@tickernelz/paperclip-pro-adapter-utils 2026.925.0

package/node_modules/zod/src/v4/classic/from-json-schema.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+import type * as JSONSchema from "../core/json-schema.js";
+import { type $ZodRegistry, globalRegistry } from "../core/registries.js";
+import { assignProp, isPlainObject } from "../core/util.js";
+import * as _checks from "./checks.js";
+import * as _iso from "./iso.js";
+import * as _schemas from "./schemas.js";
+import type { ZodNumber, ZodString, ZodType } from "./schemas.js";
+
+// Local z object to avoid circular dependency with ../index.js
+const z = {
+  ..._schemas,
+  ..._checks,
+  iso: _iso,
+};
+
+type JSONSchemaVersion = "draft-2020-12" | "draft-7" | "draft-4" | "openapi-3.0";
+
+interface FromJSONSchemaParams {
+  defaultTarget?: JSONSchemaVersion;
+  registry?: $ZodRegistry<any>;
+}
+
+interface ConversionContext {
+  version: JSONSchemaVersion;
+  defs: Record<string, JSONSchema.JSONSchema>;
+  refs: Map<string, ZodType>;
+  processing: Set<string>;
+  rootSchema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema;
+  registry: $ZodRegistry<any>;
+}
+
+// Keys that are recognized and handled by the conversion logic
+const RECOGNIZED_KEYS = /*@__PURE__*/ new Set([
+  // Schema identification
+  "$schema",
+  "$ref",
+  "$defs",
+  "definitions",
+  // Core schema keywords
+  "$id",
+  "id",
+  "$comment",
+  "$anchor",
+  "$vocabulary",
+  "$dynamicRef",
+  "$dynamicAnchor",
+  // Type
+  "type",
+  "enum",
+  "const",
+  // Composition
+  "anyOf",
+  "oneOf",
+  "allOf",
+  "not",
+  // Object
+  "properties",
+  "required",
+  "additionalProperties",
+  "patternProperties",
+  "propertyNames",
+  "minProperties",
+  "maxProperties",
+  // Array
+  "items",
+  "prefixItems",
+  "additionalItems",
+  "minItems",
+  "maxItems",
+  "uniqueItems",
+  "contains",
+  "minContains",
+  "maxContains",
+  // String
+  "minLength",
+  "maxLength",
+  "pattern",
+  "format",
+  // Number
+  "minimum",
+  "maximum",
+  "exclusiveMinimum",
+  "exclusiveMaximum",
+  "multipleOf",
+  // Already handled metadata
+  "description",
+  "default",
+  // Content
+  "contentEncoding",
+  "contentMediaType",
+  "contentSchema",
+  // Unsupported (error-throwing)
+  "unevaluatedItems",
+  "unevaluatedProperties",
+  "if",
+  "then",
+  "else",
+  "dependentSchemas",
+  "dependentRequired",
+  // OpenAPI
+  "nullable",
+  "readOnly",
+]);
+
+function detectVersion(schema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema, defaultTarget?: JSONSchemaVersion): JSONSchemaVersion {
+  const $schema = schema.$schema;
+
+  if ($schema === "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema") {
+    return "draft-2020-12";
+  }
+  if ($schema === "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#") {
+    return "draft-7";
+  }
+  if ($schema === "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#") {
+    return "draft-4";
+  }
+
+  // Use defaultTarget if provided, otherwise default to draft-2020-12
+  return defaultTarget ?? "draft-2020-12";
+}
+
+// Positional schemas constrain the elements that are present; only minItems makes them required.
+function applyMinItems(items: ZodType[], minItems: number): ZodType[] {
+  return items.map((item, index) => (index < minItems ? item : item.optional()));
+}
+
+// Inverse of the encoding applied to $ref pointer segments in to-json-schema.ts. Per RFC 6901 the `~1` replacement must run before `~0`.
+function decodeJSONPointerSegment(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.replace(/~1/g, "/").replace(/~0/g, "~");
+}
+
+function resolveRef(ref: string, ctx: ConversionContext): JSONSchema.JSONSchema {
+  if (!ref.startsWith("#")) {
+    throw new Error("External $ref is not supported, only local refs (#/...) are allowed");
+  }
+
+  const path = ref.slice(1).split("/").filter(Boolean);
+
+  // Handle root reference "#"
+  if (path.length === 0) {
+    return ctx.rootSchema;
+  }
+
+  const defsKey = ctx.version === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
+
+  if (path[0] === defsKey) {
+    const key = path[1] === undefined ? undefined : decodeJSONPointerSegment(path[1]);
+    if (!key || !ctx.defs[key]) {
+      throw new Error(`Reference not found: ${ref}`);
+    }
+    return ctx.defs[key]!;
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`Reference not found: ${ref}`);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enforces the keywords that constrain an object's own keys — `propertyNames`,
+ * `minProperties`, `maxProperties` — before `objectSchema` runs. The guard has
+ * to see the raw input: an object parse drops `__proto__` and can add keys from
+ * a property `default`, so its output is not the set of names the instance
+ * actually carried.
+ */
+function checkObjectGuards(
+  objectSchema: ZodType,
+  guards: { keySchema?: ZodType | undefined; minProperties?: number | undefined; maxProperties?: number | undefined }
+): ZodType {
+  // An identity transform, not z.any(), so `toJSONSchema` reports the object on both the input and the output side of the pipe.
+  const guard = z
+    .transform((value: unknown) => value)
+    .check((payload) => {
+      const value = payload.value;
+      if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null || Array.isArray(value)) return;
+      const keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(value);
+      if (guards.minProperties !== undefined && keys.length < guards.minProperties) {
+        payload.issues.push({
+          origin: "object",
+          code: "too_small",
+          minimum: guards.minProperties,
+          inclusive: true,
+          message: `Too small: expected object to have >=${guards.minProperties} properties`,
+          input: value,
+          inst: objectSchema,
+          continue: true,
+        });
+      }
+      if (guards.maxProperties !== undefined && keys.length > guards.maxProperties) {
+        payload.issues.push({
+          origin: "object",
+          code: "too_big",
+          maximum: guards.maxProperties,
+          inclusive: true,
+          message: `Too big: expected object to have <=${guards.maxProperties} properties`,
+          input: value,
+          inst: objectSchema,
+          continue: true,
+        });
+      }
+      if (guards.keySchema) {
+        for (const key of keys) {
+          const result = guards.keySchema.safeParse(key);
+          if (result.success) continue;
+          payload.issues.push({
+            code: "invalid_key",
+            origin: "record",
+            issues: result.error.issues,
+            input: key,
+            path: [key],
+            continue: true,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  return guard.pipe(objectSchema);
+}
+
+/**
+ * An injective string for JSON data: two values share a key exactly when `uniqueItems` calls them
+ * equal, so duplicate detection is a Map lookup rather than a pairwise walk. Strings and keys are
+ * length-prefixed so no value can spell another one. `null` means "never equal to anything" — a
+ * cycle or a NaN, neither of which JSON can express.
+ */
+function canonicalKey(value: unknown, seen: Set<object>): string | null {
+  if (value === null) return "z";
+  const type = typeof value;
+  if (type !== "object") {
+    if (type === "number" && Number.isNaN(value)) return null;
+    const raw = String(value);
+    return `${type[0]}${raw.length}:${raw}`;
+  }
+  if (seen.has(value as object)) return null;
+  seen.add(value as object);
+  try {
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      const parts: string[] = [];
+      for (const item of value) {
+        const key = canonicalKey(item, seen);
+        if (key === null) return null;
+        parts.push(key);
+      }
+      return `a${parts.length}:[${parts.join(",")}]`;
+    }
+    const keys = Object.keys(value as object).sort();
+    const parts: string[] = [];
+    for (const k of keys) {
+      const key = canonicalKey((value as any)[k], seen);
+      if (key === null) return null;
+      parts.push(`${k.length}:${k}=${key}`);
+    }
+    return `o${parts.length}:{${parts.join(",")}}`;
+  } finally {
+    seen.delete(value as object);
+  }
+}
+
+// keywords whose value is a schema or an array of them
+const SCHEMA_KEYWORDS = /*@__PURE__*/ new Set([
+  "items",
+  "prefixItems",
+  "additionalItems",
+  "additionalProperties",
+  "contains",
+  "propertyNames",
+  "not",
+  "if",
+  "then",
+  "else",
+  "allOf",
+  "anyOf",
+  "oneOf",
+  "unevaluatedItems",
+  "unevaluatedProperties",
+  "contentSchema",
+]);
+
+// keywords whose value maps names to schemas. draft-7 `dependencies` also allows an array of property names, which holds no schema to walk
+const SCHEMA_MAP_KEYWORDS = /*@__PURE__*/ new Set([
+  "properties",
+  "patternProperties",
+  "dependentSchemas",
+  "dependencies",
+  "$defs",
+  "definitions",
+]);
+
+/**
+ * True when a subschema holds a `$ref` anywhere a schema can appear. Only those positions are
+ * walked: `$ref` under `default` or an `x-` annotation is instance data with an ordinary key, and
+ * reading it as a reference would drop a constraint that resolves perfectly well.
+ */
+function containsRef(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null) return false;
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.some(containsRef);
+  if (typeof (value as any).$ref === "string") return true;
+  return Object.entries(value).some(([key, sub]) => {
+    if (SCHEMA_KEYWORDS.has(key)) return containsRef(sub);
+    if (!SCHEMA_MAP_KEYWORDS.has(key) || typeof sub !== "object" || sub === null) return false;
+    return Object.values(sub).some(containsRef);
+  });
+}
+
+function plural(n: number): string {
+  return n === 1 ? "element" : "elements";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enforces `uniqueItems` and the `contains` family before `arraySchema` runs, for the same reason
+ * `checkObjectGuards` runs pre-pipe: an item parse can apply a nested `default`, so the parsed
+ * array is not the instance the keywords are defined over. A guard issue aborts the pipe, so
+ * `minItems`/`maxItems` are not also reported on the same parse — instance correctness is worth
+ * more than co-reporting two issues.
+ */
+function checkArrayGuards(
+  arraySchema: ZodType,
+  guards: {
+    uniqueItems?: boolean | undefined;
+    containsSchema?: ZodType | undefined;
+    minContains?: number | undefined;
+    maxContains?: number | undefined;
+  }
+): ZodType {
+  // An identity transform, not z.any(), so `toJSONSchema` reports the array on both the input and the output side of the pipe.
+  const guard = z
+    .transform((value: unknown) => value)
+    .check((payload) => {
+      const items = payload.value;
+      if (!Array.isArray(items)) return;
+      if (guards.uniqueItems === true) {
+        const firstSeen = new Map<string, number>();
+        for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+          const key = canonicalKey(items[i], new Set());
+          if (key === null) continue;
+          const first = firstSeen.get(key);
+          if (first === undefined) {
+            firstSeen.set(key, i);
+            continue;
+          }
+          payload.issues.push({
+            code: "custom",
+            message: `Array items must be unique: element at index ${i} duplicates the one at index ${first}`,
+            input: items,
+            path: [i],
+            continue: true,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      if (guards.containsSchema) {
+        const minContains = guards.minContains ?? 1;
+        // one past the ceiling already proves the failure, and nothing above it changes the verdict
+        const ceiling = guards.maxContains !== undefined ? guards.maxContains + 1 : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+        let matches = 0;
+        for (const item of items) {
+          if (guards.containsSchema.safeParse(item).success && ++matches >= ceiling) break;
+        }
+        if (matches < minContains) {
+          // the scan ran to the end, so this count is exact
+          payload.issues.push({
+            code: "custom",
+            message: `Array must contain at least ${minContains} matching ${plural(minContains)}; found ${matches}`,
+            input: items,
+            continue: true,
+          });
+        }
+        if (guards.maxContains !== undefined && matches > guards.maxContains) {
+          payload.issues.push({
+            code: "custom",
+            message: `Array must contain at most ${guards.maxContains} matching ${plural(guards.maxContains)}`,
+            input: items,
+            continue: true,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  return guard.pipe(arraySchema);
+}
+
+function getTupleRest(restSchema: JSONSchema._JSONSchema | undefined, ctx: ConversionContext): ZodType | undefined {
+  if (restSchema === false) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  if (restSchema === undefined || restSchema === true) {
+    return z.any();
+  }
+  return convertSchema(restSchema, ctx);
+}
+
+// the RFC 3339 full-time keyword, narrower than `z.iso.time()`; local because sharing it via `timeSource` pins that builder into every bundle (+139 B gzipped on a mini `z.boolean()`)
+const fullTime = /^(?:[01]\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\d:[0-5]\d(?:\.\d+)?(?:Z|[+-](?:[01]\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\d)$/;
+
+function convertBaseSchema(schema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx: ConversionContext): ZodType {
+  // Handle unsupported features
+  if (schema.not !== undefined) {
+    // Special case: { not: {} } represents never
+    if (typeof schema.not === "object" && Object.keys(schema.not).length === 0) {
+      return z.never();
+    }
+    throw new Error("not is not supported in Zod (except { not: {} } for never)");
+  }
+  if (schema.unevaluatedItems !== undefined) {
+    throw new Error("unevaluatedItems is not supported");
+  }
+  if (schema.unevaluatedProperties !== undefined) {
+    throw new Error("unevaluatedProperties is not supported");
+  }
+  if (schema.if !== undefined || schema.then !== undefined || schema.else !== undefined) {
+    throw new Error("Conditional schemas (if/then/else) are not supported");
+  }
+  if (schema.dependentSchemas !== undefined || schema.dependentRequired !== undefined) {
+    throw new Error("dependentSchemas and dependentRequired are not supported");
+  }
+
+  // Handle $ref
+  if (schema.$ref) {
+    const refPath = schema.$ref;
+    if (ctx.refs.has(refPath)) {
+      return ctx.refs.get(refPath)!;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx.processing.has(refPath)) {
+      // Circular reference - use lazy
+      return z.lazy(() => {
+        if (!ctx.refs.has(refPath)) {
+          throw new Error(`Circular reference not resolved: ${refPath}`);
+        }
+        return ctx.refs.get(refPath)!;
+      });
+    }
+
+    ctx.processing.add(refPath);
+    const resolved = resolveRef(refPath, ctx);
+    const zodSchema = convertSchema(resolved, ctx);
+    ctx.refs.set(refPath, zodSchema);
+    ctx.processing.delete(refPath);
+    return zodSchema;
+  }
+
+  // Handle enum
+  if (schema.enum !== undefined) {
+    const enumValues = schema.enum;
+
+    // Special case: OpenAPI 3.0 null representation { type: "string", nullable: true, enum: [null] }
+    if (
+      ctx.version === "openapi-3.0" &&
+      schema.nullable === true &&
+      enumValues.length === 1 &&
+      enumValues[0] === null
+    ) {
+      return z.null();
+    }
+
+    if (enumValues.length === 0) {
+      return z.never();
+    }
+    if (enumValues.length === 1) {
+      return z.literal(enumValues[0]!);
+    }
+    // Check if all values are strings
+    if (enumValues.every((v) => typeof v === "string")) {
+      return z.enum(enumValues as [string, ...string[]]);
+    }
+    // Mixed types - use union of literals
+    const literalSchemas = enumValues.map((v) => z.literal(v));
+    if (literalSchemas.length < 2) {
+      return literalSchemas[0]!;
+    }
+    return z.union([literalSchemas[0]!, literalSchemas[1]!, ...literalSchemas.slice(2)] as [
+      ZodType,
+      ZodType,
+      ...ZodType[],
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  // Handle const
+  if (schema.const !== undefined) {
+    return z.literal(schema.const);
+  }
+
+  // Handle type
+  const type = schema.type;
+
+  if (Array.isArray(type)) {
+    // Expand type array into anyOf union
+    const typeSchemas = type.map((t) => {
+      const typeSchema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema = { ...schema, type: t };
+      return convertBaseSchema(typeSchema, ctx);
+    });
+    if (typeSchemas.length === 0) {
+      return z.never();
+    }
+    if (typeSchemas.length === 1) {
+      return typeSchemas[0]!;
+    }
+    return z.union(typeSchemas as [ZodType, ZodType, ...ZodType[]]);
+  }
+
+  if (!type) {
+    // No type specified - empty schema (any)
+    return z.any();
+  }
+
+  let zodSchema: ZodType;
+
+  switch (type) {
+    case "string": {
+      let stringSchema: ZodString = z.string();
+
+      // Apply format using .check() with Zod format functions
+      if (schema.format) {
+        const format = schema.format;
+        // Map common formats to Zod check functions
+        if (format === "email") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.email());
+        } else if (format === "uri" || format === "uri-reference") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.url());
+        } else if (format === "uuid" || format === "guid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.uuid());
+        } else if (format === "date-time") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.iso.datetime({ offset: true }));
+        } else if (format === "date") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.iso.date());
+        } else if (format === "time") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.regex(fullTime));
+        } else if (format === "duration") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.iso.duration());
+        } else if (format === "hostname") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.hostname());
+        } else if (format === "ipv4") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.ipv4());
+        } else if (format === "ipv6") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.ipv6());
+        } else if (format === "mac") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.mac());
+        } else if (format === "cidr") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.cidrv4());
+        } else if (format === "cidr-v6") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.cidrv6());
+        } else if (format === "base64") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.base64());
+        } else if (format === "base64url") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.base64url());
+        } else if (format === "e164") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.e164());
+        } else if (format === "credit_card") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.creditCard());
+        } else if (format === "iban") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.iban());
+        } else if (format === "jwt") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.jwt());
+        } else if (format === "emoji") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.emoji());
+        } else if (format === "nanoid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.nanoid());
+        } else if (format === "cuid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.cuid());
+        } else if (format === "cuid2") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.cuid2());
+        } else if (format === "ulid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.ulid());
+        } else if (format === "xid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.xid());
+        } else if (format === "ksuid") {
+          stringSchema = stringSchema.check(z.ksuid());
+        }
+        // Note: json-string format is not currently supported by Zod
+        // Custom formats are ignored - keep as plain string
+      }
+
+      // Apply constraints
+      if (typeof schema.minLength === "number") {
+        stringSchema = stringSchema.min(schema.minLength);
+      }
+      if (typeof schema.maxLength === "number") {
+        stringSchema = stringSchema.max(schema.maxLength);
+      }
+      if (schema.pattern) {
+        // JSON Schema patterns are not implicitly anchored (match anywhere in string)
+        stringSchema = stringSchema.regex(new RegExp(schema.pattern));
+      }
+
+      zodSchema = stringSchema;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case "number":
+    case "integer": {
+      let numberSchema: ZodNumber = type === "integer" ? z.number().int() : z.number();
+
+      // Apply constraints
+
+      // In draft-04, `exclusiveMinimum: true` makes the sibling `minimum` exclusive rather than an independent bound, so the inclusive `.min()` is skipped; emitting it too would be dominated by the exclusive check and report a second, weaker issue.
+      if (typeof schema.minimum === "number" && schema.exclusiveMinimum !== true) {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.min(schema.minimum);
+      }
+      if (typeof schema.maximum === "number" && schema.exclusiveMaximum !== true) {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.max(schema.maximum);
+      }
+      if (typeof schema.exclusiveMinimum === "number") {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.gt(schema.exclusiveMinimum);
+      } else if (schema.exclusiveMinimum === true && typeof schema.minimum === "number") {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.gt(schema.minimum);
+      }
+      if (typeof schema.exclusiveMaximum === "number") {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.lt(schema.exclusiveMaximum);
+      } else if (schema.exclusiveMaximum === true && typeof schema.maximum === "number") {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.lt(schema.maximum);
+      }
+      if (typeof schema.multipleOf === "number") {
+        numberSchema = numberSchema.multipleOf(schema.multipleOf);
+      }
+
+      zodSchema = numberSchema;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case "boolean": {
+      zodSchema = z.boolean();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case "null": {
+      zodSchema = z.null();
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case "object": {
+      const shape: Record<string, ZodType> = {};
+      const properties = schema.properties || {};
+      const requiredSet = new Set(schema.required || []);
+
+      const additionalSchema =
+        typeof schema.additionalProperties === "object"
+          ? convertSchema(schema.additionalProperties as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx)
+          : undefined;
+
+      // Convert properties - mark optional ones
+      for (const [key, propSchema] of Object.entries(properties)) {
+        const propZodSchema = convertSchema(propSchema as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx);
+        // If not in required array, make it optional. assignProp so a __proto__ key becomes an own property instead of hitting the inherited setter
+        assignProp(shape, key, requiredSet.has(key) ? propZodSchema : propZodSchema.optional());
+      }
+
+      // Handle patternProperties
+      if (schema.patternProperties) {
+        // patternProperties: keys matching pattern must satisfy corresponding schema. Use loose records so non-matching keys pass through
+        const patternProps = schema.patternProperties;
+        const patternKeys = Object.keys(patternProps);
+        const looseRecords: ZodType[] = [];
+
+        for (const pattern of patternKeys) {
+          const patternValue = convertSchema(patternProps[pattern] as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx);
+          const keySchema = z.string().regex(new RegExp(pattern));
+          looseRecords.push(z.looseRecord(keySchema, patternValue));
+        }
+
+        // Build intersection: object schema + all pattern property records
+        const schemasToIntersect: ZodType[] = [];
+        if (Object.keys(shape).length > 0) {
+          // Use passthrough so patternProperties can validate additional keys
+          schemasToIntersect.push(z.object(shape).passthrough());
+        }
+        schemasToIntersect.push(...looseRecords);
+
+        if (schemasToIntersect.length === 0) {
+          zodSchema = z.object({}).passthrough();
+        } else if (schemasToIntersect.length === 1) {
+          zodSchema = schemasToIntersect[0]!;
+        } else {
+          // Chain intersections: (A & B) & C & D ...
+          let result = z.intersection(schemasToIntersect[0]!, schemasToIntersect[1]!);
+          for (let i = 2; i < schemasToIntersect.length; i++) {
+            result = z.intersection(result, schemasToIntersect[i]!);
+          }
+          zodSchema = result;
+        }
+
+        // When additionalProperties is false, reject keys that are neither defined in properties nor matched by any patternProperty.
+        if (schema.additionalProperties === false) {
+          const propertyKeys = Object.keys(shape);
+          const patterns = patternKeys.map((p) => new RegExp(p));
+          const basePatternSchema = zodSchema;
+          zodSchema = zodSchema.check((payload) => {
+            if (!isPlainObject(payload.value)) return;
+            const unrecognized: string[] = [];
+            for (const key of Object.keys(payload.value)) {
+              if (propertyKeys.includes(key)) continue;
+              if (patterns.some((regex) => regex.test(key))) continue;
+              unrecognized.push(key);
+            }
+            if (unrecognized.length) {
+              payload.issues.push({
+                code: "unrecognized_keys",
+                keys: unrecognized,
+                input: payload.value,
+                inst: basePatternSchema,
+              });
+            }
+          });
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Handle additionalProperties. In JSON Schema, additionalProperties defaults to true (allow any extra properties). In Zod, objects strip unknown keys by default, so we need to handle this explicitly
+        const objectSchema = z.object(shape);
+        if (schema.additionalProperties === false) {
+          // Strict mode - no extra properties allowed
+          zodSchema = objectSchema.strict();
+        } else if (additionalSchema) {
+          // Extra properties must match the specified schema
+          zodSchema = objectSchema.catchall(additionalSchema);
+        } else {
+          // additionalProperties is true or undefined - allow any extra properties (passthrough)
+          zodSchema = objectSchema.passthrough();
+        }
+      }
+
+      // propertyNames constrains key *names* only, and says nothing about which keys are required or how their values validate. Layering it on top of the result keeps properties/patternProperties/additionalProperties composing underneath. `true` allows every name, so it needs no guard.
+      const hasKeyGuard = schema.propertyNames !== undefined && schema.propertyNames !== true;
+      const minProperties = typeof schema.minProperties === "number" ? schema.minProperties : undefined;
+      const maxProperties = typeof schema.maxProperties === "number" ? schema.maxProperties : undefined;
+      if (hasKeyGuard || minProperties !== undefined || maxProperties !== undefined) {
+        let keySchema: ZodType | undefined;
+        if (hasKeyGuard) {
+          // Keys are always strings, so a propertyNames subschema that omits `type` still constrains them — without this it would convert to z.any().
+          const keyJSONSchema =
+            typeof schema.propertyNames === "object" && schema.propertyNames.type === undefined
+              ? { type: "string", ...schema.propertyNames }
+              : schema.propertyNames;
+          keySchema = convertSchema(keyJSONSchema as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx);
+        }
+        zodSchema = checkObjectGuards(zodSchema, { keySchema, minProperties, maxProperties });
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case "array": {
+      // Check if this is a tuple (prefixItems or items as array)
+      const prefixItems = schema.prefixItems;
+      const items = schema.items;
+
+      if (prefixItems && Array.isArray(prefixItems)) {
+        // Tuple with prefixItems (draft-2020-12)
+        const minItems = typeof schema.minItems === "number" ? schema.minItems : 0;
+        const tupleItems = prefixItems.map((item) => convertSchema(item as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx));
+        const positionalItems = applyMinItems(tupleItems, minItems);
+        const rest = !Array.isArray(items) ? getTupleRest(items, ctx) : undefined;
+        const tupleSchema = z.tuple(positionalItems as [ZodType, ...ZodType[]]);
+        zodSchema = rest ? tupleSchema.rest(rest) : tupleSchema;
+        // Apply minItems/maxItems constraints to tuples
+        if (typeof schema.minItems === "number") {
+          zodSchema = zodSchema.check(z.minLength(schema.minItems));
+        }
+        if (typeof schema.maxItems === "number") {
+          zodSchema = zodSchema.check(z.maxLength(schema.maxItems));
+        }
+      } else if (Array.isArray(items)) {
+        // Tuple with items array (draft-7)
+        const minItems = typeof schema.minItems === "number" ? schema.minItems : 0;
+        const tupleItems = items.map((item) => convertSchema(item as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx));
+        const positionalItems = applyMinItems(tupleItems, minItems);
+        const rest = getTupleRest(schema.additionalItems, ctx);
+        const tupleSchema = z.tuple(positionalItems as [ZodType, ...ZodType[]]);
+        zodSchema = rest ? tupleSchema.rest(rest) : tupleSchema;
+        // Apply minItems/maxItems constraints to tuples
+        if (typeof schema.minItems === "number") {
+          zodSchema = zodSchema.check(z.minLength(schema.minItems));
+        }
+        if (typeof schema.maxItems === "number") {
+          zodSchema = zodSchema.check(z.maxLength(schema.maxItems));
+        }
+      } else if (items !== undefined) {
+        // Regular array
+        const element = convertSchema(items as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx);
+        let arraySchema = z.array(element);
+
+        // Apply constraints
+        if (typeof schema.minItems === "number") {
+          arraySchema = arraySchema.min(schema.minItems);
+        }
+        if (typeof schema.maxItems === "number") {
+          arraySchema = arraySchema.max(schema.maxItems);
+        }
+
+        zodSchema = arraySchema;
+      } else {
+        // No items specified - array of any
+        zodSchema = z.array(z.any());
+      }
+
+      // minContains/maxContains only constrain anything when `contains` itself is present
+      if (schema.uniqueItems === true || schema.contains !== undefined) {
+        zodSchema = checkArrayGuards(zodSchema, {
+          uniqueItems: schema.uniqueItems === true,
+          containsSchema:
+            schema.contains !== undefined ? convertSchema(schema.contains as JSONSchema.JSONSchema, ctx) : undefined,
+          minContains: typeof schema.minContains === "number" ? schema.minContains : undefined,
+          maxContains: typeof schema.maxContains === "number" ? schema.maxContains : undefined,
+        });
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      throw new Error(`Unsupported type: ${type}`);
+  }
+
+  return zodSchema;
+}
+
+function convertSchema(schema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema | boolean, ctx: ConversionContext): ZodType {
+  if (typeof schema === "boolean") {
+    return schema ? z.any() : z.never();
+  }
+
+  // Convert base schema first (ignoring composition keywords)
+  let baseSchema = convertBaseSchema(schema, ctx);
+  const hasExplicitType = schema.type || schema.enum !== undefined || schema.const !== undefined;
+
+  // Process composition keywords LAST (they can appear together)
+
+  // Handle anyOf - wrap base schema with union
+  if (schema.anyOf && Array.isArray(schema.anyOf)) {
+    const options = schema.anyOf.map((s) => convertSchema(s, ctx));
+    const anyOfUnion = z.union(options as [ZodType, ZodType, ...ZodType[]]);
+    baseSchema = hasExplicitType ? z.intersection(baseSchema, anyOfUnion) : anyOfUnion;
+  }
+
+  // Handle oneOf - exclusive union (exactly one must match)
+  if (schema.oneOf && Array.isArray(schema.oneOf)) {
+    const options = schema.oneOf.map((s) => convertSchema(s, ctx));
+    const oneOfUnion = z.xor(options as [ZodType, ZodType, ...ZodType[]]);
+    baseSchema = hasExplicitType ? z.intersection(baseSchema, oneOfUnion) : oneOfUnion;
+  }
+
+  // Handle allOf - wrap base schema with intersection
+  if (schema.allOf && Array.isArray(schema.allOf)) {
+    if (schema.allOf.length === 0) {
+      baseSchema = hasExplicitType ? baseSchema : z.any();
+    } else {
+      let result = hasExplicitType ? baseSchema : convertSchema(schema.allOf[0]!, ctx);
+      const startIdx = hasExplicitType ? 0 : 1;
+      for (let i = startIdx; i < schema.allOf.length; i++) {
+        result = z.intersection(result, convertSchema(schema.allOf[i]!, ctx));
+      }
+      baseSchema = result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Handle nullable (OpenAPI 3.0)
+  if (schema.nullable === true && ctx.version === "openapi-3.0") {
+    baseSchema = z.nullable(baseSchema);
+  }
+
+  // Handle readOnly
+  if (schema.readOnly === true) {
+    baseSchema = z.readonly(baseSchema);
+  }
+
+  // Apply `default` so it wraps the fully-composed schema. This ensures `parse(undefined) -> default` works regardless of which branch of `convertBaseSchema` produced the inner schema (enum/const/not/typed/etc.).
+  if (schema.default !== undefined) {
+    baseSchema = baseSchema.default(schema.default);
+  }
+
+  // Collect non-description annotation metadata into the user-supplied registry. Description is handled separately below via `.describe()` to preserve the contract that `schema.description` reads from globalRegistry.
+  const extraMeta: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+
+  const coreMetadataKeys = ["$id", "id", "$comment", "$anchor", "$vocabulary", "$dynamicRef", "$dynamicAnchor"];
+  for (const key of coreMetadataKeys) {
+    if (key in schema) {
+      extraMeta[key] = schema[key];
+    }
+  }
+
+  const contentMetadataKeys = ["contentEncoding", "contentMediaType", "contentSchema"];
+  for (const key of contentMetadataKeys) {
+    if (key in schema) {
+      extraMeta[key] = schema[key];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // `propertyNames` and `contains` are enforced by a guard, which `toJSONSchema` cannot infer, so the original keyword is carried as metadata to keep the round-trip lossless. Only where it was actually applied: on any other type it is inert, and on a `$ref` the metadata would land on the target every reference shares. A carried subschema is copied verbatim while the root `$defs` stay behind, so one holding a `$ref` is dropped rather than emitted as a dangling reference.
+  if (schema.type === "object" && schema.$ref === undefined) {
+    if (schema.propertyNames !== undefined && !containsRef(schema.propertyNames)) {
+      extraMeta.propertyNames = schema.propertyNames;
+    }
+    for (const key of ["minProperties", "maxProperties"] as const) {
+      if (schema[key] !== undefined) extraMeta[key] = schema[key];
+    }
+  }
+  if (schema.type === "array" && schema.$ref === undefined) {
+    if (schema.contains !== undefined && !containsRef(schema.contains)) {
+      extraMeta.contains = schema.contains;
+    }
+    for (const key of ["uniqueItems", "minContains", "maxContains"] as const) {
+      if (schema[key] !== undefined) extraMeta[key] = schema[key];
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const key of Object.keys(schema)) {
+    if (!RECOGNIZED_KEYS.has(key)) {
+      assignProp(extraMeta, key, schema[key]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (Object.keys(extraMeta).length > 0) {
+    ctx.registry.add(baseSchema, extraMeta);
+  }
+
+  // Apply description last. `.describe()` clones the schema and sets `_zod.parent` on the clone, so registry lookups on the returned reference still resolve `extraMeta` via parent inheritance.
+  if (schema.description) {
+    baseSchema = baseSchema.describe(schema.description);
+  }
+
+  return baseSchema;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a JSON Schema to a Zod schema. This function should be considered semi-experimental. It's behavior is liable to change. */
+export function fromJSONSchema(schema: JSONSchema.JSONSchema | boolean, params?: FromJSONSchemaParams): ZodType {
+  // Handle boolean schemas
+  if (typeof schema === "boolean") {
+    return schema ? z.any() : z.never();
+  }
+
+  // Normalize input via a JSON round-trip. This guarantees the converter walks a plain, finite, JSON-valid object graph: cyclic inputs fail here, getter/Proxy-based properties are materialized into static values, and class instances collapse to plain objects.
+  let normalized: JSONSchema.JSONSchema;
+  try {
+    normalized = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(schema));
+  } catch {
+    throw new Error("fromJSONSchema input is not valid JSON (possibly cyclic); use $defs/$ref for recursive schemas");
+  }
+
+  const version = detectVersion(normalized, params?.defaultTarget);
+  const defs = (normalized.$defs || normalized.definitions || {}) as Record<string, JSONSchema.JSONSchema>;
+
+  const ctx: ConversionContext = {
+    version,
+    defs,
+    refs: new Map(),
+    processing: new Set(),
+    rootSchema: normalized,
+    registry: params?.registry ?? globalRegistry,
+  };
+
+  return convertSchema(normalized, ctx);
+}