@simplysm/orm-common 13.0.83 → 13.0.85

package/src/query-builder/base/expr-renderer-base.ts

@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ import type {
 import type { SelectQueryDef } from "../../types/query-def";
 
 /**
- * Expr → SQL Render 추상 Basic class
+ * Expr → SQL Render abstract base class
  *
  * Base principles:
  * - Implement only 100% identical logic across all dialects (dispatch)
  * - If different at all, make it abstract
- * - Method명은 expr.type과 동일 (동적 dispatch 가능)
+ * - Method names match expr.type (enables dynamic dispatch)
  */
 export abstract class ExprRendererBase {
   constructor(protected buildSelect: (def: SelectQueryDef) => string) {}
@@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ export abstract class ExprRendererBase {
   //#region ========== Public Utilities ==========
 
   /**
-   * 식별자 감싸기 (table명, column명 등)
+   * Wrap identifier (table name, column name, etc.)
    * MySQL: `name`, MSSQL: [name], PostgreSQL: "name"
    */
   abstract wrap(name: string): string;
 
   /**
-   * SQL 문자열 리터럴용 escape
-   * 동적 SQL이나 System query에서 문자열 값으로 사용될 때 호출
-   * 예: WHERE schema_name = 'escaped_value'
+   * Escape for SQL string literals
+   * Called when used as a string value in dynamic SQL or system queries
+   * e.g.: WHERE schema_name = 'escaped_value'
    */
   abstract escapeString(value: string): string;
 
   /**
-   * value escape (타입에 따라 적절한 SQL 리터럴로 Transform)
+   * Value escape (transform to appropriate SQL literal based on type)
    */
   abstract escapeValue(value: unknown): string;
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export abstract class ExprRendererBase {
 
   //#endregion
 
-  //#region ========== Abstract - 문자열 (null processing required) ==========
+  //#region ========== Abstract - String (null processing required) ==========
 
   protected abstract concat(expr: ExprConcat): string;
   protected abstract left(expr: ExprLeft): string;

package/src/query-builder/mssql/mssql-expr-renderer.ts

@@ -72,19 +72,19 @@ import { ExprRendererBase } from "../base/expr-renderer-base";
  * MSSQL expression renderer
  */
 export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
-  //#region ========== 유틸리티 (public - QueryBuilder에서도 사용) ==========
+  //#region ========== Utilities (public - also used by QueryBuilder) ==========
 
-  /** 식별자 감싸기 */
+  /** Wrap identifier */
   wrap(name: string): string {
     return `[${name.replace(/]/g, "]]")}]`;
   }
 
-  /** SQL 문자열 리터럴용 escape (따옴표 없이 return) */
+  /** Escape for SQL string literals (returns without quotes) */
   escapeString(value: string): string {
     return value.replace(/'/g, "''");
   }
 
-  /** value escape */
+  /** Value escape */
   escapeValue(value: unknown): string {
     if (value == null) {
       return "NULL";
@@ -217,18 +217,18 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected like(expr: ExprLike): string {
-    // ESCAPE '\' 항상 Add
+    // Always add ESCAPE '\'
     return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\'`;
   }
 
   protected regexp(_expr: ExprRegexp): string {
-    // MSSQL은 REGEXP 미지원 - LIKE pattern이나 CLR 사용 필요
+    // MSSQL does not support REGEXP - needs LIKE pattern or CLR
     throw new Error("MSSQL does not natively support REGEXP.");
   }
 
   protected in(expr: ExprIn): string {
     if (expr.values.length === 0) {
-      return "1=0"; // 빈 IN은 항상 false
+      return "1=0"; // empty IN is always false
     }
     const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
     return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected exists(expr: ExprExists): string {
-    // SELECT 1로 Render
+    // Render as SELECT 1
     const subquery = this.buildSelect({
       ...expr.query,
       select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
@@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
 
   //#endregion
 
-  //#region ========== 문자열 (null Process) ==========
+  //#region ========== String (null handling) ==========
 
   protected concat(expr: ExprConcat): string {
-    // MSSQL 2012+: CONCAT 함수는 NULL을 automatic으로 빈 문자열로 processing
+    // MSSQL 2012+: CONCAT function automatically treats NULL as empty string
     const args = expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ");
     return `CONCAT(${args})`;
   }
@@ -308,12 +308,12 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected length(expr: ExprLength): string {
-    // MSSQL: LEN() (null Process)
+    // MSSQL: LEN() (null handling)
     return `LEN(ISNULL(${this.render(expr.arg)}, N''))`;
   }
 
   protected byteLength(expr: ExprByteLength): string {
-    // MSSQL: DATALENGTH() (null Process)
+    // MSSQL: DATALENGTH() (null handling)
     return `DATALENGTH(ISNULL(${this.render(expr.arg)}, N''))`;
   }
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
     if (expr.length != null) {
       return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
     }
-    // MSSQL: length 없으면 끝까지
+    // MSSQL: if no length, go to end
     return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, LEN(${this.render(expr.source)}))`;
   }
 
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
 
   protected isoWeekStartDate(expr: ExprIsoWeekStartDate): string {
     const src = this.render(expr.arg);
-    // ISO 주의 시작일 (월요일) - @@DATEFIRST 무관하게 항상 월요일 return
-    // 원리: DATEDIFF(DAY, 0, date)는 1900-01-01(월요일)부터의 일수
-    // (일수 + 6) % 7 + 1 = 1(월), 2(화), ..., 7(일)
+    // ISO week start date (Monday) - always returns Monday regardless of @@DATEFIRST
+    // Principle: DATEDIFF(DAY, 0, date) is the number of days from 1900-01-01 (Monday)
+    // (days + 6) % 7 + 1 = 1(Mon), 2(Tue), ..., 7(Sun)
     const weekDay = `((DATEDIFF(DAY, 0, ${src}) + 6) % 7 + 1)`;
     return `DATEADD(DAY, 1 - ${weekDay}, CAST(${src} AS DATE))`;
   }
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   private convertDateFormat(format: string): string {
-    // MSSQL FORMAT 함수용 (동일한 포맷 사용)
+    // For MSSQL FORMAT function (uses the same format)
     return format;
   }
 
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   protected greatest(expr: ExprGreatest): string {
     if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("greatest requires at least one argument.");
     if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
-    // MSSQL 2012+: VALUES + MAX 방식
+    // MSSQL 2012+: VALUES + MAX approach
     const values = expr.args.map((a) => `(${this.render(a)})`).join(", ");
     return `(SELECT MAX(v) FROM (VALUES ${values}) AS t(v))`;
   }
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   protected least(expr: ExprLeast): string {
     if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("least requires at least one argument.");
     if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
-    // MSSQL 2012+: VALUES + MIN 방식
+    // MSSQL 2012+: VALUES + MIN approach
     const values = expr.args.map((a) => `(${this.render(a)})`).join(", ");
     return `(SELECT MIN(v) FROM (VALUES ${values}) AS t(v))`;
   }
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ export class MssqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
     const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
     let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
 
-    // LAST_VALUE는 Basic 프레임이 CURRENT ROW까지만 보므로 전체 프레임 명시 필요
+    // LAST_VALUE default frame only sees up to CURRENT ROW, so full frame must be specified
     if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
       over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
     }

package/src/query-builder/mssql/mssql-query-builder.ts

@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ import { MssqlExprRenderer } from "./mssql-expr-renderer";
 export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   protected expr = new MssqlExprRenderer((def) => this.select(def).sql);
 
-  //#region ========== 유틸리티 ==========
+  //#region ========== Utilities ==========
 
-  /** Table명 Render */
+  /** Render table name */
   protected tableName(obj: QueryDefObjectName): string {
     const parts: string[] = [];
     if (obj.database != null) {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
     return parts.join(".");
   }
 
-  /** OFFSET...FETCH 절 Render */
+  /** Render OFFSET...FETCH clause */
   protected renderLimit(limit: [number, number] | undefined): string {
     if (limit == null) return "";
     const [offset, count] = limit;
@@ -68,15 +68,15 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   protected renderJoin(join: SelectQueryDefJoin): string {
     const alias = this.expr.wrap(join.as);
 
-    // LATERAL JOIN 필요 여부 감지 → MSSQL은 OUTER APPLY 사용
+    // Detect if LATERAL JOIN is needed → MSSQL uses OUTER APPLY
     if (this.needsLateral(join)) {
-      // from이 배열(UNION ALL)이면 renderFrom(join.from),
-      // 그 외(orderBy, top, select 등)면 renderFrom(join)으로 Subquery Generate
+      // If from is an array (UNION ALL), use renderFrom(join.from),
+      // otherwise (orderBy, top, select, etc.) use renderFrom(join) to generate subquery
       const from = Array.isArray(join.from) ? this.renderFrom(join.from) : this.renderFrom(join);
       return ` OUTER APPLY ${from} AS ${alias}`;
     }
 
-    // 일반 JOIN
+    // Normal JOIN
     const from = this.renderFrom(join.from);
     const where =
       join.where != null && join.where.length > 0
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
       const from = this.renderFrom(def.from);
       sql += ` FROM ${from} AS ${this.expr.wrap(def.as)}`;
 
-      // LOCK (ROWLOCK으로 row 수준 락 강제 - MySQL/PostgreSQL FOR UPDATE와 동일 Behavior)
+      // LOCK (force row-level lock with ROWLOCK - same behavior as MySQL/PostgreSQL FOR UPDATE)
       if (def.lock) {
         sql += " WITH (UPDLOCK, ROWLOCK)";
       }
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
 
     let sql = "";
 
-    // IDENTITY_INSERT ON (AI column에 explicit value 삽입 시)
+    // IDENTITY_INSERT ON (when inserting explicit values into AI column)
     if (def.overrideIdentity) {
       sql += `SET IDENTITY_INSERT ${table} ON;\n`;
     }
 
     sql += `INSERT INTO ${table} (${colList})`;
 
-    // OUTPUT (MSSQL 네이티브 지원)
+    // OUTPUT (MSSQL native support)
     if (def.output != null) {
       const outputCols = def.output.columns.map((c) => `INSERTED.${this.expr.wrap(c)}`).join(", ");
       sql += ` OUTPUT ${outputCols}`;
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
       sql += `;\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT ${table} OFF;`;
     }
 
-    // overrideIdentity 시: SET ON → results[0], INSERT → results[1], SET OFF → results[2]
+    // With overrideIdentity: SET ON → results[0], INSERT → results[1], SET OFF → results[2]
     return { sql, resultSetIndex: def.overrideIdentity ? 1 : undefined };
   }
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
     const colList = columns.map((c) => this.expr.wrap(c)).join(", ");
     const values = columns.map((c) => this.expr.escapeValue(def.record[c])).join(", ");
 
-    // existsSelectQuery를 SELECT 1 AS _ 형태로 Render
+    // Render existsSelectQuery as SELECT 1 AS _
     const existsQuerySql = this.select({
       ...def.existsSelectQuery,
       select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
 
     let sql = `INSERT INTO ${table} (${colList})`;
 
-    // OUTPUT (MSSQL: OUTPUT은 SELECT 앞에 위치해야 함)
+    // OUTPUT (MSSQL: OUTPUT must be placed before SELECT)
     if (def.output != null) {
       const outputCols = def.output.columns.map((c) => `INSERTED.${this.expr.wrap(c)}`).join(", ");
       sql += ` OUTPUT ${outputCols}`;
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
     const table = this.tableName(def.table);
     const selectSql = this.select(def.recordsSelectQuery).sql;
 
-    // INSERT INTO SELECT에서 columns 추출
+    // Extract columns from INSERT INTO SELECT
     const selectDef = def.recordsSelectQuery;
     const colList =
       selectDef.select != null
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   //#region ========== DML - UPSERT ==========
 
   protected upsert(def: UpsertQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
-    // MSSQL: MERGE 사용
+    // MSSQL: Use MERGE
     const table = this.tableName(def.table);
     const alias = this.expr.wrap(def.existsSelectQuery.as);
     const existsWhere = def.existsSelectQuery.where;
@@ -389,14 +389,14 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   }
 
   protected renameTable(def: RenameTableQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
-    // MSSQL: sp_rename 사용
+    // MSSQL: Use sp_rename
     const tableName = this.expr.escapeString(this.tableName(def.table));
     const newName = this.expr.escapeString(def.newName);
     return { sql: `EXEC sp_rename '${tableName}', '${newName}'` };
   }
 
   protected truncate(def: TruncateQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
-    // MSSQL: TRUNCATE는 IDENTITY automatic 리셋
+    // MSSQL: TRUNCATE automatically resets IDENTITY
     return { sql: `TRUNCATE TABLE ${this.tableName(def.table)}` };
   }
 
@@ -447,13 +447,13 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
       colSql += " NOT NULL";
     }
 
-    // MSSQL: ALTER COLUMN (IDENTITY와 DEFAULT는 별도 processing 필요)
+    // MSSQL: ALTER COLUMN (IDENTITY and DEFAULT require separate handling)
     return { sql: `ALTER TABLE ${table} ALTER COLUMN ${colSql}` };
   }
 
   protected renameColumn(def: RenameColumnQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
     const table = this.tableName(def.table);
-    // MSSQL: sp_rename 사용
+    // MSSQL: Use sp_rename
     const tableCol = this.expr.escapeString(`${table}.${def.column}`);
     const newName = this.expr.escapeString(def.newName);
     return { sql: `EXEC sp_rename '${tableCol}', '${newName}', 'COLUMN'` };
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
 
     let sql = `ALTER TABLE ${table} ADD CONSTRAINT ${this.expr.wrap(fk.name)} FOREIGN KEY (${fkCols}) REFERENCES ${targetTable} (${targetCols})`;
 
-    // MSSQL/PostgreSQL: FK용 Index 별도 Generate 필요
+    // MSSQL/PostgreSQL: separate index generation needed for FK
     const idxName = `IDX_${def.table.name}_${fk.name.replace(/^FK_/, "")}`;
     sql += `;\nCREATE INDEX ${this.expr.wrap(idxName)} ON ${table} (${fkCols});`;
 
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   protected createProc(def: CreateProcQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
     const proc = this.tableName(def.procedure);
 
-    // params processing
+    // Process params
     const paramList =
       def.params
         ?.map((p) => {
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
   //#region ========== Utils ==========
 
   protected clearSchema(def: ClearSchemaQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
-    // SQL Injection 방지: 식별자 유효성 Validation
+    // SQL injection prevention: identifier validation
     if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(def.database)) {
       throw new Error(`Invalid database name: ${def.database}`);
     }
@@ -590,22 +590,22 @@ export class MssqlQueryBuilder extends QueryBuilderBase {
 DECLARE @sql NVARCHAR(MAX);
 SET @sql = N'';
 
--- FK constraint Delete
+-- Drop FK constraints
 SELECT @sql = @sql + N'ALTER TABLE ' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(parent_object_id)) + '.' + QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(parent_object_id)) + N' DROP CONSTRAINT ' + QUOTENAME(name) + N';' + CHAR(13)
 FROM ${db}.sys.foreign_keys
 WHERE OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(parent_object_id) = '${schema}';
 
--- Drop table
+-- Drop tables
 SELECT @sql = @sql + N'DROP TABLE ' + QUOTENAME(SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id)) + '.' + QUOTENAME(name) + N';' + CHAR(13)
 FROM ${db}.sys.tables
 WHERE SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) = '${schema}';
 
--- Drop view
+-- Drop views
 SELECT @sql = @sql + N'DROP VIEW ' + QUOTENAME(SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id)) + '.' + QUOTENAME(name) + N';' + CHAR(13)
 FROM ${db}.sys.views
 WHERE schema_id = SCHEMA_ID('${schema}');
 
--- Procedure Delete
+-- Drop procedures
 SELECT @sql = @sql + N'DROP PROCEDURE ' + QUOTENAME(SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id)) + '.' + QUOTENAME(name) + N';' + CHAR(13)
 FROM ${db}.sys.procedures
 WHERE SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) = '${schema}';
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ EXEC sp_executesql @sql;`,
   }
 
   protected schemaExists(def: SchemaExistsQueryDef): QueryBuildResult {
-    // SQL Injection 방지: 식별자 유효성 Validation
+    // SQL injection prevention: identifier validation
     if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(def.database)) {
       throw new Error(`Invalid database name: ${def.database}`);
     }
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ EXEC sp_executesql @sql;`,
 
     const dbName = this.expr.escapeString(def.database);
     const schema = this.expr.escapeString(schemaName);
-    // MSSQL: database 존재 확인 후 schema 확인 (동적 SQL 사용)
+    // MSSQL: check database existence then check schema (using dynamic SQL)
     return {
       sql: `DECLARE @result NVARCHAR(MAX) = NULL;
 IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM sys.databases WHERE name = '${dbName}')

package/src/query-builder/mysql/mysql-expr-renderer.ts

@@ -72,22 +72,22 @@ import { ExprRendererBase } from "../base/expr-renderer-base";
  * MySQL expression renderer
  */
 export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
-  //#region ========== 유틸리티 (public - QueryBuilder에서도 사용) ==========
+  //#region ========== Utilities (public - also used by QueryBuilder) ==========
 
-  /** 식별자 감싸기 */
+  /** Wrap identifier */
   wrap(name: string): string {
     return `\`${name.replace(/`/g, "``")}\``;
   }
 
-  /** SQL 문자열 리터럴용 escape (따옴표 없이 return) */
+  /** Escape for SQL string literals (returns without quotes) */
   escapeString(value: string): string {
     return value
-      .replace(/\\/g, "\\\\") // 백슬래시 (최우선)
-      .replace(/'/g, "''") // 따옴표
-      .replace(/\0/g, "\\0") // NULL 바이트
-      .replace(/\n/g, "\\n") // 줄바꿈
-      .replace(/\r/g, "\\r") // 캐리지 리턴
-      .replace(/\t/g, "\\t"); // 탭
+      .replace(/\\/g, "\\\\") // backslash (highest priority)
+      .replace(/'/g, "''") // single quote
+      .replace(/\0/g, "\\0") // NULL byte
+      .replace(/\n/g, "\\n") // newline
+      .replace(/\r/g, "\\r") // carriage return
+      .replace(/\t/g, "\\t"); // tab
   }
 
   /** value escape */
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected like(expr: ExprLike): string {
-    // ESCAPE '\' 항상 Add
+    // Always add ESCAPE '\'
     return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\\\'`;
   }
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
 
   protected in(expr: ExprIn): string {
     if (expr.values.length === 0) {
-      return "1=0"; // 빈 IN은 항상 false
+      return "1=0"; // empty IN is always false
     }
     const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
     return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected exists(expr: ExprExists): string {
-    // SELECT 1로 Render
+    // Render as SELECT 1
     const subquery = this.buildSelect({
       ...expr.query,
       select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
@@ -270,10 +270,10 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
 
   //#endregion
 
-  //#region ========== 문자열 (null Process) ==========
+  //#region ========== String (null handling) ==========
 
   protected concat(expr: ExprConcat): string {
-    // null processing: IFNULL(arg, '')
+    // null handling: IFNULL(arg, '')
     const args = expr.args.map((a) => `IFNULL(${this.render(a)}, '')`);
     return `CONCAT(${args.join(", ")})`;
   }
@@ -307,12 +307,12 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected length(expr: ExprLength): string {
-    // null processing: IFNULL(arg, '')
+    // null handling: IFNULL(arg, '')
     return `CHAR_LENGTH(IFNULL(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
   }
 
   protected byteLength(expr: ExprByteLength): string {
-    // null processing: IFNULL(arg, '')
+    // null handling: IFNULL(arg, '')
     return `LENGTH(IFNULL(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
   }
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected isoWeekStartDate(expr: ExprIsoWeekStartDate): string {
-    // ISO 주의 시작일 (월요일)
+    // ISO week start date (Monday)
     return `DATE_SUB(${this.render(expr.arg)}, INTERVAL (WEEKDAY(${this.render(expr.arg)})) DAY)`;
   }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   private convertDateFormat(format: string): string {
-    // 간단한 Transform (yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss 형식)
+    // Simple transform (yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss format)
     return format
       .replace(/yyyy/g, "%Y")
       .replace(/MM/g, "%m")
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   protected coalesce(expr: ExprCoalesce): string {
     if (expr.args.length === 0) return "NULL";
     if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
-    // COALESCE로 Render (여러 value 중 첫 번째 non-null)
+    // Render as COALESCE (first non-null among multiple values)
     return `COALESCE(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
   }
 
@@ -522,8 +522,8 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
   }
 
   protected rowNum(_expr: ExprRowNum): string {
-    // MySQL에서는 변수 사용 또는 ROW_NUMBER() Window function 사용
-    // 여기서는 ROW_NUMBER()로 구현 (MySQL 8.0+)
+    // MySQL: use variables or ROW_NUMBER() window function
+    // Implemented with ROW_NUMBER() here (MySQL 8.0+)
     return "ROW_NUMBER() OVER ()";
   }
 
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ export class MysqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
     const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
     let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
 
-    // LAST_VALUE는 Basic 프레임이 CURRENT ROW까지만 보므로 전체 프레임 명시 필요
+    // LAST_VALUE default frame only sees up to CURRENT ROW, so full frame must be specified
     if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
       over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
     }