@soundscript/soundscript 0.1.13 → 0.1.15

package/project-transform/src/compiler/wat_arrays.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3132 @@
+import { CompilerUnsupportedError } from './errors.js';
+import { emitHostTaggedPrimitiveExternrefToTagged, emitTaggedPrimitiveToHostExternref, } from './wat_tagged.js';
+export function emitArrayRuntimeImports(usage) {
+    const { usesHeapParamBoundary, usesHeapParamCopyBack, usesHeapResultBoundary, usesStringParamBoundary, usesStringParamCopyBack, usesStringResultBoundary, usesNumberParamBoundary, usesNumberParamCopyBack, usesNumberResultBoundary, usesBooleanParamBoundary, usesBooleanParamCopyBack, usesBooleanResultBoundary, usesTaggedParamBoundary, usesTaggedParamCopyBack, usesTaggedResultBoundary, } = usage;
+    if (!usesHeapResultBoundary &&
+        !usesHeapParamBoundary && !usesHeapParamCopyBack &&
+        !usesStringParamBoundary && !usesStringParamCopyBack && !usesStringResultBoundary &&
+        !usesNumberParamBoundary && !usesNumberParamCopyBack && !usesNumberResultBoundary &&
+        !usesBooleanParamBoundary && !usesBooleanParamCopyBack && !usesBooleanResultBoundary &&
+        !usesTaggedParamBoundary && !usesTaggedParamCopyBack && !usesTaggedResultBoundary) {
+        return [];
+    }
+    const usesAnyParamBoundary = usesHeapParamBoundary || usesStringParamBoundary || usesNumberParamBoundary ||
+        usesBooleanParamBoundary || usesTaggedParamBoundary;
+    const usesAnyHeapBoundary = usesHeapParamBoundary || usesHeapParamCopyBack || usesHeapResultBoundary;
+    const usesAnyParamCopyBack = usesHeapParamCopyBack || usesStringParamCopyBack || usesNumberParamCopyBack ||
+        usesBooleanParamCopyBack || usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary || usesAnyParamBoundary;
+    return [
+        ...(usesAnyParamBoundary || usesAnyHeapBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "length" (func $host_array_length (param externref) (result i32)))',
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "same" (func $host_array_same (param externref) (param externref) (result i32)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesAnyHeapBoundary || usesStringParamBoundary || usesTaggedParamBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "get" (func $host_array_get (param externref) (param i32) (result externref)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesHeapResultBoundary || usesHeapParamCopyBack || usesStringParamBoundary || usesStringResultBoundary ||
+            usesTaggedParamBoundary || usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "push" (func $host_array_push (param externref) (param externref)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesAnyParamCopyBack
+            ? ['(import "soundscript_array" "clear" (func $host_array_clear (param externref)))']
+            : []),
+        ...(usesNumberParamBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "get_number" (func $host_array_get_number (param externref) (param i32) (result f64)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesNumberParamBoundary || usesNumberParamCopyBack || usesNumberResultBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "push_number" (func $host_number_array_push (param externref) (param f64)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanParamBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "get_boolean" (func $host_array_get_boolean (param externref) (param i32) (result i32)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanParamBoundary || usesBooleanParamCopyBack || usesBooleanResultBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "push_boolean" (func $host_boolean_array_push (param externref) (param i32)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesHeapResultBoundary || usesHeapParamCopyBack || usesStringResultBoundary ||
+            usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary
+            ? ['(import "soundscript_array" "empty" (func $host_array_empty (result externref)))']
+            : []),
+        ...(usesNumberResultBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "empty_number" (func $host_number_array_empty (result externref)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanResultBoundary
+            ? [
+                '(import "soundscript_array" "empty_boolean" (func $host_boolean_array_empty (result externref)))',
+            ]
+            : []),
+    ];
+}
+function getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_data';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_data';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_data';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_data';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_data';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array';
+    }
+}
+export function emitOwnedArrayTypes(usage) {
+    const lines = [];
+    if (usage.usesOwnedHeapArray) {
+        lines.push('(type $owned_heap_array_data (array (mut (ref null eq))))');
+        lines.push('(type $owned_heap_array (struct (field (mut (ref null $owned_heap_array_data)))))');
+    }
+    if (usage.usesOwnedStringArray) {
+        lines.push('(type $owned_string_array_data (array (mut (ref null eq))))');
+        lines.push('(type $owned_string_array (struct (field (mut (ref null $owned_string_array_data)))))');
+    }
+    if (usage.usesOwnedNumberArray) {
+        lines.push('(type $owned_number_array_data (array (mut f64)))');
+        lines.push('(type $owned_number_array (struct (field (mut (ref null $owned_number_array_data)))))');
+    }
+    if (usage.usesOwnedBooleanArray) {
+        lines.push('(type $owned_boolean_array_data (array (mut i32)))');
+        lines.push('(type $owned_boolean_array (struct (field (mut (ref null $owned_boolean_array_data)))))');
+    }
+    if (usage.usesOwnedTaggedArray) {
+        lines.push('(type $owned_tagged_array_data (array (mut (ref null $tagged_value))))');
+        lines.push('(type $owned_tagged_array (struct (field (mut (ref null $owned_tagged_array_data)))))');
+    }
+    return lines;
+}
+export function getOwnedArrayToHostHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_to_host_array';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_to_host_array';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_to_host_array';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_to_host_array';
+    }
+}
+function getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(kinds) {
+    const primitiveSuffix = [
+        kinds.includesBoolean ? 'b' : '_',
+        kinds.includesNull ? 'n' : '_',
+        kinds.includesNumber ? 'd' : '_',
+        kinds.includesString ? 's' : '_',
+        kinds.includesUndefined ? 'u' : '_',
+    ].join('');
+    if (!kinds.representation) {
+        return primitiveSuffix;
+    }
+    const representationHex = [...new TextEncoder().encode(kinds.representation.name)]
+        .map((byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+        .join('');
+    return `${primitiveSuffix}__${representationHex}`;
+}
+export function getHostArrayToOwnedTaggedArrayHelperName(kinds) {
+    return `host_array_to_owned_tagged_array__${getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(kinds)}`;
+}
+export function getOwnedTaggedArrayToHostHelperName(kinds) {
+    return `owned_tagged_array_to_host_array__${getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(kinds)}`;
+}
+export function getCopyOwnedTaggedArrayToHostHelperName(kinds) {
+    return `copy_owned_tagged_array_to_host_array__${getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(kinds)}`;
+}
+function getTaggedArraySpecializedObjectToHostHelperName(watTypeId) {
+    return `${watTypeId}_to_host_object`;
+}
+function getTaggedArrayHostObjectToSpecializedHelperName(watTypeId) {
+    return `host_object_to_${watTypeId}`;
+}
+function getTaggedArrayCopySpecializedObjectToHostHelperName(watTypeId) {
+    return `copy_${watTypeId}_to_host_object`;
+}
+function getTaggedArrayCopyFallbackObjectToHostHelperName() {
+    return 'copy_fallback_object_to_host_object';
+}
+function getOwnedArrayPushHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_push';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_push';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_push';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_push';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayUnshiftHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_unshift';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_unshift';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_unshift';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_unshift';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayPopHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_pop';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_pop';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_pop';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_pop';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_pop';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayShiftHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_shift';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_shift';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_shift';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_shift';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_shift';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayAtHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_at';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_at';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_at';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_at';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_at';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayJoinHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_join';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_join';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_join';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayReverseHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_reverse';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_reverse';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_reverse';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_reverse';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_reverse';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayFillHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_fill';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_fill';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_fill';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_fill';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_fill';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_copy_within';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_copy_within';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_copy_within';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_copy_within';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_copy_within';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArraySliceHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_slice';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_slice';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_slice';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_slice';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_slice';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArraySpliceHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_splice';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_splice';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_splice';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_splice';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayConcatHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_concat';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_concat';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_concat';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_concat';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_concat';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayIncludesHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_includes';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_includes';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_includes';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_includes';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_includes';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayIndexOfHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_index_of';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_index_of';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_index_of';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_index_of';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_index_of';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return 'owned_heap_array_last_index_of';
+        case 'string':
+            return 'owned_string_array_last_index_of';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'owned_number_array_last_index_of';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'owned_boolean_array_last_index_of';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'owned_tagged_array_last_index_of';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayBoundaryLabelPrefix(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'array';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'number_array';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'boolean_array';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'tagged_array';
+    }
+}
+function getHostArrayGetHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'host_array_get';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'host_array_get_number';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'host_array_get_boolean';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'host_array_get';
+    }
+}
+function getHostArrayPushHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'host_array_push';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'host_number_array_push';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'host_boolean_array_push';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'host_array_push';
+    }
+}
+function getHostArrayEmptyHelperName(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'string':
+            return 'host_array_empty';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'host_number_array_empty';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'host_boolean_array_empty';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return 'host_array_empty';
+    }
+}
+function getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind) {
+    switch (kind) {
+        case 'heap':
+            return '(ref null eq)';
+        case 'string':
+            return '(ref null $string_runtime)';
+        case 'number':
+            return 'f64';
+        case 'boolean':
+            return 'i32';
+        case 'tagged':
+            return '(ref null $tagged_value)';
+    }
+}
+function emitHostArrayElementToOwnedBackingLines(kind, backingLocalName, indexLocalName, sourceLocalName, indent, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    if (kind === 'tagged') {
+        if (!taggedKinds) {
+            throw new Error('Tagged array host-to-owned helpers require tagged element kinds.');
+        }
+        if (!taggedKinds.representation) {
+            return [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $host_array_get`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $element_host`,
+                ...emitHostTaggedPrimitiveExternrefToTagged('element_host', 'element_tag', 'element_tagged', taggedKinds, 3, indent),
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.set $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+            ];
+        }
+        if (!createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+            throw new Error('Tagged heap-array host-to-owned helpers require backend error construction.');
+        }
+        const specializedWatTypeId = taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+            ? layoutsByRepresentationName?.get(taggedKinds.representation.name)?.watTypeId ??
+                (() => {
+                    throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError(`Missing specialized object layout for tagged array boundary ${taggedKinds.representation.name}.`);
+                })()
+            : undefined;
+        return [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $host_array_get`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $element_host`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $element_host`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $tagged_type_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}(block $element_tagged_done`,
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesUndefined
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 0`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tag_undefined`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesNull
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 6`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tag_null`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesBoolean
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tagged_boolean_value`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tag_boolean`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesNumber
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 2`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tagged_number_value`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tag_number`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesString
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 3`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $string_to_owned`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tag_string`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+            `${indent(4)}i32.const 4`,
+            `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(4)}(if`,
+            `${indent(5)}(then`,
+            `${indent(6)}local.get $element_host`,
+            `${indent(6)}call $${taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                ? getTaggedArrayHostObjectToSpecializedHelperName(specializedWatTypeId)
+                : 'host_object_to_fallback_object'}`,
+            `${indent(6)}call $tag_heap_object`,
+            `${indent(6)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+            `${indent(6)}br $element_tagged_done`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(4)}unreachable`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+            `${indent(3)}array.set $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+        ];
+    }
+    return [
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}call $${getHostArrayGetHelperName(kind)}`,
+        ...(kind === 'string' ? [`${indent(3)}call $string_to_owned`] : []),
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedBackingElementToHostArrayLines(kind, hostTargetLocalName, backingLocalName, indexLocalName, indent, stringRuntimeLayout, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    if (kind === 'tagged') {
+        if (!taggedKinds) {
+            throw new Error('Tagged array owned-to-host helpers require tagged element kinds.');
+        }
+        if (!taggedKinds.representation) {
+            return [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                ...emitTaggedPrimitiveToHostExternref('element_tagged', 'element_tag', 'element_host', taggedKinds, 3, indent),
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $${hostTargetLocalName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $element_host`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $${getHostArrayPushHelperName(kind)}`,
+            ];
+        }
+        if (!createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+            throw new Error('Tagged heap-array owned-to-host helpers require backend error construction.');
+        }
+        const specializedWatTypeId = taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+            ? layoutsByRepresentationName?.get(taggedKinds.representation.name)?.watTypeId ??
+                (() => {
+                    throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError(`Missing specialized object layout for tagged array boundary ${taggedKinds.representation.name}.`);
+                })()
+            : undefined;
+        const fallbackWatTypeId = taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'fallback_object_representation'
+            ? fallbackObjectWatTypeId ??
+                (() => {
+                    throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError('Missing fallback object layout for tagged array host boundary helper.');
+                })()
+            : undefined;
+        return [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}array.get $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+            `${indent(3)}struct.get $tagged_value 0`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}(block $element_host_done`,
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesUndefined
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 0`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tagged_undefined_value`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesNull
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 6`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}ref.null extern`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesBoolean
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $untag_boolean`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tagged_from_boolean`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesNumber
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 2`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $untag_number`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $tagged_from_number`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            ...(taggedKinds.includesString
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.const 3`,
+                    `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $untag_string`,
+                    `${indent(6)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                    `${indent(6)}call $owned_string_to_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+            `${indent(4)}i32.const 4`,
+            `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(4)}(if`,
+            `${indent(5)}(then`,
+            `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+            `${indent(6)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+            `${indent(6)}ref.cast ${taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                ? `(ref null $${specializedWatTypeId})`
+                : `(ref null $${fallbackWatTypeId})`}`,
+            `${indent(6)}call $${taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                ? getTaggedArraySpecializedObjectToHostHelperName(specializedWatTypeId)
+                : 'fallback_object_to_host_object'}`,
+            `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+            `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(4)}unreachable`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $${hostTargetLocalName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $element_host`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $${getHostArrayPushHelperName(kind)}`,
+        ];
+    }
+    return [
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${hostTargetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${backingLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${indexLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind)}`,
+        ...(kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_to_host`,
+            ]
+            : []),
+        `${indent(3)}call $${getHostArrayPushHelperName(kind)}`,
+    ];
+}
+function emitHostArrayToOwnedArrayHelper(kind, indent, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const labelPrefix = getOwnedArrayBoundaryLabelPrefix(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $host_array_to_${wrapperTypeName} (param $value externref) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        ...(kind === 'tagged'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_host externref)`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tag i32)`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tagged (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+            ]
+            : []),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(1)}call $host_array_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $host_${labelPrefix}_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $host_${labelPrefix}_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $host_${labelPrefix}_done`,
+        ...emitHostArrayElementToOwnedBackingLines(kind, 'backing', 'index', 'value', indent, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError),
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $host_${labelPrefix}_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.new $${wrapperTypeName}`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitCopyOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const copyElementLines = kind === 'tagged' && taggedKinds?.representation
+        ? (() => {
+            if (!createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+                throw new Error('Tagged heap-array owned-to-host copy helpers require backend error construction.');
+            }
+            const specializedWatTypeId = taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                ? layoutsByRepresentationName?.get(taggedKinds.representation.name)?.watTypeId ??
+                    (() => {
+                        throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError(`Missing specialized object layout for tagged array boundary ${taggedKinds.representation.name}.`);
+                    })()
+                : undefined;
+            const fallbackWatTypeId = taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'fallback_object_representation'
+                ? fallbackObjectWatTypeId ??
+                    (() => {
+                        throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError('Missing fallback object layout for tagged array host copy-back helper.');
+                    })()
+                : undefined;
+            return [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tagged`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                `${indent(3)}struct.get $tagged_value 0`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $element_tag`,
+                `${indent(3)}(block $element_host_done`,
+                ...(taggedKinds.includesUndefined
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.const 0`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $tagged_undefined_value`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                        `${indent(5)})`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : []),
+                ...(taggedKinds.includesNull
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.const 6`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(6)}ref.null extern`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                        `${indent(5)})`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : []),
+                ...(taggedKinds.includesBoolean
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.const 1`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $untag_boolean`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $tagged_from_boolean`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                        `${indent(5)})`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : []),
+                ...(taggedKinds.includesNumber
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.const 2`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $untag_number`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $tagged_from_number`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                        `${indent(5)})`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : []),
+                ...(taggedKinds.includesString
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.const 3`,
+                        `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $untag_string`,
+                        `${indent(6)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                        `${indent(6)}call $owned_string_to_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}local.set $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                        `${indent(5)})`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : []),
+                `${indent(4)}local.get $element_tag`,
+                `${indent(4)}i32.const 4`,
+                `${indent(4)}i32.eq`,
+                `${indent(4)}(if`,
+                `${indent(5)}(then`,
+                `${indent(6)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                `${indent(6)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+                `${indent(6)}call $host_object_lookup_cached`,
+                `${indent(6)}local.tee $element_host`,
+                `${indent(6)}ref.is_null`,
+                `${indent(6)}if`,
+                ...(taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+                        `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${specializedWatTypeId})`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $${getTaggedArraySpecializedObjectToHostHelperName(specializedWatTypeId)}`,
+                        `${indent(7)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+                        `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${fallbackWatTypeId})`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $fallback_object_to_host_object`,
+                        `${indent(7)}local.set $element_host`,
+                    ]),
+                `${indent(6)}else`,
+                ...(taggedKinds.representation.kind === 'specialized_object_representation'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+                        `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${specializedWatTypeId})`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $${getTaggedArrayCopySpecializedObjectToHostHelperName(specializedWatTypeId)}`,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_host`,
+                        `${indent(7)}local.get $element_tagged`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $untag_heap_object`,
+                        `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${fallbackWatTypeId})`,
+                        `${indent(7)}call $${getTaggedArrayCopyFallbackObjectToHostHelperName()}`,
+                    ]),
+                `${indent(6)}end`,
+                `${indent(6)}br $element_host_done`,
+                `${indent(5)})`,
+                `${indent(4)})`,
+                `${indent(4)}unreachable`,
+                `${indent(3)})`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $target`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $element_host`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $host_array_push`,
+            ];
+        })()
+        : emitOwnedBackingElementToHostArrayLines(kind, 'target', 'backing', 'index', indent, stringRuntimeLayout, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError);
+    return [
+        `(func $copy_${wrapperTypeName}_to_host_array (param $target externref) (param $value (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        ...(kind === 'tagged'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tag i32)`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tagged (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_host externref)`,
+            ]
+            : []),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $target`,
+        `${indent(1)}call $host_array_clear`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $copy_${wrapperTypeName}_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $copy_${wrapperTypeName}_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $copy_${wrapperTypeName}_done`,
+        ...copyElementLines,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $copy_${wrapperTypeName}_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitHostArrayToOwnedTaggedArrayHelper(kinds, indent, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const lines = emitHostArrayToOwnedArrayHelper('tagged', indent, kinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError);
+    lines[0] =
+        `(func $${getHostArrayToOwnedTaggedArrayHelperName(kinds)} (param $value externref) (result (ref null $owned_tagged_array))`;
+    return lines;
+}
+function emitCopyOwnedTaggedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kinds, indent, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const lines = emitCopyOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('tagged', indent, undefined, kinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError);
+    lines[0] =
+        `(func $${getCopyOwnedTaggedArrayToHostHelperName(kinds)} (param $target externref) (param $value (ref null $owned_tagged_array))`;
+    return lines;
+}
+function emitOwnedTaggedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kinds, indent, stringRuntimeLayout, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const lines = emitOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('tagged', indent, stringRuntimeLayout, kinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError);
+    lines[0] =
+        `(func $${getOwnedTaggedArrayToHostHelperName(kinds)} (param $value (ref null $owned_tagged_array)) (result externref)`;
+    return lines;
+}
+function collectTaggedArrayBoundaryKindSets(module, layoutsByRepresentationName) {
+    const sets = new Map();
+    for (const func of module.functions) {
+        for (const param of func.hostTaggedArrayParams ?? []) {
+            sets.set(getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(param), param);
+        }
+        if (func.hostTaggedArrayResultKinds) {
+            sets.set(getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(func.hostTaggedArrayResultKinds), func.hostTaggedArrayResultKinds);
+        }
+        for (const property of func.hostFallbackTaggedArrayProperties ?? []) {
+            sets.set(getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(property), property);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const layout of layoutsByRepresentationName?.values() ?? []) {
+        for (const field of layout.fields ?? []) {
+            if (field.valueType !== 'owned_tagged_array_ref' || !field.taggedPrimitiveKinds) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const boundaryKinds = {
+                ...field.taggedPrimitiveKinds,
+                representation: field.heapRepresentation,
+            };
+            sets.set(getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(boundaryKinds), boundaryKinds);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const field of module.runtime?.classStaticFields ?? []) {
+        if (field.kind !== 'class_static_tagged_array_field') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const boundaryKinds = {
+            includesBoolean: field.includesBoolean,
+            includesNull: field.includesNull,
+            includesNumber: field.includesNumber,
+            includesString: field.includesString,
+            includesUndefined: field.includesUndefined,
+            representation: field.representation,
+        };
+        sets.set(getTaggedArrayKindsSuffix(boundaryKinds), boundaryKinds);
+    }
+    return [...sets.values()];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const labelPrefix = getOwnedArrayBoundaryLabelPrefix(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${getOwnedArrayToHostHelperName(kind)} (param $value (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result externref)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $result externref)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        ...(kind === 'tagged'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tag i32)`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_tagged (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+                `${indent(1)}(local $element_host externref)`,
+            ]
+            : []),
+        `${indent(1)}call $${getHostArrayEmptyHelperName(kind)}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $result`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $owned_${labelPrefix}_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $owned_${labelPrefix}_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $owned_${labelPrefix}_done`,
+        ...emitOwnedBackingElementToHostArrayLines(kind, 'result', 'backing', 'index', indent, stringRuntimeLayout, taggedKinds, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError),
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $owned_${labelPrefix}_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $result`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayPushHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${getOwnedArrayPushHelperName(kind)} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $value ${getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind)}) (result f64)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $old_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $new_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_push_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_push_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_push_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_push_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.set $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.convert_i32_u`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayUnshiftHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${getOwnedArrayUnshiftHelperName(kind)} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $value ${getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind)}) (result f64)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $old_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $new_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_unshift_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_unshift_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_unshift_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_unshift_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.set $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.convert_i32_u`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayPopHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array pop helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayPopHelperName(kind);
+    const poppedLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $popped (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? `(local $popped (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $popped f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $popped i32)'
+                    : '(local $popped (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    const tagLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $popped`,
+            `${indent(1)}call $tag_heap_object`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $popped`,
+                `${indent(1)}call $tag_string`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $popped`,
+                    `${indent(1)}call $tag_number`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $popped`,
+                        `${indent(1)}call $tag_boolean`,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $popped`,
+                    ];
+    const captureLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $popped`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+                `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+                `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+                `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(1)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(1)}local.set $popped`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'tagged'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+                    `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.set $popped`,
+                ]
+                : [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+                    `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.set $popped`,
+                ];
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $old_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $new_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${poppedLocal}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.eqz`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}call $tag_undefined`,
+        `${indent(3)}return`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        ...captureLines,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_pop_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_pop_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_pop_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_pop_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.set $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        ...tagLines,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array shift helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayShiftHelperName(kind);
+    const shiftedLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $shifted (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? `(local $shifted (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $shifted f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $shifted i32)'
+                    : '(local $shifted (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    const tagLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $shifted`,
+            `${indent(1)}call $tag_heap_object`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $shifted`,
+                `${indent(1)}call $tag_string`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $shifted`,
+                    `${indent(1)}call $tag_number`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $shifted`,
+                        `${indent(1)}call $tag_boolean`,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $shifted`,
+                    ];
+    const captureLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $shifted`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+                `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(1)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(1)}local.set $shifted`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'tagged'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+                    `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.set $shifted`,
+                ]
+                : [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+                    `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+                    `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.set $shifted`,
+                ];
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $old_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $new_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${shiftedLocal}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.eqz`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}call $tag_undefined`,
+        `${indent(3)}return`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        ...captureLines,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_shift_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_shift_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_shift_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $old_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_shift_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $new_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.set $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        ...tagLines,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayAtHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array at helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayAtHelperName(kind);
+    const valueLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}call $tag_heap_object`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+                `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(1)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(1)}call $tag_string`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+                    `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+                    `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    `${indent(1)}call $tag_number`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+                        `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                        `${indent(1)}call $tag_boolean`,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+                        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+                        `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                    ];
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $index f64) (result (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.ne`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.floor`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.neg`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.lt`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.const -1`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.ceil`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if (result (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}call $tag_undefined`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_s`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if (result (ref null $tagged_value))`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}call $tag_undefined`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        ...valueLines.map((line) => `${indent(3)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitTaggedValueComparisonLines(mode, matchLines, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    const numberEqualityLines = mode === 'same_value_zero'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}f64.eq`,
+            `${indent(7)}(if`,
+            `${indent(8)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(9)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(8)})`,
+            `${indent(7)})`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}f64.ne`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}f64.ne`,
+            `${indent(7)}i32.and`,
+            `${indent(7)}(if`,
+            `${indent(8)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(9)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(8)})`,
+            `${indent(7)})`,
+        ]
+        : [
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}f64.eq`,
+            `${indent(7)}(if`,
+            `${indent(8)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(9)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(8)})`,
+            `${indent(7)})`,
+        ];
+    return {
+        locals: [
+            '(local $candidate_tag i32)',
+            '(local $search_tag i32)',
+            '(local $candidate_number f64)',
+            '(local $search_number f64)',
+        ],
+        lines: [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(3)}struct.get $tagged_value 0`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(3)}struct.get $tagged_value 0`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $search_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $search_tag`,
+            `${indent(3)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(3)}(if`,
+            `${indent(4)}(then`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.const 0`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(5)}(if`,
+            `${indent(6)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(7)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(6)})`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.const 6`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(5)}(if`,
+            `${indent(6)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(7)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(6)})`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(5)}(if`,
+            `${indent(6)}(then`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 1`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.set $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 1`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.set $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}f64.eq`,
+            `${indent(7)}(if`,
+            `${indent(8)}(then`,
+            ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(9)}${line}`),
+            `${indent(8)})`,
+            `${indent(7)})`,
+            `${indent(6)})`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.const 2`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.eq`,
+            `${indent(5)}(if`,
+            `${indent(6)}(then`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 1`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.set $candidate_number`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 1`,
+            `${indent(7)}local.set $search_number`,
+            ...numberEqualityLines,
+            `${indent(6)})`,
+            `${indent(5)})`,
+            ...(stringRuntimeLayout
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(5)}local.get $candidate_tag`,
+                    `${indent(5)}i32.const 3`,
+                    `${indent(5)}i32.eq`,
+                    `${indent(5)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(6)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(7)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 2`,
+                    `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                    `${indent(7)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(7)}struct.get $tagged_value 2`,
+                    `${indent(7)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                    `${indent(7)}call $owned_string_equals`,
+                    `${indent(7)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(8)}(then`,
+                    ...matchLines.map((line) => `${indent(9)}${line}`),
+                    `${indent(8)})`,
+                    `${indent(7)})`,
+                    `${indent(6)})`,
+                    `${indent(5)})`,
+                ]
+                : []),
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+        ],
+    };
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayJoinHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (!stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned array join helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const arrayTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayJoinHelperName(kind);
+    if (kind === 'string') {
+        return [
+            `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${arrayTypeName})) (param $separator (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})) (param $empty (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})) (result (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`,
+            `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+            `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+            `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+            `${indent(1)}(local $result (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`,
+            `${indent(1)}(local $current (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+            `${indent(1)}struct.get $${arrayTypeName} 0`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.eqz`,
+            `${indent(1)}(if`,
+            `${indent(2)}(then`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $empty`,
+            `${indent(3)}return`,
+            `${indent(2)})`,
+            `${indent(1)})`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $result`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+            `${indent(1)}(block $${arrayTypeName}_join_done`,
+            `${indent(2)}(loop $${arrayTypeName}_join_loop`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+            `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+            `${indent(3)}br_if $${arrayTypeName}_join_done`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $separator`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_concat`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $current`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $current`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_concat`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+            `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}br $${arrayTypeName}_join_loop`,
+            `${indent(2)})`,
+            `${indent(1)})`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $result`,
+            ')',
+        ];
+    }
+    const firstValueLines = kind === 'number'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}call $tagged_from_number`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $host_result`,
+        ]
+        : [
+            `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+            `${indent(1)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(1)}call $tagged_from_boolean`,
+            `${indent(1)}local.set $host_result`,
+        ];
+    const appendCurrentLines = kind === 'number'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $host_result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $tagged_from_number`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $string_concat`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $host_result`,
+        ]
+        : [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $host_result`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $tagged_from_boolean`,
+            `${indent(3)}call $string_concat`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.set $host_result`,
+        ];
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${arrayTypeName})) (param $separator (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})) (param $empty (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})) (result (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $host_separator externref)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $host_result externref)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${arrayTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.eqz`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $empty`,
+        `${indent(3)}return`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $separator`,
+        `${indent(1)}call $owned_string_to_host`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $host_separator`,
+        ...firstValueLines,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${arrayTypeName}_join_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${arrayTypeName}_join_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${arrayTypeName}_join_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $host_result`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $host_separator`,
+        `${indent(3)}call $string_concat`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $host_result`,
+        ...appendCurrentLines,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${arrayTypeName}_join_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $host_result`,
+        `${indent(1)}call $string_to_owned`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines(sourceLocalName, targetLocalName, indent) {
+    return [
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.ne`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.floor`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.neg`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.le`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.ceil`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+    ];
+}
+function emitNormalizeLastIndexFromIndexLines(sourceLocalName, targetLocalName, indent) {
+    return [
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.ne`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.floor`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.neg`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.le`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.const -1`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $${sourceLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.ceil`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $${targetLocalName}`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArraySliceHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArraySliceHelperName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $start f64) (param $end f64) (param $has_end i32) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $result_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_end i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $result_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('start', 'normalized_start', indent),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('end', 'normalized_end', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $result_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $result_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_slice_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_slice_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $result_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_slice_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_slice_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.new $${wrapperTypeName}`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayConcatHelperName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $left (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $right (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $left_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $right_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $result_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $left_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $right_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $left`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $left_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $right`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $right_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $left_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $left_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $right_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $right_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $left_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $right_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_left_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_left_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_left_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_left_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_right_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_right_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_right_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_concat_right_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $result_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.new $${wrapperTypeName}`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArraySpliceHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArraySpliceHelperName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $start f64) (param $delete_count f64) (param $items (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $items_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $remaining_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $removed_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $insert_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $available_delete_count i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_delete_count i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $remaining_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $items`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $items_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $items_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $insert_length`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('start', 'normalized_start', indent),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $available_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $delete_count`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $delete_count`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.ne`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $delete_count`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.le`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.set $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $delete_count`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $available_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+        `${indent(5)}f64.ge`,
+        `${indent(5)}(if`,
+        `${indent(6)}(then`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $available_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(6)}(else`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.get $delete_count`,
+        `${indent(7)}f64.floor`,
+        `${indent(7)}i32.trunc_f64_s`,
+        `${indent(7)}local.set $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(6)})`,
+        `${indent(5)})`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $removed_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $insert_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $remaining_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $remaining_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $remaining_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_removed_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_removed_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_removed_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $removed_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_removed_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_prefix_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_prefix_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_prefix_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $remaining_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_prefix_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_insert_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_insert_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $insert_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_insert_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $remaining_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $items_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_insert_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $insert_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_suffix_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_suffix_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $remaining_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_suffix_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $remaining_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $insert_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_delete_count`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_splice_suffix_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $remaining_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.set $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $removed_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.new $${wrapperTypeName}`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayReverseHelperName(kind);
+    const tempLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $temp (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? '(local $temp (ref null eq))'
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $temp f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $temp i32)'
+                    : '(local $temp (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $left i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $right i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${tempLocal}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $left`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $right`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_reverse_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_reverse_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_s`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_reverse_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $temp`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $temp`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $left`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $left`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $right`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $right`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_reverse_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayFillHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayFillHelperName(kind);
+    const valueType = getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $value ${valueType}) (param $start f64) (param $end f64) (param $has_end i32) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_end i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('start', 'normalized_start', indent),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('end', 'normalized_end', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_fill_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_fill_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_fill_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $value`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_fill_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper(kind, indent) {
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelperName(kind);
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $target f64) (param $start f64) (param $end f64) (param $has_end i32) (result (ref null $${wrapperTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $copy_backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_target i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_end i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $copy_length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $available_target i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('target', 'normalized_target', indent),
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('start', 'normalized_start', indent),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('end', 'normalized_end', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_end`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_target`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $available_target`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $available_target`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $available_target`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+        `${indent(5)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.set $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(4)}(else`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.get $available_target`,
+        `${indent(5)}local.set $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(4)})`,
+        `${indent(3)})`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.new_default $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $copy_backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_capture_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_capture_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_capture_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $copy_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_capture_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_write_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_write_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $copy_length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_write_done`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $normalized_target`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $copy_backing`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}array.set $${dataTypeName}`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_copy_within_write_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array includes helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayIncludesHelperName(kind);
+    const searchType = getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind);
+    const taggedComparison = kind === 'tagged'
+        ? emitTaggedValueComparisonLines('same_value_zero', [
+            'i32.const 1',
+            'local.set $found',
+            `br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+        ], indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+        : undefined;
+    const candidateLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $candidate (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? `(local $candidate (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $candidate f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $candidate i32)'
+                    : '(local $candidate (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    const equalityLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(3)}ref.eq`,
+            `${indent(3)}(if`,
+            `${indent(4)}(then`,
+            `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.set $found`,
+            `${indent(5)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_equals`,
+                `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+                `${indent(5)}local.set $found`,
+                `${indent(5)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+                `${indent(4)})`,
+                `${indent(3)})`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(3)}f64.eq`,
+                    `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(5)}local.set $found`,
+                    `${indent(5)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                    `${indent(3)})`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(3)}f64.ne`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(3)}f64.ne`,
+                    `${indent(3)}i32.and`,
+                    `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+                    `${indent(5)}local.set $found`,
+                    `${indent(5)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                    `${indent(3)})`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                        `${indent(3)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(5)}i32.const 1`,
+                        `${indent(5)}local.set $found`,
+                        `${indent(5)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                        `${indent(3)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : taggedComparison.lines;
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $search ${searchType}) (param $from_index f64) (param $has_from_index i32) (result i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $found i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${candidateLocal}`,
+        ...(taggedComparison?.locals.map((local) => `${indent(1)}${local}`) ?? []),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_from_index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('from_index', 'normalized_start', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $found`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_done`,
+        ...(kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]
+            : [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]),
+        ...equalityLines,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_includes_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $found`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array indexOf helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayIndexOfHelperName(kind);
+    const searchType = getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind);
+    const taggedComparison = kind === 'tagged'
+        ? emitTaggedValueComparisonLines('strict', [
+            'local.get $index',
+            'f64.convert_i32_s',
+            'return',
+        ], indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+        : undefined;
+    const candidateLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $candidate (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? `(local $candidate (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $candidate f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $candidate i32)'
+                    : '(local $candidate (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    const equalityLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(3)}ref.eq`,
+            `${indent(3)}(if`,
+            `${indent(4)}(then`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+            `${indent(5)}return`,
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_equals`,
+                `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                `${indent(5)}return`,
+                `${indent(4)})`,
+                `${indent(3)})`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(3)}f64.eq`,
+                    `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                    `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                    `${indent(5)}return`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                    `${indent(3)})`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                        `${indent(3)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                        `${indent(5)}return`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                        `${indent(3)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : taggedComparison.lines;
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $search ${searchType}) (param $from_index f64) (param $has_from_index i32) (result f64)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${candidateLocal}`,
+        ...(taggedComparison?.locals.map((local) => `${indent(1)}${local}`) ?? []),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_from_index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeSliceIndexLines('from_index', 'normalized_start', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_index_of_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_index_of_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.ge_u`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_index_of_done`,
+        ...(kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]
+            : [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]),
+        ...equalityLines,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.add`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_index_of_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.const -1`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+function emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper(kind, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    if (kind === 'string' && !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw new CompilerUnsupportedError('Owned string-array lastIndexOf helpers require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const wrapperTypeName = getOwnedArrayWatTypeName(kind);
+    const dataTypeName = getOwnedArrayDataWatTypeName(kind);
+    const helperName = getOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelperName(kind);
+    const searchType = getOwnedArrayPushValueWatType(kind);
+    const taggedComparison = kind === 'tagged'
+        ? emitTaggedValueComparisonLines('strict', [
+            'local.get $index',
+            'f64.convert_i32_s',
+            'return',
+        ], indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+        : undefined;
+    const candidateLocal = kind === 'heap'
+        ? '(local $candidate (ref null eq))'
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? `(local $candidate (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId}))`
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? '(local $candidate f64)'
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? '(local $candidate i32)'
+                    : '(local $candidate (ref null $tagged_value))';
+    const equalityLines = kind === 'heap'
+        ? [
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+            `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+            `${indent(3)}ref.eq`,
+            `${indent(3)}(if`,
+            `${indent(4)}(then`,
+            `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+            `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+            `${indent(5)}return`,
+            `${indent(4)})`,
+            `${indent(3)})`,
+        ]
+        : kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                `${indent(3)}call $owned_string_equals`,
+                `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                `${indent(5)}return`,
+                `${indent(4)})`,
+                `${indent(3)})`,
+            ]
+            : kind === 'number'
+                ? [
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                    `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                    `${indent(3)}f64.eq`,
+                    `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                    `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                    `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                    `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                    `${indent(5)}return`,
+                    `${indent(4)})`,
+                    `${indent(3)})`,
+                ]
+                : kind === 'boolean'
+                    ? [
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $candidate`,
+                        `${indent(3)}local.get $search`,
+                        `${indent(3)}i32.eq`,
+                        `${indent(3)}(if`,
+                        `${indent(4)}(then`,
+                        `${indent(5)}local.get $index`,
+                        `${indent(5)}f64.convert_i32_s`,
+                        `${indent(5)}return`,
+                        `${indent(4)})`,
+                        `${indent(3)})`,
+                    ]
+                    : taggedComparison.lines;
+    return [
+        `(func $${helperName} (param $array (ref null $${wrapperTypeName})) (param $search ${searchType}) (param $from_index f64) (param $has_from_index i32) (result f64)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $backing (ref null $${dataTypeName}))`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $length i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $normalized_start i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}(local $index i32)`,
+        `${indent(1)}${candidateLocal}`,
+        ...(taggedComparison?.locals.map((local) => `${indent(1)}${local}`) ?? []),
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $array`,
+        `${indent(1)}struct.get $${wrapperTypeName} 0`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $backing`,
+        `${indent(1)}array.len`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(1)}i32.eqz`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        `${indent(3)}f64.const -1`,
+        `${indent(3)}return`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $has_from_index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(if`,
+        `${indent(2)}(then`,
+        ...emitNormalizeLastIndexFromIndexLines('from_index', 'normalized_start', indent).map((line) => `${indent(1)}${line.slice(indent(1).length)}`),
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(2)}(else`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $length`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.get $normalized_start`,
+        `${indent(1)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(1)}(block $${wrapperTypeName}_last_index_of_done`,
+        `${indent(2)}(loop $${wrapperTypeName}_last_index_of_loop`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 0`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.lt_s`,
+        `${indent(3)}br_if $${wrapperTypeName}_last_index_of_done`,
+        ...(kind === 'string'
+            ? [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}ref.cast (ref null $${stringRuntimeLayout.runtimeWatTypeId})`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]
+            : [
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $backing`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+                `${indent(3)}array.get $${dataTypeName}`,
+                `${indent(3)}local.set $candidate`,
+            ]),
+        ...equalityLines,
+        `${indent(3)}local.get $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.const 1`,
+        `${indent(3)}i32.sub`,
+        `${indent(3)}local.set $index`,
+        `${indent(3)}br $${wrapperTypeName}_last_index_of_loop`,
+        `${indent(2)})`,
+        `${indent(1)})`,
+        `${indent(1)}f64.const -1`,
+        ')',
+    ];
+}
+export function emitHostOwnedArrayResultAdaptation(resultKind, ownedArrayParamKinds, level, indent) {
+    return ownedArrayParamKinds.includes(resultKind)
+        ? [
+            `${indent(level)}call $copy_owned_${resultKind}_array_to_host_array`,
+            `${indent(level)}local.get $result_host_param`,
+        ]
+        : [`${indent(level)}call $${getOwnedArrayToHostHelperName(resultKind)}`];
+}
+export function emitOwnedArrayBoundaryHelpers(module, options) {
+    const { usesStringParamBoundary, usesStringParamCopyBack, usesStringResultBoundary, usesNumberParamBoundary, usesNumberParamCopyBack, usesNumberResultBoundary, usesBooleanParamBoundary, usesBooleanParamCopyBack, usesBooleanResultBoundary, usesTaggedParamBoundary, usesTaggedParamCopyBack, usesTaggedResultBoundary, indent, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, layoutsByRepresentationName, stringRuntimeLayout, } = options;
+    if (!usesStringParamBoundary && !usesStringParamCopyBack && !usesStringResultBoundary &&
+        !usesNumberParamBoundary && !usesNumberParamCopyBack && !usesNumberResultBoundary &&
+        !usesBooleanParamBoundary && !usesBooleanParamCopyBack && !usesBooleanResultBoundary &&
+        !usesTaggedParamBoundary && !usesTaggedParamCopyBack && !usesTaggedResultBoundary) {
+        return [];
+    }
+    if ((usesStringParamBoundary || usesStringParamCopyBack || usesStringResultBoundary) &&
+        !stringRuntimeLayout) {
+        throw createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError('Owned string-array host boundaries require the owned string runtime.');
+    }
+    const taggedKindSets = usesTaggedParamBoundary || usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary
+        ? collectTaggedArrayBoundaryKindSets(module, layoutsByRepresentationName)
+        : [];
+    return [
+        ...(usesStringParamBoundary ? emitHostArrayToOwnedArrayHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesStringParamBoundary || usesStringParamCopyBack
+            ? emitCopyOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesStringResultBoundary
+            ? emitOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesNumberParamBoundary ? emitHostArrayToOwnedArrayHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesNumberParamBoundary || usesNumberParamCopyBack
+            ? emitCopyOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('number', indent)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesNumberResultBoundary ? emitOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanParamBoundary ? emitHostArrayToOwnedArrayHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanParamBoundary || usesBooleanParamCopyBack
+            ? emitCopyOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('boolean', indent)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesBooleanResultBoundary ? emitOwnedArrayToHostArrayHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesTaggedParamBoundary
+            ? taggedKindSets.flatMap((kinds) => emitHostArrayToOwnedTaggedArrayHelper(kinds, indent, layoutsByRepresentationName, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError))
+            : []),
+        ...(usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary
+            ? taggedKindSets.flatMap((kinds) => emitCopyOwnedTaggedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kinds, indent, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError))
+            : []),
+        ...(usesTaggedParamCopyBack || usesTaggedResultBoundary
+            ? taggedKindSets.flatMap((kinds) => emitOwnedTaggedArrayToHostArrayHelper(kinds, indent, stringRuntimeLayout, layoutsByRepresentationName, fallbackObjectWatTypeId, createUnsupportedHeapRuntimeBackendError))
+            : []),
+    ];
+}
+export function emitOwnedArrayNativeHelpers(options, indent, stringRuntimeLayout) {
+    const { usesOwnedStringPush, usesOwnedNumberPush, usesOwnedBooleanPush, usesOwnedTaggedPush, usesOwnedStringUnshift, usesOwnedNumberUnshift, usesOwnedBooleanUnshift, usesOwnedTaggedUnshift, usesOwnedHeapPop, usesOwnedStringPop, usesOwnedNumberPop, usesOwnedBooleanPop, usesOwnedTaggedPop, usesOwnedHeapShift, usesOwnedStringShift, usesOwnedNumberShift, usesOwnedBooleanShift, usesOwnedTaggedShift, usesOwnedHeapAt, usesOwnedStringAt, usesOwnedNumberAt, usesOwnedBooleanAt, usesOwnedTaggedAt, usesOwnedStringJoin, usesOwnedNumberJoin, usesOwnedBooleanJoin, usesOwnedHeapReverse, usesOwnedStringReverse, usesOwnedNumberReverse, usesOwnedBooleanReverse, usesOwnedTaggedReverse, usesOwnedHeapFill, usesOwnedStringFill, usesOwnedNumberFill, usesOwnedBooleanFill, usesOwnedTaggedFill, usesOwnedHeapCopyWithin, usesOwnedStringCopyWithin, usesOwnedNumberCopyWithin, usesOwnedBooleanCopyWithin, usesOwnedTaggedCopyWithin, usesOwnedHeapConcat, usesOwnedStringConcat, usesOwnedNumberConcat, usesOwnedBooleanConcat, usesOwnedTaggedConcat, usesOwnedHeapSlice, usesOwnedStringSlice, usesOwnedNumberSlice, usesOwnedBooleanSlice, usesOwnedTaggedSlice, usesOwnedHeapSplice, usesOwnedStringSplice, usesOwnedNumberSplice, usesOwnedBooleanSplice, usesOwnedHeapIncludes, usesOwnedStringIncludes, usesOwnedNumberIncludes, usesOwnedBooleanIncludes, usesOwnedTaggedIncludes, usesOwnedHeapIndexOf, usesOwnedStringIndexOf, usesOwnedNumberIndexOf, usesOwnedBooleanIndexOf, usesOwnedTaggedIndexOf, usesOwnedHeapLastIndexOf, usesOwnedStringLastIndexOf, usesOwnedNumberLastIndexOf, usesOwnedBooleanLastIndexOf, usesOwnedTaggedLastIndexOf, } = options;
+    return [
+        ...(usesOwnedStringPush ? emitOwnedArrayPushHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberPush ? emitOwnedArrayPushHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanPush ? emitOwnedArrayPushHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedPush ? emitOwnedArrayPushHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringUnshift ? emitOwnedArrayUnshiftHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberUnshift ? emitOwnedArrayUnshiftHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanUnshift ? emitOwnedArrayUnshiftHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedUnshift ? emitOwnedArrayUnshiftHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapPop ? emitOwnedArrayPopHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringPop ? emitOwnedArrayPopHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberPop ? emitOwnedArrayPopHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanPop ? emitOwnedArrayPopHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedPop ? emitOwnedArrayPopHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapShift ? emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringShift ? emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberShift ? emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanShift ? emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedShift ? emitOwnedArrayShiftHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapAt ? emitOwnedArrayAtHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringAt ? emitOwnedArrayAtHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberAt ? emitOwnedArrayAtHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanAt ? emitOwnedArrayAtHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedAt ? emitOwnedArrayAtHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringJoin ? emitOwnedArrayJoinHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberJoin ? emitOwnedArrayJoinHelper('number', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanJoin ? emitOwnedArrayJoinHelper('boolean', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapReverse ? emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringReverse ? emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberReverse ? emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanReverse ? emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedReverse ? emitOwnedArrayReverseHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapFill ? emitOwnedArrayFillHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringFill ? emitOwnedArrayFillHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberFill ? emitOwnedArrayFillHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanFill ? emitOwnedArrayFillHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedFill ? emitOwnedArrayFillHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapCopyWithin ? emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringCopyWithin ? emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberCopyWithin ? emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanCopyWithin ? emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedCopyWithin ? emitOwnedArrayCopyWithinHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapConcat ? emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringConcat ? emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberConcat ? emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanConcat ? emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedConcat ? emitOwnedArrayConcatHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapSlice ? emitOwnedArraySliceHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringSlice ? emitOwnedArraySliceHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberSlice ? emitOwnedArraySliceHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanSlice ? emitOwnedArraySliceHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedSlice ? emitOwnedArraySliceHelper('tagged', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapSplice ? emitOwnedArraySpliceHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringSplice ? emitOwnedArraySpliceHelper('string', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberSplice ? emitOwnedArraySpliceHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanSplice ? emitOwnedArraySpliceHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapIncludes ? emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringIncludes
+            ? emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberIncludes ? emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanIncludes ? emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedIncludes ? emitOwnedArrayIncludesHelper('tagged', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringIndexOf
+            ? emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayIndexOfHelper('tagged', indent, stringRuntimeLayout) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedHeapLastIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper('heap', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedStringLastIndexOf
+            ? emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper('string', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedNumberLastIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper('number', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedBooleanLastIndexOf ? emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper('boolean', indent) : []),
+        ...(usesOwnedTaggedLastIndexOf
+            ? emitOwnedArrayLastIndexOfHelper('tagged', indent, stringRuntimeLayout)
+            : []),
+    ];
+}