@serfab/cadre-core 1.17.0 → 1.19.0

package/src/control-formation-recorder.ts

@@ -1,353 +1,359 @@
-import debug from 'debug';
-import { FormationAbortedError, InvitationExhaustedError, type ControlDatabase } from './control-database.js';
-import { mintStrandId } from './strand-id.js';
-import {
-  createHttpFormationApprover,
-  verifyFormationApproval,
-  FormationApprovalError,
-  type FormationApprover,
-  type FormationApproval,
-  type FormationApprovalRequest
-} from './formation-approval.js';
-import type {
-  AuthorizedFormationUsage,
-  FormationUsageParams,
-  FormationUsageRecorder,
-  ResolvedHostStrand
-} from './strand-solicitation.js';
-import type { OpenInvitation } from './types.js';
-
-const log = debug('sereus:cadre:formation-recorder');
-
-/** Far-future sentinel for an invitation that never expires (max valid JS Date). */
-const NEVER_EXPIRES = new Date(8640000000000000);
-
-/**
- * {@link FormationUsageRecorder} backed by the real `CadreControl` tables.
- *
- * It reads `FormationInvite` / `FormationUsage` to answer token-validity and
- * usage questions, and writes the consent row that records a redemption. Two
- * provisioning shapes are supported, keyed on whether the invite binds a host strand:
- *
- * - **Bound (provision-then-record):** the host strand already exists (owner-signed
- *   up front and named by the invite's `StrandId`), so {@link resolveStrand} reports it
- *   and {@link authorizeUsage} then its `record()` (or {@link recordUsage}, both at once)
- *   writes the consent row against that pre-existing strand
- *   (record-only) rather than inserting a new `Strand`.
- * - **Unbound (responder-provisions):** the invite carries no `StrandId`, so
- *   {@link provisionAndRecord} mints a fresh strand and records consent against it
- *   ATOMICALLY (one `FormationUsage` row), closing the single-use hole the older
- *   never-record fallback left open.
- *
- * Every `CadreNode`'s formation responder uses it unless the embedder passes another
- * recorder to `initializeStrandSolicitation`.
- *
- * Usage accounting follows the schema's `FormationUsage.Authorized` semantics:
- * a null `TotalUses` means unlimited uses; otherwise the invite is "used up"
- * once the recorded usage count reaches `TotalUses`.
- *
- * When the invite carries a `ValidationUrl`, both write paths first obtain an outside
- * approval ({@link obtainApproval}) — the recorder is the one place where the nonce that is
- * SIGNED and the nonce that is INSERTED are trivially the same value, since it also performs
- * the write. That makes this class do network I/O; failures surface as
- * {@link FormationApprovalError}s the manager maps to protocol rejection reasons. The bound
- * path is split in two ({@link authorizeUsage}, then the returned `record()`) so the manager
- * can issue the joiner's membership pass between the approval and the write; the handle
- * carries the approved fields across, which keeps the signed and inserted nonce the same.
- */
-export class ControlFormationUsageRecorder implements FormationUsageRecorder {
-  private readonly approver: FormationApprover;
-
-  /**
-   * `approver` defaults to the real HTTP hook client — deliberately ON: `CadreNode` builds this
-   * recorder for every node's responder with no options, so an opt-in approver would leave
-   * every real deployment unable to redeem a `ValidationUrl`-bearing invite. Tests inject a fake.
-   */
-  constructor(
-    private readonly controlDatabase: ControlDatabase,
-    options?: { approver?: FormationApprover }
-  ) {
-    this.approver = options?.approver ?? createHttpFormationApprover();
-  }
-
-  /** A token is valid when a matching, unexpired `FormationInvite` exists. */
-  async isTokenValid(token: string): Promise<{ valid: boolean; reason?: 'unknown' | 'expired'; invitation?: OpenInvitation }> {
-    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
-    if (!invite) {
-      return { valid: false, reason: 'unknown' };
-    }
-    if (invite.expiresAtMs !== null && invite.expiresAtMs <= Date.now()) {
-      log('Token expired: %s', token);
-      return { valid: false, reason: 'expired' };
-    }
-    return {
-      valid: true,
-      invitation: {
-        token: invite.token,
-        sAppId: invite.sAppId,
-        expiration: invite.expiresAtMs !== null ? new Date(invite.expiresAtMs) : NEVER_EXPIRES,
-        bootstrap: [],
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * A token is "used" when its recorded usage count has reached the invite's
-   * `TotalUses`. A null `TotalUses` (unlimited) is never used up; an unknown
-   * token is reported not-used (validity is handled by {@link isTokenValid}).
-   */
-  async isTokenUsed(token: string): Promise<boolean> {
-    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
-    if (!invite || invite.totalUses === null) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    const uses = await this.controlDatabase.countFormationUsage(token);
-    return uses >= invite.totalUses;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Any `FormationInvite` row still unexpired and not fully consumed — the
-   * durable half of the control-network connection gate's "does this node
-   * expect a stranger?" question. Survives a restart and sees invites
-   * replicated in from sibling nodes of the same cadre.
-   */
-  async hasOutstandingInvitation(): Promise<boolean> {
-    return await this.controlDatabase.hasOutstandingFormationInvite();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Obtain the approval material for ONE redemption, when the invite demands it.
-   *
-   * `validationUrl === null` → `{}`: no approval required. The `usageStampId` nonce is
-   * ALWAYS supplied by the caller — the JOINER mints it, signs its own consent over it, and
-   * sends it in the contact message — so the approver signs over the identical nonce in both
-   * paths. Two local pre-checks run before anything is written:
-   *
-   * - {@link verifyFormationApproval} — did the hook sign the exact fields we hold?
-   * - {@link ControlDatabase.queryValidationKeyStampId} — is the approval's key enrolled?
-   *
-   * Both pre-checks exist purely for legibility — they turn a bad approval into a named
-   * {@link FormationApprovalError} instead of an opaque `CHECK constraint failed: Authorized`
-   * at commit. The database re-verifies against the STORED `ValidationKey` row and remains
-   * the security authority; do not "simplify" the database check away in favour of these.
-   */
-  private async obtainApproval(
-    request: Omit<FormationApprovalRequest, 'validationUrl'> & { validationUrl: string | null },
-    signal?: AbortSignal
-  ): Promise<{ validationKey?: string; validationSignature?: string }> {
-    const { validationUrl, ...fields } = request;
-    if (validationUrl === null) {
-      return {};
-    }
-    if (signal?.aborted) {
-      throw new FormationAbortedError(fields.token, 'approval');
-    }
-    const fullRequest: FormationApprovalRequest = { ...fields, validationUrl };
-    const approval = await this.askApprover(fullRequest, signal);
-    if (!verifyFormationApproval(fullRequest, approval)) {
-      throw new FormationApprovalError(
-        'malformed',
-        `Approval signature does not verify over this redemption (token ${fields.token})`
-      );
-    }
-    if (await this.controlDatabase.queryValidationKeyStampId(approval.validationKey) === null) {
-      throw new FormationApprovalError(
-        'unenrolled',
-        'Approval is signed by a key that is not an enrolled ValidationKey'
-      );
-    }
-    return approval;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Ask the approver, re-labelling a caller-abort as a {@link FormationAbortedError}.
-   *
-   * The HTTP client relays a caller-abort onto its own request and reports it as an
-   * `unavailable` {@link FormationApprovalError} — which the manager cannot tell from a
-   * genuinely dead hook, and so maps to a rejection reason and RETURNS. Every other abort on
-   * this path THROWS, which is what makes the manager rethrow and leave the reply to the
-   * listener's timeout path; a mid-hook abort belongs in the same class. The approval error
-   * is kept as `cause` so the transport-level detail is not lost.
-   */
-  private async askApprover(
-    request: FormationApprovalRequest,
-    signal?: AbortSignal
-  ): Promise<FormationApproval> {
-    try {
-      return await this.approver.requestApproval(request, signal);
-    } catch (err) {
-      if (signal?.aborted) {
-        throw new FormationAbortedError(request.token, 'approval', { cause: err });
-      }
-      throw err;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Record consent against an **already-existing** host strand (record-only): the
-   * single `FormationUsage` insert auto-commits and the deferred `StrandExists`
-   * CHECK is satisfied by the pre-existing strand. This is the provision-then-record
-   * commitment — the strand was minted owner-signed up front, so we do NOT
-   * re-insert it (which would double-insert the same PK). `peerKey` is written as the
-   * usage `PeerKey`, which BOTH signed digests cover: the joiner's own consent signature
-   * (`peerSignature`, verified by the schema's `PeerConsented` CHECK) and — when the invite
-   * carries a `ValidationUrl` — the approver's sign-off, so it is the joiner an approval is
-   * spent on AND provably the joiner that agreed. Use
-   * {@link ControlDatabase.redeemInvitation} for the consent-creates-strand path instead.
-   *
-   * Authorizes ({@link authorizeUsage}) and writes in one step, for callers with nothing to do
-   * in between.
-   */
-  async recordUsage(params: FormationUsageParams): Promise<void> {
-    await (await this.authorizeUsage(params)).record();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Everything {@link recordUsage} does before its write, so the manager can issue the
-   * joiner's membership pass into the host strand only once the redemption is cleared, and
-   * spend the token only after that.
-   *
-   * Reads the invite first (one extra read per redemption) to learn its `ValidationUrl` and
-   * seat budget, obtains the approval through {@link obtainApproval} when one is demanded,
-   * re-checks the abort (the approval call may have been long), and pre-checks the seat
-   * budget ({@link assertSeatFree}). The returned `record()` closes over the captured fields
-   * and approval, so the nonce the approver signed is the nonce inserted without the caller
-   * ever passing it back.
-   */
-  async authorizeUsage(params: FormationUsageParams): Promise<AuthorizedFormationUsage> {
-    const { token, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, strandId, disclosure, signal } = params;
-    if (signal?.aborted) {
-      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'usage recording');
-    }
-    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
-    // NOTE: a missing invite row reads as "no approval required" here and in
-    // `provisionAndRecord`, so an invite that vanished between `resolveStrand` and this read
-    // would be written unapproved. Safe only because the database's `FormationUsage.Authorized`
-    // CHECK demands a matching `FormationInvite` and rolls the write back regardless; if that
-    // CHECK ever loosens, reject on `invite === null` instead of defaulting to null.
-    const approval = await this.obtainApproval({
-      token, usageStampId, strandId, peerKey, disclosure,
-      validationUrl: invite?.validationUrl ?? null,
-    }, signal);
-    if (signal?.aborted) {
-      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'usage recording');
-    }
-    const totalUses = invite?.totalUses ?? null;
-    await this.assertSeatFree(token, totalUses);
-    return {
-      record: async () => {
-        await this.controlDatabase.recordFormationUsage({
-          token, strandId, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal,
-          totalUses, ...approval,
-        });
-        log('Recorded formation usage: token=%s strand=%s', token, strandId);
-      }
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Refuse a redemption whose invite has no seat left, BEFORE anything is written — the
-   * authoritative check is the one `recordFormationUsage` repeats inside its write lock.
-   * Catches a same-node rival that took the last seat while this redemption waited on the
-   * approval hook, which `runSession`'s up-front `isTokenUsed` check could not see.
-   *
-   * NOTE: two redemptions that both pass this check within the time one of them takes to
-   * issue its membership pass still both issue one, and the loser's pass is orphaned
-   * (expiry-bounded, never handed out). Holding the control write lock across issuance would
-   * close it, but `lockedWithRetry` re-runs locked bodies on transient failures (a re-run
-   * would double-issue) and every control write would stall behind a strand-database write.
-   * If orphaned passes from same-node races ever matter, reserve the seat before issuance.
-   */
-  private async assertSeatFree(token: string, totalUses: number | null): Promise<void> {
-    if (totalUses === null) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const used = await this.controlDatabase.countFormationUsage(token);
-    if (used >= totalUses) {
-      throw new InvitationExhaustedError(token, used, totalUses);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Classify the host strand this invite binds to (see {@link ResolvedHostStrand}):
-   *
-   * - no invite / no `StrandId` → `unbound` (responder-provisions path).
-   * - `StrandId` set AND the strand row is present → `bound`, carrying its
-   *   `MemberPrivateKey` (the closed-strand read-gating secret) for delivery to a
-   *   validated invitee.
-   * - `StrandId` set but the strand row is absent → `missing` (the host strand has not
-   *   converged on this responder yet); the manager rejects cleanly instead of recording
-   *   usage against a non-existent strand, which would fail the deferred `StrandExists`
-   *   CHECK at commit and drop the result frame.
-   */
-  async resolveStrand(token: string): Promise<ResolvedHostStrand> {
-    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
-    if (!invite || !invite.strandId) {
-      return { kind: 'unbound' };
-    }
-    const strand = await this.controlDatabase.queryStrand(invite.strandId);
-    if (!strand) {
-      return { kind: 'missing', strandId: invite.strandId };
-    }
-    return {
-      kind: 'bound',
-      strandId: invite.strandId,
-      memberPrivateKey: strand.MemberPrivateKey ?? null,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Provision a NEW strand for an UNBOUND invite and record consent against it in ONE
-   * transaction (the responder-provisions fallback, now single-use-enforced).
-   *
-   * Mints a fresh, globally-unique strand id with {@link mintStrandId} — an
-   * unguessable CSPRNG id, and one `strand-id.ts` has already checked is usable as a
-   * storage scope key and network name — then delegates to
-   * {@link ControlDatabase.redeemInvitation}, whose
-   * single `begin … commit` inserts the consent-authorized `Strand` row AND the matching
-   * `FormationUsage` row together (both deferred CHECKs see both rows at commit). That one
-   * `FormationUsage` row makes the unbound redemption single-use exactly like the bound
-   * path: the next redemption of a `TotalUses:1` invite sees `count 1 >= 1` and is rejected.
-   *
-   * The strand is open (`'o'`) — an unbound responder-provisioned strand has no membership
-   * key — so the returned `memberPrivateKey` is null. `sAppId` is accepted for parity/future
-   * use; `redeemInvitation` does not currently thread it into the `Strand` row.
-   *
-   * A concurrent redemption of the same single-use invite still THROWS for the loser — the
-   * manager maps that to a clean protocol rejection (it never lets the dropped insert close
-   * the stream silently): the local write queue serializes the two writes, so the loser's
-   * seat check reads the winner's committed row against the cap and is refused as a named
-   * `InvitationExhaustedError`. A CROSS-node race is not a collision to retry at all — each
-   * redemption writes under its own `UsageStampId`, both rows land and survive convergence,
-   * and the cap can over-admit by the number of concurrent redeemers. That over-admission is
-   * the accepted trade (visible in the append-only record, reversible by owner-gated
-   * removal), chosen over a fought-over shared key whose failure mode was the silent loss of
-   * a consented join.
-   */
-  async provisionAndRecord(params: {
-    token: string;
-    peerKey: string;
-    peerSignature: string;
-    usageStampId: string;
-    sAppId: string;
-    disclosure: string;
-    signal?: AbortSignal;
-  }): Promise<{ strandId: string; memberPrivateKey: string | null }> {
-    const { token, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal } = params;
-    if (signal?.aborted) {
-      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'redemption');
-    }
-    const strandId = mintStrandId();
-    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
-    const approval = await this.obtainApproval({
-      token, usageStampId, strandId, peerKey, disclosure,
-      validationUrl: invite?.validationUrl ?? null,
-    }, signal);
-    await this.controlDatabase.redeemInvitation({
-      token, strandId, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal,
-      totalUses: invite?.totalUses ?? null, ...approval,
-    });
-    log('Provisioned + recorded unbound strand: token=%s strand=%s', token, strandId);
-    return { strandId, memberPrivateKey: null };
-  }
-}
+import debug from 'debug';
+import { FormationAbortedError, InvitationExhaustedError, type ControlDatabase } from './control-database.js';
+import { mintStrandId } from './strand-id.js';
+import {
+  createHttpFormationApprover,
+  verifyFormationApproval,
+  FormationApprovalError,
+  type FormationApprover,
+  type FormationApproval,
+  type FormationApprovalRequest
+} from './formation-approval.js';
+import type {
+  AuthorizedFormationUsage,
+  BoundHostStrand,
+  FormationUsageParams,
+  FormationUsageRecorder,
+  ResolvedHostStrand
+} from './strand-solicitation.js';
+import { isInviteExpired, type FormationInviteFacts, type FormationTokenRead } from './formation-token.js';
+
+const log = debug('sereus:cadre:formation-recorder');
+
+/**
+ * {@link FormationUsageRecorder} backed by the real `CadreControl` tables.
+ *
+ * It reads a session's token once ({@link readToken}: the `FormationInvite` row and its
+ * `FormationUsage` count), and writes the consent row that records a redemption from that
+ * read. Two provisioning shapes are supported, keyed on whether the invite binds a host strand:
+ *
+ * - **Bound (provision-then-record):** the host strand already exists (owner-signed
+ *   up front and named by the invite's `StrandId`), so {@link resolveStrand} reports it
+ *   and {@link authorizeUsage} then its `record()` (or {@link recordUsage}, both at once)
+ *   writes the consent row against that pre-existing strand
+ *   (record-only) rather than inserting a new `Strand`.
+ * - **Unbound (responder-provisions):** the invite carries no `StrandId`, so
+ *   {@link provisionAndRecord} mints a fresh strand and records consent against it
+ *   ATOMICALLY (one `FormationUsage` row), closing the single-use hole the older
+ *   never-record fallback left open.
+ *
+ * Every `CadreNode`'s formation responder uses it unless the embedder passes another
+ * recorder to `initializeStrandSolicitation`.
+ *
+ * Usage accounting follows the schema's `FormationUsage.Authorized` semantics:
+ * a null `TotalUses` means unlimited uses; otherwise the invite is "used up"
+ * once the recorded usage count reaches `TotalUses`.
+ *
+ * When the invite carries a `ValidationUrl`, both write paths first obtain an outside
+ * approval ({@link obtainApproval}) — the recorder is the one place where the nonce that is
+ * SIGNED and the nonce that is INSERTED are trivially the same value, since it also performs
+ * the write. That makes this class do network I/O; failures surface as
+ * {@link FormationApprovalError}s the manager maps to protocol rejection reasons. The bound
+ * path is split in two ({@link authorizeUsage}, then the returned `record()`) so the manager
+ * can issue the joiner's membership pass between the approval and the write; the handle
+ * carries the approved fields across, which keeps the signed and inserted nonce the same.
+ */
+export class ControlFormationUsageRecorder implements FormationUsageRecorder {
+  private readonly approver: FormationApprover;
+
+  /**
+   * `approver` defaults to the real HTTP hook client — deliberately ON: `CadreNode` builds this
+   * recorder for every node's responder with no options, so an opt-in approver would leave
+   * every real deployment unable to redeem a `ValidationUrl`-bearing invite. Tests inject a fake.
+   */
+  constructor(
+    private readonly controlDatabase: ControlDatabase,
+    options?: { approver?: FormationApprover }
+  ) {
+    this.approver = options?.approver ?? createHttpFormationApprover();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * One `FormationInvite` read, then one `FormationUsage` count only when the invite is
+   * metered (`TotalUses` set) and unexpired: an unknown, expired or unlimited token has no
+   * seat to count. This early count refuses a spent token before anything costly (the outside
+   * approval call, the strand-database write that issues the membership invite); the count
+   * inside the write lock decides.
+   */
+  async readToken(token: string): Promise<FormationTokenRead> {
+    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(token);
+    const metered = invite !== null && invite.totalUses !== null && !isInviteExpired(invite, Date.now());
+    return {
+      token,
+      invite,
+      usesRecorded: metered ? await this.controlDatabase.countFormationUsage(token) : null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Any `FormationInvite` row still unexpired and not fully consumed — the
+   * durable half of the control-network connection gate's "does this node
+   * expect a stranger?" question. Survives a restart and sees invites
+   * replicated in from sibling nodes of the same cadre.
+   */
+  async hasOutstandingInvitation(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return await this.controlDatabase.hasOutstandingFormationInvite();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Obtain the approval material for ONE redemption, when the invite demands it.
+   *
+   * `validationUrl === null` → `{}`: no approval required. The `usageStampId` nonce is
+   * ALWAYS supplied by the caller — the JOINER mints it, signs its own consent over it, and
+   * sends it in the contact message — so the approver signs over the identical nonce in both
+   * paths. Two local pre-checks run before anything is written:
+   *
+   * - {@link verifyFormationApproval} — did the hook sign the exact fields we hold?
+   * - {@link ControlDatabase.queryValidationKeyStampId} — is the approval's key enrolled?
+   *
+   * Both pre-checks exist purely for legibility — they turn a bad approval into a named
+   * {@link FormationApprovalError} instead of an opaque `CHECK constraint failed: Authorized`
+   * at commit. The database re-verifies against the STORED `ValidationKey` row and remains
+   * the security authority; do not "simplify" the database check away in favour of these.
+   */
+  private async obtainApproval(
+    request: Omit<FormationApprovalRequest, 'validationUrl'> & { validationUrl: string | null },
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): Promise<{ validationKey?: string; validationSignature?: string }> {
+    const { validationUrl, ...fields } = request;
+    if (validationUrl === null) {
+      return {};
+    }
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new FormationAbortedError(fields.token, 'approval');
+    }
+    const fullRequest: FormationApprovalRequest = { ...fields, validationUrl };
+    const approval = await this.askApprover(fullRequest, signal);
+    if (!verifyFormationApproval(fullRequest, approval)) {
+      throw new FormationApprovalError(
+        'malformed',
+        `Approval signature does not verify over this redemption (token ${fields.token})`
+      );
+    }
+    if (await this.controlDatabase.queryValidationKeyStampId(approval.validationKey) === null) {
+      throw new FormationApprovalError(
+        'unenrolled',
+        'Approval is signed by a key that is not an enrolled ValidationKey'
+      );
+    }
+    return approval;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ask the approver, re-labelling a caller-abort as a {@link FormationAbortedError}.
+   *
+   * The HTTP client relays a caller-abort onto its own request and reports it as an
+   * `unavailable` {@link FormationApprovalError} — which the manager cannot tell from a
+   * genuinely dead hook, and so maps to a rejection reason and RETURNS. Every other abort on
+   * this path THROWS, which is what makes the manager rethrow and leave the reply to the
+   * listener's timeout path; a mid-hook abort belongs in the same class. The approval error
+   * is kept as `cause` so the transport-level detail is not lost.
+   */
+  private async askApprover(
+    request: FormationApprovalRequest,
+    signal?: AbortSignal
+  ): Promise<FormationApproval> {
+    try {
+      return await this.approver.requestApproval(request, signal);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (signal?.aborted) {
+        throw new FormationAbortedError(request.token, 'approval', { cause: err });
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record consent against an **already-existing** host strand (record-only): the
+   * single `FormationUsage` insert auto-commits and the deferred `StrandExists`
+   * CHECK is satisfied by the pre-existing strand. This is the provision-then-record
+   * commitment — the strand was minted owner-signed up front, so we do NOT
+   * re-insert it (which would double-insert the same PK). `peerKey` is written as the
+   * usage `PeerKey`, which BOTH signed digests cover: the joiner's own consent signature
+   * (`peerSignature`, verified by the schema's `PeerConsented` CHECK) and — when the invite
+   * carries a `ValidationUrl` — the approver's sign-off, so it is the joiner an approval is
+   * spent on AND provably the joiner that agreed. Use
+   * {@link ControlDatabase.redeemInvitation} for the consent-creates-strand path instead.
+   *
+   * Reads the invite for itself (it is handed no session read) and the strand's stamp inside
+   * `recordFormationUsage`; otherwise authorizes as {@link authorizeUsage} does and writes in
+   * one step, for callers with nothing to do in between.
+   */
+  async recordUsage(params: FormationUsageParams): Promise<void> {
+    if (params.signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new FormationAbortedError(params.token, 'usage recording');
+    }
+    const invite = await this.controlDatabase.queryFormationInvite(params.token);
+    await (await this.authorize(params, invite, undefined)).record();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Everything {@link recordUsage} does before its write, so the manager can issue the
+   * joiner's membership pass into the host strand only once the redemption is cleared, and
+   * spend the token only after that. Takes the invite's `ValidationUrl` and seat budget from
+   * the session's `read`, and the host strand's stamp from `host`, so it reads neither again.
+   */
+  async authorizeUsage(
+    params: FormationUsageParams,
+    read: FormationTokenRead,
+    host: BoundHostStrand
+  ): Promise<AuthorizedFormationUsage> {
+    return await this.authorize(params, read.invite, host.strandStampId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Obtain the approval through {@link obtainApproval} when `invite` demands one, re-check the
+   * abort (the approval call may have been long), and after an obtained approval re-check the
+   * seat budget ({@link assertSeatFree}). The returned `record()` closes over the captured
+   * fields and approval, so the nonce the approver signed is the nonce inserted without the
+   * caller ever passing it back. `strandStampId` undefined makes `recordFormationUsage` read it.
+   */
+  private async authorize(
+    params: FormationUsageParams,
+    invite: FormationInviteFacts | null,
+    strandStampId: string | undefined
+  ): Promise<AuthorizedFormationUsage> {
+    const { token, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, strandId, disclosure, signal } = params;
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'usage recording');
+    }
+    // NOTE: a missing invite row reads as "no approval required" here and in
+    // `provisionAndRecord`, so an invite that was absent from the session's read (or vanished
+    // before `recordUsage`'s) would be written unapproved. Safe only because the database's
+    // `FormationUsage.Authorized` CHECK demands a matching `FormationInvite` and rolls the write
+    // back regardless; if that CHECK ever loosens, reject on `invite === null` instead of
+    // defaulting to null.
+    const validationUrl = invite?.validationUrl ?? null;
+    const approval = await this.obtainApproval({
+      token, usageStampId, strandId, peerKey, disclosure, validationUrl,
+    }, signal);
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'usage recording');
+    }
+    const totalUses = invite?.totalUses ?? null;
+    if (validationUrl !== null) {
+      await this.assertSeatFree(token, totalUses);
+    }
+    return {
+      record: async () => {
+        await this.controlDatabase.recordFormationUsage({
+          token, strandId, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal,
+          totalUses, strandStampId, ...approval,
+        });
+        log('Recorded formation usage: token=%s strand=%s', token, strandId);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refuse a redemption whose invite lost its last seat while this redemption waited on its
+   * outside approval, BEFORE anything is written — the authoritative check is the one
+   * `recordFormationUsage` repeats inside its write lock. Runs only after an obtained approval:
+   * that call is the one long wait between the session's early count (`readToken`) and the
+   * membership pass, in which a same-node rival could take the seat unseen.
+   *
+   * NOTE: two redemptions that both pass the last count before issuance (this one after an
+   * approval, `readToken`'s without one) within the time one of them takes to issue its
+   * membership pass still both issue one, and the loser's pass is orphaned (expiry-bounded,
+   * never handed out). Holding the control write lock across issuance would close it, but
+   * `lockedWithRetry` re-runs locked bodies on transient failures (a re-run would double-issue)
+   * and every control write would stall behind a strand-database write. If orphaned passes from
+   * same-node races ever matter, reserve the seat before issuance.
+   */
+  private async assertSeatFree(token: string, totalUses: number | null): Promise<void> {
+    if (totalUses === null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const used = await this.controlDatabase.countFormationUsage(token);
+    if (used >= totalUses) {
+      throw new InvitationExhaustedError(token, used, totalUses);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Classify the host strand the read invite binds to (see {@link ResolvedHostStrand}), with
+   * one `Strand` read and no invite read:
+   *
+   * - no invite / no `StrandId` → `unbound` (responder-provisions path).
+   * - `StrandId` set AND the strand row is present → `bound`, carrying its type, its
+   *   `StampId` (which the consent row names) and its `MemberPrivateKey` (the closed-strand
+   *   read-gating secret) for delivery to a validated invitee.
+   * - `StrandId` set but the strand row is absent → `missing` (the host strand has not
+   *   converged on this responder yet); the manager rejects cleanly instead of recording
+   *   usage against a non-existent strand, which would fail the deferred `StrandExists`
+   *   CHECK at commit and drop the result frame.
+   */
+  async resolveStrand(read: FormationTokenRead): Promise<ResolvedHostStrand> {
+    const strandId = read.invite?.strandId;
+    if (!strandId) {
+      return { kind: 'unbound' };
+    }
+    const strand = await this.controlDatabase.queryStrandWithStamp(strandId);
+    if (!strand) {
+      return { kind: 'missing', strandId };
+    }
+    return {
+      kind: 'bound',
+      strandId,
+      strandType: strand.Type,
+      strandStampId: strand.StampId,
+      memberPrivateKey: strand.MemberPrivateKey ?? null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Provision a NEW strand for an UNBOUND invite and record consent against it in ONE
+   * transaction (the responder-provisions fallback, now single-use-enforced).
+   *
+   * Mints a fresh, globally-unique strand id with {@link mintStrandId} — an
+   * unguessable CSPRNG id, and one `strand-id.ts` has already checked is usable as a
+   * storage scope key and network name — then delegates to
+   * {@link ControlDatabase.redeemInvitation}, whose
+   * single `begin … commit` inserts the consent-authorized `Strand` row AND the matching
+   * `FormationUsage` row together (both deferred CHECKs see both rows at commit). That one
+   * `FormationUsage` row makes the unbound redemption single-use exactly like the bound
+   * path: the next redemption of a `TotalUses:1` invite sees `count 1 >= 1` and is rejected.
+   *
+   * The strand is open (`'o'`) — an unbound responder-provisioned strand has no membership
+   * key — so the returned `memberPrivateKey` is null. `sAppId` is accepted for parity/future
+   * use; `redeemInvitation` does not currently thread it into the `Strand` row. The invite's
+   * `ValidationUrl` and seat budget come from the session's `read`.
+   *
+   * A concurrent redemption of the same single-use invite still THROWS for the loser — the
+   * manager maps that to a clean protocol rejection (it never lets the dropped insert close
+   * the stream silently): the local write queue serializes the two writes, so the loser's
+   * seat check reads the winner's committed row against the cap and is refused as a named
+   * `InvitationExhaustedError`. A CROSS-node race is not a collision to retry at all — each
+   * redemption writes under its own `UsageStampId`, both rows land and survive convergence,
+   * and the cap can over-admit by the number of concurrent redeemers. That over-admission is
+   * the accepted trade (visible in the append-only record, reversible by owner-gated
+   * removal), chosen over a fought-over shared key whose failure mode was the silent loss of
+   * a consented join.
+   */
+  async provisionAndRecord(params: {
+    token: string;
+    peerKey: string;
+    peerSignature: string;
+    usageStampId: string;
+    sAppId: string;
+    disclosure: string;
+    signal?: AbortSignal;
+  }, read: FormationTokenRead): Promise<{ strandId: string; memberPrivateKey: string | null }> {
+    const { token, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal } = params;
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new FormationAbortedError(token, 'redemption');
+    }
+    const strandId = mintStrandId();
+    const invite = read.invite;
+    const approval = await this.obtainApproval({
+      token, usageStampId, strandId, peerKey, disclosure,
+      validationUrl: invite?.validationUrl ?? null,
+    }, signal);
+    await this.controlDatabase.redeemInvitation({
+      token, strandId, peerKey, peerSignature, usageStampId, disclosure, signal,
+      totalUses: invite?.totalUses ?? null, ...approval,
+    });
+    log('Provisioned + recorded unbound strand: token=%s strand=%s', token, strandId);
+    return { strandId, memberPrivateKey: null };
+  }
+}