@sumsub/cordova-idensic-mobile-sdk-plugin 1.18.1

package/demo/plugins/cordova-plugin-advanced-http/src/android/com/silkimen/http/HttpRequest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,3095 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Kevin Sawicki <kevinsawicki@gmail.com>
+ * modified by contributors of cordova-plugin-advanced-http
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.silkimen.http;
+
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_BAD_REQUEST;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NO_CONTENT;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED;
+import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
+import static java.net.Proxy.Type.HTTP;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.Flushable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
+import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+
+/**
+ * A fluid interface for making HTTP requests using an underlying
+ * {@link HttpURLConnection} (or sub-class).
+ * <p>
+ * Each instance supports making a single request and cannot be reused for
+ * further requests.
+ */
+public class HttpRequest {
+
+  /**
+   * 'UTF-8' charset name
+   */
+  public static final String CHARSET_UTF8 = "UTF-8";
+
+  /**
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type header value
+   */
+  public static final String CONTENT_TYPE_FORM = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
+
+  /**
+   * 'application/json' content type header value
+   */
+  public static final String CONTENT_TYPE_JSON = "application/json";
+
+  /**
+   * 'gzip' encoding header value
+   */
+  public static final String ENCODING_GZIP = "gzip";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Accept' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT = "Accept";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Accept-Charset' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT_CHARSET = "Accept-Charset";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Accept-Encoding' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_ACCEPT_ENCODING = "Accept-Encoding";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Authorization' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_AUTHORIZATION = "Authorization";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Cache-Control' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Content-Encoding' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING = "Content-Encoding";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Content-Length' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_LENGTH = "Content-Length";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Content-Type' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Date' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_DATE = "Date";
+
+  /**
+   * 'ETag' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_ETAG = "ETag";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Expires' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_EXPIRES = "Expires";
+
+  /**
+   * 'If-None-Match' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH = "If-None-Match";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Last-Modified' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Location' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_LOCATION = "Location";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Proxy-Authorization' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_PROXY_AUTHORIZATION = "Proxy-Authorization";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Referer' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_REFERER = "Referer";
+
+  /**
+   * 'Server' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_SERVER = "Server";
+
+  /**
+   * 'User-Agent' header name
+   */
+  public static final String HEADER_USER_AGENT = "User-Agent";
+
+  /**
+   * 'DELETE' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_DELETE = "DELETE";
+
+  /**
+   * 'GET' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_GET = "GET";
+
+  /**
+   * 'HEAD' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_HEAD = "HEAD";
+
+  /**
+   * 'OPTIONS' options method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_OPTIONS = "OPTIONS";
+
+  /**
+   * 'POST' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_POST = "POST";
+
+  /**
+   * 'PUT' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_PUT = "PUT";
+
+  /**
+   * 'TRACE' request method
+   */
+  public static final String METHOD_TRACE = "TRACE";
+
+  /**
+   * 'charset' header value parameter
+   */
+  public static final String PARAM_CHARSET = "charset";
+
+  private static final String BOUNDARY = "00content0boundary00";
+
+  private static final String CONTENT_TYPE_MULTIPART = "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + BOUNDARY;
+
+  private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+  private static final String[] EMPTY_STRINGS = new String[0];
+
+  private static String getValidCharset(final String charset) {
+    if (charset != null && charset.length() > 0)
+      return charset;
+    else
+      return CHARSET_UTF8;
+  }
+
+  private static StringBuilder addPathSeparator(final String baseUrl, final StringBuilder result) {
+    // Add trailing slash if the base URL doesn't have any path segments.
+    //
+    // The following test is checking for the last slash not being part of
+    // the protocol to host separator: '://'.
+    if (baseUrl.indexOf(':') + 2 == baseUrl.lastIndexOf('/'))
+      result.append('/');
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private static StringBuilder addParamPrefix(final String baseUrl, final StringBuilder result) {
+    // Add '?' if missing and add '&' if params already exist in base url
+    final int queryStart = baseUrl.indexOf('?');
+    final int lastChar = result.length() - 1;
+    if (queryStart == -1)
+      result.append('?');
+    else if (queryStart < lastChar && baseUrl.charAt(lastChar) != '&')
+      result.append('&');
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private static StringBuilder addParam(final Object key, Object value, final StringBuilder result) {
+    if (value != null && value.getClass().isArray())
+      value = arrayToList(value);
+
+    if (value instanceof Iterable<?>) {
+      Iterator<?> iterator = ((Iterable<?>) value).iterator();
+      while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+        result.append(key);
+        result.append("[]=");
+        Object element = iterator.next();
+        if (element != null)
+          result.append(element);
+        if (iterator.hasNext())
+          result.append("&");
+      }
+    } else {
+      result.append(key);
+      result.append("=");
+      if (value != null)
+        result.append(value);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates {@link HttpURLConnection HTTP connections} for {@link URL urls}.
+   */
+  public interface ConnectionFactory {
+    /**
+     * Open an {@link HttpURLConnection} for the specified {@link URL}.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    HttpURLConnection create(URL url) throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Open an {@link HttpURLConnection} for the specified {@link URL} and
+     * {@link Proxy}.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    HttpURLConnection create(URL url, Proxy proxy) throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * A {@link ConnectionFactory} which uses the built-in
+     * {@link URL#openConnection()}
+     */
+    ConnectionFactory DEFAULT = new ConnectionFactory() {
+      public HttpURLConnection create(URL url) throws IOException {
+        return (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
+      }
+
+      public HttpURLConnection create(URL url, Proxy proxy) throws IOException {
+        return (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(proxy);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static ConnectionFactory CONNECTION_FACTORY = ConnectionFactory.DEFAULT;
+
+  /**
+   * Specify the {@link ConnectionFactory} used to create new requests.
+   */
+  public static void setConnectionFactory(final ConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
+    if (connectionFactory == null)
+      CONNECTION_FACTORY = ConnectionFactory.DEFAULT;
+    else
+      CONNECTION_FACTORY = connectionFactory;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Callback interface for reporting upload progress for a request.
+   */
+  public interface UploadProgress {
+    /**
+     * Callback invoked as data is uploaded by the request.
+     *
+     * @param uploaded The number of bytes already uploaded
+     * @param total    The total number of bytes that will be uploaded or -1 if the
+     *                 length is unknown.
+     */
+    void onUpload(long uploaded, long total);
+
+    UploadProgress DEFAULT = new UploadProgress() {
+      public void onUpload(long uploaded, long total) {
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will. This
+   * software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with plenty of
+   * well-wishing instead! Please visit
+   * <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>
+   * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @author Robert Harder
+   * @author rob@iharder.net
+   * @version 2.3.7
+   */
+  public static class Base64 {
+
+    /** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
+    private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';
+
+    /** Preferred encoding. */
+    private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "US-ASCII";
+
+    /** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
+    private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = { (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E',
+        (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G', (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
+        (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W',
+        (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f',
+        (byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o',
+        (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x',
+        (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z', (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5', (byte) '6',
+        (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '+', (byte) '/' };
+
+    /** Defeats instantiation. */
+    private Base64() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var> and writes the
+     * resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>. The source and
+     * destination arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by
+     * specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method does
+     * not check to make sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate
+     * <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for the <var>source</var> array or
+     * <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for the <var>destination</var> array. The actual
+     * number of significant bytes in your array is given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
+     * </p>
+     * <p>
+     * This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with all possible
+     * parameters.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param source      the array to convert
+     * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
+     * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
+     * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
+     * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
+     * @return the <var>destination</var> array
+     * @since 1.3
+     */
+    private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes, byte[] destination,
+        int destOffset) {
+
+      byte[] ALPHABET = _STANDARD_ALPHABET;
+
+      int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
+          | (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
+          | (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);
+
+      switch (numSigBytes) {
+      case 3:
+        destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
+        destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
+        destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
+        destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
+        return destination;
+
+      case 2:
+        destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
+        destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
+        destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
+        destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
+        return destination;
+
+      case 1:
+        destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
+        destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
+        destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
+        destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
+        return destination;
+
+      default:
+        return destination;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encode string as a byte array in Base64 annotation.
+     *
+     * @param string
+     * @return The Base64-encoded data as a string
+     */
+    public static String encode(String string) {
+      byte[] bytes;
+      try {
+        bytes = string.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING);
+      } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+        bytes = string.getBytes();
+      }
+      return encodeBytes(bytes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
+     *
+     * @param source The data to convert
+     * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
+     * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are
+     *                                  invalid
+     * @since 2.0
+     */
+    public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source) {
+      return encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
+     *
+     * @param source The data to convert
+     * @param off    Offset in array where conversion should begin
+     * @param len    Length of data to convert
+     * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
+     * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are
+     *                                  invalid
+     * @since 2.0
+     */
+    public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {
+      byte[] encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, off, len);
+      try {
+        return new String(encoded, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
+      } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
+        return new String(encoded);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[], int, int)} but returns a byte array
+     * instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're working
+     * with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
+     *
+     *
+     * @param source The data to convert
+     * @param off    Offset in array where conversion should begin
+     * @param len    Length of data to convert
+     * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String if there is an error
+     * @throws NullPointerException     if source array is null
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are
+     *                                  invalid
+     * @since 2.3.1
+     */
+    public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {
+
+      if (source == null)
+        throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null array.");
+
+      if (off < 0)
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have negative offset: " + off);
+
+      if (len < 0)
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have length offset: " + len);
+
+      if (off + len > source.length)
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(String
+            .format("Cannot have offset of %d and length of %d with array of length %d", off, len, source.length));
+
+      // Bytes needed for actual encoding
+      int encLen = (len / 3) * 4 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0);
+
+      byte[] outBuff = new byte[encLen];
+
+      int d = 0;
+      int e = 0;
+      int len2 = len - 2;
+      for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4)
+        encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e);
+
+      if (d < len) {
+        encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e);
+        e += 4;
+      }
+
+      if (e <= outBuff.length - 1) {
+        byte[] finalOut = new byte[e];
+        System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, finalOut, 0, e);
+        return finalOut;
+      } else
+        return outBuff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HTTP request exception whose cause is always an {@link IOException}
+   */
+  public static class HttpRequestException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -1170466989781746231L;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new HttpRequestException with the given cause
+     *
+     * @param cause
+     */
+    public HttpRequestException(final IOException cause) {
+      super(cause);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get {@link IOException} that triggered this request exception
+     *
+     * @return {@link IOException} cause
+     */
+    @Override
+    public IOException getCause() {
+      return (IOException) super.getCause();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Operation that handles executing a callback once complete and handling nested
+   * exceptions
+   *
+   * @param <V>
+   */
+  protected static abstract class Operation<V> implements Callable<V> {
+
+    /**
+     * Run operation
+     *
+     * @return result
+     * @throws HttpRequestException
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected abstract V run() throws HttpRequestException, IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Operation complete callback
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected abstract void done() throws IOException;
+
+    public V call() throws HttpRequestException {
+      boolean thrown = false;
+      try {
+        return run();
+      } catch (HttpRequestException e) {
+        thrown = true;
+        throw e;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        thrown = true;
+        throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+      } finally {
+        try {
+          done();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          if (!thrown)
+            throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Class that ensures a {@link Closeable} gets closed with proper exception
+   * handling.
+   *
+   * @param <V>
+   */
+  protected static abstract class CloseOperation<V> extends Operation<V> {
+
+    private final Closeable closeable;
+
+    private final boolean ignoreCloseExceptions;
+
+    /**
+     * Create closer for operation
+     *
+     * @param closeable
+     * @param ignoreCloseExceptions
+     */
+    protected CloseOperation(final Closeable closeable, final boolean ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+      this.closeable = closeable;
+      this.ignoreCloseExceptions = ignoreCloseExceptions;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void done() throws IOException {
+      if (closeable instanceof Flushable)
+        ((Flushable) closeable).flush();
+      if (ignoreCloseExceptions)
+        try {
+          closeable.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          // Ignored
+        }
+      else
+        closeable.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Class that and ensures a {@link Flushable} gets flushed with proper exception
+   * handling.
+   *
+   * @param <V>
+   */
+  protected static abstract class FlushOperation<V> extends Operation<V> {
+
+    private final Flushable flushable;
+
+    /**
+     * Create flush operation
+     *
+     * @param flushable
+     */
+    protected FlushOperation(final Flushable flushable) {
+      this.flushable = flushable;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void done() throws IOException {
+      flushable.flush();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Request output stream
+   */
+  public static class RequestOutputStream extends BufferedOutputStream {
+
+    private final CharsetEncoder encoder;
+
+    /**
+     * Create request output stream
+     *
+     * @param stream
+     * @param charset
+     * @param bufferSize
+     */
+    public RequestOutputStream(final OutputStream stream, final String charset, final int bufferSize) {
+      super(stream, bufferSize);
+
+      encoder = Charset.forName(getValidCharset(charset)).newEncoder();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write string to stream
+     *
+     * @param value
+     * @return this stream
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public RequestOutputStream write(final String value) throws IOException {
+      final ByteBuffer bytes = encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(value));
+
+      super.write(bytes.array(), 0, bytes.limit());
+
+      return this;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Represents array of any type as list of objects so we can easily iterate over
+   * it
+   *
+   * @param array of elements
+   * @return list with the same elements
+   */
+  private static List<Object> arrayToList(final Object array) {
+    if (array instanceof Object[])
+      return Arrays.asList((Object[]) array);
+
+    List<Object> result = new ArrayList<Object>();
+    // Arrays of the primitive types can't be cast to array of Object, so this:
+    if (array instanceof int[])
+      for (int value : (int[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof boolean[])
+      for (boolean value : (boolean[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof long[])
+      for (long value : (long[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof float[])
+      for (float value : (float[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof double[])
+      for (double value : (double[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof short[])
+      for (short value : (short[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof byte[])
+      for (byte value : (byte[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    else if (array instanceof char[])
+      for (char value : (char[]) array)
+        result.add(value);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encode the given URL as an ASCII {@link String}
+   * <p>
+   * This method ensures the path and query segments of the URL are properly
+   * encoded such as ' ' characters being encoded to '%20' or any UTF-8 characters
+   * that are non-ASCII. No encoding of URLs is done by default by the
+   * {@link HttpRequest} constructors and so if URL encoding is needed this method
+   * should be called before calling the {@link HttpRequest} constructor.
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return encoded URL
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static String encode(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    URL parsed;
+    try {
+      parsed = new URL(url.toString());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+
+    String host = parsed.getHost();
+    int port = parsed.getPort();
+    if (port != -1)
+      host = host + ':' + Integer.toString(port);
+
+    try {
+      String encoded = new URI(parsed.getProtocol(), host, parsed.getPath(), parsed.getQuery(), null).toASCIIString();
+      int paramsStart = encoded.indexOf('?');
+      if (paramsStart > 0 && paramsStart + 1 < encoded.length())
+        encoded = encoded.substring(0, paramsStart + 1) + encoded.substring(paramsStart + 1).replace("+", "%2B");
+      return encoded;
+    } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+      IOException io = new IOException("Parsing URI failed");
+      io.initCause(e);
+      throw new HttpRequestException(io);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Append given map as query parameters to the base URL
+   * <p>
+   * Each map entry's key will be a parameter name and the value's
+   * {@link Object#toString()} will be the parameter value.
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @param params
+   * @return URL with appended query params
+   */
+  public static String append(final CharSequence url, final Map<?, ?> params) {
+    final String baseUrl = url.toString();
+    if (params == null || params.isEmpty())
+      return baseUrl;
+
+    final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(baseUrl);
+
+    addPathSeparator(baseUrl, result);
+    addParamPrefix(baseUrl, result);
+
+    Entry<?, ?> entry;
+    Iterator<?> iterator = params.entrySet().iterator();
+    entry = (Entry<?, ?>) iterator.next();
+    addParam(entry.getKey().toString(), entry.getValue(), result);
+
+    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+      result.append('&');
+      entry = (Entry<?, ?>) iterator.next();
+      addParam(entry.getKey().toString(), entry.getValue(), result);
+    }
+
+    return result.toString();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Append given name/value pairs as query parameters to the base URL
+   * <p>
+   * The params argument is interpreted as a sequence of name/value pairs so the
+   * given number of params must be divisible by 2.
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @param params name/value pairs
+   * @return URL with appended query params
+   */
+  public static String append(final CharSequence url, final Object... params) {
+    final String baseUrl = url.toString();
+    if (params == null || params.length == 0)
+      return baseUrl;
+
+    if (params.length % 2 != 0)
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must specify an even number of parameter names/values");
+
+    final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(baseUrl);
+
+    addPathSeparator(baseUrl, result);
+    addParamPrefix(baseUrl, result);
+
+    addParam(params[0], params[1], result);
+
+    for (int i = 2; i < params.length; i += 2) {
+      result.append('&');
+      addParam(params[i], params[i + 1], result);
+    }
+
+    return result.toString();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_GET);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest get(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_GET);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param params  The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence baseUrl, final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return get(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   * @param params  the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
+   *                baseUrl
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Object...)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest get(final CharSequence baseUrl, final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return get(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_POST);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest post(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_POST);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param params  the query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence baseUrl, final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return post(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'POST' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   * @param params  the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
+   *                baseUrl
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Object...)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest post(final CharSequence baseUrl, final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return post(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_PUT);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest put(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_PUT);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param params  the query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence baseUrl, final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return put(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'PUT' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   * @param params  the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
+   *                baseUrl
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Object...)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest put(final CharSequence baseUrl, final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return put(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_DELETE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest delete(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_DELETE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param params  The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence baseUrl, final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return delete(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'DELETE' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   * @param params  the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
+   *                baseUrl
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Object...)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest delete(final CharSequence baseUrl, final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return delete(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_HEAD);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest head(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_HEAD);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'HEAD' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param params  The query parameters to include as part of the baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Map)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence baseUrl, final Map<?, ?> params, final boolean encode) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return head(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'GET' request to the given URL along with the query params
+   *
+   * @param baseUrl
+   * @param encode  true to encode the full URL
+   * @param params  the name/value query parameter pairs to include as part of the
+   *                baseUrl
+   *
+   * @see #append(CharSequence, Object...)
+   * @see #encode(CharSequence)
+   *
+   * @return request
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest head(final CharSequence baseUrl, final boolean encode, final Object... params) {
+    String url = append(baseUrl, params);
+    return head(encode ? encode(url) : url);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start an 'OPTIONS' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest options(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start an 'OPTIONS' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest options(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'TRACE' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest trace(final CharSequence url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_TRACE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start a 'TRACE' request to the given URL
+   *
+   * @param url
+   * @return request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public static HttpRequest trace(final URL url) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new HttpRequest(url, METHOD_TRACE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'http.keepAlive' property to the given value.
+   * <p>
+   * This setting will apply to all requests.
+   *
+   * @param keepAlive
+   */
+  public static void keepAlive(final boolean keepAlive) {
+    setProperty("http.keepAlive", Boolean.toString(keepAlive));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'http.maxConnections' property to the given value.
+   * <p>
+   * This setting will apply to all requests.
+   *
+   * @param maxConnections
+   */
+  public static void maxConnections(final int maxConnections) {
+    setProperty("http.maxConnections", Integer.toString(maxConnections));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'http.proxyHost' and 'https.proxyHost' properties to the given host
+   * value.
+   * <p>
+   * This setting will apply to all requests.
+   *
+   * @param host
+   */
+  public static void proxyHost(final String host) {
+    setProperty("http.proxyHost", host);
+    setProperty("https.proxyHost", host);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'http.proxyPort' and 'https.proxyPort' properties to the given port
+   * number.
+   * <p>
+   * This setting will apply to all requests.
+   *
+   * @param port
+   */
+  public static void proxyPort(final int port) {
+    final String portValue = Integer.toString(port);
+    setProperty("http.proxyPort", portValue);
+    setProperty("https.proxyPort", portValue);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'http.nonProxyHosts' property to the given host values.
+   * <p>
+   * Hosts will be separated by a '|' character.
+   * <p>
+   * This setting will apply to all requests.
+   *
+   * @param hosts
+   */
+  public static void nonProxyHosts(final String... hosts) {
+    if (hosts != null && hosts.length > 0) {
+      StringBuilder separated = new StringBuilder();
+      int last = hosts.length - 1;
+      for (int i = 0; i < last; i++)
+        separated.append(hosts[i]).append('|');
+      separated.append(hosts[last]);
+      setProperty("http.nonProxyHosts", separated.toString());
+    } else
+      setProperty("http.nonProxyHosts", null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set property to given value.
+   * <p>
+   * Specifying a null value will cause the property to be cleared
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @return previous value
+   */
+  private static String setProperty(final String name, final String value) {
+    final PrivilegedAction<String> action;
+    if (value != null)
+      action = new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
+
+        public String run() {
+          return System.setProperty(name, value);
+        }
+      };
+    else
+      action = new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
+
+        public String run() {
+          return System.clearProperty(name);
+        }
+      };
+    return AccessController.doPrivileged(action);
+  }
+
+  private HttpURLConnection connection = null;
+
+  private final URL url;
+
+  private final String requestMethod;
+
+  private RequestOutputStream output;
+
+  private boolean multipart;
+
+  private boolean form;
+
+  private boolean ignoreCloseExceptions = true;
+
+  private boolean uncompress = false;
+
+  private int bufferSize = 8192;
+
+  private long totalSize = -1;
+
+  private long totalWritten = 0;
+
+  private String httpProxyHost;
+
+  private int httpProxyPort;
+
+  private UploadProgress progress = UploadProgress.DEFAULT;
+
+  /**
+   * Create HTTP connection wrapper
+   *
+   * @param url    Remote resource URL.
+   * @param method HTTP request method (e.g., "GET", "POST").
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest(final CharSequence url, final String method) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      this.url = new URL(url.toString());
+    } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    this.requestMethod = method;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create HTTP connection wrapper
+   *
+   * @param url    Remote resource URL.
+   * @param method HTTP request method (e.g., "GET", "POST").
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest(final URL url, final String method) throws HttpRequestException {
+    this.url = url;
+    this.requestMethod = method;
+  }
+
+  private Proxy createProxy() {
+    return new Proxy(HTTP, new InetSocketAddress(httpProxyHost, httpProxyPort));
+  }
+
+  private HttpURLConnection createConnection() {
+    try {
+      final HttpURLConnection connection;
+      if (httpProxyHost != null)
+        connection = CONNECTION_FACTORY.create(url, createProxy());
+      else
+        connection = CONNECTION_FACTORY.create(url);
+      connection.setRequestMethod(requestMethod);
+      return connection;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return method() + ' ' + url();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get underlying connection
+   *
+   * @return connection
+   */
+  public HttpURLConnection getConnection() {
+    if (connection == null)
+      connection = createConnection();
+    return connection;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set whether or not to ignore exceptions that occur from calling
+   * {@link Closeable#close()}
+   * <p>
+   * The default value of this setting is <code>true</code>
+   *
+   * @param ignore
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest ignoreCloseExceptions(final boolean ignore) {
+    ignoreCloseExceptions = ignore;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get whether or not exceptions thrown by {@link Closeable#close()} are ignored
+   *
+   * @return true if ignoring, false if throwing
+   */
+  public boolean ignoreCloseExceptions() {
+    return ignoreCloseExceptions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the status code of the response
+   *
+   * @return the response code
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public int code() throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      closeOutput();
+      return getConnection().getResponseCode();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the value of the given {@link AtomicInteger} to the status code of the
+   * response
+   *
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest code(final AtomicInteger output) throws HttpRequestException {
+    output.set(code());
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 200 OK?
+   *
+   * @return true if 200, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean ok() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_OK == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 201 Created?
+   *
+   * @return true if 201, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean created() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_CREATED == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 204 No Content?
+   *
+   * @return true if 204, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean noContent() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_NO_CONTENT == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 500 Internal Server Error?
+   *
+   * @return true if 500, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean serverError() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 400 Bad Request?
+   *
+   * @return true if 400, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean badRequest() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_BAD_REQUEST == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 404 Not Found?
+   *
+   * @return true if 404, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean notFound() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_NOT_FOUND == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response code a 304 Not Modified?
+   *
+   * @return true if 304, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean notModified() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED == code();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get status message of the response
+   *
+   * @return message
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public String message() throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      closeOutput();
+      return getConnection().getResponseMessage();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disconnect the connection
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest disconnect() {
+    getConnection().disconnect();
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set chunked streaming mode to the given size
+   *
+   * @param size
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest chunk(final int size) {
+    getConnection().setChunkedStreamingMode(size);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the size used when buffering and copying between streams
+   * <p>
+   * This size is also used for send and receive buffers created for both char and
+   * byte arrays
+   * <p>
+   * The default buffer size is 8,192 bytes
+   *
+   * @param size
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest bufferSize(final int size) {
+    if (size < 1)
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size must be greater than zero");
+    bufferSize = size;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the configured buffer size
+   * <p>
+   * The default buffer size is 8,192 bytes
+   *
+   * @return buffer size
+   */
+  public int bufferSize() {
+    return bufferSize;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set whether or not the response body should be automatically uncompressed
+   * when read from.
+   * <p>
+   * This will only affect requests that have the 'Content-Encoding' response
+   * header set to 'gzip'.
+   * <p>
+   * This causes all receive methods to use a {@link GZIPInputStream} when
+   * applicable so that higher level streams and readers can read the data
+   * uncompressed.
+   * <p>
+   * Setting this option does not cause any request headers to be set
+   * automatically so {@link #acceptGzipEncoding()} should be used in conjunction
+   * with this setting to tell the server to gzip the response.
+   *
+   * @param uncompress
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest uncompress(final boolean uncompress) {
+    this.uncompress = uncompress;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create byte array output stream
+   *
+   * @return stream
+   */
+  protected ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream() {
+    final int size = contentLength();
+    if (size > 0)
+      return new ByteArrayOutputStream(size);
+    else
+      return new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get response as {@link String} in given character set
+   * <p>
+   * This will fall back to using the UTF-8 character set if the given charset is
+   * null
+   *
+   * @param charset
+   * @return string
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public String body(final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream output = byteStream();
+    try {
+      copy(buffer(), output);
+      return output.toString(getValidCharset(charset));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get response as {@link String} using character set returned from
+   * {@link #charset()}
+   *
+   * @return string
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public String body() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return body(charset());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the response body as a {@link String} and set it as the value of the
+   * given reference.
+   *
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest body(final AtomicReference<String> output) throws HttpRequestException {
+    output.set(body());
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the response body as a {@link String} and set it as the value of the
+   * given reference.
+   *
+   * @param output
+   * @param charset
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest body(final AtomicReference<String> output, final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    output.set(body(charset));
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Is the response body empty?
+   *
+   * @return true if the Content-Length response header is 0, false otherwise
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public boolean isBodyEmpty() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return contentLength() == 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get response as byte array
+   *
+   * @return byte array
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public byte[] bytes() throws HttpRequestException {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream output = byteStream();
+    try {
+      copy(buffer(), output);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return output.toByteArray();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get response in a buffered stream
+   *
+   * @see #bufferSize(int)
+   * @return stream
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public BufferedInputStream buffer() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new BufferedInputStream(stream(), bufferSize);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get stream to response body
+   *
+   * @return stream
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public InputStream stream() throws HttpRequestException {
+    InputStream stream;
+    if (code() < HTTP_BAD_REQUEST)
+      try {
+        stream = getConnection().getInputStream();
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+      }
+    else {
+      stream = getConnection().getErrorStream();
+      if (stream == null)
+        try {
+          stream = getConnection().getInputStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          if (contentLength() > 0)
+            throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+          else
+            stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!uncompress || !ENCODING_GZIP.equals(contentEncoding()))
+      return stream;
+    else
+      try {
+        return new GZIPInputStream(stream);
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get reader to response body using given character set.
+   * <p>
+   * This will fall back to using the UTF-8 character set if the given charset is
+   * null
+   *
+   * @param charset
+   * @return reader
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public InputStreamReader reader(final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      return new InputStreamReader(stream(), getValidCharset(charset));
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get reader to response body using the character set returned from
+   * {@link #charset()}
+   *
+   * @return reader
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public InputStreamReader reader() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return reader(charset());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get buffered reader to response body using the given character set r and the
+   * configured buffer size
+   *
+   *
+   * @see #bufferSize(int)
+   * @param charset
+   * @return reader
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public BufferedReader bufferedReader(final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return new BufferedReader(reader(charset), bufferSize);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get buffered reader to response body using the character set returned from
+   * {@link #charset()} and the configured buffer size
+   *
+   * @see #bufferSize(int)
+   * @return reader
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public BufferedReader bufferedReader() throws HttpRequestException {
+    return bufferedReader(charset());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stream response body to file
+   *
+   * @param file
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest receive(final File file) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final OutputStream output;
+    try {
+      output = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file), bufferSize);
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(output, ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected HttpRequest run() throws HttpRequestException, IOException {
+        return receive(output);
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stream response to given output stream
+   *
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest receive(final OutputStream output) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      return copy(buffer(), output);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stream response to given print stream
+   *
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest receive(final PrintStream output) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return receive((OutputStream) output);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Receive response into the given appendable
+   *
+   * @param appendable
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest receive(final Appendable appendable) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final BufferedReader reader = bufferedReader();
+    return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(reader, ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+
+      @Override
+      public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
+        final CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(bufferSize);
+        int read;
+        while ((read = reader.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+          buffer.rewind();
+          appendable.append(buffer, 0, read);
+          buffer.rewind();
+        }
+        return HttpRequest.this;
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Receive response into the given writer
+   *
+   * @param writer
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest receive(final Writer writer) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final BufferedReader reader = bufferedReader();
+    return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(reader, ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+
+      @Override
+      public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
+        return copy(reader, writer);
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set read timeout on connection to given value
+   *
+   * @param timeout
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest readTimeout(final int timeout) {
+    getConnection().setReadTimeout(timeout);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set connect timeout on connection to given value
+   *
+   * @param timeout
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest connectTimeout(final int timeout) {
+    getConnection().setConnectTimeout(timeout);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set header name to given value
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest header(final String name, final String value) {
+    getConnection().setRequestProperty(name, value);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set header name to given value
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest header(final String name, final Number value) {
+    return header(name, value != null ? value.toString() : null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set all headers found in given map where the keys are the header names and
+   * the values are the header values
+   *
+   * @param headers
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest headers(final Map<String, String> headers) {
+    if (!headers.isEmpty())
+      for (Entry<String, String> header : headers.entrySet())
+        header(header);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set header to have given entry's key as the name and value as the value
+   *
+   * @param header
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest header(final Entry<String, String> header) {
+    return header(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a response header
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @return response header
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public String header(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
+    closeOutputQuietly();
+    return getConnection().getHeaderField(name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all the response headers
+   *
+   * @return map of response header names to their value(s)
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public Map<String, List<String>> headers() throws HttpRequestException {
+    closeOutputQuietly();
+    return getConnection().getHeaderFields();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a date header from the response falling back to returning -1 if the
+   * header is missing or parsing fails
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @return date, -1 on failures
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public long dateHeader(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return dateHeader(name, -1L);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a date header from the response falling back to returning the given
+   * default value if the header is missing or parsing fails
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param defaultValue
+   * @return date, default value on failures
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public long dateHeader(final String name, final long defaultValue) throws HttpRequestException {
+    closeOutputQuietly();
+    return getConnection().getHeaderFieldDate(name, defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get an integer header from the response falling back to returning -1 if the
+   * header is missing or parsing fails
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @return header value as an integer, -1 when missing or parsing fails
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public int intHeader(final String name) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return intHeader(name, -1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get an integer header value from the response falling back to the given
+   * default value if the header is missing or if parsing fails
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param defaultValue
+   * @return header value as an integer, default value when missing or parsing
+   *         fails
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public int intHeader(final String name, final int defaultValue) throws HttpRequestException {
+    closeOutputQuietly();
+    return getConnection().getHeaderFieldInt(name, defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all values of the given header from the response
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @return non-null but possibly empty array of {@link String} header values
+   */
+  public String[] headers(final String name) {
+    final Map<String, List<String>> headers = headers();
+    if (headers == null || headers.isEmpty())
+      return EMPTY_STRINGS;
+
+    final List<String> values = headers.get(name);
+    if (values != null && !values.isEmpty())
+      return values.toArray(new String[values.size()]);
+    else
+      return EMPTY_STRINGS;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get parameter with given name from header value in response
+   *
+   * @param headerName
+   * @param paramName
+   * @return parameter value or null if missing
+   */
+  public String parameter(final String headerName, final String paramName) {
+    return getParam(header(headerName), paramName);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all parameters from header value in response
+   * <p>
+   * This will be all key=value pairs after the first ';' that are separated by a
+   * ';'
+   *
+   * @param headerName
+   * @return non-null but possibly empty map of parameter headers
+   */
+  public Map<String, String> parameters(final String headerName) {
+    return getParams(header(headerName));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get parameter values from header value
+   *
+   * @param header
+   * @return parameter value or null if none
+   */
+  protected Map<String, String> getParams(final String header) {
+    if (header == null || header.length() == 0)
+      return Collections.emptyMap();
+
+    final int headerLength = header.length();
+    int start = header.indexOf(';') + 1;
+    if (start == 0 || start == headerLength)
+      return Collections.emptyMap();
+
+    int end = header.indexOf(';', start);
+    if (end == -1)
+      end = headerLength;
+
+    Map<String, String> params = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
+    while (start < end) {
+      int nameEnd = header.indexOf('=', start);
+      if (nameEnd != -1 && nameEnd < end) {
+        String name = header.substring(start, nameEnd).trim();
+        if (name.length() > 0) {
+          String value = header.substring(nameEnd + 1, end).trim();
+          int length = value.length();
+          if (length != 0)
+            if (length > 2 && '"' == value.charAt(0) && '"' == value.charAt(length - 1))
+              params.put(name, value.substring(1, length - 1));
+            else
+              params.put(name, value);
+        }
+      }
+
+      start = end + 1;
+      end = header.indexOf(';', start);
+      if (end == -1)
+        end = headerLength;
+    }
+
+    return params;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get parameter value from header value
+   *
+   * @param value
+   * @param paramName
+   * @return parameter value or null if none
+   */
+  protected String getParam(final String value, final String paramName) {
+    if (value == null || value.length() == 0)
+      return null;
+
+    final int length = value.length();
+    int start = value.indexOf(';') + 1;
+    if (start == 0 || start == length)
+      return null;
+
+    int end = value.indexOf(';', start);
+    if (end == -1)
+      end = length;
+
+    while (start < end) {
+      int nameEnd = value.indexOf('=', start);
+      if (nameEnd != -1 && nameEnd < end && paramName.equals(value.substring(start, nameEnd).trim())) {
+        String paramValue = value.substring(nameEnd + 1, end).trim();
+        int valueLength = paramValue.length();
+        if (valueLength != 0)
+          if (valueLength > 2 && '"' == paramValue.charAt(0) && '"' == paramValue.charAt(valueLength - 1))
+            return paramValue.substring(1, valueLength - 1);
+          else
+            return paramValue;
+      }
+
+      start = end + 1;
+      end = value.indexOf(';', start);
+      if (end == -1)
+        end = length;
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get 'charset' parameter from 'Content-Type' response header
+   *
+   * @return charset or null if none
+   */
+  public String charset() {
+    return parameter(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, PARAM_CHARSET);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'User-Agent' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param userAgent
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest userAgent(final String userAgent) {
+    return header(HEADER_USER_AGENT, userAgent);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Referer' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param referer
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest referer(final String referer) {
+    return header(HEADER_REFERER, referer);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set value of {@link HttpURLConnection#setUseCaches(boolean)}
+   *
+   * @param useCaches
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest useCaches(final boolean useCaches) {
+    getConnection().setUseCaches(useCaches);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Accept-Encoding' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param acceptEncoding
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest acceptEncoding(final String acceptEncoding) {
+    return header(HEADER_ACCEPT_ENCODING, acceptEncoding);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Accept-Encoding' header to 'gzip'
+   *
+   * @see #uncompress(boolean)
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest acceptGzipEncoding() {
+    return acceptEncoding(ENCODING_GZIP);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Accept-Charset' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param acceptCharset
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest acceptCharset(final String acceptCharset) {
+    return header(HEADER_ACCEPT_CHARSET, acceptCharset);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Content-Encoding' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public String contentEncoding() {
+    return header(HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Server' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return server
+   */
+  public String server() {
+    return header(HEADER_SERVER);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Date' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return date value, -1 on failures
+   */
+  public long date() {
+    return dateHeader(HEADER_DATE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Cache-Control' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return cache control
+   */
+  public String cacheControl() {
+    return header(HEADER_CACHE_CONTROL);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'ETag' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return entity tag
+   */
+  public String eTag() {
+    return header(HEADER_ETAG);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Expires' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return expires value, -1 on failures
+   */
+  public long expires() {
+    return dateHeader(HEADER_EXPIRES);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Last-Modified' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return last modified value, -1 on failures
+   */
+  public long lastModified() {
+    return dateHeader(HEADER_LAST_MODIFIED);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Location' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return location
+   */
+  public String location() {
+    return header(HEADER_LOCATION);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Authorization' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param authorization
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest authorization(final String authorization) {
+    return header(HEADER_AUTHORIZATION, authorization);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Proxy-Authorization' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param proxyAuthorization
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest proxyAuthorization(final String proxyAuthorization) {
+    return header(HEADER_PROXY_AUTHORIZATION, proxyAuthorization);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Authorization' header to given values in Basic authentication format
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param password
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest basic(final String name, final String password) {
+    return authorization("Basic " + Base64.encode(name + ':' + password));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Proxy-Authorization' header to given values in Basic authentication
+   * format
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param password
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest proxyBasic(final String name, final String password) {
+    return proxyAuthorization("Basic " + Base64.encode(name + ':' + password));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'If-Modified-Since' request header to the given value
+   *
+   * @param ifModifiedSince
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest ifModifiedSince(final long ifModifiedSince) {
+    getConnection().setIfModifiedSince(ifModifiedSince);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'If-None-Match' request header to the given value
+   *
+   * @param ifNoneMatch
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest ifNoneMatch(final String ifNoneMatch) {
+    return header(HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH, ifNoneMatch);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Content-Type' request header to the given value
+   *
+   * @param contentType
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest contentType(final String contentType) {
+    return contentType(contentType, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Content-Type' request header to the given value and charset
+   *
+   * @param contentType
+   * @param charset
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest contentType(final String contentType, final String charset) {
+    if (charset != null && charset.length() > 0) {
+      final String separator = "; " + PARAM_CHARSET + '=';
+      return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType + separator + charset);
+    } else
+      return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Content-Type' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return response header value
+   */
+  public String contentType() {
+    return header(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the 'Content-Length' header from the response
+   *
+   * @return response header value
+   */
+  public int contentLength() {
+    return intHeader(HEADER_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Content-Length' request header to the given value
+   *
+   * @param contentLength
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest contentLength(final String contentLength) {
+    return contentLength(Integer.parseInt(contentLength));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Content-Length' request header to the given value
+   *
+   * @param contentLength
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest contentLength(final int contentLength) {
+    getConnection().setFixedLengthStreamingMode(contentLength);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Accept' header to given value
+   *
+   * @param accept
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest accept(final String accept) {
+    return header(HEADER_ACCEPT, accept);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the 'Accept' header to 'application/json'
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest acceptJson() {
+    return accept(CONTENT_TYPE_JSON);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy from input stream to output stream
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest copy(final InputStream input, final OutputStream output) throws IOException {
+    return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(input, ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+
+      @Override
+      public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
+        int read;
+        while ((read = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+          output.write(buffer, 0, read);
+          totalWritten += read;
+          progress.onUpload(totalWritten, totalSize);
+        }
+        return HttpRequest.this;
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy from reader to writer
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @param output
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest copy(final Reader input, final Writer output) throws IOException {
+    return new CloseOperation<HttpRequest>(input, ignoreCloseExceptions) {
+
+      @Override
+      public HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
+        final char[] buffer = new char[bufferSize];
+        int read;
+        while ((read = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+          output.write(buffer, 0, read);
+          totalWritten += read;
+          progress.onUpload(totalWritten, -1);
+        }
+        return HttpRequest.this;
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the UploadProgress callback for this request
+   *
+   * @param callback
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest progress(final UploadProgress callback) {
+    if (callback == null)
+      progress = UploadProgress.DEFAULT;
+    else
+      progress = callback;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  private HttpRequest incrementTotalSize(final long size) {
+    if (totalSize == -1)
+      totalSize = 0;
+    totalSize += size;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close output stream
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest closeOutput() throws IOException {
+    progress(null);
+    if (output == null)
+      return this;
+    if (multipart)
+      output.write(CRLF + "--" + BOUNDARY + "--" + CRLF);
+    if (ignoreCloseExceptions)
+      try {
+        output.close();
+      } catch (IOException ignored) {
+        // Ignored
+      }
+    else
+      output.close();
+    output = null;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Call {@link #closeOutput()} and re-throw a caught {@link IOException}s as an
+   * {@link HttpRequestException}
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest closeOutputQuietly() throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      return closeOutput();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open output stream
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest openOutput() throws IOException {
+    if (output != null)
+      return this;
+    getConnection().setDoOutput(true);
+    final String charset = getParam(getConnection().getRequestProperty(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE), PARAM_CHARSET);
+    output = new RequestOutputStream(getConnection().getOutputStream(), charset, bufferSize);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Start part of a multipart
+   *
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest startPart() throws IOException {
+    if (!multipart) {
+      multipart = true;
+      contentType(CONTENT_TYPE_MULTIPART).openOutput();
+      output.write("--" + BOUNDARY + CRLF);
+    } else
+      output.write(CRLF + "--" + BOUNDARY + CRLF);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part header
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest writePartHeader(final String name, final String filename) throws IOException {
+    return writePartHeader(name, filename, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part header
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param contentType
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  protected HttpRequest writePartHeader(final String name, final String filename, final String contentType)
+      throws IOException {
+    final StringBuilder partBuffer = new StringBuilder();
+    partBuffer.append("form-data; name=\"").append(name);
+    if (filename != null)
+      partBuffer.append("\"; filename=\"").append(filename);
+    partBuffer.append('"');
+    partHeader("Content-Disposition", partBuffer.toString());
+    if (contentType != null)
+      partHeader(HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, contentType);
+    return send(CRLF);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String part) {
+    return part(name, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final String part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, filename, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param contentType value of the Content-Type part header
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final String contentType, final String part)
+      throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      startPart();
+      writePartHeader(name, filename, contentType);
+      output.write(part);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final Number part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final Number part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, filename, part != null ? part.toString() : null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final File part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final File part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, filename, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param contentType value of the Content-Type part header
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final String contentType, final File part)
+      throws HttpRequestException {
+    final InputStream stream;
+    try {
+      stream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(part));
+      incrementTotalSize(part.length());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return part(name, filename, contentType, stream);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final InputStream part) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return part(name, null, null, part);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write part of a multipart request to the request body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param filename
+   * @param contentType value of the Content-Type part header
+   * @param part
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest part(final String name, final String filename, final String contentType, final InputStream part)
+      throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      startPart();
+      writePartHeader(name, filename, contentType);
+      copy(part, output);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write a multipart header to the response body
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest partHeader(final String name, final String value) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return send(name).send(": ").send(value).send(CRLF);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write contents of file to request body
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest send(final File input) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final InputStream stream;
+    try {
+      stream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(input));
+      incrementTotalSize(input.length());
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return send(stream);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write byte array to request body
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest send(final byte[] input) throws HttpRequestException {
+    if (input != null)
+      incrementTotalSize(input.length);
+    return send(new ByteArrayInputStream(input));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write stream to request body
+   * <p>
+   * The given stream will be closed once sending completes
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest send(final InputStream input) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      openOutput();
+      copy(input, output);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write reader to request body
+   * <p>
+   * The given reader will be closed once sending completes
+   *
+   * @param input
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest send(final Reader input) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      openOutput();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    final Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(output, output.encoder.charset());
+    return new FlushOperation<HttpRequest>(writer) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected HttpRequest run() throws IOException {
+        return copy(input, writer);
+      }
+    }.call();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write char sequence to request body
+   * <p>
+   * The charset configured via {@link #contentType(String)} will be used and
+   * UTF-8 will be used if it is unset.
+   *
+   * @param value
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest send(final CharSequence value) throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      openOutput();
+      output.write(value.toString());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create writer to request output stream
+   *
+   * @return writer
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public OutputStreamWriter writer() throws HttpRequestException {
+    try {
+      openOutput();
+      return new OutputStreamWriter(output, output.encoder.charset());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the values in the map as form data to the request body
+   * <p>
+   * The pairs specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
+   *
+   * @param values
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Map<?, ?> values) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return form(values, CHARSET_UTF8);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the key and value in the entry as form data to the request body
+   * <p>
+   * The pair specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
+   *
+   * @param entry
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Entry<?, ?> entry) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return form(entry, CHARSET_UTF8);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the key and value in the entry as form data to the request body
+   * <p>
+   * The pair specified will be URL-encoded and sent with the
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
+   *
+   * @param entry
+   * @param charset
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Entry<?, ?> entry, final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return form(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), charset);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the name/value pair as form data to the request body
+   * <p>
+   * The pair specified will be URL-encoded in UTF-8 and sent with the
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Object name, final Object value) throws HttpRequestException {
+    return form(name, value, CHARSET_UTF8);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the name/value pair as form data to the request body
+   * <p>
+   * The values specified will be URL-encoded and sent with the
+   * 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content-type
+   *
+   * @param name
+   * @param value
+   * @param charset
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Object name, final Object value, String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final boolean first = !form;
+    if (first) {
+      contentType(CONTENT_TYPE_FORM, charset);
+      form = true;
+    }
+    charset = getValidCharset(charset);
+    try {
+      openOutput();
+      if (!first)
+        output.write('&');
+      output.write(URLEncoder.encode(name.toString(), charset));
+      output.write('=');
+      if (value != null)
+        output.write(URLEncoder.encode(value.toString(), charset));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new HttpRequestException(e);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Write the values in the map as encoded form data to the request body
+   *
+   * @param values
+   * @param charset
+   * @return this request
+   * @throws HttpRequestException
+   */
+  public HttpRequest form(final Map<?, ?> values, final String charset) throws HttpRequestException {
+    if (!values.isEmpty())
+      for (Entry<?, ?> entry : values.entrySet())
+        form(entry, charset);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public HttpRequest setSSLSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory socketFactory) throws HttpRequestException {
+    final HttpURLConnection connection = getConnection();
+    if (connection instanceof HttpsURLConnection)
+      ((HttpsURLConnection) connection).setSSLSocketFactory(socketFactory);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public HttpRequest setHostnameVerifier(HostnameVerifier verifier) {
+    final HttpURLConnection connection = getConnection();
+    if (connection instanceof HttpsURLConnection)
+      ((HttpsURLConnection) connection).setHostnameVerifier(verifier);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the {@link URL} of this request's connection
+   *
+   * @return request URL
+   */
+  public URL url() {
+    return getConnection().getURL();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the HTTP method of this request
+   *
+   * @return method
+   */
+  public String method() {
+    return getConnection().getRequestMethod();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Configure an HTTP proxy on this connection. Use
+   * {{@link #proxyBasic(String, String)} if this proxy requires basic
+   * authentication.
+   *
+   * @param proxyHost
+   * @param proxyPort
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest useProxy(final String proxyHost, final int proxyPort) {
+    if (connection != null)
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          "The connection has already been created. This method must be called before reading or writing to the request.");
+
+    this.httpProxyHost = proxyHost;
+    this.httpProxyPort = proxyPort;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set whether or not the underlying connection should follow redirects in the
+   * response.
+   *
+   * @param followRedirects - true fo follow redirects, false to not.
+   * @return this request
+   */
+  public HttpRequest followRedirects(final boolean followRedirects) {
+    getConnection().setInstanceFollowRedirects(followRedirects);
+    return this;
+  }
+}