodError).issues[0].message).toEqual("badurl");
+  }
+});
+
+test("emoji validations", () => {
+  const emoji = z.string().emoji();
+
+  emoji.parse("🦰🦱🦲🦳"); // both Extended_Pictographic and Emoji_Component
+  emoji.parse("👋👋👋👋");
+  emoji.parse("🍺👩‍🚀🫡");
+  emoji.parse("💚💙💜💛❤️");
+  emoji.parse("🐛🗝🐏🍡🎦🚢🏨💫🎌☘🗡😹🔒🎬➡️🍹🗂🚨⚜🕑〽️🚦🌊🍴💍🍌💰😳🌺🍃");
+  emoji.parse("🇹🇷🤽🏿‍♂️");
+  emoji.parse(
+    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+  );
+  expect(() => emoji.parse(":-)")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("😀 is an emoji")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("😀stuff")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("stuff😀")).toThrow();
+
+  emoji.parse("1\u{FE0F}\u{20E3}"); // keycap sequences stay valid
+  emoji.parse("#\u{FE0F}\u{20E3}");
+
+  // `\p{Emoji_Component}` alone covers ASCII digits, "#", "*", ZWJ, variation selectors and skin tone modifiers; none is an emoji without a base, so a component-only string is not one either
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("123")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("#")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("*")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("\u{200D}")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("\u{FE0F}")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("\u{1F3FD}")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => emoji.parse("1\u{FE0F}")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("nanoid", () => {
+  const nanoid = z.string().nanoid("custom error");
+  nanoid.parse("lfNZluvAxMkf7Q8C5H-QS");
+  nanoid.parse("mIU_4PJWikaU8fMbmkouz");
+  nanoid.parse("Hb9ZUtUa2JDm_dD-47EGv");
+  nanoid.parse("5Noocgv_8vQ9oPijj4ioQ");
+  const result = nanoid.safeParse("Xq90uDyhddC53KsoASYJGX");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0].message).toEqual("custom error");
+  expect(result.error).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "nanoid",
+        "pattern": "/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{21}$/",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "custom error"
+      }
+    ]]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("bad nanoid", () => {
+  const nanoid = z.string().nanoid("custom error");
+  nanoid.parse("ySh_984wpDUu7IQRrLXAp");
+  const result = nanoid.safeParse("invalid nanoid");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0].message).toEqual("custom error");
+  expect(result.error).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "nanoid",
+        "pattern": "/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{21}$/",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "custom error"
+      }
+    ]]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("good uuid", () => {
+  const uuid = z.string().uuid("custom error");
+  const goodUuids = [
+    "9491d710-3185-1e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-2e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-3e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-4e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-5e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-5e06-aea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-5e06-8ea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-5e06-9ea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
+    "ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff",
+  ];
+
+  for (const goodUuid of goodUuids) {
+    const result = uuid.safeParse(goodUuid);
+    expect(result.success).toEqual(true);
+  }
+});
+
+test(`bad uuid`, () => {
+  const uuid = z.string().uuid("custom error");
+  for (const badUuid of [
+    "9491d710-3185-0e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "9491d710-3185-5e06-0ea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "d89e7b01-7598-ed11-9d7a-0022489382fd", // new sequential id
+    "b3ce60f8-e8b9-40f5-1150-172ede56ff74", // Variant 0 - RFC 9562/4122: Reserved, NCS backward compatibility
+    "92e76bf9-28b3-4730-cd7f-cb6bc51f8c09", // Variant 2 - RFC 9562/4122: Reserved, Microsoft Corporation backward compatibility
+    "invalid uuid",
+    "9491d710-3185-4e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0X",
+  ]) {
+    const result = uuid.safeParse(badUuid);
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+    expect(result.error?.issues[0].message).toEqual("custom error");
+  }
+});
+
+test("good guid", () => {
+  const guid = z.string().guid("custom error");
+  for (const goodGuid of [
+    "9491d710-3185-4e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0",
+    "d89e7b01-7598-ed11-9d7a-0022489382fd", // new sequential id
+    "b3ce60f8-e8b9-40f5-1150-172ede56ff74", // Variant 0 - RFC 9562/4122: Reserved, NCS backward compatibility
+    "92e76bf9-28b3-4730-cd7f-cb6bc51f8c09", // Variant 2 - RFC 9562/4122: Reserved, Microsoft Corporation backward compatibility
+    "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000",
+    "ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff",
+  ]) {
+    const result = guid.safeParse(goodGuid);
+    expect(result.success).toEqual(true);
+  }
+});
+
+test("bad guid", () => {
+  const guid = z.string().guid("custom error");
+  for (const badGuid of ["9491d710-3185-4e06-bea0-6a2f275345e0X"]) {
+    const result = guid.safeParse(badGuid);
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+    expect(result.error?.issues[0].message).toEqual("custom error");
+  }
+});
+
+test("nanoid custom length", () => {
+  const nanoid64 = z.nanoid({ length: 64 });
+  nanoid64.parse("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_");
+  expect(nanoid64.safeParse("lfNZluvAxMkf7Q8C5H-QS")).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  // the deprecated method and the default length both still work
+  expect(z.string().nanoid({ length: 10 }).safeParse("IRFa-VaY2b")).toMatchObject({ success: true });
+  expect(z.nanoid().safeParse("lfNZluvAxMkf7Q8C5H-QS")).toMatchObject({ success: true });
+
+  expect(z.nanoid({ length: 64, error: "custom error" }).safeParse("abc").error!.issues[0].message).toEqual(
+    "custom error"
+  );
+});
+
+test("nanoid rejects a length that is not a positive integer", () => {
+  expect(() => z.nanoid({ length: 0 })).toThrow("Invalid nanoid length: 0");
+  expect(() => z.nanoid({ length: -1 })).toThrow("Invalid nanoid length: -1");
+  expect(() => z.nanoid({ length: 1.5 })).toThrow("Invalid nanoid length: 1.5");
+});
+
+test("cuid", () => {
+  const cuid = z.string().cuid();
+  cuid.parse("ckopqwooh000001la8mbi2im9");
+  const result = cuid.safeParse("cifjhdsfhsd-invalid-cuid");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0].message).toEqual("Invalid cuid");
+  expect(result.error).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "cuid",
+        "pattern": "/^[cC][0-9a-z]{6,}$/",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "Invalid cuid"
+      }
+    ]]
+  `);
+
+  // Strings containing non-base36 characters that the old denylist regex
+  // (/^[cC][^\s-]{8,}$/) accepted. The new regex restricts the body to
+  // [0-9a-z], matching the actual CUID v1 base36 format. See #3621.
+  const previouslyAcceptedNonCuids = [
+    "cly63t164000245zw008pggon';select1;", // SQLi-shaped (no whitespace, no hyphen)
+    "c<script>alert(1)</script>aaaaaa", // XSS-shaped
+    "c{};alert(1)//", // bracket / curly chars
+    "C0123_45678", // underscore is not base36
+    "cAAAAAAAAA", // uppercase letters in body are not base36 (CUIDs are lowercase)
+  ];
+  for (const s of previouslyAcceptedNonCuids) {
+    expect(cuid.safeParse(s).success).toBe(false);
+  }
+});
+
+test("cuid2", () => {
+  const cuid2 = z.string().cuid2();
+  const validStrings = [
+    "a", // short string
+    "tz4a98xxat96iws9zmbrgj3a", // normal string
+    "kf5vz6ssxe4zjcb409rjgo747tc5qjazgptvotk6", // longer than require("@paralleldrive/cuid2").bigLength
+  ];
+  for (const s of validStrings) {
+    cuid2.parse(s);
+  }
+
+  const invalidStrings = [
+    "", // empty string
+    "tz4a98xxat96iws9zMbrgj3a", // include uppercase
+    "tz4a98xxat96iws-zmbrgj3a", // involve symbols
+  ];
+  const results = invalidStrings.map((s) => cuid2.safeParse(s));
+  expect(results.every((r) => !r.success)).toEqual(true);
+  if (!results[0].success) {
+    expect(results[0].error.issues[0].message).toEqual("Invalid cuid2");
+  }
+});
+
+test("ulid", () => {
+  const ulid = z.string().ulid();
+  ulid.parse("01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAV");
+  const result = ulid.safeParse("invalidulid");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+  const tooLong = "01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAVA";
+  expect(ulid.safeParse(tooLong)).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  const caseInsensitive = ulid.safeParse("01arZ3nDeKTsV4RRffQ69G5FAV");
+  expect(caseInsensitive.success).toEqual(true);
+
+  // first char is capped at 7: the spec's largest ULID is 7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ, so 8-9 and every letter overflow 2^48-1
+  expect(ulid.safeParse("7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ").success).toEqual(true);
+  for (const first of ["8", "9", "A", "Z", "z"]) {
+    expect(ulid.safeParse(`${first}AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA`).success).toEqual(false);
+  }
+
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0].message).toEqual("Invalid ULID");
+  expect(result.error).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "ulid",
+        "pattern": "/^[0-7][0-9A-HJKMNP-TV-Za-hjkmnp-tv-z]{25}$/",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "Invalid ULID"
+      }
+    ]]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("xid", () => {
+  const xid = z.string().xid();
+  xid.parse("9m4e2mr0ui3e8a215n4g");
+  const result = xid.safeParse("invalidxid");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+
+  expect(result.error!.issues[0].message).toEqual("Invalid XID");
+  expect(result.error).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [ZodError: [
+      {
+        "origin": "string",
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "xid",
+        "pattern": "/^[0-9a-vA-V]{20}$/",
+        "path": [],
+        "message": "Invalid XID"
+      }
+    ]]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("ksuid", () => {
+  const ksuid = z.string().ksuid();
+  ksuid.parse("0o0t9hkGxgFLtd3lmJ4TSTeY0Vb");
+  const result = ksuid.safeParse("invalidksuid");
+  expect(result).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+  const tooLong = "0o0t9hkGxgFLtd3lmJ4TSTeY0VbA";
+  expect(ksuid.safeParse(tooLong)).toMatchObject({ success: false });
+  expect(result.error!.issues).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [
+      {
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "ksuid",
+        "message": "Invalid KSUID",
+        "origin": "string",
+        "path": [],
+        "pattern": "/^[A-Za-z0-9]{27}$/",
+      },
+    ]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("regex", () => {
+  z.string()
+    .regex(/^moo+$/)
+    .parse("mooooo");
+  expect(() => z.string().uuid().parse("purr")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("regexp error message", () => {
+  const result = z
+    .string()
+    .regex(/^moo+$/)
+    .safeParse("boooo");
+  expect(result.error!.issues).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [
+      {
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "regex",
+        "message": "Invalid string: must match pattern /^moo+$/",
+        "origin": "string",
+        "path": [],
+        "pattern": "/^moo+$/",
+      },
+    ]
+  `);
+
+  expect(() => z.string().uuid().parse("purr")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("regexp error custom message", () => {
+  const result = z
+    .string()
+    .regex(/^moo+$/, { message: "Custom error message" })
+    .safeParse("boooo");
+  expect(result.error!.issues).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [
+      {
+        "code": "invalid_format",
+        "format": "regex",
+        "message": "Custom error message",
+        "origin": "string",
+        "path": [],
+        "pattern": "/^moo+$/",
+      },
+    ]
+  `);
+
+  expect(() => z.string().uuid().parse("purr")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("regex lastIndex reset", () => {
+  const schema = z.string().regex(/^\d+$/g);
+  expect(schema.safeParse("123").success).toEqual(true);
+  expect(schema.safeParse("123").success).toEqual(true);
+  expect(schema.safeParse("123").success).toEqual(true);
+  expect(schema.safeParse("123").success).toEqual(true);
+  expect(schema.safeParse("123").success).toEqual(true);
+});
+
+test("format", () => {
+  expect(z.string().email().format).toEqual("email");
+  expect(z.string().url().format).toEqual("url");
+  expect(z.string().jwt().format).toEqual("jwt");
+  expect(z.string().emoji().format).toEqual("emoji");
+  expect(z.string().guid().format).toEqual("guid");
+  expect(z.string().uuid().format).toEqual("uuid");
+  expect(z.string().uuidv4().format).toEqual("uuid");
+  expect(z.string().uuidv6().format).toEqual("uuid");
+  expect(z.string().uuidv7().format).toEqual("uuid");
+  expect(z.string().nanoid().format).toEqual("nanoid");
+  expect(z.string().guid().format).toEqual("guid");
+  expect(z.string().cuid().format).toEqual("cuid");
+  expect(z.string().cuid2().format).toEqual("cuid2");
+  expect(z.string().ulid().format).toEqual("ulid");
+  expect(z.string().base64().format).toEqual("base64");
+  // expect(z.string().jsonString().format).toEqual("json_string");
+  // expect(z.string().json().format).toEqual("json_string");
+  expect(z.string().xid().format).toEqual("xid");
+  expect(z.string().ksuid().format).toEqual("ksuid");
+  // expect(z.string().ip().format).toEqual("ip");
+  expect(z.string().ipv4().format).toEqual("ipv4");
+  expect(z.string().ipv6().format).toEqual("ipv6");
+  expect(z.string().e164().format).toEqual("e164");
+  expect(z.string().datetime().format).toEqual("datetime");
+  expect(z.string().date().format).toEqual("date");
+  expect(z.string().time().format).toEqual("time");
+  expect(z.string().duration().format).toEqual("duration");
+
+  expect(z.mac().format).toEqual("mac");
+});
+
+test("min max getters", () => {
+  expect(z.string().min(5).minLength).toEqual(5);
+  expect(z.string().min(5).min(10).minLength).toEqual(10);
+  expect(z.string().minLength).toEqual(null);
+
+  expect(z.string().max(5).maxLength).toEqual(5);
+  expect(z.string().max(5).max(1).maxLength).toEqual(1);
+  expect(z.string().max(5).max(10).maxLength).toEqual(5);
+  expect(z.string().maxLength).toEqual(null);
+});
+
+test("boundary cases with zero length", () => {
+  // Test length(0) - only empty string should pass
+  const lengthZero = z.string().length(0);
+  expect(lengthZero.parse("")).toEqual("");
+  expect(() => lengthZero.parse("a")).toThrow();
+
+  // Test min(0) - all strings including empty should pass
+  const minZero = z.string().min(0);
+  expect(minZero.parse("")).toEqual("");
+  expect(minZero.parse("a")).toEqual("a");
+  expect(minZero.parse("hello")).toEqual("hello");
+
+  // Test max(0) - only empty string should pass
+  const maxZero = z.string().max(0);
+  expect(maxZero.parse("")).toEqual("");
+  expect(() => maxZero.parse("a")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => maxZero.parse("hello")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("length checks count Unicode code points, not UTF-16 code units", () => {
+  // "\u{1F600}" is one code point but two UTF-16 code units
+  const five = "\u{1F600}\u{1F600}\u{1F600}\u{1F600}\u{1F600}";
+  expect(z.string().max(5).safeParse(five).success).toBe(true);
+  expect(
+    z
+      .string()
+      .max(5)
+      .safeParse(five + "\u{1F600}").success
+  ).toBe(false);
+  expect(z.string().min(5).safeParse(five).success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.string().min(5).safeParse("\u{1F600}\u{1F600}\u{1F600}\u{1F600}").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(z.string().length(5).safeParse(five).success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.string().length(1).safeParse("\u{1F600}").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.string().nonempty().safeParse("\u{1F600}").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // code points, not graphemes: a combining mark and a ZWJ sequence each stay several
+  expect(z.string().length(2).safeParse("e\u0301").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.string().length(3).safeParse("\u{1F9D1}\u200D\u{1F37C}").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // an unpaired surrogate is its own code point
+  expect(z.string().length(1).safeParse("\uD83D").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(z.string().length(2).safeParse("\uDE00\uD83D").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // the reported bound is still the declared one
+  expect(
+    z
+      .string()
+      .max(5)
+      .safeParse(five + "\u{1F600}").error!.issues[0]
+  ).toMatchObject({
+    code: "too_big",
+    maximum: 5,
+    origin: "string",
+  });
+
+  // other lengthables keep counting elements
+  expect(z.array(z.string()).max(2).safeParse(["a", "b", "c"]).success).toBe(false);
+  expect(z.array(z.string()).length(2).safeParse(["\u{1F600}", "\u{1F600}"]).success).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test("trim", () => {
+  expect(z.string().trim().min(2).parse(" 12 ")).toEqual("12");
+
+  // ordering of methods is respected
+  expect(z.string().min(2).trim().parse(" 1 ")).toEqual("1");
+  expect(() => z.string().trim().min(2).parse(" 1 ")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("lowerCase", () => {
+  expect(z.string().toLowerCase().parse("ASDF")).toEqual("asdf");
+  expect(z.string().toUpperCase().parse("asdf")).toEqual("ASDF");
+});
+
+test("slugify", () => {
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("  Hello   World  ")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello@World#123")).toEqual("helloworld123");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello-World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello_World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("---Hello---World---")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello  World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(z.string().slugify().parse("Hello!@#$%^&*()World")).toEqual("helloworld");
+
+  // can be used with check
+  expect(z.string().check(z.slugify()).parse("Hello World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+
+  // can be chained with other methods
+  expect(z.string().slugify().min(5).parse("Hello World")).toEqual("hello-world");
+  expect(() => z.string().slugify().min(20).parse("Hello World")).toThrow();
+});
+
+// test("IP validation", () => {
+//   const ipSchema = z.string().ip();
+
+//   // General IP validation (accepts both v4 and v6)
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("114.71.82.94").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("0.0.0.0").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("37.85.236.115").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("1e5e:e6c8:daac:514b:114b:e360:d8c0:682c").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("9d4:c956:420f:5788:4339:9b3b:2418:75c3").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("a6ea::2454:a5ce:94.105.123.75").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("474f:4c83::4e40:a47:ff95:0cda").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("d329:0:25b4:db47:a9d1:0:4926:0000").success).toBe(true);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("e48:10fb:1499:3e28:e4b6:dea5:4692:912c").success).toBe(true);
+
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("d329:1be4:25b4:db47:a9d1:dc71:4926:992c:14af").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("d5e7:7214:2b78::3906:85e6:53cc:709:32ba").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("8f69::c757:395e:976e::3441").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("54cb::473f:d516:0.255.256.22").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("54cb::473f:d516:192.168.1").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("256.0.4.4").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("-1.0.555.4").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("0.0.0.0.0").success).toBe(false);
+//   expect(ipSchema.safeParse("1.1.1").success).toBe(false);
+// });
+
+test("IPv4 validation", () => {
+  const ipv4 = z.string().ipv4();
+
+  // Valid IPv4 addresses
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("114.71.82.94").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("0.0.0.0").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("37.85.236.115").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("192.168.0.1").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("255.255.255.255").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1.2.3.4").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // Invalid IPv4 addresses
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("256.0.4.4").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("-1.0.555.4").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("0.0.0.0.0").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1.1.1").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1e5e:e6c8:daac:514b:114b:e360:d8c0:682c").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("a6ea::2454:a5ce:94.105.123.75").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("not an ip").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1.2.3").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1.2.3.4.5").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv4.safeParse("1.2.3.256").success).toBe(false);
+
+  // Test specific error
+  expect(() => ipv4.parse("6097:adfa:6f0b:220d:db08:5021:6191:7990")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("IPv6 validation", () => {
+  const ipv6 = z.string().ipv6();
+
+  // Valid IPv6 addresses
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("1e5e:e6c8:daac:514b:114b:e360:d8c0:682c").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("9d4:c956:420f:5788:4339:9b3b:2418:75c3").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("a6ea::2454:a5ce:94.105.123.75").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("474f:4c83::4e40:a47:ff95:0cda").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("d329:0:25b4:db47:a9d1:0:4926:0000").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("e48:10fb:1499:3e28:e4b6:dea5:4692:912c").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("::1").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("2001:db8::").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("2001:db8::192.168.0.1").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("::ffff:192.168.0.1").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("::ffff:c000:0280").success).toBe(true); // IPv4-mapped IPv6 address
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("64:ff9b::192.168.0.1").success).toBe(true); // IPv4/IPv6 translation
+
+  // Invalid IPv6 addresses
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("d329:1be4:25b4:db47:a9d1:dc71:4926:992c:14af").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("d5e7:7214:2b78::3906:85e6:53cc:709:32ba").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("8f69::c757:395e:976e::3441").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("54cb::473f:d516:0.255.256.22").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("54cb::473f:d516:192.168.1").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("114.71.82.94").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("not an ip").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(ipv6.safeParse("g123::1234:5678").success).toBe(false);
+
+  // Test specific error
+  expect(() => ipv6.parse("254.164.77.1")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("MAC validation", () => {
+  const mac = z.mac();
+
+  // Valid MAC addresses
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:11:22:33:44:55").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("A1:B2:C3:D4:E5:F6").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("10:20:30:40:50:60").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("0a:1b:2c:3d:4e:5f").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("12:34:56:78:9A:BC").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // Invalid MAC addresses
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A-2B:3C-4D:5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00-1A-2B-3C-4D").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("01-23-45-67-89-AB").success).toBe(false); // Dash delimiter not accepted by default
+  expect(mac.safeParse("AA-BB-CC-DD-EE-FF").success).toBe(false); // Dash delimiter not accepted by default
+  expect(mac.safeParse("DE-AD-BE-EF-00-01").success).toBe(false); // Dash delimiter not accepted by default
+  expect(mac.safeParse("98-76-54-32-10-FF").success).toBe(false); // Dash delimiter not accepted by default
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:GZ").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E:GG").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("123:45:67:89:AB:CD").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00--1A:2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A::2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:3C:2B:1A:00").success).toBe(false); // Disallow EUI-64
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1a:2B:3c:4D:5e").success).toBe(false); // Disallow mixed-case
+
+  // MAC formats that are nonstandard but occassionally referenced, ex. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/datatype-net-types.html#DATATYPE-MACADDR
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E:FF").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("001A2B:3C4D5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("001A:2B3C:4D5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("001A.2B3C.4D5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("001A2B3C4D5E").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(mac.safeParse("00.1A.2B.3C.4D.5E").success).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("MAC validation with custom delimiter", () => {
+  const colonMac = z.mac({ delimiter: ":" });
+  expect(colonMac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(colonMac.safeParse("00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E").success).toBe(false);
+
+  const dashMac = z.mac({ delimiter: "-" });
+  expect(dashMac.safeParse("00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(dashMac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(false);
+
+  const colonOnlyMac = z.mac({ delimiter: ":" });
+  expect(colonOnlyMac.safeParse("00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(colonOnlyMac.safeParse("00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E").success).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("CIDR v4 validation", () => {
+  const cidrV4 = z.string().cidrv4();
+
+  // Valid CIDR v4 addresses
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("192.168.0.0/24").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("10.0.0.0/8").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("172.16.0.0/12").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("0.0.0.0/0").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("255.255.255.255/32").success).toBe(true);
+
+  // Invalid CIDR v4 addresses
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("192.168.0.0").success).toBe(false); // Missing prefix
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("192.168.0.0/33").success).toBe(false); // Invalid prefix length
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("256.0.0.0/24").success).toBe(false); // Invalid IP
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("192.168.0.0/-1").success).toBe(false); // Negative prefix length
+  expect(cidrV4.safeParse("not a cidr").success).toBe(false); // Invalid format
+});
+
+test("CIDR v6 validation", () => {
+  const cidrV6 = z.string().cidrv6();
+
+  // Valid CIDR v6 addresses
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8::/32").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("::/0").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("fe80::/10").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("::1/128").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:0db8:85a3::/64").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8:1::/48").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334/64").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334/64").success).toBe(true);
+
+  const pattern = new RegExp(z.toJSONSchema(cidrV6).pattern as string);
+  for (const input of ["2001:db8::/32", "2001:db8:1::/48", "2001:0db8:85a3::/64", "fe80::/10", "::/0"]) {
+    expect(pattern.test(input)).toBe(true);
+  }
+
+  // Invalid CIDR v6 addresses
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8::").success).toBe(false); // Missing prefix
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8::/129").success).toBe(false); // Invalid prefix length
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:db8::/abc").success).toBe(false); // Invalid prefix format
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("not a cidr").success).toBe(false); // Invalid format
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("192.168.0.0/24").success).toBe(false); // IPv4 CIDR in v6 validation
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("2001:0db8:85a3::/64/whatever-after").success).toBe(false);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("22d9:f4a8:6a90:f3bf:dcaa:2beb:5fba:0000/112").success).toBe(true);
+  expect(cidrV6.safeParse("22d9:f4a8:6a90:f3bf:dcaa:2beb:5fba:0000/112/268").success).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("E.164 validation", () => {
+  const e164Number = z.string().e164();
+  expect(e164Number.safeParse("+1555555").success).toBe(true);
+
+  const validE164Numbers = [
+    "+1555555", // min-length (7 digits + '+')
+    "+15555555",
+    "+155555555",
+    "+1555555555",
+    "+15555555555",
+    "+155555555555",
+    "+1555555555555",
+    "+15555555555555",
+    "+155555555555555",
+    "+105555555555555",
+    "+100555555555555", // max-length (15 digits + '+')
+  ];
+
+  const invalidE164Numbers = [
+    "", // empty
+    "+", // only plus sign
+    "-", // wrong sign
+    " 555555555", // starts with space
+    "555555555", // missing plus sign
+    "+1 555 555 555", // space after plus sign
+    "+1555 555 555", // space between numbers
+    "+1555+555", // multiple plus signs
+    "+0000000", // leading zero country code
+    "+0123456789", // leading zero with more digits
+    "+1555555555555555", // too long
+    "+115abc55", // non numeric characters in number part
+    "+1555555 ", // space after number
+  ];
+
+  expect(validE164Numbers.every((number) => e164Number.safeParse(number).success)).toBe(true);
+  expect(invalidE164Numbers.every((number) => e164Number.safeParse(number).success === false)).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test("hostname", () => {
+  const hostname = z.hostname();
+
+  // Valid hostnames
+  hostname.parse("localhost");
+  hostname.parse("example.com");
+  hostname.parse("sub.example.com");
+  hostname.parse("a-b-c.example.com");
+  hostname.parse("123.example.com");
+  hostname.parse("example-123.com");
+  hostname.parse("example-123.1234");
+  hostname.parse("developer.mozilla.org");
+  hostname.parse("hello.world.example.com");
+  hostname.parse("www.google.com");
+  hostname.parse("192.168.1.1");
+  hostname.parse("xn--d1acj3b.com");
+  hostname.parse("xn--d1acj3b.org");
+  hostname.parse("xn--d1acj3b");
+
+  // Invalid hostnames
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example..com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example-.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("-example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example.com-")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example_com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example.com:8080")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("http://example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("ht!tp://invalid.com")).toThrow();
+
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("xn--d1acj3b..com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("ex@mple.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("[2001:db8::zzzz]")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("exa mple.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("-example.com")).toThrow();
+  expect(() => hostname.parse("example..com")).toThrow();
+});
+
+test("currency code", () => {
+  const currency = z.currencyCode();
+  for (const code of ["USD", "EUR", "XXX", "XCG", "XAD"]) expect(currency.parse(code)).toBe(code);
+  for (const input of ["", "usd", "US", "USDX", " USD", "ANG", "BGN"])
+    expect(currency.safeParse(input).success).toBe(false);
+  expect(currency.safeParse("usd").error!.issues[0]).toMatchObject({
+    code: "invalid_format",
+    format: "currency_code",
+    message: "Invalid currency code",
+  });
+});
+
+test("hash validation", () => {
+  // MD5 tests
+  const md5hex = z.hash("md5");
+  const md5base64 = z.hash("md5", { enc: "base64" });
+  const md5base64url = z.hash("md5", { enc: "base64url" });
+
+  // Valid MD5 hashes
+  expect(md5hex.parse("5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592")).toBe("5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592");
+  expect(md5hex.parse("5D41402ABC4B2A76B9719D911017C592")).toBe("5D41402ABC4B2A76B9719D911017C592"); // uppercase
+  expect(md5base64.parse("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg==")).toBe("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg==");
+  expect(md5base64url.parse("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg")).toBe("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg");
+
+  // Invalid MD5 hashes
+  expect(() => md5hex.parse("5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c59")).toThrow(); // too short
+  expect(() => md5hex.parse("5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592x")).toThrow(); // too long
+  expect(() => md5base64.parse("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg=")).toThrow(); // wrong padding
+  expect(() => md5base64url.parse("XUFAKrxLKna5cZ2REBfFkg=")).toThrow(); // has padding
+
+  // SHA1 tests
+  const sha1hex = z.hash("sha1");
+  const sha1base64 = z.hash("sha1", { enc: "base64" });
+  const sha1base64url = z.hash("sha1", { enc: "base64url" });
+
+  // Valid SHA1 hashes
+  expect(sha1hex.parse("aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d")).toBe("aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d");
+  expect(sha1base64.parse("qvTGHdzF6KLavt4PO0gs2a6pQ00=")).toBe("qvTGHdzF6KLavt4PO0gs2a6pQ00=");
+  expect(sha1base64url.parse("qvTGHdzF6KLavt4PO0gs2a6pQ00")).toBe("qvTGHdzF6KLavt4PO0gs2a6pQ00");
+
+  // SHA256 tests
+  const sha256hex = z.hash("sha256");
+  const sha256base64 = z.hash("sha256", { enc: "base64" });
+  const sha256base64url = z.hash("sha256", { enc: "base64url" });
+
+  // Valid SHA256 hashes
+  expect(sha256hex.parse("2cf24dba4f21d4288094c4a2e2c2d6c6b0c3e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8")).toBe(
+    "2cf24dba4f21d4288094c4a2e2c2d6c6b0c3e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8"
+  );
+  expect(sha256base64.parse("LPJNul+wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ=")).toBe(
+    "LPJNul+wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ="
+  );
+  expect(sha256base64url.parse("LPJNul-wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ")).toBe(
+    "LPJNul-wow4m6DsqxbninhsWHlwfp0JecwQzYpOLmCQ"
+  );
+
+  // SHA384 tests (no padding in base64)
+  const sha384hex = z.hash("sha384");
+  const sha384base64 = z.hash("sha384", { enc: "base64" });
+
+  expect(
+    sha384hex.parse("59e1748777448c69de6b800d7a33bbfb9ff1b463e44354c3553bcdb9c666fa90125a3c79f90397bdf5f6a13de828684f")
+  ).toBe("59e1748777448c69de6b800d7a33bbfb9ff1b463e44354c3553bcdb9c666fa90125a3c79f90397bdf5f6a13de828684f");
+  expect(sha384base64.parse("WeF0h3dEjGneawDXozO7+5/xtGPkQ1TDVTvNucZm+pASWjx5+QOXvfX2oT3oKGhP")).toBe(
+    "WeF0h3dEjGneawDXozO7+5/xtGPkQ1TDVTvNucZm+pASWjx5+QOXvfX2oT3oKGhP"
+  );
+
+  // SHA512 tests
+  const sha512hex = z.hash("sha512");
+  const sha512base64 = z.hash("sha512", { enc: "base64" });
+
+  expect(
+    sha512hex.parse(
+      "9b71d224bd62f3785d96d46ad3ea3d73319bfbc2890caadae2dff72519673ca72323c3d99ba5c11d7c7acc6e14b8c5da0c4663475c2e5c3adef46f73bcdec043"
+    )
+  ).toBe(
+    "9b71d224bd62f3785d96d46ad3ea3d73319bfbc2890caadae2dff72519673ca72323c3d99ba5c11d7c7acc6e14b8c5da0c4663475c2e5c3adef46f73bcdec043"
+  );
+  expect(
+    sha512base64.parse("m3HSJL1i83hdltRq0+o9czGb+8KJDKra4t/3JRlnPKcjI8PZm6XBHXx6zG4UuMXaDEZjR1wuXDre9G9zvN7AQw==")
+  ).toBe("m3HSJL1i83hdltRq0+o9czGb+8KJDKra4t/3JRlnPKcjI8PZm6XBHXx6zG4UuMXaDEZjR1wuXDre9G9zvN7AQw==");
+
+  // Test default encoding (hex)
+  const defaultHash = z.hash("sha256");
+  expect(defaultHash.parse("2cf24dba4f21d4288094c4a2e2c2d6c6b0c3e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8")).toBe(
+    "2cf24dba4f21d4288094c4a2e2c2d6c6b0c3e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8f0e0c8"
+  );
+
+  // Test with custom error message
+  const hashWithMessage = z.hash("md5", { message: "Invalid MD5 hash" });
+  expect(() => hashWithMessage.parse("invalid")).toThrow("Invalid MD5 hash");
+});