@sayoriqwq/effect-harness 0.0.1

package/repos/effect/packages/effect/src/SchemaGetter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1870 @@
+/**
+ * Builds one-way conversions used by schemas.
+ *
+ * A `Getter<T, E, R>` receives an optional encoded value and returns an
+ * optional decoded value. It can also report a schema issue or require Effect
+ * services. Schema transformations use getters to describe one direction of a
+ * conversion, for example decoding a field from input data. This module
+ * includes basic getters, validation helpers, pure and effectful conversions,
+ * and ready-made conversions for common string, number, binary, date, form, and
+ * URL-related values.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+import * as DateTime from "./DateTime.ts"
+import * as Effect from "./Effect.ts"
+import * as Encoding from "./Encoding.ts"
+import * as Option from "./Option.ts"
+import * as Pipeable from "./Pipeable.ts"
+import * as Predicate from "./Predicate.ts"
+import * as Result from "./Result.ts"
+import type * as Schema from "./Schema.ts"
+import type * as SchemaAST from "./SchemaAST.ts"
+import * as SchemaIssue from "./SchemaIssue.ts"
+import * as Str from "./String.ts"
+
+/**
+ * Represents a composable transformation from an encoded type `E` to a decoded type `T`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to build and compose custom transformations
+ * for `Schema.decodeTo` or `Schema.decode`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * A getter wraps a function `Option<E> -> Effect<Option<T>, Issue, R>`. It
+ * receives `Option.None` when the encoded key is absent, such as a missing
+ * struct field, and returns `Option.None` to omit the value from the decoded
+ * output. It fails with `Issue` on invalid input and may require Effect
+ * services via `R`. `.map(f)` applies `f` to the decoded value inside `Some`
+ * while leaving `None` unchanged. `.compose(other)` chains two getters by
+ * feeding the output of `this` into `other`; passthrough getters on either side
+ * are optimized away.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Creating and composing getters)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parseNumber = SchemaGetter.transform<number, string>((s) => Number(s))
+ * const double = SchemaGetter.transform<number, number>((n) => n * 2)
+ * const composed = parseNumber.compose(double)
+ * // composed: Getter<number, string> — parses then doubles
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} to create a getter from a pure function
+ * @see {@link passthrough} for the identity getter
+ * @see {@link transformOrFail} for fallible transformation
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export class Getter<out T, in E, R = never> extends Pipeable.Class {
+  readonly run: (
+    input: Option.Option<E>,
+    options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<T>, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+
+  constructor(
+    run: (
+      input: Option.Option<E>,
+      options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<T>, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+  ) {
+    super()
+    this.run = run
+  }
+  map<T2>(f: (t: T) => T2): Getter<T2, E, R> {
+    return new Getter((oe, options) => this.run(oe, options).pipe(Effect.mapEager(Option.map(f))))
+  }
+  compose<T2, R2>(other: Getter<T2, T, R2>): Getter<T2, E, R | R2> {
+    if (isPassthrough(this)) {
+      return other as any
+    }
+    if (isPassthrough(other)) {
+      return this as any
+    }
+    return new Getter((oe, options) => this.run(oe, options).pipe(Effect.flatMapEager((ot) => other.run(ot, options))))
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that always produces the given constant value, ignoring the input.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter that always decodes a field to a fixed
+ * value.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and always returns `Option.some(t)` regardless of whether
+ * the input is `Some` or `None`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Returning a constant getter)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const alwaysZero = SchemaGetter.succeed(0)
+ * // alwaysZero: Getter<0, unknown> — always produces 0
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} when you need to use the input value
+ * @see {@link passthrough} when you want to keep the input as-is
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function succeed<const T, E>(t: T): Getter<T, E> {
+  return new Getter(() => Effect.succeedSome(t))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that always fails with the given issue.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter that unconditionally rejects input.
+ * - Building custom validation getters that produce specific error types.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Always fails with the `Issue` returned by `f`.
+ * - The failure function receives the original `Option<E>` input for error context.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Defining an always-failing getter)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option, SchemaGetter, SchemaIssue } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const rejectAll = SchemaGetter.fail<string, string>(
+ *   (oe) => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(oe, { message: "not allowed" })
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link forbidden} for a convenience helper for `Forbidden` issues
+ * @see {@link checkEffect} to fail conditionally based on input value
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function fail<T, E>(f: (oe: Option.Option<E>) => SchemaIssue.Issue): Getter<T, E> {
+  return new Getter((oe) => Effect.fail(f(oe)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that always fails with a `Forbidden` issue.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to disallow a field or direction
+ * (encode/decode) entirely.
+ * - You want a clear "forbidden" error message in schema validation output.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Always fails with `SchemaIssue.Forbidden`.
+ * - The message function receives the `Option<E>` input for context.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Forbidding a decode direction)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const noEncode = SchemaGetter.forbidden<string, number>(
+ *   () => "encoding is not supported"
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link fail} to fail with a custom issue type
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function forbidden<T, E>(message: (oe: Option.Option<E>) => string): Getter<T, E> {
+  return fail<T, E>((oe) => new SchemaIssue.Forbidden(oe, { message: message(oe) }))
+}
+
+const passthrough_ = new Getter<any, any>(Effect.succeed)
+
+function isPassthrough<T, E, R>(getter: Getter<T, E, R>): getter is typeof passthrough_ {
+  return getter.run === passthrough_.run
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the identity getter — passes the value through unchanged.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter for one side of a `decodeTo` pair, either
+ * encode or decode, to pass values through unchanged.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, no allocation (singleton instance).
+ * - Optimized away during `.compose()` — composing with a passthrough is free.
+ * - The default overload requires `T === E`. Pass `{ strict: false }` to opt
+ *   out of the type constraint.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Passing through identity transformations)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // No transformation needed — types already match
+ * const StringToString = Schema.String.pipe(
+ *   Schema.decodeTo(Schema.String, {
+ *     decode: SchemaGetter.passthrough(),
+ *     encode: SchemaGetter.passthrough()
+ *   })
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link passthroughSupertype} when `T extends E`
+ * @see {@link passthroughSubtype} when `E extends T`
+ * @see {@link transform} when you need to change the value
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function passthrough<T, E>(options: { readonly strict: false }): Getter<T, E>
+export function passthrough<T>(): Getter<T, T>
+export function passthrough<T>(): Getter<T, T> {
+  return passthrough_
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the identity getter typed for the relationship `T extends E`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter that passes values through when the
+ * decoded/output type is narrower than the encoded/input type.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Same singleton as {@link passthrough} — no allocation, optimized in composition.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Passing through supertypes)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // string extends string, so this is valid
+ * const g = SchemaGetter.passthroughSupertype<string, string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link passthrough} when types are identical
+ * @see {@link passthroughSubtype} when `E extends T`
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function passthroughSupertype<T extends E, E>(): Getter<T, E>
+export function passthroughSupertype<T>(): Getter<T, T> {
+  return passthrough_
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the identity getter, typed for when the encoded type `E` is a subtype of `T`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter that passes values through without
+ * `{ strict: false }` for an encoded type that narrows the decoded type.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Same singleton as {@link passthrough} — no allocation, optimized in composition.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Passing through subtypes)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // "hello" extends string, so E extends T
+ * const g = SchemaGetter.passthroughSubtype<string, "hello">()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link passthrough} when types are identical
+ * @see {@link passthroughSupertype} when `T extends E`
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function passthroughSubtype<T, E extends T>(): Getter<T, E>
+export function passthroughSubtype<T>(): Getter<T, T> {
+  return passthrough_
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that handles the case when the input is absent (`Option.None`).
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to provide a fallback or computed value for
+ * missing struct keys.
+ * - Building custom "default value" logic more complex than {@link withDefault}.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - When input is `None`, calls `f` to produce the result.
+ * - When input is `Some`, passes it through unchanged.
+ * - `f` receives the parse options and may return `None` to keep the value absent.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Providing a default timestamp for a missing field)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect, Option, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const withTimestamp = SchemaGetter.onNone<number>(() =>
+ *   Effect.succeed(Option.some(Date.now()))
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link required} when absent input should fail
+ * @see {@link withDefault} for a simpler default value for undefined inputs
+ * @see {@link onSome} to handle only present values
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function onNone<T, E extends T = T, R = never>(
+  f: (options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<T>, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+): Getter<T, E, R> {
+  return new Getter((ot, options) => Option.isNone(ot) ? f(options) : Effect.succeed(ot))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that fails with `MissingKey` if the input is absent (`Option.None`).
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to require a struct field in the encoded
+ * input and report a missing key error when it is absent.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - When input is `None`, fails with `SchemaIssue.MissingKey`.
+ * - When input is `Some`, passes it through unchanged.
+ * - Optional `annotations` customize the error message for the missing key.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Defining a required struct field)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const mustExist = SchemaGetter.required<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link onNone} to provide a fallback instead of failing
+ * @see {@link withDefault} to substitute a default for undefined values
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function required<T, E extends T = T>(annotations?: Schema.Annotations.Key<T>): Getter<T, E> {
+  return onNone(() => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.MissingKey(annotations)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that handles present values (`Option.Some`), passing `None` through.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to transform or validate only when a field
+ * value is present.
+ * - Missing keys should remain absent in the output.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - When input is `None`, returns `None` (no-op).
+ * - When input is `Some(e)`, calls `f(e, options)` to produce the result.
+ * - `f` may return `None` to omit the value, or fail with an `Issue`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Transforming only present values)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect, Option, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parseIfPresent = SchemaGetter.onSome<number, string>(
+ *   (s) => Effect.succeed(Option.some(Number(s)))
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link onNone} to handle only absent values
+ * @see {@link transform} for a simpler pure transformation of present values
+ * @see {@link transformOrFail} for fallible transformation of present values
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function onSome<T, E, R = never>(
+  f: (e: E, options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<T>, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+): Getter<T, E, R> {
+  return new Getter((oe, options) => Option.isNone(oe) ? Effect.succeedNone : f(oe.value, options))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that validates a value using an effectful check function.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to validate a decoded value (e.g. check a
+ * constraint or call an external service).
+ * - The validation may be asynchronous or require Effect services.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Only runs when input is `Some` — `None` passes through.
+ * - The check function returns a validation result:
+ *   - `undefined` or `true` — value is valid, passes through.
+ *   - `false` or a `string` — value is invalid, fails with an `Issue`.
+ *   - An `Issue` object — fails with that issue directly.
+ *   - `{ path, issue }` — fails with a nested path issue (`issue` may be a
+ *     message string or a full {@link SchemaIssue.Issue}).
+ * - Does not transform the value — input and output types are the same.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Validating effectfully)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const nonNegative = SchemaGetter.checkEffect<number>((n) =>
+ *   Effect.succeed(n >= 0 ? undefined : "must be non-negative")
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} when you need to change the value, not just validate
+ * @see {@link fail} for unconditional failure
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function checkEffect<T, R = never>(
+  f: (input: T, options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<
+    undefined | boolean | Schema.FilterIssue,
+    never,
+    R
+  >
+): Getter<T, T, R> {
+  return onSome((t, options) => {
+    return f(t, options).pipe(Effect.flatMapEager((out) => {
+      const issue = SchemaIssue.makeSingle(t, out)
+      return issue ?
+        Effect.fail(issue) :
+        Effect.succeed(Option.some(t))
+    }))
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that applies a pure function to present values.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter for a pure, infallible transformation
+ * between types.
+ * - Building encode/decode pairs for `Schema.decodeTo`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - This is the most commonly used constructor.
+ * - Transforms `Some(e)` to `Some(f(e))` and leaves `None` unchanged.
+ * - Skips `None` inputs — only called when a value is present.
+ * - Never fails.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Transforming strings to numbers)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const NumberFromString = Schema.String.pipe(
+ *   Schema.decodeTo(Schema.Number, {
+ *     decode: SchemaGetter.transform((s) => Number(s)),
+ *     encode: SchemaGetter.transform((n) => String(n))
+ *   })
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transformOrFail} when the transformation can fail
+ * @see {@link transformOptional} when you need to handle `None` inputs
+ * @see {@link passthrough} when no transformation is needed
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function transform<T, E>(f: (e: E) => T): Getter<T, E> {
+  return transformOptional(Option.map(f))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that applies a fallible, effectful transformation to present values.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter for a transformation that may fail, require
+ * Effect services, or run asynchronously.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Skips `None` inputs — only called when a value is present.
+ * - On success, wraps the result in `Some`.
+ * - On failure, propagates the `Issue`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Parsing with failure)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect, Option, SchemaGetter, SchemaIssue } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const safeParseInt = SchemaGetter.transformOrFail<number, string>(
+ *   (s) => {
+ *     const n = parseInt(s, 10)
+ *     return isNaN(n)
+ *       ? Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(s), { message: "not an integer" }))
+ *       : Effect.succeed(n)
+ *   }
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} when transformation cannot fail
+ * @see {@link onSome} when you need full `Option` control over the output
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function transformOrFail<T, E, R = never>(
+  f: (e: E, options: SchemaAST.ParseOptions) => Effect.Effect<T, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+): Getter<T, E, R> {
+  return onSome((e, options) => f(e, options).pipe(Effect.mapEager(Option.some)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that transforms the full `Option` — both present and absent values.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to handle both `Some` and `None` cases.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It receives the full `Option<E>` and
+ * must return `Option<T>`, so it can turn a present value into absent or an
+ * absent value into present.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Filtering out empty strings)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const skipEmpty = SchemaGetter.transformOptional<string, string>((o) =>
+ *   Option.filter(o, (s) => s.length > 0)
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} when you only need to transform present values
+ * @see {@link omit} when you always want `None`
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function transformOptional<T, E>(f: (oe: Option.Option<E>) => Option.Option<T>): Getter<T, E> {
+  return new Getter((oe) => Effect.succeed(f(oe)))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that always returns `None`, effectively omitting the value from output.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to exclude a field during decoding or
+ * encoding.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Always returns `Option.None` regardless of input.
+ * - Never fails.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Omitting a field during encoding)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const omitField = SchemaGetter.omit<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transformOptional} when you want conditional omission
+ * @see {@link forbidden} when you want to fail instead of silently omit
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function omit<T>(): Getter<never, T> {
+  return new Getter(() => Effect.succeedNone)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a getter that replaces `undefined` values with a default.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to provide a fallback for a field that may
+ * be `undefined` in the encoded input.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - If the input is `Some(undefined)` or `None`, produces `Some(T)`.
+ * - If the input is `Some(value)` where value is not `undefined`, passes it through.
+ * - `defaultValue` is an `Effect` that will be executed each time a default is needed.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Providing a default value for an optional field)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Effect, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const withZero = SchemaGetter.withDefault(Effect.succeed(0))
+ * // Getter<number, number | undefined>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link onNone} to handle only absent keys (not `undefined` values)
+ * @see {@link required} when absent input should fail instead of using a default
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function withDefault<T, R = never>(
+  defaultValue: Effect.Effect<T, SchemaIssue.Issue, R>
+): Getter<T, T | undefined, R> {
+  return new Getter((o) => {
+    const filtered = Option.filter(o, Predicate.isNotUndefined)
+    return Option.isSome(filtered) ? Effect.succeed(filtered) : Effect.mapEager(defaultValue, Option.some)
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces any value to a `string` using the global `String()` constructor.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to coerce a present encoded value to a
+ * string with `String()`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure, never fails, and delegates to `globalThis.String`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Coercing to a string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toString = SchemaGetter.String<number>()
+ * // Getter<string, number>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transform} for custom string conversions
+ *
+ * @category Coercions
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function String<E>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(globalThis.String)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces any value to a `number` using the global `Number()` constructor.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to coerce a present encoded value to a
+ * number with `Number()`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure, never fails, and delegates to `globalThis.Number`. It may
+ * produce `NaN` for non-numeric inputs.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Coercing to a number)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toNumber = SchemaGetter.Number<string>()
+ * // Getter<number, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link transformOrFail} for validated number parsing
+ *
+ * @category Coercions
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function Number<E>(): Getter<number, E> {
+  return transform(globalThis.Number)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces any value to a `boolean` using the global `Boolean()` constructor.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to coerce a present encoded value to a
+ * boolean with `Boolean()`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure, never fails, and delegates to `globalThis.Boolean`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Coercing to a boolean)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toBool = SchemaGetter.Boolean<string>()
+ * // Getter<boolean, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Coercions
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function Boolean<E>(): Getter<boolean, E> {
+  return transform(globalThis.Boolean)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces a value to `bigint` using the global `BigInt()` constructor.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to convert a present string, number, or
+ * boolean value to `bigint`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Delegates to `globalThis.BigInt`.
+ * - Throws at runtime if the input cannot be converted (e.g. non-numeric string).
+ *
+ * **Example** (Coercing to a bigint)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toBigInt = SchemaGetter.BigInt<string>()
+ * // Getter<bigint, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Coercions
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function BigInt<E extends string | number | bigint | boolean>(): Getter<bigint, E> {
+  return transform(globalThis.BigInt)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces a value to a `Date` using `new Date(input)`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to coerce a present string, number, or
+ * existing date object into a new date object.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Delegates to `new globalThis.Date(input)`.
+ * - Does not validate the result — may produce an invalid Date.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Coercing to a Date)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toDate = SchemaGetter.Date<string>()
+ * // Getter<Date, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link dateTimeUtcFromInput} for validated DateTime parsing
+ *
+ * @category Coercions
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function Date<E extends string | number | Date>(): Getter<Date, E> {
+  return transform((u) => new globalThis.Date(u))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Strips whitespace from both ends of a string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.trim`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Trimming whitespace)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const trimmed = SchemaGetter.trim<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function trim<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.trim)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Capitalizes the first character of a string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.capitalize`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Capitalizing a string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const cap = SchemaGetter.capitalize<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function capitalize<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.capitalize)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Uncapitalizes the first character of a string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.uncapitalize`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Uncapitalizing a string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const uncap = SchemaGetter.uncapitalize<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function uncapitalize<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.uncapitalize)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a `snake_case` string to `camelCase`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.snakeToCamel`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Converting snake case to camel case)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toCamel = SchemaGetter.snakeToCamel<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link camelToSnake} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function snakeToCamel<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.snakeToCamel)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a `camelCase` string to `snake_case`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.camelToSnake`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Converting camel case to snake case)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const toSnake = SchemaGetter.camelToSnake<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link snakeToCamel} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function camelToSnake<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.camelToSnake)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a string to lowercase.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.toLowerCase`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Converting to lowercase)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const lower = SchemaGetter.toLowerCase<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link toUpperCase} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function toLowerCase<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.toLowerCase)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a string to uppercase.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Pure, delegates to `String.toUpperCase`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Converting to uppercase)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const upper = SchemaGetter.toUpperCase<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link toLowerCase} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function toUpperCase<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Str.toUpperCase)
+}
+
+type ParseJsonOptions = {
+  readonly reviver?: Parameters<typeof JSON.parse>[1]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a JSON string into a value.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to parse a present encoded JSON string
+ * during decoding.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Skips `None` inputs.
+ * - Without `reviver`: returns `Schema.MutableJson` (typed JSON).
+ * - With `reviver`: returns `unknown` (reviver may produce arbitrary values).
+ * - On parse failure, fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` containing the error message.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Parsing JSON)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parse = SchemaGetter.parseJson<string>()
+ * // Getter<MutableJson, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link stringifyJson} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category JSON getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function parseJson<E extends string>(): Getter<Schema.MutableJson, E>
+export function parseJson<E extends string>(options: ParseJsonOptions): Getter<unknown, E>
+export function parseJson<E extends string>(options?: ParseJsonOptions | undefined): Getter<unknown, E> {
+  return onSome((input) =>
+    Effect.try({
+      try: () => Option.some(JSON.parse(input, options?.reviver)),
+      catch: (e) => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: globalThis.String(e) })
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+type StringifyJsonOptions = {
+  readonly replacer?: Parameters<typeof JSON.stringify>[1]
+  readonly space?: Parameters<typeof JSON.stringify>[2]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stringifies a present value using `JSON.stringify`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to serialize a present decoded value to
+ * JSON text during encoding.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Skips `None` inputs.
+ * - On thrown stringify failures, such as circular references, fails with
+ *   `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue`.
+ * - Supports optional `replacer` and `space` options, matching
+ *   `JSON.stringify`.
+ * - If `JSON.stringify` returns `undefined`, such as for `undefined`,
+ *   functions, symbols, or a replacer that removes the root value, that
+ *   `undefined` result is returned rather than converted into an `Issue`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Stringifying JSON)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const stringify = SchemaGetter.stringifyJson()
+ * // Getter<string, unknown>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link parseJson} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category JSON getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function stringifyJson(options?: StringifyJsonOptions): Getter<string, unknown> {
+  return onSome((input) =>
+    Effect.try({
+      try: () => Option.some(JSON.stringify(input, options?.replacer, options?.space)),
+      catch: (e) => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: globalThis.String(e) })
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a string into a record of key-value pairs.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to parse a present encoded string that
+ * contains delimited key-value pairs (e.g. `"a=1,b=2"`).
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It splits the string by `separator`
+ * (default `,`) and then each pair by `keyValueSeparator` (default `=`). Pairs
+ * missing a key or value are silently skipped.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Parsing a key-value string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parse = SchemaGetter.splitKeyValue<string>()
+ * // "a=1,b=2" -> { a: "1", b: "2" }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link joinKeyValue} for the inverse operation
+ * @see {@link split} to split into an array of strings
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function splitKeyValue<E extends string>(options?: {
+  readonly separator?: string | undefined
+  readonly keyValueSeparator?: string | undefined
+}): Getter<Record<string, string>, E> {
+  const separator = options?.separator ?? ","
+  const keyValueSeparator = options?.keyValueSeparator ?? "="
+  return transform((input) =>
+    input.split(separator).reduce((acc, pair) => {
+      const [key, value] = pair.split(keyValueSeparator)
+      if (key && value) {
+        acc[key] = value
+      }
+      return acc
+    }, {} as Record<string, string>)
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Joins a record of key-value pairs into a delimited string.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to serialize a present decoded record as a
+ * delimited key-value string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It joins entries with `separator`
+ * (default `,`) and joins each key and value with `keyValueSeparator` (default
+ * `=`).
+ *
+ * **Example** (Joining key-value records)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const join = SchemaGetter.joinKeyValue()
+ * // { a: "1", b: "2" } -> "a=1,b=2"
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link splitKeyValue} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function joinKeyValue<E extends Record<PropertyKey, string>>(options?: {
+  readonly separator?: string | undefined
+  readonly keyValueSeparator?: string | undefined
+}): Getter<string, E> {
+  const separator = options?.separator ?? ","
+  const keyValueSeparator = options?.keyValueSeparator ?? "="
+  return transform((input) =>
+    Object.entries(input).map(([key, value]) => `${key}${keyValueSeparator}${value}`).join(separator)
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Splits a string into an array of strings by a separator.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to split a present encoded string
+ * containing a delimited list, such as CSV values.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It splits by `separator` (default `,`).
+ * An empty string produces an empty array, not `[""]`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Splitting a comma-separated string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const splitComma = SchemaGetter.split<string>()
+ * // "a,b,c" -> ["a", "b", "c"]
+ * // "" -> []
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link splitKeyValue} when values are key-value pairs
+ *
+ * @category string
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function split<E extends string>(options?: {
+  readonly separator?: string | undefined
+}): Getter<ReadonlyArray<string>, E> {
+  const separator = options?.separator ?? ","
+  return transform((input) => input === "" ? [] : input.split(separator))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a `Uint8Array` or string to a Base64 string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding to Base64)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeBase64<Uint8Array>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64} for the inverse operation to `Uint8Array`
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64String} for the inverse operation to `string`
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64Url} for the URL-safe variant
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeBase64<E extends Uint8Array | string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Encoding.encodeBase64)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a `Uint8Array` or string to a URL-safe Base64 string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding to Base64Url)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeBase64Url<Uint8Array>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64Url} for the inverse operation to `Uint8Array`
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64UrlString} for the inverse operation to `string`
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64} for the standard Base64 variant
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeBase64Url<E extends Uint8Array | string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Encoding.encodeBase64Url)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a `Uint8Array` or string to a hexadecimal string.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding to hex)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeHex<Uint8Array>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeHex} for the inverse operation to `Uint8Array`
+ * @see {@link decodeHexString} for the inverse operation to `string`
+ *
+ * @category Hex getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeHex<E extends Uint8Array | string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(Encoding.encodeHex)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a Base64 string to a `Uint8Array`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid Base64.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding Base64 to bytes)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeBase64<string>()
+ * // Getter<Uint8Array, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64String} to decode to `string` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeBase64<E extends string>(): Getter<Uint8Array, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Effect.mapErrorEager(
+      Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(input)),
+      (e) => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a Base64 string to a UTF-8 `string`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid Base64.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding Base64 to string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeBase64String<string>()
+ * // Getter<string, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64} to decode to `Uint8Array` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeBase64String<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Result.match(Encoding.decodeBase64String(input), {
+      onFailure: (e) => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })),
+      onSuccess: Effect.succeed
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a URL-safe Base64 string to a `Uint8Array`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid Base64Url.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding Base64Url to bytes)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeBase64Url<string>()
+ * // Getter<Uint8Array, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64UrlString} to decode to `string` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64Url} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeBase64Url<E extends string>(): Getter<Uint8Array, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Result.match(Encoding.decodeBase64Url(input), {
+      onFailure: (e) => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })),
+      onSuccess: Effect.succeed
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a URL-safe Base64 string to a UTF-8 `string`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid Base64Url.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding Base64Url to string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeBase64UrlString<string>()
+ * // Getter<string, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeBase64Url} to decode to `Uint8Array` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeBase64Url} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Base64 getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeBase64UrlString<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Result.match(Encoding.decodeBase64UrlString(input), {
+      onFailure: (e) => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })),
+      onSuccess: Effect.succeed
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a hexadecimal string to a `Uint8Array`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid hex.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding hex to bytes)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeHex<string>()
+ * // Getter<Uint8Array, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeHexString} to decode to `string` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeHex} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Hex getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeHex<E extends string>(): Getter<Uint8Array, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Result.match(Encoding.decodeHex(input), {
+      onFailure: (e) => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })),
+      onSuccess: Effect.succeed
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a hexadecimal string to a UTF-8 `string`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input is not valid hex.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding hex to string)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeHexString<string>()
+ * // Getter<string, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeHex} to decode to `Uint8Array` instead
+ * @see {@link encodeHex} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category Hex getters
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeHexString<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) =>
+    Result.match(Encoding.decodeHexString(input), {
+      onFailure: (e) => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: e.message })),
+      onSuccess: Effect.succeed
+    })
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a present string using `encodeURIComponent`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Skips `None` inputs.
+ * - May throw a `URIError` for malformed surrogate pairs; this exception is not
+ *   converted into an `Issue`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding a URI component)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeUriComponent<string>()
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeUriComponent} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category URI
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeUriComponent<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transform(encodeURIComponent)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a URI component encoded string using `decodeURIComponent`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input contains malformed percent-encoding sequences.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding a URI component)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeUriComponent<string>()
+ * // Getter<string, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link encodeUriComponent} for the inverse operation
+ *
+ * @category URI
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeUriComponent<E extends string>(): Getter<string, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) => {
+    try {
+      return Effect.succeed(globalThis.decodeURIComponent(input))
+    } catch (e) {
+      return Effect.fail(
+        new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), {
+          message: e instanceof URIError ? e.message : "Invalid URI component"
+        })
+      )
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a `DateTime.Input` value into a `DateTime.Utc`.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to decode a present encoded date/time value
+ * to a `DateTime.Utc`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - Accepted input includes existing `DateTime` values, partial date/time parts,
+ *   instant objects, zoned instant objects, JavaScript `Date` instances, epoch
+ *   milliseconds, and date strings.
+ * - Converts successfully parsed values to UTC.
+ * - Fails with `SchemaIssue.InvalidValue` if the input cannot be parsed as a valid
+ *   `DateTime`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Parsing DateTime)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parseDate = SchemaGetter.dateTimeUtcFromInput<string>()
+ * // Getter<DateTime.Utc, string>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link Date} for a simpler coercion to `Date` (no validation)
+ *
+ * @category DateTime
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function dateTimeUtcFromInput<E extends DateTime.DateTime.Input>(): Getter<DateTime.Utc, E> {
+  return transformOrFail((input) => {
+    return Option.match(DateTime.make(input), {
+      onNone: () =>
+        Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option.some(input), { message: "Invalid DateTime input" })),
+      onSome: (dt) => Effect.succeed(DateTime.toUtc(dt))
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a `FormData` object into a nested tree structure using bracket-path notation.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to parse `FormData` from HTTP requests into
+ * structured objects.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It interprets bracket-path keys such as
+ * `user[name]` and `items[0]` to build nested objects or arrays, and each leaf
+ * value is a `string` or `Blob`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding FormData)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeFormData()
+ * // Getter<TreeObject<string | Blob>, FormData>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link encodeFormData} for the inverse operation
+ * @see {@link makeTreeRecord} for the underlying bracket-path parser
+ * @see {@link decodeURLSearchParams} for the URLSearchParams variant
+ *
+ * @category FormData
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeFormData(): Getter<Schema.TreeRecord<string | Blob>, FormData> {
+  return transform((input) => makeTreeRecord(Array.from(input.entries())))
+}
+
+const collectFormDataEntries = collectBracketPathEntries((value): value is string | Blob =>
+  typeof value === "string" || (typeof Blob !== "undefined" && value instanceof Blob)
+)
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a nested object into a `FormData` instance using bracket-path notation.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to serialize structured data to `FormData`
+ * for HTTP requests.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It flattens nested objects or arrays into
+ * bracket-path keys such as `user[name]` and `items[0]`. Non-object inputs
+ * produce an empty `FormData`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding to FormData)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeFormData()
+ * // Getter<FormData, unknown>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeFormData} for the inverse operation
+ * @see {@link collectBracketPathEntries} for the underlying flattener
+ * @see {@link encodeURLSearchParams} for the URLSearchParams variant
+ *
+ * @category FormData
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeFormData(): Getter<FormData, unknown> {
+  return transform((input) => {
+    const out = new FormData()
+    if (typeof input === "object" && input !== null) {
+      const entries = collectFormDataEntries(input)
+      entries.forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        out.append(key, value)
+      })
+    }
+    return out
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a `URLSearchParams` object into a nested tree structure using bracket-path notation.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to parse query parameters from URLs into
+ * structured objects.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It interprets bracket-path keys such as
+ * `user[name]` and `items[0]` to build nested objects or arrays, and each leaf
+ * value is a `string`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Decoding URLSearchParams)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const decode = SchemaGetter.decodeURLSearchParams()
+ * // Getter<TreeObject<string>, URLSearchParams>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link encodeURLSearchParams} for the inverse operation
+ * @see {@link makeTreeRecord} for the underlying bracket-path parser
+ * @see {@link decodeFormData} for the FormData variant
+ *
+ * @category search params
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function decodeURLSearchParams(): Getter<Schema.TreeRecord<string>, URLSearchParams> {
+  return transform((input) => makeTreeRecord(Array.from(input.entries())))
+}
+
+const collectURLSearchParamsEntries = collectBracketPathEntries(Predicate.isString)
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a nested object into a `URLSearchParams` instance using bracket-path notation.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to serialize structured data to query
+ * parameters for URLs.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The getter is pure and never fails. It flattens nested objects or arrays into
+ * bracket-path keys. Non-object inputs produce an empty `URLSearchParams`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Encoding to URLSearchParams)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const encode = SchemaGetter.encodeURLSearchParams()
+ * // Getter<URLSearchParams, unknown>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link decodeURLSearchParams} for the inverse operation
+ * @see {@link collectBracketPathEntries} for the underlying flattener
+ * @see {@link encodeFormData} for the FormData variant
+ *
+ * @category search params
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function encodeURLSearchParams(): Getter<URLSearchParams, unknown> {
+  return transform((input) => {
+    if (typeof input === "object" && input !== null) {
+      return new URLSearchParams(collectURLSearchParamsEntries(input))
+    }
+    return new URLSearchParams()
+  })
+}
+
+const INDEX_REGEXP = /^\d+$/
+
+function bracketPathToTokens(bracketPath: string): Array<string | number> {
+  // real empty path (from append("", value))
+  if (bracketPath === "") {
+    return [""]
+  }
+
+  const replaced = bracketPath.replace(/\[(.*?)\]/g, ".$1")
+  const parts = replaced.split(".")
+  // if bracket path started with "[...]" we get ".foo" => ["", "foo"]; drop the synthetic first ""
+  const start = replaced.startsWith(".") ? 1 : 0
+
+  return parts
+    .slice(start)
+    .map((part) => (INDEX_REGEXP.test(part) ? globalThis.Number(part) : part))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a nested tree object from a list of bracket-path entries.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to parse FormData or URLSearchParams
+ * entries into structured objects.
+ * - You have flat key-value pairs with bracket-path keys that need nesting.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - A bracket path is a string like `"user[address][city]"` that describes nested
+ *   object/array structure.
+ * - Interprets bracket paths and constructs the corresponding nested object.
+ * - Builds and returns a nested object from the input entries.
+ * - Supported syntax:
+ *   - `"foo"` → object key `"foo"`
+ *   - `"foo[bar]"` → nested `{ foo: { bar: ... } }`
+ *   - `"foo[0]"` → array index `{ foo: [value] }`
+ *   - `"foo[]"` → append to array `foo`
+ *   - `""` → real empty key
+ * - Duplicate keys for the same path are merged into arrays.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Building a tree from bracket paths)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const tree = SchemaGetter.makeTreeRecord([
+ *   ["user[name]", "Alice"],
+ *   ["user[tags][]", "admin"],
+ *   ["user[tags][]", "editor"]
+ * ])
+ * // { user: { name: "Alice", tags: ["admin", "editor"] } }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link collectBracketPathEntries} for the inverse operation (tree to flat entries)
+ * @see {@link decodeFormData} for a higher-level FormData decoder
+ * @see {@link decodeURLSearchParams} for a higher-level URLSearchParams decoder
+ *
+ * @category Tree
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function makeTreeRecord<A>(
+  bracketPathEntries: ReadonlyArray<readonly [bracketPath: string, value: A]>
+): Schema.TreeRecord<A> {
+  const out: any = {}
+  bracketPathEntries.forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    const tokens = bracketPathToTokens(key)
+    let cur: any = out
+    tokens.forEach((token, i) => {
+      const isLast = i === tokens.length - 1
+
+      // We are inside an array and see "[]" (empty token) => append
+      if (Array.isArray(cur) && token === "") {
+        if (isLast) {
+          cur.push(value)
+        } else {
+          // bracket path: "foo[][bar]" => push a new element and descend into it
+          const next = tokens[i + 1]
+          const shouldBeArray = typeof next === "number" || next === ""
+          const index = cur.length
+
+          if (cur[index] === undefined) {
+            cur[index] = shouldBeArray ? [] : {}
+          }
+
+          cur = cur[index]
+        }
+      } else if (isLast) {
+        // If we're setting a value at a path that already exists
+        // convert it to an array to support multiple values for the same key
+        if (Array.isArray(cur[token])) {
+          cur[token].push(value)
+        } else if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(cur, token)) {
+          cur[token] = [cur[token], value]
+        } else {
+          cur[token] = value
+        }
+      } else {
+        const next = tokens[i + 1]
+        // if next is a number OR "" (from []), we are building an array
+        const shouldBeArray = typeof next === "number" || next === ""
+
+        if (cur[token] === undefined) {
+          cur[token] = shouldBeArray ? [] : {}
+        }
+
+        cur = cur[token]
+      }
+    })
+  })
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Flattens a nested object into bracket-path entries, filtering leaf values by a type guard.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use when you need a schema getter to serialize structured objects to flat
+ * key-value entries.
+ * - Building custom `FormData` or `URLSearchParams` encoders.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * - This is the inverse of {@link makeTreeRecord}.
+ * - Takes a nested object and produces flat `[bracketPath, value]` pairs suitable for
+ *   `FormData` or `URLSearchParams`.
+ * - Returns a curried function: first call provides the leaf type guard, second call provides the object.
+ * - Recursively traverses objects and arrays.
+ * - If all elements of an array are leaves, encodes them as multiple entries with the same key
+ *   (e.g. `tags=a&tags=b`). Otherwise uses indexed bracket paths (e.g. `items[0]`, `items[1]`).
+ * - Non-leaf values that aren't objects or arrays are silently skipped.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Flattening an object to bracket paths)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Predicate, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const collectStrings = SchemaGetter.collectBracketPathEntries(Predicate.isString)
+ * const entries = collectStrings({ user: { name: "Alice", tags: ["admin", "editor"] } })
+ * // [["user[name]", "Alice"], ["user[tags]", "admin"], ["user[tags]", "editor"]]
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link makeTreeRecord} for the inverse operation (flat entries to tree)
+ * @see {@link encodeFormData} for a higher-level FormData encoder
+ * @see {@link encodeURLSearchParams} for a higher-level URLSearchParams encoder
+ *
+ * @category Tree
+ * @since 4.0.0
+ */
+export function collectBracketPathEntries<A>(isLeaf: (value: unknown) => value is A) {
+  return (input: object): Array<[bracketPath: string, value: A]> => {
+    const bracketPathEntries: Array<[string, A]> = []
+
+    function append(key: string, value: unknown): void {
+      if (isLeaf(value)) {
+        bracketPathEntries.push([key, value])
+      } else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+        // If all values are leaves, encode as multiple entries with the same key
+        const allLeaves = value.every(isLeaf)
+        if (allLeaves) {
+          value.forEach((v) => {
+            bracketPathEntries.push([key, v])
+          })
+        } else {
+          value.forEach((v, i) => {
+            append(`${key}[${i}]`, v)
+          })
+        }
+      } else if (typeof value === "object" && value !== null) {
+        for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(value)) {
+          append(`${key}[${k}]`, v)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(input)) {
+      append(key, value)
+    }
+
+    return bracketPathEntries
+  }
+}