@simplysm/orm-common 13.0.68 → 13.0.70

package/src/query-builder/postgresql/postgresql-expr-renderer.ts

@@ -1,611 +1,611 @@
-import { DateOnly, DateTime, Time, Uuid, bytesToHex } from "@simplysm/core-common";
-import type {
-  ExprColumn,
-  ExprValue,
-  ExprRaw,
-  ExprEq,
-  ExprGt,
-  ExprLt,
-  ExprGte,
-  ExprLte,
-  ExprBetween,
-  ExprIsNull,
-  ExprLike,
-  ExprRegexp,
-  ExprIn,
-  ExprInQuery,
-  ExprExists,
-  ExprNot,
-  ExprAnd,
-  ExprOr,
-  ExprConcat,
-  ExprLeft,
-  ExprRight,
-  ExprTrim,
-  ExprPadStart,
-  ExprReplace,
-  ExprUpper,
-  ExprLower,
-  ExprLength,
-  ExprByteLength,
-  ExprSubstring,
-  ExprIndexOf,
-  ExprAbs,
-  ExprRound,
-  ExprCeil,
-  ExprFloor,
-  ExprYear,
-  ExprMonth,
-  ExprDay,
-  ExprHour,
-  ExprMinute,
-  ExprSecond,
-  ExprIsoWeek,
-  ExprIsoWeekStartDate,
-  ExprIsoYearMonth,
-  ExprDateDiff,
-  ExprDateAdd,
-  ExprFormatDate,
-  ExprIfNull,
-  ExprNullIf,
-  ExprIs,
-  ExprSwitch,
-  ExprIf,
-  ExprCount,
-  ExprSum,
-  ExprAvg,
-  ExprMax,
-  ExprMin,
-  ExprGreatest,
-  ExprLeast,
-  ExprRowNum,
-  ExprCast,
-  ExprWindow,
-  ExprSubquery,
-  DateSeparator,
-} from "../../types/expr";
-import type { DataType } from "../../types/column";
-import { ExprRendererBase } from "../base/expr-renderer-base";
-
-/**
- * PostgreSQL Expr 렌더러
- */
-export class PostgresqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
-  //#region ========== 유틸리티 (public - QueryBuilder에서도 사용) ==========
-
-  /** 식별자 감싸기 */
-  wrap(name: string): string {
-    return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`;
-  }
-
-  /** SQL 문자열 리터럴용 이스케이프 (따옴표 없이 반환) */
-  escapeString(value: string): string {
-    return value.replace(/'/g, "''");
-  }
-
-  /** 값 이스케이프 */
-  escapeValue(value: unknown): string {
-    if (value == null) {
-      return "NULL";
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "string") {
-      return `'${value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`;
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "number") {
-      return String(value);
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "boolean") {
-      return value ? "TRUE" : "FALSE";
-    }
-    if (value instanceof DateTime) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}'::timestamp`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof DateOnly) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd")}'::date`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Time) {
-      return `'${value.toFormatString("HH:mm:ss")}'::time`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Uuid) {
-      return `'${value.toString()}'::uuid`;
-    }
-    if (value instanceof Uint8Array) {
-      return `'\\x${bytesToHex(value)}'::bytea`;
-    }
-    throw new Error(`알 수 없는 값 타입: ${typeof value}`);
-  }
-
-  /** DataType → SQL 타입 */
-  renderDataType(dataType: DataType): string {
-    switch (dataType.type) {
-      case "int":
-        return "INTEGER";
-      case "bigint":
-        return "BIGINT";
-      case "float":
-        return "REAL";
-      case "double":
-        return "DOUBLE PRECISION";
-      case "decimal":
-        return dataType.scale != null
-          ? `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision}, ${dataType.scale})`
-          : `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision})`;
-      case "varchar":
-        return `VARCHAR(${dataType.length})`;
-      case "char":
-        return `CHAR(${dataType.length})`;
-      case "text":
-        return "TEXT";
-      case "binary":
-        return "BYTEA";
-      case "boolean":
-        return "BOOLEAN";
-      case "datetime":
-        return "TIMESTAMP";
-      case "date":
-        return "DATE";
-      case "time":
-        return "TIME";
-      case "uuid":
-        return "UUID";
-    }
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 값 ==========
-
-  protected column(expr: ExprColumn): string {
-    return expr.path.map((p) => this.wrap(p)).join(".");
-  }
-
-  protected value(expr: ExprValue): string {
-    return this.escapeValue(expr.value);
-  }
-
-  protected raw(expr: ExprRaw): string {
-    return expr.sql.replace(/\$(\d+)/g, (_, num) => {
-      const idx = parseInt(num) - 1;
-      return idx < expr.params.length ? this.render(expr.params[idx]) : `$${num}`;
-    });
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 비교 (null-safe) ==========
-
-  protected eq(expr: ExprEq): string {
-    // PostgreSQL: null-safe equal (IS NOT DISTINCT FROM 연산자 사용)
-    const left = this.render(expr.source);
-    const right = this.render(expr.target);
-    return `${left} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ${right}`;
-  }
-
-  protected gt(expr: ExprGt): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} > ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-
-  protected lt(expr: ExprLt): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} < ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-
-  protected gte(expr: ExprGte): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} >= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-
-  protected lte(expr: ExprLte): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} <= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
-  }
-
-  protected between(expr: ExprBetween): string {
-    const source = this.render(expr.source);
-    if (expr.from != null && expr.to != null) {
-      return `${source} BETWEEN ${this.render(expr.from)} AND ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
-    }
-    if (expr.from != null) {
-      return `${source} >= ${this.render(expr.from)}`;
-    }
-    if (expr.to != null) {
-      return `${source} <= ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
-    }
-    return "TRUE";
-  }
-
-  protected null(expr: ExprIsNull): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.arg)} IS NULL`;
-  }
-
-  protected like(expr: ExprLike): string {
-    // ESCAPE '\' 항상 추가
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\'`;
-  }
-
-  protected regexp(expr: ExprRegexp): string {
-    // PostgreSQL: ~ 연산자
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} ~ ${this.render(expr.pattern)}`;
-  }
-
-  protected in(expr: ExprIn): string {
-    if (expr.values.length === 0) {
-      return "FALSE"; // 빈 IN은 항상 false
-    }
-    const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
-  }
-
-  protected inQuery(expr: ExprInQuery): string {
-    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${this.buildSelect(expr.query)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected exists(expr: ExprExists): string {
-    // SELECT 1로 렌더링
-    const subquery = this.buildSelect({
-      ...expr.query,
-      select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
-    });
-    return `EXISTS (${subquery})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 논리 ==========
-
-  protected not(expr: ExprNot): string {
-    return `NOT (${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected and(expr: ExprAnd): string {
-    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "TRUE";
-    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" AND ")})`;
-  }
-
-  protected or(expr: ExprOr): string {
-    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "FALSE";
-    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" OR ")})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 문자열 (null 처리) ==========
-
-  protected concat(expr: ExprConcat): string {
-    // PostgreSQL: || 연산자와 COALESCE 사용
-    const args = expr.args.map((a) => `COALESCE(${this.render(a)}, '')`);
-    return args.join(" || ");
-  }
-
-  protected left(expr: ExprLeft): string {
-    return `LEFT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected right(expr: ExprRight): string {
-    return `RIGHT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected trim(expr: ExprTrim): string {
-    return `TRIM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected padStart(expr: ExprPadStart): string {
-    return `LPAD(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)}, ${this.render(expr.fillString)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected replace(expr: ExprReplace): string {
-    return `REPLACE(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.from)}, ${this.render(expr.to)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected upper(expr: ExprUpper): string {
-    return `UPPER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected lower(expr: ExprLower): string {
-    return `LOWER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected length(expr: ExprLength): string {
-    // PostgreSQL: LENGTH() (null 처리)
-    return `LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
-  }
-
-  protected byteLength(expr: ExprByteLength): string {
-    // PostgreSQL: OCTET_LENGTH() (null 처리)
-    return `OCTET_LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
-  }
-
-  protected substring(expr: ExprSubstring): string {
-    if (expr.length != null) {
-      return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
-    }
-    return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)} FROM ${this.render(expr.start)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected indexOf(expr: ExprIndexOf): string {
-    return `POSITION(${this.render(expr.search)} IN ${this.render(expr.source)})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 숫자 ==========
-
-  protected abs(expr: ExprAbs): string {
-    return `ABS(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected round(expr: ExprRound): string {
-    return `ROUND(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ${expr.digits})`;
-  }
-
-  protected ceil(expr: ExprCeil): string {
-    return `CEIL(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected floor(expr: ExprFloor): string {
-    return `FLOOR(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 날짜 ==========
-
-  protected year(expr: ExprYear): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected month(expr: ExprMonth): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(MONTH FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected day(expr: ExprDay): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(DAY FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected hour(expr: ExprHour): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(HOUR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected minute(expr: ExprMinute): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected second(expr: ExprSecond): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(SECOND FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected isoWeek(expr: ExprIsoWeek): string {
-    return `EXTRACT(WEEK FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected isoWeekStartDate(expr: ExprIsoWeekStartDate): string {
-    const src = this.render(expr.arg);
-    // ISO 주의 시작일 (월요일)
-    return `DATE_TRUNC('week', ${src})::DATE`;
-  }
-
-  protected isoYearMonth(expr: ExprIsoYearMonth): string {
-    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.arg)}, 'YYYYMM')`;
-  }
-
-  protected dateDiff(expr: ExprDateDiff): string {
-    const from = this.render(expr.from);
-    const to = this.render(expr.to);
-    switch (expr.separator) {
-      case "year":
-        return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from}))::INTEGER`;
-      case "month":
-        return `(EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})) * 12 + EXTRACT(MONTH FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})))::INTEGER`;
-      case "day":
-        return `(${to}::DATE - ${from}::DATE)`;
-      case "hour":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 3600`;
-      case "minute":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 60`;
-      case "second":
-        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER`;
-    }
-  }
-
-  protected dateAdd(expr: ExprDateAdd): string {
-    const source = this.render(expr.source);
-    const value = this.render(expr.value);
-    const unit = this.dateSeparatorToUnit(expr.separator);
-    return `${source} + INTERVAL '1 ${unit}' * ${value}`;
-  }
-
-  protected formatDate(expr: ExprFormatDate): string {
-    // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
-    const pgFormat = this.convertDateFormat(expr.format);
-    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.source)}, '${pgFormat}')`;
-  }
-
-  private dateSeparatorToUnit(sep: DateSeparator): string {
-    switch (sep) {
-      case "year":
-        return "year";
-      case "month":
-        return "month";
-      case "day":
-        return "day";
-      case "hour":
-        return "hour";
-      case "minute":
-        return "minute";
-      case "second":
-        return "second";
-    }
-  }
-
-  private convertDateFormat(format: string): string {
-    // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
-    return format
-      .replace(/yyyy/g, "YYYY")
-      .replace(/MM/g, "MM")
-      .replace(/dd/g, "DD")
-      .replace(/HH/g, "HH24")
-      .replace(/mm/g, "MI")
-      .replace(/ss/g, "SS");
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 조건 ==========
-
-  protected ifNull(expr: ExprIfNull): string {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) return "NULL";
-    if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
-    // PostgreSQL: COALESCE
-    return `COALESCE(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-
-  protected nullIf(expr: ExprNullIf): string {
-    return `NULLIF(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.value)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected is(expr: ExprIs): string {
-    return `(${this.render(expr.condition)})::INTEGER`;
-  }
-
-  protected switch(expr: ExprSwitch): string {
-    const cases = expr.cases
-      .map((c) => `WHEN ${this.render(c.when)} THEN ${this.render(c.then)}`)
-      .join(" ");
-    return `CASE ${cases} ELSE ${this.render(expr.else)} END`;
-  }
-
-  protected if(expr: ExprIf): string {
-    const elseVal = expr.else != null ? this.render(expr.else) : "NULL";
-    return `CASE WHEN ${this.render(expr.condition)} THEN ${this.render(expr.then)} ELSE ${elseVal} END`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 집계 ==========
-
-  protected count(expr: ExprCount): string {
-    if (expr.arg != null) {
-      const distinct = expr.distinct ? "DISTINCT " : "";
-      return `COUNT(${distinct}${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-    }
-    return "COUNT(*)";
-  }
-
-  protected sum(expr: ExprSum): string {
-    return `SUM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected avg(expr: ExprAvg): string {
-    return `AVG(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected max(expr: ExprMax): string {
-    return `MAX(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  protected min(expr: ExprMin): string {
-    return `MIN(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 기타 ==========
-
-  protected greatest(expr: ExprGreatest): string {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("greatest는 최소 하나의 인자가 필요합니다.");
-    // PostgreSQL: GREATEST 네이티브 지원
-    return `GREATEST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-
-  protected least(expr: ExprLeast): string {
-    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("least는 최소 하나의 인자가 필요합니다.");
-    // PostgreSQL: LEAST 네이티브 지원
-    return `LEAST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
-  }
-
-  protected rowNum(_expr: ExprRowNum): string {
-    return "ROW_NUMBER() OVER ()";
-  }
-
-  protected random(): string {
-    return "RANDOM()";
-  }
-
-  protected cast(expr: ExprCast): string {
-    return `CAST(${this.render(expr.source)} AS ${this.renderDataType(expr.targetType)})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 윈도우 ==========
-
-  protected window(expr: ExprWindow): string {
-    const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
-    let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
-
-    // LAST_VALUE는 기본 프레임이 CURRENT ROW까지만 보므로 전체 프레임 명시 필요
-    if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
-      over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
-    }
-
-    return `${fn} OVER (${over})`;
-  }
-
-  private renderWindowFn(fn: ExprWindow["fn"]): string {
-    switch (fn.type) {
-      case "rowNumber":
-        return "ROW_NUMBER()";
-      case "rank":
-        return "RANK()";
-      case "denseRank":
-        return "DENSE_RANK()";
-      case "ntile":
-        return `NTILE(${fn.n})`;
-      case "lag": {
-        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
-        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
-        return `LAG(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
-      }
-      case "lead": {
-        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
-        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
-        return `LEAD(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
-      }
-      case "firstValue":
-        return `FIRST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "lastValue":
-        return `LAST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "sum":
-        return `SUM(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "avg":
-        return `AVG(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "count":
-        return fn.column != null ? `COUNT(${this.render(fn.column)})` : "COUNT(*)";
-      case "min":
-        return `MIN(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-      case "max":
-        return `MAX(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private renderWindowSpec(spec: ExprWindow["spec"]): string {
-    const parts: string[] = [];
-    if (spec.partitionBy != null && spec.partitionBy.length > 0) {
-      parts.push(`PARTITION BY ${spec.partitionBy.map((p) => this.render(p)).join(", ")}`);
-    }
-    if (spec.orderBy != null && spec.orderBy.length > 0) {
-      const orderParts = spec.orderBy.map(
-        ([expr, dir]) => `${this.render(expr)}${dir != null ? ` ${dir}` : ""}`,
-      );
-      parts.push(`ORDER BY ${orderParts.join(", ")}`);
-    }
-    return parts.join(" ");
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-
-  //#region ========== 시스템 ==========
-
-  protected subquery(expr: ExprSubquery): string {
-    return `(${this.buildSelect(expr.queryDef)})`;
-  }
-
-  //#endregion
-}
+import { DateOnly, DateTime, Time, Uuid, bytesToHex } from "@simplysm/core-common";
+import type {
+  ExprColumn,
+  ExprValue,
+  ExprRaw,
+  ExprEq,
+  ExprGt,
+  ExprLt,
+  ExprGte,
+  ExprLte,
+  ExprBetween,
+  ExprIsNull,
+  ExprLike,
+  ExprRegexp,
+  ExprIn,
+  ExprInQuery,
+  ExprExists,
+  ExprNot,
+  ExprAnd,
+  ExprOr,
+  ExprConcat,
+  ExprLeft,
+  ExprRight,
+  ExprTrim,
+  ExprPadStart,
+  ExprReplace,
+  ExprUpper,
+  ExprLower,
+  ExprLength,
+  ExprByteLength,
+  ExprSubstring,
+  ExprIndexOf,
+  ExprAbs,
+  ExprRound,
+  ExprCeil,
+  ExprFloor,
+  ExprYear,
+  ExprMonth,
+  ExprDay,
+  ExprHour,
+  ExprMinute,
+  ExprSecond,
+  ExprIsoWeek,
+  ExprIsoWeekStartDate,
+  ExprIsoYearMonth,
+  ExprDateDiff,
+  ExprDateAdd,
+  ExprFormatDate,
+  ExprIfNull,
+  ExprNullIf,
+  ExprIs,
+  ExprSwitch,
+  ExprIf,
+  ExprCount,
+  ExprSum,
+  ExprAvg,
+  ExprMax,
+  ExprMin,
+  ExprGreatest,
+  ExprLeast,
+  ExprRowNum,
+  ExprCast,
+  ExprWindow,
+  ExprSubquery,
+  DateSeparator,
+} from "../../types/expr";
+import type { DataType } from "../../types/column";
+import { ExprRendererBase } from "../base/expr-renderer-base";
+
+/**
+ * PostgreSQL expression renderer
+ */
+export class PostgresqlExprRenderer extends ExprRendererBase {
+  //#region ========== 유틸리티 (public - QueryBuilder에서도 사용) ==========
+
+  /** 식별자 감싸기 */
+  wrap(name: string): string {
+    return `"${name.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`;
+  }
+
+  /** SQL 문자열 리터럴용 escape (따옴표 없이 return) */
+  escapeString(value: string): string {
+    return value.replace(/'/g, "''");
+  }
+
+  /** value escape */
+  escapeValue(value: unknown): string {
+    if (value == null) {
+      return "NULL";
+    }
+    if (typeof value === "string") {
+      return `'${value.replace(/'/g, "''")}'`;
+    }
+    if (typeof value === "number") {
+      return String(value);
+    }
+    if (typeof value === "boolean") {
+      return value ? "TRUE" : "FALSE";
+    }
+    if (value instanceof DateTime) {
+      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}'::timestamp`;
+    }
+    if (value instanceof DateOnly) {
+      return `'${value.toFormatString("yyyy-MM-dd")}'::date`;
+    }
+    if (value instanceof Time) {
+      return `'${value.toFormatString("HH:mm:ss")}'::time`;
+    }
+    if (value instanceof Uuid) {
+      return `'${value.toString()}'::uuid`;
+    }
+    if (value instanceof Uint8Array) {
+      return `'\\x${bytesToHex(value)}'::bytea`;
+    }
+    throw new Error(`Unknown value type: ${typeof value}`);
+  }
+
+  /** DataType → SQL type */
+  renderDataType(dataType: DataType): string {
+    switch (dataType.type) {
+      case "int":
+        return "INTEGER";
+      case "bigint":
+        return "BIGINT";
+      case "float":
+        return "REAL";
+      case "double":
+        return "DOUBLE PRECISION";
+      case "decimal":
+        return dataType.scale != null
+          ? `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision}, ${dataType.scale})`
+          : `NUMERIC(${dataType.precision})`;
+      case "varchar":
+        return `VARCHAR(${dataType.length})`;
+      case "char":
+        return `CHAR(${dataType.length})`;
+      case "text":
+        return "TEXT";
+      case "binary":
+        return "BYTEA";
+      case "boolean":
+        return "BOOLEAN";
+      case "datetime":
+        return "TIMESTAMP";
+      case "date":
+        return "DATE";
+      case "time":
+        return "TIME";
+      case "uuid":
+        return "UUID";
+    }
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== value ==========
+
+  protected column(expr: ExprColumn): string {
+    return expr.path.map((p) => this.wrap(p)).join(".");
+  }
+
+  protected value(expr: ExprValue): string {
+    return this.escapeValue(expr.value);
+  }
+
+  protected raw(expr: ExprRaw): string {
+    return expr.sql.replace(/\$(\d+)/g, (_, num) => {
+      const idx = parseInt(num) - 1;
+      return idx < expr.params.length ? this.render(expr.params[idx]) : `$${num}`;
+    });
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== comparison (null-safe) ==========
+
+  protected eq(expr: ExprEq): string {
+    // PostgreSQL: null-safe equal (IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator 사용)
+    const left = this.render(expr.source);
+    const right = this.render(expr.target);
+    return `${left} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ${right}`;
+  }
+
+  protected gt(expr: ExprGt): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} > ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+  }
+
+  protected lt(expr: ExprLt): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} < ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+  }
+
+  protected gte(expr: ExprGte): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} >= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+  }
+
+  protected lte(expr: ExprLte): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} <= ${this.render(expr.target)}`;
+  }
+
+  protected between(expr: ExprBetween): string {
+    const source = this.render(expr.source);
+    if (expr.from != null && expr.to != null) {
+      return `${source} BETWEEN ${this.render(expr.from)} AND ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
+    }
+    if (expr.from != null) {
+      return `${source} >= ${this.render(expr.from)}`;
+    }
+    if (expr.to != null) {
+      return `${source} <= ${this.render(expr.to)}`;
+    }
+    return "TRUE";
+  }
+
+  protected null(expr: ExprIsNull): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.arg)} IS NULL`;
+  }
+
+  protected like(expr: ExprLike): string {
+    // ESCAPE '\' 항상 Add
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} LIKE ${this.render(expr.pattern)} ESCAPE '\\'`;
+  }
+
+  protected regexp(expr: ExprRegexp): string {
+    // PostgreSQL: ~ operator
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} ~ ${this.render(expr.pattern)}`;
+  }
+
+  protected in(expr: ExprIn): string {
+    if (expr.values.length === 0) {
+      return "FALSE"; // 빈 IN은 항상 false
+    }
+    const values = expr.values.map((v) => this.render(v)).join(", ");
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${values})`;
+  }
+
+  protected inQuery(expr: ExprInQuery): string {
+    return `${this.render(expr.source)} IN (${this.buildSelect(expr.query)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected exists(expr: ExprExists): string {
+    // SELECT 1로 Render
+    const subquery = this.buildSelect({
+      ...expr.query,
+      select: { _: { type: "value", value: 1 } },
+    });
+    return `EXISTS (${subquery})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== logic ==========
+
+  protected not(expr: ExprNot): string {
+    return `NOT (${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected and(expr: ExprAnd): string {
+    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "TRUE";
+    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" AND ")})`;
+  }
+
+  protected or(expr: ExprOr): string {
+    if (expr.conditions.length === 0) return "FALSE";
+    return `(${expr.conditions.map((c) => this.render(c)).join(" OR ")})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== 문자열 (null Process) ==========
+
+  protected concat(expr: ExprConcat): string {
+    // PostgreSQL: || 연산자와 COALESCE 사용
+    const args = expr.args.map((a) => `COALESCE(${this.render(a)}, '')`);
+    return args.join(" || ");
+  }
+
+  protected left(expr: ExprLeft): string {
+    return `LEFT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected right(expr: ExprRight): string {
+    return `RIGHT(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected trim(expr: ExprTrim): string {
+    return `TRIM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected padStart(expr: ExprPadStart): string {
+    return `LPAD(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.length)}, ${this.render(expr.fillString)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected replace(expr: ExprReplace): string {
+    return `REPLACE(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.from)}, ${this.render(expr.to)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected upper(expr: ExprUpper): string {
+    return `UPPER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected lower(expr: ExprLower): string {
+    return `LOWER(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected length(expr: ExprLength): string {
+    // PostgreSQL: LENGTH() (null Process)
+    return `LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
+  }
+
+  protected byteLength(expr: ExprByteLength): string {
+    // PostgreSQL: OCTET_LENGTH() (null Process)
+    return `OCTET_LENGTH(COALESCE(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ''))`;
+  }
+
+  protected substring(expr: ExprSubstring): string {
+    if (expr.length != null) {
+      return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.start)}, ${this.render(expr.length)})`;
+    }
+    return `SUBSTRING(${this.render(expr.source)} FROM ${this.render(expr.start)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected indexOf(expr: ExprIndexOf): string {
+    return `POSITION(${this.render(expr.search)} IN ${this.render(expr.source)})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== Number ==========
+
+  protected abs(expr: ExprAbs): string {
+    return `ABS(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected round(expr: ExprRound): string {
+    return `ROUND(${this.render(expr.arg)}, ${expr.digits})`;
+  }
+
+  protected ceil(expr: ExprCeil): string {
+    return `CEIL(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected floor(expr: ExprFloor): string {
+    return `FLOOR(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== Date ==========
+
+  protected year(expr: ExprYear): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected month(expr: ExprMonth): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(MONTH FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected day(expr: ExprDay): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(DAY FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected hour(expr: ExprHour): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(HOUR FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected minute(expr: ExprMinute): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected second(expr: ExprSecond): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(SECOND FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected isoWeek(expr: ExprIsoWeek): string {
+    return `EXTRACT(WEEK FROM ${this.render(expr.arg)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected isoWeekStartDate(expr: ExprIsoWeekStartDate): string {
+    const src = this.render(expr.arg);
+    // ISO 주의 시작일 (월요일)
+    return `DATE_TRUNC('week', ${src})::DATE`;
+  }
+
+  protected isoYearMonth(expr: ExprIsoYearMonth): string {
+    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.arg)}, 'YYYYMM')`;
+  }
+
+  protected dateDiff(expr: ExprDateDiff): string {
+    const from = this.render(expr.from);
+    const to = this.render(expr.to);
+    switch (expr.separator) {
+      case "year":
+        return `EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from}))::INTEGER`;
+      case "month":
+        return `(EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})) * 12 + EXTRACT(MONTH FROM AGE(${to}, ${from})))::INTEGER`;
+      case "day":
+        return `(${to}::DATE - ${from}::DATE)`;
+      case "hour":
+        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 3600`;
+      case "minute":
+        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER / 60`;
+      case "second":
+        return `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (${to} - ${from}))::INTEGER`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected dateAdd(expr: ExprDateAdd): string {
+    const source = this.render(expr.source);
+    const value = this.render(expr.value);
+    const unit = this.dateSeparatorToUnit(expr.separator);
+    return `${source} + INTERVAL '1 ${unit}' * ${value}`;
+  }
+
+  protected formatDate(expr: ExprFormatDate): string {
+    // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
+    const pgFormat = this.convertDateFormat(expr.format);
+    return `TO_CHAR(${this.render(expr.source)}, '${pgFormat}')`;
+  }
+
+  private dateSeparatorToUnit(sep: DateSeparator): string {
+    switch (sep) {
+      case "year":
+        return "year";
+      case "month":
+        return "month";
+      case "day":
+        return "day";
+      case "hour":
+        return "hour";
+      case "minute":
+        return "minute";
+      case "second":
+        return "second";
+    }
+  }
+
+  private convertDateFormat(format: string): string {
+    // JS format → PostgreSQL TO_CHAR format
+    return format
+      .replace(/yyyy/g, "YYYY")
+      .replace(/MM/g, "MM")
+      .replace(/dd/g, "DD")
+      .replace(/HH/g, "HH24")
+      .replace(/mm/g, "MI")
+      .replace(/ss/g, "SS");
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== condition ==========
+
+  protected ifNull(expr: ExprIfNull): string {
+    if (expr.args.length === 0) return "NULL";
+    if (expr.args.length === 1) return this.render(expr.args[0]);
+    // PostgreSQL: COALESCE
+    return `COALESCE(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+  }
+
+  protected nullIf(expr: ExprNullIf): string {
+    return `NULLIF(${this.render(expr.source)}, ${this.render(expr.value)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected is(expr: ExprIs): string {
+    return `(${this.render(expr.condition)})::INTEGER`;
+  }
+
+  protected switch(expr: ExprSwitch): string {
+    const cases = expr.cases
+      .map((c) => `WHEN ${this.render(c.when)} THEN ${this.render(c.then)}`)
+      .join(" ");
+    return `CASE ${cases} ELSE ${this.render(expr.else)} END`;
+  }
+
+  protected if(expr: ExprIf): string {
+    const elseVal = expr.else != null ? this.render(expr.else) : "NULL";
+    return `CASE WHEN ${this.render(expr.condition)} THEN ${this.render(expr.then)} ELSE ${elseVal} END`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== aggregation ==========
+
+  protected count(expr: ExprCount): string {
+    if (expr.arg != null) {
+      const distinct = expr.distinct ? "DISTINCT " : "";
+      return `COUNT(${distinct}${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+    }
+    return "COUNT(*)";
+  }
+
+  protected sum(expr: ExprSum): string {
+    return `SUM(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected avg(expr: ExprAvg): string {
+    return `AVG(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected max(expr: ExprMax): string {
+    return `MAX(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  protected min(expr: ExprMin): string {
+    return `MIN(${this.render(expr.arg)})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== Other ==========
+
+  protected greatest(expr: ExprGreatest): string {
+    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("greatest requires at least one argument.");
+    // PostgreSQL: GREATEST 네이티브 지원
+    return `GREATEST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+  }
+
+  protected least(expr: ExprLeast): string {
+    if (expr.args.length === 0) throw new Error("least requires at least one argument.");
+    // PostgreSQL: LEAST 네이티브 지원
+    return `LEAST(${expr.args.map((a) => this.render(a)).join(", ")})`;
+  }
+
+  protected rowNum(_expr: ExprRowNum): string {
+    return "ROW_NUMBER() OVER ()";
+  }
+
+  protected random(): string {
+    return "RANDOM()";
+  }
+
+  protected cast(expr: ExprCast): string {
+    return `CAST(${this.render(expr.source)} AS ${this.renderDataType(expr.targetType)})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== Window ==========
+
+  protected window(expr: ExprWindow): string {
+    const fn = this.renderWindowFn(expr.fn);
+    let over = this.renderWindowSpec(expr.spec);
+
+    // LAST_VALUE는 Basic 프레임이 CURRENT ROW까지만 보므로 전체 프레임 명시 필요
+    if (expr.fn.type === "lastValue" && over.length > 0) {
+      over += " ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
+    }
+
+    return `${fn} OVER (${over})`;
+  }
+
+  private renderWindowFn(fn: ExprWindow["fn"]): string {
+    switch (fn.type) {
+      case "rowNumber":
+        return "ROW_NUMBER()";
+      case "rank":
+        return "RANK()";
+      case "denseRank":
+        return "DENSE_RANK()";
+      case "ntile":
+        return `NTILE(${fn.n})`;
+      case "lag": {
+        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
+        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
+        return `LAG(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
+      }
+      case "lead": {
+        const offset = fn.offset ?? 1;
+        const def = fn.default != null ? `, ${this.render(fn.default)}` : "";
+        return `LEAD(${this.render(fn.column)}, ${offset}${def})`;
+      }
+      case "firstValue":
+        return `FIRST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+      case "lastValue":
+        return `LAST_VALUE(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+      case "sum":
+        return `SUM(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+      case "avg":
+        return `AVG(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+      case "count":
+        return fn.column != null ? `COUNT(${this.render(fn.column)})` : "COUNT(*)";
+      case "min":
+        return `MIN(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+      case "max":
+        return `MAX(${this.render(fn.column)})`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private renderWindowSpec(spec: ExprWindow["spec"]): string {
+    const parts: string[] = [];
+    if (spec.partitionBy != null && spec.partitionBy.length > 0) {
+      parts.push(`PARTITION BY ${spec.partitionBy.map((p) => this.render(p)).join(", ")}`);
+    }
+    if (spec.orderBy != null && spec.orderBy.length > 0) {
+      const orderParts = spec.orderBy.map(
+        ([expr, dir]) => `${this.render(expr)}${dir != null ? ` ${dir}` : ""}`,
+      );
+      parts.push(`ORDER BY ${orderParts.join(", ")}`);
+    }
+    return parts.join(" ");
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+
+  //#region ========== System ==========
+
+  protected subquery(expr: ExprSubquery): string {
+    return `(${this.buildSelect(expr.queryDef)})`;
+  }
+
+  //#endregion
+}