@react-x11/components 0.9.0 → 0.11.0

package/dist/html/paint.js

@@ -20,63 +20,185 @@
 // back on the laid-out lines is exactly what that module already knows how to
 // draw.
 import { canFill, lineBands, paintRunBackgrounds, paintRunRules, } from '../richtext/runs.js';
-import { inkColor, isTransparent } from './css/values.js';
-import { Box } from './layout/boxes.js';
-import { layoutOffsets } from './layout/inline.js';
+import { alphaOf, inkColor, isTransparent, resolve } from './css/values.js';
+import { blend, borderShades } from './css/color.js';
+import { CONTAIN_LAYOUT, CONTAIN_PAINT, CONTAIN_SIZE, copyStyle, scrolls, } from './css/style.js';
+import { contained } from './layout/block.js';
+import { BOX_RAISES, LINE_BOX_RAISES, Box, CLAMPED, CLIPPED_CELLS, COLLAPSED_CELLS, FADED_BLOCKS, PAINT_ORDER, INLINE_OFFSETS, MOVED_OFF_LINES, SHADOWED_TEXT, SHIFTED_LINES, TEXT_RAISES, TEXT_SHIFTS, } from './layout/boxes.js';
+import { CLIPPED_TEXT, clipBoxOf, depthOf, inklessLayout, layoutOffsetOf, layoutOffsets, } from './layout/inline.js';
+import { tableGrid } from './layout/grid.js';
+import { SvgDrawing, inlineDrawing } from './svg.js';
 /**
  * The bounds of everything a box and its descendants draw, in document
- * coordinates. Computed once per layout; the paint pass reads it.
- */
-export function computePaintBounds(box) {
-    let x1 = box.x;
-    let y1 = box.y;
-    let x2 = box.x + box.width;
-    let y2 = box.y + box.height;
-    if (box.lines) {
-        for (const line of box.lines) {
+ * coordinates, into `boundsX`…, with the text `position: relative` moved off
+ * its lines where `moved` says there is some. Computed once per layout; the paint pass
+ * reads it. Returns how far down the box's content reaches, for the
+ * document's height — handed up rather than kept on every box, where
+ * writing it and reading it back cost this walk a fifth of its time.
+ */
+export function computePaintBounds(box, moved = false) {
+    // A box with no rectangle of its own gives only what it holds: nothing,
+    // until a child with bounds is met.
+    const own = hasRect(box);
+    let x1 = own ? box.x : Infinity;
+    let y1 = own ? box.y : Infinity;
+    let x2 = own ? box.x + box.width : -Infinity;
+    let y2 = own ? box.y + box.height : -Infinity;
+    // How far down the content reaches, for the document's height: the
+    // border box, and every box and line under it, but not past a box that
+    // clips what it holds — where the scrollable overflow ends. Out-of-flow
+    // boxes are the layout's to count.
+    let bottom = y2;
+    // A shadow is ink past the box, and no overflow: a repaint of the strip
+    // under a card has to reach the card, and the document is no taller.
+    const shadows = own ? box.style.boxShadow : null;
+    if (shadows) {
+        for (const shadow of shadows) {
+            if (shadow.inset)
+                continue;
+            const reach = shadow.spread + shadowReach(shadow.blur);
+            x1 = Math.min(x1, box.x + shadow.x - reach);
+            y1 = Math.min(y1, box.y + shadow.y - reach);
+            x2 = Math.max(x2, box.x + box.width + shadow.x + reach);
+            y2 = Math.max(y2, box.y + box.height + shadow.y + reach);
+        }
+    }
+    // and so is an outline
+    if (own && box.style.outlineStyle !== 'none') {
+        const reach = Math.max(0, box.style.outlineOffset + box.style.outlineWidth);
+        x1 = Math.min(x1, box.x - reach);
+        y1 = Math.min(y1, box.y - reach);
+        x2 = Math.max(x2, box.x + box.width + reach);
+        y2 = Math.max(y2, box.y + box.height + reach);
+    }
+    const lines = box.lines;
+    if (lines) {
+        let tallest = 0;
+        for (const line of lines) {
             x1 = Math.min(x1, line.x);
             y1 = Math.min(y1, line.y);
             x2 = Math.max(x2, line.x + line.width);
             y2 = Math.max(y2, line.y + line.height);
-            for (const placed of line.atomics) {
-                const bounds = computePaintBounds(placed.box);
-                x1 = Math.min(x1, bounds.x);
-                y1 = Math.min(y1, bounds.y);
-                x2 = Math.max(x2, bounds.x + bounds.width);
-                y2 = Math.max(y2, bounds.y + bounds.height);
+            tallest = Math.max(tallest, line.height);
+            if (moved && SHIFTED_LINES.has(line)) {
+                // text `position: relative` moved off its line
+                for (const text of line.texts) {
+                    const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+                    if (!natural)
+                        continue;
+                    const x = text.drawX + natural.x;
+                    const y = text.drawY + natural.y;
+                    x1 = Math.min(x1, x);
+                    y1 = Math.min(y1, y);
+                    x2 = Math.max(x2, x + natural.width);
+                    y2 = Math.max(y2, y + natural.height);
+                }
             }
         }
+        box.maxLineHeight = tallest;
+        if (lines.length) {
+            const last = lines[lines.length - 1];
+            bottom = Math.max(bottom, last.y + last.height);
+        }
     }
-    if (box.markerLayout) {
+    const marker = box.marker;
+    const drawn = marker?.image ?? marker?.layout;
+    if (marker && drawn) {
         // The marker hangs in the padding to the left of the content, so it is
         // outside the border box and has to widen the ink bounds or a repaint
         // clipped to a narrow strip drops it.
-        x1 = Math.min(x1, box.markerX);
-        y1 = Math.min(y1, box.markerY);
-        x2 = Math.max(x2, box.markerX + box.markerLayout.width);
-        y2 = Math.max(y2, box.markerY + box.markerLayout.height);
+        x1 = Math.min(x1, marker.x);
+        y1 = Math.min(y1, marker.y);
+        x2 = Math.max(x2, marker.x + drawn.width);
+        y2 = Math.max(y2, marker.y + drawn.height);
     }
     for (const child of box.children) {
         if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
             continue;
-        const bounds = computePaintBounds(child);
-        x1 = Math.min(x1, bounds.x);
-        y1 = Math.min(y1, bounds.y);
-        x2 = Math.max(x2, bounds.x + bounds.width);
-        y2 = Math.max(y2, bounds.y + bounds.height);
-    }
-    box.boundsX = x1;
-    box.boundsY = y1;
-    box.boundsWidth = x2 - x1;
-    box.boundsHeight = y2 - y1;
-    if (box.lines) {
-        let tallest = 0;
-        for (const line of box.lines)
-            tallest = Math.max(tallest, line.height);
-        box.maxLineHeight = tallest;
+        // past a clamp point: nothing drawn, and no overflow (CSS Overflow 4,
+        // 5.3.1)
+        if (CLAMPED.has(child)) {
+            child.boundsX = Infinity;
+            child.boundsY = Infinity;
+            child.boundsWidth = 0;
+            child.boundsHeight = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const reach = computePaintBounds(child, moved);
+        if (!child.outOfFlow)
+            bottom = Math.max(bottom, reach);
+        if (child.boundsY === Infinity)
+            continue;
+        x1 = Math.min(x1, child.boundsX);
+        y1 = Math.min(y1, child.boundsY);
+        x2 = Math.max(x2, child.boundsX + child.boundsWidth);
+        y2 = Math.max(y2, child.boundsY + child.boundsHeight);
+    }
+    // An atomic on a line is the box's, or an inline box's in it, so the walk
+    // above has its bounds already: walked from its line as well, an
+    // inline-block in an inline-block was walked twice a level, and twenty of
+    // them took seventy milliseconds a layout.
+    if (lines) {
+        for (const line of lines) {
+            for (const placed of line.atomics) {
+                const atomic = placed.box;
+                if (atomic.boundsY === Infinity)
+                    continue;
+                x1 = Math.min(x1, atomic.boundsX);
+                y1 = Math.min(y1, atomic.boundsY);
+                x2 = Math.max(x2, atomic.boundsX + atomic.boundsWidth);
+                y2 = Math.max(y2, atomic.boundsY + atomic.boundsHeight);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (x1 === Infinity) {
+        // nothing to draw: no damage meets it, and no parent takes it in
+        box.boundsX = Infinity;
+        box.boundsY = Infinity;
+        box.boundsWidth = 0;
+        box.boundsHeight = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        box.boundsX = x1;
+        box.boundsY = y1;
+        box.boundsWidth = x2 - x1;
+        box.boundsHeight = y2 - y1;
     }
     buildChildIndexes(box);
-    return { x: x1, y: y1, width: box.boundsWidth, height: box.boundsHeight };
+    // A box with no rectangle reaches as far as what it holds, and no
+    // further: its `y` and `height` were never laid out, but moving a laid
+    // out subtree (`translate`) moves them with the rest, so they add up
+    // across passes. A flex item laid out at one width and then another had a
+    // link in it reach a document's height below its end.
+    if (!own)
+        return bottom;
+    // whether the box clips only matters where its content reaches past it,
+    // and its style is one more object a walk of every box would read
+    const end = box.y + box.height;
+    if (bottom <= end)
+        return end;
+    const style = box.style;
+    return box.parent &&
+        (style.overflowX !== 'visible' || style.overflowY !== 'visible')
+        ? end
+        : bottom;
+}
+/**
+ * Whether a box has a rectangle of its own to draw in. An inline box has
+ * none: it is drawn on its block's lines, which the block's bounds hold,
+ * and its `x`…`height` are never laid out. Nor has a table column, drawn in
+ * its cells. Taken for rectangles, their (0, 0, 0, 0) stretched every block
+ * with a link in it, and every table with a `<col>`, up to the top of the
+ * document — and a paint low in a long document went through every block
+ * above the viewport, as did a hit test during a selection drag.
+ */
+export function hasRect(box) {
+    if (box.kind === 'inline')
+        return false;
+    if (box.kind !== 'block')
+        return true;
+    const display = box.style.display;
+    return display !== 'table-column' && display !== 'table-column-group';
 }
 /** Children lists past this size get the sorted viewport index; below it a
  *  linear scan is cheaper than keeping one. */
@@ -86,14 +208,18 @@ function buildChildIndexes(box) {
     box.positionedPaint = null;
     let positioned = null;
     let paintable = 0;
+    let inner = false;
     for (const child of box.children) {
         if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
             continue;
-        if (child.outOfFlow)
+        if (child.holdsLayers)
+            inner = true;
+        if (layered(box, child))
             (positioned ??= []).push(child);
-        else
+        else if (!onLine(box, child))
             paintable += 1;
     }
+    box.holdsLayers = positioned !== null || inner;
     if (positioned) {
         // Pre-sorted once per layout instead of filtered and sorted per paint.
         positioned.sort(byZIndex);
@@ -103,9 +229,10 @@ function buildChildIndexes(box) {
         return;
     const boxes = [];
     for (const child of box.children) {
-        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break' || child.outOfFlow)
+        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
             continue;
-        boxes.push(child);
+        if (!layered(box, child) && !onLine(box, child))
+            boxes.push(child);
     }
     const order = boxes.map((_, i) => i);
     order.sort((a, b) => boxes[a].boundsY - boxes[b].boundsY);
@@ -153,47 +280,1561 @@ export function paintDocument(ctx, tree, options) {
     if (!canFill(ctx))
         return;
     ctx.save();
-    paintBox(ctx, tree.root, options);
+    const canvas = canvasBackground(tree);
+    if (canvas)
+        paintCanvas(ctx, canvas, tree.root, options);
+    paintBox(ctx, tree.root, {
+        ...options,
+        canvasSource: canvas?.source,
+        negative: tree.negative,
+    });
     ctx.restore();
 }
-function paintBox(ctx, box, options) {
-    if (!intersects(box, options))
+/**
+ * Whose background covers the canvas (CSS 2.1 14.2): the root element's,
+ * or — where `<html>` has neither a colour nor an image — the first
+ * `<body>`'s, which then paints no background of its own. A document with
+ * no `<html>` tag has the root box standing in for its root element, and a
+ * `<body>` in it is still the body: mail often starts at `<body style>`.
+ * With neither tag, the root box stands in for the body, and the `<html>`
+ * around it is implied: an `html { … }` or a `:root { … }` background, which
+ * a test's reference sets on a document with no tags at all, has no box
+ * but the canvas to be painted on. `anchor` is the box the image is
+ * positioned against: the root element's, whichever box it came from.
+ */
+function canvasBackground(tree) {
+    const root = tree.root;
+    const has = (s) => !isTransparent(s.backgroundColor) ||
+        !!s.backgroundImage ||
+        !!s.backgroundGradient ||
+        !!s.backgroundImages;
+    const implied = tree.impliedHtml;
+    if (implied) {
+        // an `<html>` that is not displayed has no background to give
+        if (implied.display === 'none')
+            return null;
+        if (has(implied))
+            return { style: implied, source: null, anchor: root };
+        // containment on either keeps the body's to the body (CSS Containment 2)
+        if (implied.contain || root.style.contain)
+            return null;
+        return has(root.style)
+            ? { style: root.style, source: root, anchor: root }
+            : null;
+    }
+    const top = childNamed(root, 'html') ?? root;
+    if (has(top.style))
+        return { style: top.style, source: top, anchor: top };
+    const body = childNamed(top, 'body');
+    if (!body || top.style.contain || body.style.contain)
+        return null;
+    return has(body.style)
+        ? { style: body.style, source: body, anchor: top }
+        : null;
+}
+/** A box's child element of that name, or one inside the anonymous boxes
+ *  it is wrapped in: a `<body>` in an `<html>` set `display: table` is in
+ *  an anonymous row and cell. */
+function childNamed(box, name) {
+    for (const child of box.children) {
+        if (child.el?.name === name)
+            return child;
+        if (!child.el) {
+            const found = childNamed(child, name);
+            if (found)
+                return found;
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+function paintCanvas(ctx, { style: source, anchor }, root, options) {
+    const whole = options.canvas ?? {
+        x: root.x + options.originX,
+        y: root.y + options.originY,
+        width: root.width,
+        height: root.height,
+    };
+    const area = clampRect(options, Math.round(whole.x), Math.round(whole.y), Math.ceil(whole.width), Math.ceil(whole.height));
+    if (!area)
         return;
+    const layers = layersOf(source) ?? [source];
+    const visible = source.visibility === 'visible';
+    for (let i = layers.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+        const style = layers[i];
+        if (!isTransparent(style.backgroundColor) && visible) {
+            ctx.fillStyle = inkColor(style.backgroundColor, style.color);
+            ctx.fillRect(area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h);
+        }
+        if (style.backgroundGradient && ctx.createLinearGradient && visible) {
+            // sized by the root element's box and repeated down the canvas, as a
+            // browser does — the stripes a short page with a gradient on its
+            // body shows — or by the viewport, where it is fixed
+            const box = style.backgroundAttachment === 'fixed' && options.canvas
+                ? options.canvas
+                : originBox(anchor, options, style);
+            paintGradient(ctx, style, style.backgroundGradient, area, snapped(box.x, box.y, box.width, box.height));
+        }
+        if (style.backgroundImage) {
+            paintBackgroundImage(ctx, style, area, originBox(anchor, options, style), options);
+        }
+    }
+}
+const LAYERS = new WeakMap();
+/**
+ * A style for each of a background's layers, top first, where it has more
+ * than one (CSS Backgrounds 3, 2.1); null where it has one, which the style
+ * itself is. Each is the box's own style with the layer's image, repeat,
+ * size, attachment and position in place of the first's — a property with
+ * fewer values than there are images taking them over again — and the
+ * colour on the bottom layer alone, which is painted first, under the
+ * others. Made once a style, so a repaint makes none.
+ */
+function layersOf(style) {
+    const images = style.backgroundImages;
+    if (!images)
+        return null;
+    let layers = LAYERS.get(style);
+    if (layers)
+        return layers;
+    const nth = (list, first, i) => list ? list[i % list.length] : first;
+    layers = images.map((image, i) => {
+        const layer = Object.create(style);
+        layer.backgroundImages = null;
+        layer.backgroundImage = typeof image === 'string' ? image : null;
+        layer.backgroundGradient = typeof image === 'string' ? null : image;
+        layer.backgroundRepeat = nth(style.backgroundRepeats, style.backgroundRepeat, i);
+        layer.backgroundSize = nth(style.backgroundSizes, style.backgroundSize, i);
+        layer.backgroundAttachment = nth(style.backgroundAttachments, style.backgroundAttachment, i);
+        layer.backgroundClip = nth(style.backgroundClips, style.backgroundClip, i);
+        layer.backgroundOrigin = nth(style.backgroundOrigins, style.backgroundOrigin, i);
+        [layer.backgroundPositionX, layer.backgroundPositionY] = nth(style.backgroundPositions, [style.backgroundPositionX, style.backgroundPositionY], i);
+        if (i < images.length - 1)
+            layer.backgroundColor = null;
+        return layer;
+    });
+    LAYERS.set(style, layers);
+    return layers;
+}
+/**
+ * A box's background: its colour and each of its layers, bottom first.
+ * `paintBackground` draws a colour and a gradient, and `image`, where a
+ * caller draws images, a layer that is one.
+ */
+function paintLayers(ctx, box, options, image) {
+    // a background painted through the text is painted with it
+    // (`paintClippedText`), and not as a box — but for what `border-area
+    // text` paints in the border as well
     const style = box.style;
-    const visible = style.visibility === 'visible';
+    if (style.backgroundClipText && style.backgroundClip !== 'border-area') {
+        return;
+    }
+    const layers = layersOf(style);
+    if (!layers) {
+        paintLayer(ctx, box, options, style, image);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (let i = layers.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+        paintLayer(ctx, box, options, layers[i], image);
+    }
+}
+function paintLayer(ctx, box, options, layer, image) {
+    // painted over the border box, inside what the border paints
+    const area = layer.backgroundClip === 'border-area';
+    if (area && !pushBorderArea(ctx, box, options))
+        return;
+    paintBackground(ctx, box, options, layer);
+    if (image && layer.backgroundImage)
+        image(layer);
+    if (area)
+        ctx.restore();
+}
+/** A box's padding box in window coordinates. */
+function paddingBox(box, options) {
+    return {
+        x: box.x + box.borderLeft + options.originX,
+        y: frameY(box) + box.borderTop + options.originY,
+        width: box.width - box.borderLeft - box.borderRight,
+        height: frameHeight(box) - box.borderTop - box.borderBottom,
+    };
+}
+/** Where a layer of a box's background is placed, in window coordinates:
+ *  the box its `background-origin` names (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.8). */
+function originBox(box, options, style) {
+    const [t, r, b, l] = edgeInsets(box, style.backgroundOrigin);
+    return {
+        x: box.x + l + options.originX,
+        y: frameY(box) + t + options.originY,
+        width: box.width - l - r,
+        height: frameHeight(box) - t - b,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Where a layer of a box's background is painted: the box its
+ * `background-clip` names (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.7), each edge on the pixel
+ * it falls nearest, as browsers snap a box — boxes that meet share the
+ * column their edge is in, and a rule 1.33px wide is one pixel, not two —
+ * with the border box's corners less the widths between (5.3), where
+ * `rounded` asks for them. Null where it has no area.
+ */
+function clipArea(box, options, style, rounded) {
+    const left = box.x + options.originX;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY;
+    const right = left + box.width;
+    const bottom = top + frameHeight(box);
+    const [t, r, b, l] = edgeInsets(box, style.backgroundClip);
+    const x = Math.round(left + l);
+    const y = Math.round(top + t);
+    const w = Math.round(right - r) - x;
+    const h = Math.round(bottom - b) - y;
+    if (!(w > 0 && h > 0))
+        return null;
+    let corners = rounded
+        ? cornersOf(style, Math.round(right) - Math.round(left), Math.round(bottom) - Math.round(top))
+        : null;
+    if (corners && (t || r || b || l)) {
+        corners = spreadCorners(corners, box.width, frameHeight(box), -t, -r, -b, -l);
+    }
+    return { x, y, w, h, corners };
+}
+/** Where a box's background and border go: its border box, which for a
+ *  table leaves out the captions around it (CSS 2.1 17.4). */
+function frameY(box) {
+    return box.y + box.captionTop;
+}
+function frameHeight(box) {
+    return box.height - box.captionTop - box.captionBottom;
+}
+function paintBox(ctx, box, options) {
+    if (!intersects(box, options) ||
+        COLLAPSED_CELLS.has(box) ||
+        CLAMPED.has(box)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // An element under full opacity is painted whole in its place, as the
+    // group it is (it is a stacking context, CSS Color 4 3.2; `inFlow`): at
+    // 0 not at all — the control a page keeps invisible until its row is
+    // hovered — and between through the context's alpha. That multiplies
+    // each thing drawn rather than the group they make, so where two of its
+    // own boxes overlap the lower shows through the upper, as a browser's
+    // group does not let it.
+    const opacity = opacityOf(box);
+    if (opacity <= 0)
+        return;
+    const fade = opacity < 1 && typeof ctx.globalAlpha === 'number';
+    if (fade) {
+        ctx.save();
+        ctx.globalAlpha = ctx.globalAlpha * opacity;
+    }
+    // `clip` shows the part of an absolutely positioned box it names, its own
+    // background and borders among it (CSS 2.1 11.1.2)
+    const clip = box.outOfFlow && box.style.clip ? clipOf(box, options) : null;
+    if (!clip || (clip.w > 0 && clip.h > 0)) {
+        const clipped = !!clip && pushClip(ctx, clip, null);
+        paintContent(ctx, box, options);
+        if (clipped)
+            ctx.restore();
+    }
+    if (fade)
+        ctx.restore();
+}
+function paintContent(ctx, box, options) {
+    const visible = box.style.visibility === 'visible';
+    if (visible)
+        paintOwnBackground(ctx, box, options);
+    // `content-visibility: hidden` skips what the box holds, its own
+    // background, borders and outline drawn (CSS Containment 2, 4)
+    if (box.style.contentVisibility === 'hidden' &&
+        box.kind !== 'replaced' &&
+        contained(box, CONTAIN_SIZE)) {
+        if (box.style.outlineStyle !== 'none')
+            paintOutline(ctx, box, options);
+        return;
+    }
+    // a stacking context's descendants with a negative `z-index`, over its
+    // background and under everything else in it (CSS 2.1 Appendix E)
+    const below = options.negative ? NEGATIVE.get(box) : undefined;
+    if (below) {
+        for (const child of below)
+            paintStacked(ctx, child, options);
+    }
     if (visible) {
-        paintBackground(ctx, box, options);
-        paintBorders(ctx, box, options);
-        if (box.markerText)
-            paintMarker(ctx, box, options);
+        if (box.marker)
+            paintMarker(ctx, box.marker, options);
         if (box.replaced === 'image')
             paintImage(ctx, box, options);
+        else if (box.replaced === 'svg')
+            paintSvg(ctx, box, options);
+    }
+    // A box that does not let its content overflow clips it to its padding
+    // box, rounded where the box is (CSS 2.1 11.1.1). Everything inside is
+    // clipped but a positioned box whose containing block is outside: that
+    // is painted once this clip is gone (`paintPositioned`).
+    let level = null;
+    const clips = clipsOverflow(box);
+    // a table's captions are outside the table box that clips, and painted
+    // before it does
+    if (clips && box.kind === 'table') {
+        for (const child of box.children) {
+            if (child.kind === 'table-caption')
+                paintBox(ctx, child, options);
+        }
+    }
+    if (clips) {
+        const { rect, radii } = clipEdge(box, options);
+        // Clipped to no area, nothing in the box shows but an absolute box
+        // whose containing block is outside it, and where it holds none what it
+        // holds is not painted at all: a menu at `max-height: 0`. Clipped to an
+        // empty rectangle instead, it was painted through a mask the size of
+        // the window, which is what an empty rectangle is to the context, built
+        // again at every restore — and a nest of them did that at every level.
+        if ((rect.w <= 0 || rect.h <= 0) && !holdsAbsolute(box)) {
+            if (box.style.outlineStyle !== 'none' && box.kind !== 'inline') {
+                paintOutline(ctx, box, options);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (pushClip(ctx, rect, radii)) {
+            level = { box, deferred: [] };
+            (options.clips ??= []).push(level);
+        }
+    }
+    // The flow this box holds, in CSS 2.1 Appendix E's order: the backgrounds
+    // and borders of its in-flow blocks, then its floats, then the lines of
+    // them all, then — where it is a stacking context — the positioned boxes
+    // in it (`stackLayers`). Painted a block at a time instead,
+    // a float was covered by the background of every block after it — the
+    // shaded paragraph beside a floated image hid the image — and a block's
+    // text by the next one's background where a negative margin overlapped
+    // them. A child that is no plain block of the flow — a table, a flex box,
+    // a box that clips, a replaced element — is painted whole in its place.
+    const floats = [];
+    paintFlowBackgrounds(ctx, box, options, floats);
+    for (const float of floats)
+        paintBox(ctx, float, options);
+    // a hidden box's text is drawn in no ink, so that a visible element's in
+    // it is drawn (`runFor`)
+    if (box.lines)
+        paintLines(ctx, box, options);
+    const outlines = [];
+    paintFlowLines(ctx, box, options, outlines);
+    // the outlines of the blocks in the flow over all of its lines, and under
+    // its positioned boxes, as browsers draw them (CSS 2.1 Appendix E, step
+    // 10 left the choice open): drawn after each block's own lines, an
+    // outline went under an inline-block the next block held
+    for (const child of outlines)
+        paintOutline(ctx, child, options);
+    if (box.collapsed && visible)
+        paintCollapsedBorders(ctx, box, options);
+    // `z-index: auto` and 0 in document order, then the positive ones
+    const stacked = STACKED.get(box);
+    if (stacked)
+        for (const child of stacked)
+            paintStacked(ctx, child, options);
+    if (level) {
+        ctx.restore();
+        options.clips.pop();
+        for (const child of level.deferred)
+            paintPositioned(ctx, child, options);
+    }
+    // over all of it, outside the box's own clip; an inline box's is drawn a
+    // fragment at a time, on its lines
+    if (box.style.outlineStyle !== 'none' && box.kind !== 'inline') {
+        paintOutline(ctx, box, options);
+    }
+}
+/** A box's own background, background image and borders, and a table's
+ *  parts' backgrounds; a row or a row group paints none of its own. */
+function paintOwnBackground(ctx, box, options) {
+    // A row or a row group paints nothing of its own: its background is
+    // painted in its cells' areas with the table's (`paintPartBackgrounds`),
+    // and its borders are the collapsed grid's or none (CSS 2.1 17.6.1)
+    if (box.kind === 'table-row' || box.kind === 'table-row-group')
+        return;
+    if (hidden(box))
+        return;
+    const style = box.style;
+    if (style.boxShadow)
+        paintShadows(ctx, box, options, false);
+    if (box !== options.canvasSource) {
+        paintLayers(ctx, box, options, frameImages(ctx, box, options));
+    }
+    if (style.boxShadow)
+        paintShadows(ctx, box, options, true);
+    if (!box.bordersCollapsed && !paintBorderImage(ctx, box, options)) {
+        paintBorders(ctx, box, options);
+    }
+    if (box.kind === 'table')
+        paintPartBackgrounds(ctx, box, options);
+}
+/**
+ * How `paintLayers` draws a frame's image layers: each in the area its
+ * `background-clip` names, from the box its `background-origin` names
+ * (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.7 and 3.8) — a block's, or an inline box's
+ * fragment's, whose background is its images as much as its colour.
+ */
+function frameImages(ctx, frame, options) {
+    return (layer) => {
+        const painted = clipArea(frame, options, layer, true);
+        const area = painted && clampRect(options, painted.x, painted.y, painted.w, painted.h);
+        if (area) {
+            paintBackgroundImage(ctx, layer, area, originBox(frame, options, layer), options, painted.corners);
+        }
+    };
+}
+/** How far past its shape a shadow's blur shows: three standard deviations,
+ *  the blur being two (CSS Backgrounds 3, 7.1.1). */
+function shadowReach(blur) {
+    return blur > 0 ? Math.ceil(blur * 1.5) : 0;
+}
+const SQUARE = { x: [0, 0, 0, 0], y: [0, 0, 0, 0] };
+/** Corners shrunk by `by` — an inner shadow's spread — or grown where it
+ *  is negative; a square corner stays square. */
+function grownCorners(c, by) {
+    const grow = (r) => (r > 0 ? Math.max(0, r + by) : 0);
+    return {
+        x: [grow(c.x[0]), grow(c.x[1]), grow(c.x[2]), grow(c.x[3])],
+        y: [grow(c.y[0]), grow(c.y[1]), grow(c.y[2]), grow(c.y[3])],
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * One dimension of a corner's radius moved out by `by`, or in where it is
+ * negative (CSS Backgrounds 3, 4.2, the outset-adjusted border radius): a
+ * radius small beside the outset grows by less than it, and the less the
+ * rounder the corner already is — `coverage` is how much of the box's side
+ * its two corners take, 1 for an ellipse — so a small rounded corner on a
+ * big outset stays nearly square and a circle stays a circle.
+ */
+function spreadRadius(radius, by, coverage) {
+    if (by <= 0)
+        return radius + by;
+    if (radius > by || coverage > 1)
+        return radius + by;
+    return radius + by * (1 - (1 - radius / by) ** 3 * (1 - coverage ** 3));
+}
+/**
+ * A box's shadows (CSS Backgrounds 3, 7.1), the outer ones under its
+ * background and the inset ones over it, back to front. A shadow with no
+ * blur is a shape of one colour, and one that only spreads, the ring
+ * Tailwind's `ring-*` draws a border with, is the band between two shapes.
+ * A blurred one is the context's shadow of a shape drawn clear of the
+ * window, so only the shadow lands: ntk bakes and caches the blur, and
+ * CoreGraphics draws it. An outer shadow is not drawn under its box, which
+ * the box's own opaque colour usually sees to; where it does not, the
+ * shadow is clipped out of the box, a clip the size of the window on X11.
+ * An inset one is clipped to the padding box.
+ */
+function paintShadows(ctx, box, options, inset) {
+    const shadows = box.style.boxShadow;
+    if (!ctx.beginPath || !ctx.fill || !ctx.roundRect)
+        return;
+    const style = box.style;
+    const left = box.x + options.originX;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY;
+    const rect = snapped(left, top, box.width, frameHeight(box));
+    if (!(rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0))
+        return;
+    const corners = cornersOf(style, rect.width, rect.height) ?? SQUARE;
+    const canShadow = 'shadowBlur' in ctx;
+    if (!inset) {
+        const bg = style.backgroundColor;
+        const covered = !!bg && !isTransparent(bg) && alphaOf(inkColor(bg, style.color)) === 1;
+        for (let i = shadows.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+            const s = shadows[i];
+            if (s.inset || (s.blur > 0 && !canShadow))
+                continue;
+            const shape = {
+                x: rect.x + s.x - s.spread,
+                y: rect.y + s.y - s.spread,
+                width: rect.width + 2 * s.spread,
+                height: rect.height + 2 * s.spread,
+            };
+            if (!(shape.width > 0 && shape.height > 0))
+                continue;
+            const reach = shadowReach(s.blur);
+            if (!clampRect(options, shape.x - reach, shape.y - reach, shape.width + 2 * reach, shape.height + 2 * reach)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Cut, as a background is (`clampRect`), to what the paint reaches
+            // and as far again as the blur does, so the cut edges cast nothing
+            // on it. A shadow down a box thousands of pixels tall went to the
+            // server whole, and its outline, sent in 16.16 fixed point, threw.
+            const within = reach + CLAMP_PAD;
+            const cut = clampAround(options, shape, within);
+            if (!cut)
+                continue;
+            Object.assign(shape, cut);
+            const own = clampAround(options, rect, within) ?? rect;
+            const around = spreadCorners(corners, rect.width, rect.height, s.spread, s.spread, s.spread, s.spread) ?? SQUARE;
+            const color = inkColor(s.color, style.color);
+            if (!(s.blur > 0) && !s.x && !s.y && s.spread >= 0 && !covered) {
+                // a ring about the box: the band between it and the spread
+                ctx.fillStyle = color;
+                fillRing(ctx, shape, around, own, corners);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!(s.blur > 0) && covered) {
+                // a hard shadow, under a box that hides what falls under it
+                fillShadow(ctx, s, color, (dx) => {
+                    roundedRect(ctx, shape.x - dx, shape.y, shape.width, shape.height, around);
+                }, 0);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (bakedOuter(ctx, options, s, color, shape, around, covered ? null : { rect: own, corners })) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // what of the shadow falls under the box is not drawn
+            const clipped = !covered && ctx.clip && ctx.rect && ctx.save;
+            if (clipped) {
+                ctx.save();
+                ctx.beginPath();
+                ctx.rect(shape.x - reach - 1, shape.y - reach - 1, shape.width + 2 * reach + 2, shape.height + 2 * reach + 2);
+                roundedRect(ctx, own.x, own.y, own.width, own.height, corners, true, true);
+                ctx.clip();
+            }
+            fillShadow(ctx, s, color, (dx) => {
+                roundedRect(ctx, shape.x - dx, shape.y, shape.width, shape.height, around);
+            }, shape.x + shape.width + reach);
+            if (clipped)
+                ctx.restore();
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    // the padding box, which an inset shadow falls inside
+    const pad = {
+        x: rect.x + box.borderLeft,
+        y: rect.y + box.borderTop,
+        width: rect.width - box.borderLeft - box.borderRight,
+        height: rect.height - box.borderTop - box.borderBottom,
+    };
+    if (!(pad.width > 0 && pad.height > 0))
+        return;
+    if (!clampRect(options, pad.x, pad.y, pad.width, pad.height))
+        return;
+    // cut as an outer shadow is, by as far as any of them reaches: what is
+    // cast from beside a cut edge falls short of what the paint reaches
+    let furthest = 0;
+    for (const s of shadows) {
+        if (s.inset) {
+            furthest = Math.max(furthest, shadowReach(s.blur) + Math.abs(s.x) + Math.abs(s.y) + 1);
+        }
+    }
+    const padCut = clampAround(options, pad, furthest + CLAMP_PAD);
+    if (!padCut)
+        return;
+    Object.assign(pad, padCut);
+    const inner = insetCorners(corners, box.borderTop, box.borderRight, box.borderBottom, box.borderLeft);
+    for (let i = shadows.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+        const s = shadows[i];
+        if (!s.inset || (s.blur > 0 && !canShadow))
+            continue;
+        const color = inkColor(s.color, style.color);
+        // the hole the shadow is cast around, moved and shrunk by the spread
+        const hole = {
+            x: pad.x + s.x + s.spread,
+            y: pad.y + s.y + s.spread,
+            width: Math.max(0, pad.width - 2 * s.spread),
+            height: Math.max(0, pad.height - 2 * s.spread),
+        };
+        const within = grownCorners(inner, -s.spread);
+        if (!(s.blur > 0) && !s.x && !s.y && s.spread >= 0) {
+            // Tailwind's `ring-inset`: a band inside the padding edge
+            ctx.fillStyle = color;
+            fillRing(ctx, pad, inner, hole, within);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (bakedInset(ctx, options, s, color, pad, inner, hole, within))
+            continue;
+        if (!ctx.clip || !ctx.save || !ctx.rect)
+            continue;
+        ctx.save();
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        roundedRect(ctx, pad.x, pad.y, pad.width, pad.height, inner);
+        ctx.clip();
+        // a frame around the hole, as wide as the blur and the offset reach
+        const reach = shadowReach(s.blur) + Math.abs(s.x) + Math.abs(s.y) + 1;
+        const frame = {
+            x: pad.x - reach,
+            y: pad.y - reach,
+            width: pad.width + 2 * reach,
+            height: pad.height + 2 * reach,
+        };
+        fillShadow(ctx, s, color, (dx) => {
+            ctx.rect(frame.x - dx, frame.y, frame.width, frame.height);
+            if (hole.width > 0 && hole.height > 0) {
+                roundedRect(ctx, hole.x - dx, hole.y, hole.width, hole.height, within, true, true);
+            }
+        }, frame.x + frame.width + shadowReach(s.blur));
+        ctx.restore();
+    }
+}
+/** Corners as part of a key. */
+function cornerKey(c) {
+    return `${c.x.join(',')}/${c.y.join(',')}`;
+}
+/**
+ * An outer shadow drawn once on a surface of its own and composited: the
+ * shape's shadow, and where `box` is given the box cut out of it — so a box
+ * that shows what is behind it shows no shadow there, with the clip on the
+ * small surface rather than the window. False where there is no surface.
+ */
+function bakedOuter(ctx, options, s, color, shape, around, box) {
+    if (!options.cached || !ctx.drawImage)
+        return false;
+    const reach = shadowReach(s.blur) + 1;
+    const x0 = Math.floor(shape.x) - reach;
+    const y0 = Math.floor(shape.y) - reach;
+    const w = Math.ceil(shape.x + shape.width) + reach - x0;
+    const h = Math.ceil(shape.y + shape.height) + reach - y0;
+    const sx = shape.x - x0;
+    const sy = shape.y - y0;
+    const cut = box && {
+        x: box.rect.x - x0,
+        y: box.rect.y - y0,
+        width: box.rect.width,
+        height: box.rect.height,
+    };
+    const key = [
+        'shadow',
+        w,
+        h,
+        sx,
+        sy,
+        shape.width,
+        shape.height,
+        cornerKey(around),
+        s.blur,
+        color,
+        cut
+            ? `${cut.x},${cut.y},${cut.width},${cut.height},${cornerKey(box.corners)}`
+            : '',
+    ].join('|');
+    const image = options.cached(key, w, h, (sctx) => {
+        if (cut) {
+            sctx.save();
+            sctx.beginPath();
+            sctx.rect(0, 0, w, h);
+            roundedRect(sctx, cut.x, cut.y, cut.width, cut.height, box.corners, true, true);
+            sctx.clip();
+        }
+        fillShadow(sctx, s, color, (dx) => {
+            roundedRect(sctx, sx - dx, sy, shape.width, shape.height, around);
+        }, sx + shape.width + reach);
+        if (cut)
+            sctx.restore();
+    });
+    if (!image)
+        return false;
+    ctx.drawImage(image, x0, y0);
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * An inset shadow drawn once on a surface the size of the padding box and
+ * composited: a frame around the hole, whose shadow falls inside, clipped
+ * to the padding box's corners on the surface. False where there is none.
+ */
+function bakedInset(ctx, options, s, color, pad, inner, hole, within) {
+    if (!options.cached || !ctx.drawImage)
+        return false;
+    const w = Math.round(pad.width);
+    const h = Math.round(pad.height);
+    const hx = hole.x - pad.x;
+    const hy = hole.y - pad.y;
+    const reach = shadowReach(s.blur) + Math.abs(s.x) + Math.abs(s.y) + 1;
+    const key = [
+        'inset',
+        w,
+        h,
+        cornerKey(inner),
+        hx,
+        hy,
+        hole.width,
+        hole.height,
+        cornerKey(within),
+        s.blur,
+        color,
+    ].join('|');
+    const image = options.cached(key, w, h, (sctx) => {
+        sctx.save();
+        sctx.beginPath();
+        roundedRect(sctx, 0, 0, w, h, inner);
+        sctx.clip();
+        fillShadow(sctx, s, color, (dx) => {
+            sctx.rect(-reach - dx, -reach, w + 2 * reach, h + 2 * reach);
+            if (hole.width > 0 && hole.height > 0) {
+                roundedRect(sctx, hx - dx, hy, hole.width, hole.height, within, true, true);
+            }
+        }, w + reach + shadowReach(s.blur));
+        sctx.restore();
+    });
+    if (!image)
+        return false;
+    ctx.drawImage(image, pad.x, pad.y);
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * Fill a shadow's shape: in its colour where it has no blur, and otherwise
+ * as the context's shadow of the shape drawn `dx` to the left — clear of
+ * the window, its right edge at `right` before the move — with the shadow
+ * offset back by as much, so that only the shadow lands.
+ */
+function fillShadow(ctx, s, color, shape, right) {
+    if (!(s.blur > 0)) {
+        ctx.fillStyle = color;
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        shape(0);
+        ctx.fill();
+        return;
+    }
+    const dx = Math.ceil(right) + 1;
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.shadowColor = color;
+    ctx.shadowBlur = s.blur;
+    ctx.shadowOffsetX = dx;
+    ctx.shadowOffsetY = 0;
+    ctx.fillStyle = '#000000';
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    shape(dx);
+    ctx.fill();
+    ctx.restore();
+}
+/**
+ * The band between two rounded rectangles, the inner inside the outer, in
+ * the colour already set. Where a side has no band the two edges meet, and
+ * they have to be drawn one way to cancel: two `roundRect`s under the
+ * even-odd rule, or two paths of curves, the inside run backwards under
+ * the non-zero rule — ntk leaves a hairline along a curve drawn twice the
+ * same way, and an arc beside a curve never quite meets it.
+ */
+function fillRing(ctx, outer, outerCorners, inner, innerCorners) {
+    const curves = canCurve(ctx) &&
+        (!circlesFit(outerCorners, outer.width, outer.height) ||
+            !circlesFit(innerCorners, inner.width, inner.height));
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    roundedRect(ctx, outer.x, outer.y, outer.width, outer.height, outerCorners, curves);
+    if (inner.width > 0 && inner.height > 0) {
+        roundedRect(ctx, inner.x, inner.y, inner.width, inner.height, innerCorners, curves, true);
     }
-    // In-flow and floated descendants first, then the inline content, then the
-    // positioned ones — a flattening of CSS's painting order that is right for
-    // everything short of a document that puts a negative z-index under its own
-    // parent's background.
+    ctx.fill(curves ? 'nonzero' : 'evenodd');
+}
+/** The children of a box a paint may reach, in document order: where the
+ *  box keeps a viewport index, those whose ink meets the damage — which
+ *  leaves its positioned children out, for `positionedPaint` to give. */
+function paintedChildren(box, options) {
+    // a flex box's in the order it laid them out
+    const ordered = PAINT_ORDER.get(box);
+    if (ordered)
+        return ordered;
     const damage = options.damage;
-    if (box.paintIndex && damage) {
-        for (const child of queryChildIndex(box.paintIndex, damage.y - options.originY, damage.y + damage.height - options.originY)) {
-            paintBox(ctx, child, options);
+    if (!box.paintIndex || !damage)
+        return box.children;
+    return queryChildIndex(box.paintIndex, damage.y - options.originY, damage.y + damage.height - options.originY);
+}
+/** Whether a child is a plain block of its parent's flow, whose background
+ *  goes with the flow's and whose lines with its lines: an in-flow block
+ *  that clips nothing, is fully opaque and is no stacking context holding
+ *  a negative `z-index`, in a parent that is no flex box, where an item is
+ *  painted whole (CSS Flexbox 5.4). */
+function inFlow(parent, child, options) {
+    if (child.kind !== 'block' || parent.kind === 'flex')
+        return false;
+    if (options.negative && NEGATIVE.has(child))
+        return false;
+    const style = child.style;
+    return (style.overflowX === 'visible' &&
+        style.overflowY === 'visible' &&
+        opacityOf(child) >= 1 &&
+        // containment makes it a stacking context, painted whole
+        !contained(child, CONTAIN_LAYOUT | CONTAIN_PAINT));
+}
+/** How opaque a box is drawn: its own `opacity`, and the one it takes from
+ *  an inline box it broke in pieces (`FADED_BLOCKS`). */
+function opacityOf(box) {
+    const taken = FADED_BLOCKS.get(box);
+    return taken === undefined ? box.style.opacity : box.style.opacity * taken;
+}
+/** Whether a child is a flex box of its parent's flow — or a grid — that
+ *  clips nothing and is no stacking context holding a negative `z-index`:
+ *  its background and borders go with the flow's backgrounds, in the
+ *  document's order, and its items with the flow's lines, each painted
+ *  whole as an inline block is (CSS 2.1 Appendix E, CSS Flexbox 5.4).
+ *  Painted whole in its place, its background covered a block after it
+ *  that a negative margin drew up over it. */
+function flowFlex(parent, child, options) {
+    if (child.kind !== 'flex' || parent.kind === 'flex')
+        return false;
+    if (options.negative && NEGATIVE.has(child))
+        return false;
+    const style = child.style;
+    return (style.overflowX === 'visible' &&
+        style.overflowY === 'visible' &&
+        !(child.outOfFlow && style.clip) &&
+        !contained(child, CONTAIN_LAYOUT | CONTAIN_PAINT));
+}
+/**
+ * The first pass over a box's flow: each plain block's background and
+ * borders, in document order and at any depth, while the floats met on the
+ * way are kept for their own pass, and the positioned boxes are left to
+ * the stacking context that paints them (`stackLayers`). A child that is
+ * no plain block is left for the last pass, where it is painted whole
+ * among the lines: its text is text, over every block background, and it
+ * stands beside the floats rather than under them.
+ */
+function paintFlowBackgrounds(ctx, box, options, floats) {
+    for (const child of paintedChildren(box, options)) {
+        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
+            continue;
+        if (layered(box, child) || onLine(box, child))
+            continue;
+        if (CLAMPED.has(child))
+            continue;
+        if (child.isFloat) {
+            floats.push(child);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (flowFlex(box, child, options)) {
+            if (child.style.visibility === 'visible' && intersects(child, options)) {
+                paintOwnBackground(ctx, child, options);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!inFlow(box, child, options) || !intersects(child, options))
+            continue;
+        if (child.style.visibility === 'visible') {
+            paintOwnBackground(ctx, child, options);
         }
+        paintFlowBackgrounds(ctx, child, options, floats);
     }
-    else {
-        for (const child of box.children) {
-            if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
+}
+/** The last pass over a box's flow: the plain blocks' markers and lines,
+ *  and the children painted whole, in document order and at any depth,
+ *  over the floats. */
+function paintFlowLines(ctx, box, options, outlines) {
+    for (const child of paintedChildren(box, options)) {
+        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
+            continue;
+        if (layered(box, child) || onLine(box, child) || child.isFloat)
+            continue;
+        if (CLAMPED.has(child))
+            continue;
+        if (flowFlex(box, child, options)) {
+            if (!intersects(child, options))
                 continue;
-            if (child.outOfFlow)
+            // its items, each whole, in `order` — one `float` makes no float of
+            for (const item of paintedChildren(child, options)) {
+                if (item.kind === 'text' || item.kind === 'break')
+                    continue;
+                if (layered(child, item) || CLAMPED.has(item))
+                    continue;
+                paintBox(ctx, item, options);
+            }
+            if (child.style.outlineStyle !== 'none')
+                outlines.push(child);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!inFlow(box, child, options)) {
+            // a clipping table's captions were painted before its clip
+            if (child.kind === 'table-caption' && clipsOverflow(box))
                 continue;
             paintBox(ctx, child, options);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!intersects(child, options))
+            continue;
+        if (child.marker && child.style.visibility === 'visible') {
+            paintMarker(ctx, child.marker, options);
+        }
+        if (child.lines)
+            paintLines(ctx, child, options);
+        paintFlowLines(ctx, child, options, outlines);
+        // an inline box's is drawn a fragment at a time, on its lines
+        if (child.style.outlineStyle !== 'none' && child.kind !== 'inline') {
+            outlines.push(child);
         }
     }
-    if (box.lines && visible)
-        paintLines(ctx, box, options);
-    if (box.positionedPaint) {
-        for (const child of box.positionedPaint)
-            paintBox(ctx, child, options);
+}
+/** Where a box that clips its overflow clips it: on the pixels its own
+ *  background covers, inside its borders. Rounded out to whole pixels
+ *  instead, a box at a fractional position showed a row of what it clips
+ *  beyond its background's edge. */
+function overflowClip(box, options) {
+    const left = box.x + options.originX;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY;
+    const x = Math.round(left);
+    const y = Math.round(top);
+    return {
+        x: x + box.borderLeft,
+        y: y + box.borderTop,
+        w: Math.round(left + box.width) - x - box.borderLeft - box.borderRight,
+        h: Math.round(top + frameHeight(box)) - y - box.borderTop - box.borderBottom,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * The edge a box that clips cuts what it holds at: its padding box where it
+ * scrolls, and for `overflow: clip` and paint containment its overflow clip
+ * edge — the box `overflow-clip-margin` names moved out by its length, or
+ * in where that is negative (CSS Overflow 4, 3.2). Its corners are the
+ * padding box's moved out as a spread moves them, which is what browsers
+ * draw where the text measures from the border edge. Along an axis it lets
+ * overflow show, nothing is cut.
+ */
+function clipEdge(box, options) {
+    const style = box.style;
+    const painted = contained(box, CONTAIN_PAINT);
+    if (scrolls(style) ||
+        (!painted && style.overflowX !== 'clip' && style.overflowY !== 'clip')) {
+        return { rect: overflowClip(box, options), radii: innerRadii(box) };
+    }
+    // From the padding box, as a browser draws it: out to the box the
+    // margin is from and then by the margin, its rounded corners moving out
+    // with it as a spread moves them
+    const margin = style.overflowClipMargin * (options.scale ?? 1);
+    const bt = box.borderTop;
+    const br = box.borderRight;
+    const bb = box.borderBottom;
+    const bl = box.borderLeft;
+    const [it, ir, ib, il] = edgeInsets(box, style.overflowClipBox);
+    const t = bt - it + margin;
+    const r = br - ir + margin;
+    const b = bb - ib + margin;
+    const l = bl - il + margin;
+    const left = box.x + options.originX + bl;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY + bt;
+    const width = box.width - bl - br;
+    const height = frameHeight(box) - bt - bb;
+    let x = Math.round(left - l);
+    let y = Math.round(top - t);
+    let w = Math.round(left + width + r) - x;
+    let h = Math.round(top + height + b) - y;
+    const corners = cornersOf(style, box.width, frameHeight(box));
+    let radii = corners
+        ? spreadCorners(insetCorners(corners, bt, br, bb, bl), width, height, t, r, b, l)
+        : null;
+    const openX = !painted && style.overflowX === 'visible';
+    const openY = !painted && style.overflowY === 'visible';
+    if (openX || openY) {
+        // as far as the damage reaches, or the coordinates a clip can carry
+        const damage = options.damage;
+        radii = null;
+        if (openX) {
+            x = damage ? damage.x - CLAMP_PAD : -COORD_LIMIT;
+            w = damage ? damage.width + 2 * CLAMP_PAD : 2 * COORD_LIMIT;
+        }
+        if (openY) {
+            y = damage ? damage.y - CLAMP_PAD : -COORD_LIMIT;
+            h = damage ? damage.height + 2 * CLAMP_PAD : 2 * COORD_LIMIT;
+        }
+    }
+    return { rect: { x, y, w, h }, radii };
+}
+/**
+ * The corners of a box `width` by `height` moved out by each side's
+ * distance, or in where it is negative (`spreadRadius`) — an outer
+ * shadow's spread, an overflow clip edge; a square corner stays square,
+ * and so does one that comes to nothing either way. Null where none is
+ * left rounded.
+ */
+function spreadCorners(c, width, height, top, right, bottom, left) {
+    const x = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    const y = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    let rounded = false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+        if (!(c.x[i] > 0 && c.y[i] > 0))
+            continue;
+        const coverage = 2 * Math.min(c.x[i] / width, c.y[i] / height);
+        const rx = spreadRadius(c.x[i], i === 0 || i === 3 ? left : right, coverage);
+        const ry = spreadRadius(c.y[i], i < 2 ? top : bottom, coverage);
+        if (!(rx > 0 && ry > 0))
+            continue;
+        x[i] = rx;
+        y[i] = ry;
+        rounded = true;
+    }
+    return rounded ? { x, y } : null;
+}
+/** How far in from a box's border box the box a `<visual-box>` names is:
+ *  top, right, bottom and left — none for `border-area`, whose layer is
+ *  painted over the border box inside what the border paints. */
+function edgeInsets(box, which) {
+    if (which === 'border-box' || which === 'border-area')
+        return NO_INSETS;
+    const t = box.borderTop;
+    const r = box.borderRight;
+    const b = box.borderBottom;
+    const l = box.borderLeft;
+    if (which === 'padding-box')
+        return [t, r, b, l];
+    return [
+        t + (box.padTop ?? 0),
+        r + (box.padRight ?? 0),
+        b + (box.padBottom ?? 0),
+        l + (box.padLeft ?? 0),
+    ];
+}
+const NO_INSETS = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+/**
+ * A positioned box, painted under the clips of the boxes its containing
+ * block is inside and no others (CSS 2.1 11.1.1): a clip it escapes puts
+ * it off until that clip ends. A fixed box escapes them all.
+ */
+function paintPositioned(ctx, box, options) {
+    const clips = options.clips;
+    if (clips?.length && box.outOfFlow) {
+        let escaped = clips.length;
+        const containing = containingBlockOf(box);
+        if (containing) {
+            escaped = 0;
+            for (let i = clips.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+                if (holds(clips[i].box, containing))
+                    break;
+                escaped += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (escaped > 0) {
+            clips[clips.length - escaped].deferred.push(box);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    paintBox(ctx, box, options);
+}
+/**
+ * The box an out-of-flow box is positioned in, whose clips are the ones it
+ * is under (`paintPositioned`, and the hit test's `deepestAt`): its nearest
+ * positioned or translated ancestor, or the root. Null for a fixed box,
+ * which is under none.
+ */
+export function containingBlockOf(box) {
+    if (box.style.position === 'fixed')
+        return null;
+    let containing = box.parent;
+    while (containing?.parent &&
+        containing.style.position === 'static' &&
+        !containing.style.translate &&
+        !containing.style.transformTranslate) {
+        containing = containing.parent;
+    }
+    return containing;
+}
+/** Whether anything in a box is positioned out of the flow, which may be
+ *  outside the box's clip; kept for the tree's life. */
+export function holdsAbsolute(box) {
+    let holds = HOLDS_ABSOLUTE.get(box);
+    if (holds === undefined) {
+        holds = false;
+        for (const child of box.children) {
+            if (child.outOfFlow || holdsAbsolute(child)) {
+                holds = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        HOLDS_ABSOLUTE.set(box, holds);
+    }
+    return holds;
+}
+const HOLDS_ABSOLUTE = new WeakMap();
+/** Whether `inner` is `outer` or inside it. */
+export function holds(outer, inner) {
+    for (let at = inner; at; at = at.parent)
+        if (at === outer)
+            return true;
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Whether a box clips its content: `overflow` other than `visible`, on a
+ * block container (CSS 2.1 11.1.1) — not a table, a row or a row group.
+ * The root element's `overflow` is the viewport's, and so is the
+ * `<body>`'s where the root's is `visible`, an `<html>` the markup left out
+ * among them; the viewport here is the element, which clips anyway.
+ */
+export function clipsOverflow(box) {
+    if (CLIPPED_CELLS.has(box))
+        return true;
+    const style = box.style;
+    if (style.overflowX === 'visible' &&
+        style.overflowY === 'visible' &&
+        // paint containment clips as `overflow: clip` does (CSS Containment
+        // 2, 3.5)
+        !contained(box, CONTAIN_PAINT)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const parent = box.parent;
+    if (!parent)
+        return false;
+    switch (box.kind) {
+        case 'block':
+        case 'table-cell':
+        case 'table-caption':
+        case 'flex':
+        // the table box, its captions outside it (the CSS 2.1 errata, 11.1.1)
+        case 'table':
+            break;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+    const name = box.el?.name;
+    if (name === 'html')
+        return false;
+    if (name === 'body') {
+        if (parent.el?.name !== 'html')
+            return !!parent.parent;
+        // where the root's `overflow` is `visible`, the body's is the
+        // viewport's — but not where either has any containment (CSS
+        // Containment 2), which keeps it the body's own
+        return (parent.style.overflowX !== 'visible' ||
+            parent.style.overflowY !== 'visible' ||
+            !!parent.style.contain ||
+            !!box.style.contain);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+/** A box's `clip` region, in window coordinates. */
+function clipOf(box, options) {
+    const clip = box.style.clip;
+    const left = clip.left ?? 0;
+    const top = clip.top ?? 0;
+    const right = clip.right ?? box.width;
+    const bottom = clip.bottom ?? box.height;
+    const x = Math.round(box.x + options.originX + left);
+    const y = Math.round(box.y + options.originY + top);
+    return {
+        x,
+        y,
+        w: Math.round(box.x + options.originX + right) - x,
+        h: Math.round(box.y + options.originY + bottom) - y,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * The radii of a box's padding edge — its border radii less the borders —
+ * for a clip, or null where a rectangle clips the same: padding at least a
+ * corner's radius on both of its sides keeps the content box clear of the
+ * corner, so only content overflowing it both ways at once could tell them
+ * apart. A rounded clip is a mask the size of the window on X11, and a code
+ * block — rounded, padded, `overflow: hidden` — had one made for every
+ * paint.
+ */
+function innerRadii(box) {
+    const corners = cornersOf(box.style, box.width, frameHeight(box));
+    if (!corners)
+        return null;
+    const inner = insetCorners(corners, box.borderTop, box.borderRight, box.borderBottom, box.borderLeft);
+    const { x, y } = inner;
+    if (box.padLeft >= x[0] &&
+        box.padTop >= y[0] &&
+        box.padRight >= x[1] &&
+        box.padTop >= y[1] &&
+        box.padRight >= x[2] &&
+        box.padBottom >= y[2] &&
+        box.padLeft >= x[3] &&
+        box.padBottom >= y[3]) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return inner;
+}
+/** The corners of a box's content edge, inside its borders and padding;
+ *  null where every one of them is square. */
+function contentCorners(box) {
+    const corners = cornersOf(box.style, box.width, frameHeight(box));
+    if (!corners)
+        return null;
+    const inner = insetCorners(corners, box.borderTop + box.padTop, box.borderRight + box.padRight, box.borderBottom + box.padBottom, box.borderLeft + box.padLeft);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+        if (inner.x[i] > 0 && inner.y[i] > 0)
+            return inner;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+/**
+ * The radii of a box's corners in pixels (CSS Backgrounds 3, 5.1): a
+ * percentage is of the box's width across and of its height down, a corner
+ * with either radius nought is square, and where the two on a side would
+ * overlap all eight are reduced together (5.5) — which is what makes `50%`
+ * an ellipse and `calc(infinity * 1px)` a pill. Null where every corner is
+ * square, which is almost every box and the first thing asked.
+ */
+function cornersOf(style, w, h) {
+    const across = style.borderRadius;
+    const down = style.borderRadiusY;
+    if (down === null &&
+        across[0] === 0 &&
+        across[1] === 0 &&
+        across[2] === 0 &&
+        across[3] === 0) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const vertical = down ?? across;
+    const x = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    const y = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    let rounded = false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+        const rx = resolve(across[i], w);
+        const ry = resolve(vertical[i], h);
+        if (!(rx > 0 && ry > 0))
+            continue;
+        x[i] = rx;
+        y[i] = ry;
+        rounded = true;
+    }
+    if (!rounded)
+        return null;
+    let f = 1;
+    const fit = (side, sum) => {
+        if (sum > side)
+            f = Math.min(f, Math.max(0, side) / sum);
+    };
+    fit(w, x[0] + x[1]);
+    fit(h, y[1] + y[2]);
+    fit(w, x[2] + x[3]);
+    fit(h, y[3] + y[0]);
+    if (f < 1) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+            x[i] *= f;
+            y[i] *= f;
+        }
+    }
+    return { x, y };
+}
+/** The corners of an edge inside a box's outer one — its padding edge,
+ *  inside its borders: each radius less the width of the border across it
+ *  (CSS Backgrounds 3, 5.2), and square where that leaves none. */
+function insetCorners(c, top, right, bottom, left) {
+    const x = [
+        Math.max(0, c.x[0] - left),
+        Math.max(0, c.x[1] - right),
+        Math.max(0, c.x[2] - right),
+        Math.max(0, c.x[3] - left),
+    ];
+    const y = [
+        Math.max(0, c.y[0] - top),
+        Math.max(0, c.y[1] - top),
+        Math.max(0, c.y[2] - bottom),
+        Math.max(0, c.y[3] - bottom),
+    ];
+    return { x, y };
+}
+/** How far along a quarter ellipse's radius its Bézier handles reach. */
+const KAPPA = 0.5522847498307936;
+/**
+ * Whether `roundRect` draws these corners as CSS has them: every one a
+ * circle, and none more than half the shorter side — the Cocoa context's
+ * clamps each corner to that on its own, where CSS reduces them together.
+ */
+function circlesFit(c, w, h) {
+    const [a, b, d, e] = c.x;
+    const [p, q, r, t] = c.y;
+    return (a === p &&
+        b === q &&
+        d === r &&
+        e === t &&
+        Math.max(a, b, d, e) <= Math.min(w, h) / 2);
+}
+/** Whether the context builds a path of curves, as both backends' do. */
+function canCurve(ctx) {
+    return !!(ctx.moveTo && ctx.lineTo && ctx.bezierCurveTo && ctx.closePath);
+}
+/**
+ * A rectangle with rounded corners, added to the path being built as a
+ * subpath of its own: `roundRect` where its circles fit, which ntk fills
+ * quickest, and four curves where they do not — an ellipse, which the
+ * Cocoa context's `roundRect` cannot draw at all. `curves` asks for the
+ * curves regardless, and `reverse` has them run anticlockwise, which is
+ * how a hole is cut in the subpath around it.
+ */
+function roundedRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, c, curves = !circlesFit(c, w, h), reverse = false) {
+    const [a, b, d, e] = c.x;
+    const [p, q, r, t] = c.y;
+    if (!curves || !canCurve(ctx)) {
+        ctx.roundRect(x, y, w, h, [
+            Math.min(a, p),
+            Math.min(b, q),
+            Math.min(d, r),
+            Math.min(e, t),
+        ]);
+        return;
+    }
+    const k = 1 - KAPPA;
+    const right = x + w;
+    const bottom = y + h;
+    const moveTo = ctx.moveTo.bind(ctx);
+    const lineTo = ctx.lineTo.bind(ctx);
+    const curveTo = ctx.bezierCurveTo.bind(ctx);
+    if (!reverse) {
+        moveTo(x + a, y);
+        lineTo(right - b, y);
+        curveTo(right - b * k, y, right, y + q * k, right, y + q);
+        lineTo(right, bottom - r);
+        curveTo(right, bottom - r * k, right - d * k, bottom, right - d, bottom);
+        lineTo(x + e, bottom);
+        curveTo(x + e * k, bottom, x, bottom - t * k, x, bottom - t);
+        lineTo(x, y + p);
+        curveTo(x, y + p * k, x + a * k, y, x + a, y);
+    }
+    else {
+        moveTo(x + a, y);
+        curveTo(x + a * k, y, x, y + p * k, x, y + p);
+        lineTo(x, bottom - t);
+        curveTo(x, bottom - t * k, x + e * k, bottom, x + e, bottom);
+        lineTo(right - d, bottom);
+        curveTo(right - d * k, bottom, right, bottom - r * k, right, bottom - r);
+        lineTo(right, y + q);
+        curveTo(right, y + q * k, right - b * k, y, right - b, y);
+    }
+    ctx.closePath();
+}
+/** Clip what follows to a rectangle, rounded where `radii` are: false
+ *  where the context cannot clip, and nothing was pushed. */
+function pushClip(ctx, rect, radii) {
+    if (!ctx.beginPath || !ctx.rect || !ctx.clip)
+        return false;
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    const w = Math.max(0, rect.w);
+    const h = Math.max(0, rect.h);
+    if (radii && ctx.roundRect)
+        roundedRect(ctx, rect.x, rect.y, w, h, radii);
+    else
+        ctx.rect(rect.x, rect.y, w, h);
+    ctx.clip();
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * Whether a child is painted with the positioned boxes, after the flow
+ * rather than in it: an absolutely positioned box, and a relatively
+ * positioned block, which CSS paints among them in document order (CSS 2.1
+ * Appendix E) — a relative box after an absolute one covers it. An inline
+ * or an inline-block is painted by its line.
+ */
+function layered(parent, child) {
+    if (child.outOfFlow)
+        return true;
+    const style = child.style;
+    // a flex item with a `z-index` is a stacking context, positioned or not
+    // (CSS Flexbox 5.4), and a grid's
+    if (parent.kind === 'flex' && typeof style.zIndex === 'number')
+        return true;
+    if (style.position !== 'relative' &&
+        style.position !== 'sticky' &&
+        !style.translate &&
+        !style.transformTranslate) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return child.kind !== 'inline' && !onLine(parent, child);
+}
+/**
+ * Whether a child is painted by its parent's lines rather than as a child:
+ * an inline-block or an image in a line of text is placed on the line, and
+ * `paintLines` paints it there. Painted as a child as well, its text was
+ * drawn twice — darker at every antialiased edge — and a translucent
+ * background had its alpha doubled.
+ */
+function onLine(parent, child) {
+    if (parent.lines === null && parent.kind !== 'inline')
+        return false;
+    if (child.isFloat || child.outOfFlow)
+        return false;
+    return (child.kind !== 'inline' && child.kind !== 'text' && child.kind !== 'break');
+}
+/**
+ * Per stacking context — the root, and a positioned box with a `z-index` —
+ * the positioned boxes it paints over its flow (CSS 2.1 9.9.1, Appendix E,
+ * steps 8 and 9): every one in it that no stacking context inside it
+ * paints, at any depth, in document order and then by `z-index`. Painted
+ * by their parent after its flow, as they were, the ones in a box painted
+ * whole — one that clips, a table, a flex box, a float, a positioned box
+ * with no `z-index` — were painted with it, among the flow around it: a
+ * box absolute in an `overflow: hidden` one went under a positioned box
+ * before it, and a menu with a `z-index` in a positioned header under the
+ * positioned content after the header.
+ */
+const STACKED = new WeakMap();
+/** Between a positioned box and the stacking context that paints it, the
+ *  boxes whose clips it is under (`clipsFor`), outermost first. */
+const CLIPS_BETWEEN = new WeakMap();
+const NO_CLIPS = [];
+/** Gather each stacking context's positioned boxes (`STACKED`); once per
+ *  layout, after `hoistNegative`, whose boxes it leaves where they are. */
+export function stackLayers(root) {
+    const list = [];
+    if (root.holdsLayers)
+        gatherLayers(root, root, list);
+    settleLayers(root, list);
+}
+function gatherLayers(box, context, into) {
+    for (const child of PAINT_ORDER.get(box) ?? box.children) {
+        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
+            continue;
+        // a positioned box past a clamp point, or in a box that is
+        if (CLAMPED.has(child))
+            continue;
+        // one below the flow is on its stacking context's list already
+        const below = HOISTED.has(child);
+        if (below || layered(box, child)) {
+            const clips = clipsFor(child, context);
+            if (clips.length)
+                CLIPS_BETWEEN.set(child, clips);
+            else
+                CLIPS_BETWEEN.delete(child);
+            if (!below)
+                into.push(child);
+        }
+        if (below || stacksLayers(child)) {
+            const own = [];
+            if (child.holdsLayers)
+                gatherLayers(child, child, own);
+            settleLayers(child, own);
+        }
+        else if (child.holdsLayers) {
+            gatherLayers(child, context, into);
+        }
+    }
+}
+function settleLayers(box, list) {
+    if (!list.length) {
+        STACKED.delete(box);
+        return;
+    }
+    // a stable sort: `z-index: auto` and 0 in document order, then the
+    // positive ones, each in document order
+    list.sort(byZIndex);
+    STACKED.set(box, list);
+}
+/**
+ * Whether a box is a stacking context, which paints the positioned boxes in
+ * it itself, and the ones below its flow: positioned with a `z-index`, or a
+ * flex item with one; fixed or sticky with none (CSS Positioned Layout 3, as
+ * browsers paint them — a fixed header's box set behind its content with
+ * `z-index: -1` went behind the page); or under full opacity (CSS Color 4
+ * 3.2), its own or the opacity it takes from an inline box it broke
+ * (`FADED_BLOCKS`), which is painted as one group — faded with it, or at
+ * `opacity: 0` not at all, where its root context drew a hover menu's
+ * absolute children.
+ */
+function stacksLayers(box) {
+    const style = box.style;
+    if (style.position === 'fixed' || style.position === 'sticky')
+        return true;
+    if (style.opacity < 1 || FADED_BLOCKS.has(box))
+        return true;
+    // layout and paint containment make one (CSS Containment 2, 3.3, 3.5)
+    if (contained(box, CONTAIN_LAYOUT | CONTAIN_PAINT))
+        return true;
+    if (typeof style.zIndex !== 'number')
+        return false;
+    return style.position !== 'static' || flexItem(box);
+}
+/** Whether a box is an item of a flex box — or a grid, to the box tree the
+ *  same — which a `z-index` makes a stacking context unpositioned. */
+function flexItem(box) {
+    return !box.outOfFlow && box.parent?.kind === 'flex';
+}
+/**
+ * The boxes between a positioned box and its stacking context whose clips
+ * it is under: the ones that clip their overflow, or are cut to a `clip`,
+ * at or above its containing block (CSS 2.1 11.1.1). An absolute box is
+ * outside a box that clips where its containing block is, a fixed one
+ * outside every one, and a relative one inside every one.
+ */
+function clipsFor(box, context) {
+    let from = box.parent;
+    if (box.outOfFlow) {
+        const fixed = box.style.position === 'fixed';
+        while (from && from !== context) {
+            const style = from.style;
+            if (style.translate || style.transformTranslate)
+                break;
+            if (!fixed && style.position !== 'static')
+                break;
+            from = from.parent;
+        }
+    }
+    let clips = null;
+    for (let at = from; at && at !== context; at = at.parent) {
+        if (clipsOverflow(at) || (at.outOfFlow && at.style.clip)) {
+            (clips ??= []).push(at);
+        }
+    }
+    return clips ? clips.reverse() : NO_CLIPS;
+}
+/**
+ * A positioned box its stacking context paints, under the clips of the
+ * boxes between them that hold it (`clipsFor`): inside them, where its
+ * parent painted it, it was. A clip of no area leaves none of it to paint.
+ */
+function paintStacked(ctx, box, options) {
+    if (!intersects(box, options))
+        return;
+    const between = CLIPS_BETWEEN.get(box);
+    if (!between) {
+        paintPositioned(ctx, box, options);
+        return;
     }
+    let pushed = 0;
+    let empty = false;
+    for (const clipper of between) {
+        if (clipper.outOfFlow && clipper.style.clip) {
+            const rect = clipOf(clipper, options);
+            if (rect.w <= 0 || rect.h <= 0)
+                empty = true;
+            else if (pushClip(ctx, rect, null))
+                pushed += 1;
+        }
+        if (!empty && clipsOverflow(clipper)) {
+            const { rect, radii } = clipEdge(clipper, options);
+            if (rect.w <= 0 || rect.h <= 0)
+                empty = true;
+            else if (pushClip(ctx, rect, radii))
+                pushed += 1;
+        }
+        if (empty)
+            break;
+    }
+    if (!empty)
+        paintPositioned(ctx, box, options);
+    for (let i = 0; i < pushed; i += 1)
+        ctx.restore();
+}
+/** Per stacking context, its descendants with a negative `z-index`, in
+ *  paint order; and every box so placed, which its parent's positioned
+ *  children then leave out. Kept beside the boxes: few documents have one. */
+const NEGATIVE = new WeakMap();
+const HOISTED = new WeakSet();
+/**
+ * Give each stacking context — the root, and a positioned box with a
+ * `z-index` — the positioned descendants with a negative `z-index` it paints
+ * below its flow (CSS 2.1 9.9.1, Appendix E). They were painted with the
+ * rest of the positioned boxes, over the flow, so a box set behind the page
+ * with `z-index: -1` covered what it was meant to be under. Asked only of a
+ * tree that has one (`BoxTree.negative`).
+ */
+export function hoistNegative(root) {
+    hoistFrom(root, true);
+}
+function hoistFrom(box, root) {
+    let pending = null;
+    for (const child of box.children) {
+        if (child.kind === 'text' || child.kind === 'break')
+            continue;
+        // the root element is the root stacking context, over its own borders
+        const up = hoistFrom(child, root && child.el?.name === 'html');
+        if (up)
+            (pending ??= []).push(...up);
+        const z = child.style.zIndex;
+        if (typeof z === 'number' &&
+            z < 0 &&
+            (child.style.position !== 'static' || flexItem(child))) {
+            (pending ??= []).push(child);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!root && !stacksLayers(box))
+        return pending;
+    if (pending) {
+        pending.sort(byZIndex);
+        NEGATIVE.set(box, pending);
+        for (const b of pending)
+            HOISTED.add(b);
+    }
+    else {
+        NEGATIVE.delete(box);
+    }
+    return null;
 }
 function byZIndex(a, b) {
     const az = a.style.zIndex === 'auto' ? 0 : a.style.zIndex;
@@ -224,6 +1865,17 @@ function intersects(box, options) {
  * Int16 envelope itself is the clamp.
  */
 const CLAMP_PAD = 64;
+/** `clampRect` with a margin of its own, as a `Rect`. */
+function clampAround(options, r, pad) {
+    const damage = options.damage;
+    const x1 = Math.max(r.x, damage ? damage.x - pad : -COORD_LIMIT);
+    const y1 = Math.max(r.y, damage ? damage.y - pad : -COORD_LIMIT);
+    const x2 = Math.min(r.x + r.width, damage ? damage.x + damage.width + pad : COORD_LIMIT);
+    const y2 = Math.min(r.y + r.height, damage ? damage.y + damage.height + pad : COORD_LIMIT);
+    if (x2 <= x1 || y2 <= y1)
+        return null;
+    return { x: x1, y: y1, width: x2 - x1, height: y2 - y1 };
+}
 function clampRect(options, x, y, w, h) {
     const damage = options.damage;
     const left = damage ? damage.x - CLAMP_PAD : -COORD_LIMIT;
@@ -238,25 +1890,605 @@ function clampRect(options, x, y, w, h) {
         return null;
     return { x: x1, y: y1, w: x2 - x1, h: y2 - y1 };
 }
-function paintBackground(ctx, box, options) {
-    const color = box.style.backgroundColor;
-    if (isTransparent(color))
-        return;
-    const rect = clampRect(options, Math.round(box.x + options.originX), Math.round(box.y + options.originY), Math.ceil(box.width), Math.ceil(box.height));
-    if (!rect)
-        return;
-    ctx.fillStyle = inkColor(color, box.style.color);
-    const radii = box.style.borderRadius;
-    if (radii.some((r) => r > 0) && ctx.roundRect && ctx.fill && ctx.beginPath) {
-        // The clamp can only have cut edges further than CLAMP_PAD outside the
-        // damage, and a sane radius is smaller than that — so a corner that
-        // survives the cut is whole, and a cut edge is offscreen.
-        ctx.beginPath();
-        ctx.roundRect(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h, radii.slice());
-        ctx.fill();
-        return;
+function paintBackground(ctx, box, options, style) {
+    const color = style.backgroundColor;
+    const gradient = style.backgroundGradient;
+    const solid = !isTransparent(color);
+    if (!solid && !gradient)
+        return;
+    const area = clipArea(box, options, style, !!(ctx.roundRect && ctx.fill && ctx.beginPath));
+    const rect = area && clampRect(options, area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h);
+    if (!rect)
+        return;
+    const rounded = area.corners;
+    const fill = () => {
+        if (rounded) {
+            // The clamp can only have cut edges further than CLAMP_PAD outside
+            // the damage, and a sane radius is smaller than that — so a corner
+            // that survives the cut is whole, and a cut edge is offscreen.
+            ctx.beginPath();
+            roundedRect(ctx, rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h, rounded);
+            ctx.fill();
+        }
+        else
+            ctx.fillRect(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h);
+    };
+    if (solid) {
+        ctx.fillStyle = inkColor(color, style.color);
+        fill();
+    }
+    if (gradient && ctx.createLinearGradient) {
+        // over the colour, as the layer an image is: the size of the padding
+        // box, which is where it starts, and repeated under the borders — or
+        // the viewport's, where it is fixed; its line runs across the whole of
+        // it, not the part this paint reaches
+        const fixed = style.backgroundAttachment === 'fixed' && options.canvas;
+        const origin = fixed || originBox(box, options, style);
+        const at = snapped(origin.x, origin.y, origin.width, origin.height);
+        if (rounded && style.backgroundSize !== 'auto' && ctx.clip) {
+            // tiles of the size it was given, cut to the rounded shape
+            ctx.save();
+            ctx.beginPath();
+            roundedRect(ctx, rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h, rounded);
+            ctx.clip();
+            paintGradient(ctx, style, gradient, rect, at);
+            ctx.restore();
+        }
+        else if (rounded) {
+            // one fill in the rounded shape; under the borders it carries on
+            // with its end colours where a browser would show the next tile
+            if (!(at.width > 0 && at.height > 0))
+                return;
+            ctx.fillStyle = linearGradient(ctx, gradient, at.x, at.y, at.width, at.height, style.color, rect);
+            fill();
+        }
+        else
+            paintGradient(ctx, style, gradient, rect, at);
+    }
+}
+/** A rectangle with each edge on the pixel it falls nearest. */
+function snapped(x, y, w, h) {
+    const left = Math.round(x);
+    const top = Math.round(y);
+    return {
+        x: left,
+        y: top,
+        width: Math.round(x + w) - left,
+        height: Math.round(y + h) - top,
+    };
+}
+/** A gradient's own size: none, and no ratio. */
+const NO_SIZE = { width: null, height: null, ratio: 0 };
+/**
+ * A gradient layer across `area`: an image the size `background-size`
+ * gives it, the size of `at` where that is `auto` (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.9 —
+ * an image with no size of its own is the size of its positioning area),
+ * placed by `background-position` and repeated as `background-repeat`
+ * says. Each tile is its own fill, so a tile's colours are the first's.
+ */
+function paintGradient(ctx, style, gradient, area, at) {
+    // a gradient has no size of its own: the positioning area's, unless
+    // `background-size` gives it one, and then `background-position` places
+    // it in the area as it does an image
+    const repeat = style.backgroundRepeat;
+    const [w, h] = roundedTile(style.backgroundSize, repeat, sizedTile(style.backgroundSize, NO_SIZE, at, 1), at);
+    if (!(w > 0 && h > 0))
+        return;
+    const x0 = w === at.width
+        ? at.x
+        : at.x + resolve(style.backgroundPositionX, at.width - w);
+    const y0 = h === at.height
+        ? at.y
+        : at.y + resolve(style.backgroundPositionY, at.height - h);
+    const across = tileRun(repeat[0], x0, w, area.x, area.x + area.w, at.x, at.width);
+    const down = tileRun(repeat[1], y0, h, area.y, area.y + area.h, at.y, at.height);
+    const { from: fromX, to: toX, step: stepX } = across;
+    const { from: fromY, to: toY, step: stepY } = down;
+    if (Math.ceil((toX - fromX) / stepX) * Math.ceil((toY - fromY) / stepY) >
+        MAX_TILES) {
+        // a sliver of a root repeated down a long canvas: the one tile, and
+        // its end colours on past it
+        ctx.fillStyle = linearGradient(ctx, gradient, x0, y0, w, h, style.color, area);
+        ctx.fillRect(area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (let y = fromY; y < toY; y += stepY) {
+        const top = Math.max(y, area.y);
+        const bottom = Math.min(y + h, area.y + area.h);
+        if (bottom <= top)
+            continue;
+        for (let x = fromX; x < toX; x += stepX) {
+            const left = Math.max(x, area.x);
+            const right = Math.min(x + w, area.x + area.w);
+            if (right <= left)
+                continue;
+            const tile = { x: left, y: top, w: right - left, h: bottom - top };
+            ctx.fillStyle = linearGradient(ctx, gradient, x, y, w, h, style.color, tile);
+            ctx.fillRect(tile.x, tile.y, tile.w, tile.h);
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * A `linear-gradient()` across a box (CSS Images 3, 3.1.1): its line
+ * through the box's centre at its angle, as long as the box is across at
+ * that angle, so its ends are the colours at the corners that line points
+ * to; a corner's angle is the one whose perpendicular runs through the
+ * other two corners. A stop without a position is spread evenly between
+ * its neighbours', and none is before the one before it. A stop off the
+ * line lengthens it, so the colours at its ends are the ones between.
+ */
+function linearGradient(ctx, gradient, x, y, w, h, currentColor, visible = null) {
+    let angle = gradient.angle;
+    if (gradient.corner) {
+        const turn = Math.atan2(h, w);
+        angle =
+            gradient.corner === 'top right'
+                ? turn
+                : gradient.corner === 'bottom right'
+                    ? Math.PI - turn
+                    : gradient.corner === 'bottom left'
+                        ? Math.PI + turn
+                        : 2 * Math.PI - turn;
+    }
+    const dx = Math.sin(angle);
+    const dy = -Math.cos(angle);
+    const length = Math.abs(w * dx) + Math.abs(h * dy);
+    const stops = gradient.stops;
+    const at = stops.map((stop) => stop.at === null
+        ? null
+        : length > 0
+            ? resolve(stop.at, length) / length
+            : 0);
+    if (at[0] === null)
+        at[0] = 0;
+    if (at[at.length - 1] === null)
+        at[at.length - 1] = 1;
+    for (let i = 1; i < at.length; i += 1) {
+        if (at[i] === null) {
+            // spread the ones without a position between the ones with
+            let j = i;
+            while (at[j] === null)
+                j += 1;
+            const from = at[i - 1];
+            const to = at[j];
+            for (let k = i; k < j; k += 1) {
+                at[k] = from + ((to - from) * (k - i + 1)) / (j - i + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        at[i] = Math.max(at[i], at[i - 1]);
+    }
+    // the context's offsets are 0 to 1, so a line that stops reach past runs
+    // from the first to the last, and the box sees the part of it between
+    const from = Math.min(0, at[0]);
+    const to = Math.max(1, at[at.length - 1]);
+    const startX = x + w / 2 - (dx * length) / 2;
+    const startY = y + h / 2 - (dy * length) / 2;
+    const x0 = startX + dx * length * from;
+    const y0 = startY + dy * length * from;
+    const x1 = startX + dx * length * to;
+    const y1 = startY + dy * length * to;
+    const colors = stops.map((stop) => inkColor(stop.color, currentColor));
+    if (visible &&
+        length > 0 &&
+        !(Math.abs(x0) < GRADIENT_REACH &&
+            Math.abs(y0) < GRADIENT_REACH &&
+            Math.abs(x1) < GRADIENT_REACH &&
+            Math.abs(y1) < GRADIENT_REACH)) {
+        return clippedGradient(ctx, at, colors, startX, startY, dx * length, dy * length, visible);
+    }
+    const g = ctx.createLinearGradient(x0, y0, x1, y1);
+    for (let i = 0; i < stops.length; i += 1) {
+        g.addColorStop((at[i] - from) / (to - from), colors[i]);
+    }
+    return g;
+}
+/**
+ * How far from the origin a gradient's line may end. X RENDER takes the
+ * ends in 16.16 fixed point, and a pair past ±32,767 pixels threw from the
+ * paint: a gradient down a document's long wrapper, scrolled far enough,
+ * or a stop at `calc(1px / 0)`.
+ */
+const GRADIENT_REACH = 16384;
+/**
+ * A gradient's line cut to the part `visible` sees — the colours the rest
+ * of it holds are never drawn — and moved along its perpendicular to run
+ * through `visible`, which a linear gradient's colours do not change
+ * along. `at` is where each stop is on the line from (`sx`, `sy`) that
+ * runs (`lx`, `ly`) for 1; a stop before or past the part is its colour
+ * there instead.
+ */
+function clippedGradient(ctx, at, colors, sx, sy, lx, ly, visible) {
+    const along = (px, py) => ((px - sx) * lx + (py - sy) * ly) / (lx * lx + ly * ly);
+    // and no further out than a context draws
+    const left = Math.max(visible.x, -GRADIENT_REACH);
+    const top = Math.max(visible.y, -GRADIENT_REACH);
+    const right = Math.max(left, Math.min(visible.x + visible.w, GRADIENT_REACH));
+    const bottom = Math.max(top, Math.min(visible.y + visible.h, GRADIENT_REACH));
+    let t0 = Infinity;
+    let t1 = -Infinity;
+    for (const [px, py] of [
+        [left, top],
+        [right, top],
+        [left, bottom],
+        [right, bottom],
+    ]) {
+        const t = along(px, py);
+        t0 = Math.min(t0, t);
+        t1 = Math.max(t1, t);
+    }
+    if (!(t1 > t0))
+        t1 = t0 + 1e-6;
+    const cx = (left + right) / 2;
+    const cy = (top + bottom) / 2;
+    const tc = along(cx, cy);
+    const g = ctx.createLinearGradient(cx + (t0 - tc) * lx, cy + (t0 - tc) * ly, cx + (t1 - tc) * lx, cy + (t1 - tc) * ly);
+    // the colour at a place on the line: a stop's, or between two
+    const colorAt = (t) => {
+        if (!(t > at[0]))
+            return colors[0];
+        for (let i = 1; i < at.length; i += 1) {
+            if (t > at[i])
+                continue;
+            const span = at[i] - at[i - 1];
+            const f = span > 0 ? (t - at[i - 1]) / span : 1;
+            return (blend(colors[i - 1], colors[i], f) ??
+                (f < 0.5 ? colors[i - 1] : colors[i]));
+        }
+        return colors[colors.length - 1];
+    };
+    g.addColorStop(0, colorAt(t0));
+    for (let i = 0; i < at.length; i += 1) {
+        if (at[i] > t0 && at[i] < t1) {
+            g.addColorStop((at[i] - t0) / (t1 - t0), colors[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    g.addColorStop(1, colorAt(t1));
+    return g;
+}
+/**
+ * The backgrounds of a table's column groups, columns, row groups and rows
+ * (CSS 2.1 17.5.1), in that order: over the table's own and under its
+ * cells', in the area of each cell in them. So the spacing between the
+ * cells shows the table, and a row group with no cells in it shows nothing,
+ * as neither laid its background over the whole of its box. An image is
+ * placed against the part's own box and seen through its cells. A column is
+ * laid out nowhere, so its box is the one its cells make: from the first of
+ * its columns to the last, and from the table's first row to its last. And
+ * where borders are separate a part's edges are its cells' border edges
+ * (17.5.1), so a row's box runs from its first cell to its last, without
+ * the spacing either side of them that the row's laid-out box holds.
+ */
+function paintPartBackgrounds(ctx, table, options) {
+    const grid = tableGrid(table);
+    const { cells } = grid;
+    const layers = [
+        [grid.columnGroups, columnOf],
+        [grid.columnBoxes, columnOf],
+        [grid.groups, (cell) => cell.row],
+        [grid.rows, (cell) => cell.row],
+    ];
+    // each part's box, and the cells' extent across the table, found once
+    const areas = new Map();
+    let across = null;
+    for (const [layer, indexOf] of layers) {
+        if (!layer.some(paintsPart))
+            continue;
+        const columns = indexOf === columnOf;
+        for (const cell of cells) {
+            const part = layer[indexOf(cell)];
+            if (!part || !paintsPart(part) || hidden(cell.box))
+                continue;
+            const box = cell.box;
+            const frame = {
+                x: box.x,
+                y: box.y,
+                width: box.width,
+                height: box.height,
+                captionTop: 0,
+                captionBottom: 0,
+                borderTop: 0,
+                borderRight: 0,
+                borderBottom: 0,
+                borderLeft: 0,
+                style: part.style,
+            };
+            paintLayers(ctx, frame, options, (style) => {
+                const left = box.x + options.originX;
+                const top = box.y + options.originY;
+                const area = clampRect(options, Math.round(left), Math.round(top), Math.round(left + box.width) - Math.round(left), Math.round(top + box.height) - Math.round(top));
+                if (area) {
+                    let at = areas.get(part);
+                    if (!at) {
+                        at = columns
+                            ? columnBox(part, layer, grid.rows, cells, options)
+                            : paddingBox(part, options);
+                        if (!columns && table.style.borderCollapse !== 'collapse') {
+                            across ??= columnBox(null, null, grid.rows, cells, options);
+                            at = { ...at, x: across.x, width: across.width };
+                        }
+                        areas.set(part, at);
+                    }
+                    paintBackgroundImage(ctx, style, area, at, options);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+const columnOf = (cell) => cell.column;
+/**
+ * A cell `empty-cells: hide` leaves undrawn: one with no content, where
+ * borders are separate — no background of its own or of its row, its
+ * column or their groups, and no borders (CSS 2.1 17.6.1.1). A cell holds
+ * content when anything in its flow does, an empty element or a float
+ * among it, but not white space its `white-space` collapses away.
+ */
+function hidden(cell) {
+    if (cell.kind !== 'table-cell' || cell.style.emptyCells !== 'hide') {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (cell.bordersCollapsed)
+        return false;
+    for (const child of cell.children) {
+        if (child.outOfFlow)
+            continue;
+        if (child.kind !== 'text' || !BLANK_TEXT.test(child.text))
+            return false;
+        const ws = child.style.whiteSpace;
+        if (ws === 'pre' || ws === 'pre-wrap')
+            return false;
+        if (ws === 'pre-line' && /[\n\r]/.test(child.text))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+const BLANK_TEXT = /^[ \t\n\r\f]*$/;
+/** Whether a table part has a background to paint: a colour, or an image. */
+function paintsPart(box) {
+    if (box === null || box.style.visibility !== 'visible')
+        return false;
+    return (!isTransparent(box.style.backgroundColor) ||
+        !!box.style.backgroundImage ||
+        !!box.style.backgroundImages);
+}
+/** The box a column or a column group would have, in window coordinates:
+ *  across its columns, as its cells lay them out, and down the table's
+ *  rows — or, with no part, across all of them. */
+function columnBox(part, layer, rows, cells, options) {
+    let first = 0;
+    let last = 0;
+    if (part && layer) {
+        first = layer.indexOf(part);
+        last = layer.lastIndexOf(part);
+    }
+    else {
+        for (const cell of cells) {
+            last = Math.max(last, cell.column + cell.colSpan - 1);
+        }
+    }
+    let left = Infinity;
+    let right = -Infinity;
+    for (const cell of cells) {
+        if (cell.column === first)
+            left = Math.min(left, cell.box.x);
+        if (cell.column + cell.colSpan - 1 === last) {
+            right = Math.max(right, cell.box.x + cell.box.width);
+        }
+    }
+    const top = rows.length ? rows[0].y : 0;
+    const end = rows.length ? rows[rows.length - 1] : null;
+    const bottom = end ? end.y + end.height : 0;
+    if (!(right > left))
+        return { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 };
+    return {
+        x: left + options.originX,
+        y: top + options.originY,
+        width: right - left,
+        height: bottom - top,
+    };
+}
+/** How many tiles a repeating background may draw one by one, where the
+ *  context has no pattern to fill with. Past it, the image draws once. */
+const MAX_TILES = 4096;
+/**
+ * A `background-image` (CSS 2.1 14.2.1): positioned in `at`, the padding
+ * box — or the viewport, the element, for `background-attachment: fixed` —
+ * repeated across `area`, the border box within the damage, over the
+ * colour and under the borders. Filled with a pattern where the context has
+ * one, drawn a tile at a time where it does not.
+ */
+function paintBackgroundImage(ctx, style, area, at, options, corners = null) {
+    if (style.backgroundAttachment === 'fixed' && options.canvas) {
+        at = options.canvas;
+    }
+    const url = style.backgroundImage;
+    const loaded = url ? options.backgroundImageFor?.(url) : null;
+    if (!loaded)
+        return;
+    const svg = loaded.image instanceof SvgDrawing ? loaded.image : null;
+    if (!svg && !ctx.drawImage)
+        return;
+    // an image pixel is a CSS pixel, and the box is device
+    const scale = options.scale ?? 1;
+    const repeat = style.backgroundRepeat;
+    const [iw, ih] = roundedTile(style.backgroundSize, repeat, sizedTile(style.backgroundSize, loaded, at, scale), at);
+    if (!(iw > 0 && ih > 0))
+        return;
+    const offset = (len, extent, size) => resolve(len, extent - size);
+    const x0 = Math.round(at.x + offset(style.backgroundPositionX, at.width, iw));
+    const y0 = Math.round(at.y + offset(style.backgroundPositionY, at.height, ih));
+    // the tiles that reach the area: from the first at or before its edge
+    const across = tileRun(repeat[0], x0, iw, area.x, area.x + area.w, at.x, at.width);
+    const down = tileRun(repeat[1], y0, ih, area.y, area.y + area.h, at.y, at.height);
+    const { from: fromX, to: toX, step: stepX } = across;
+    const { from: fromY, to: toY, step: stepY } = down;
+    ctx.save();
+    if (ctx.beginPath && ctx.rect && ctx.clip) {
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        // in the box's corners, as its colour is (CSS Backgrounds 3, 5.3)
+        if (corners && ctx.roundRect) {
+            roundedRect(ctx, area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h, corners);
+        }
+        else
+            ctx.rect(area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h);
+        ctx.clip();
+    }
+    const tiles = Math.ceil((toX - fromX) / stepX) * Math.ceil((toY - fromY) / stepY);
+    if (svg) {
+        // a drawing is drawn a tile at a time, at the size it was given
+        if (tiles <= MAX_TILES) {
+            for (let y = fromY; y < toY; y += stepY) {
+                for (let x = fromX; x < toX; x += stepX)
+                    svg.draw(ctx, Math.round(x), Math.round(y), iw, ih, scale);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            svg.draw(ctx, x0, y0, iw, ih, scale);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (tiles > 1 &&
+        iw === loaded.width &&
+        ih === loaded.height &&
+        stepX === iw &&
+        stepY === ih &&
+        ctx.createPattern &&
+        ctx.translate) {
+        // a pattern tiles from the origin of the space it is filled in, and
+        // draws the image at its own size: a tile of a device pixel an image
+        // pixel, which is 1x and `background-size` leaving it be
+        ctx.fillStyle = ctx.createPattern(loaded.image, 'repeat');
+        ctx.translate(x0, y0);
+        ctx.fillRect(fromX - x0, fromY - y0, toX - fromX, toY - fromY);
+    }
+    else if (tiles <= MAX_TILES) {
+        // each tile's edges on the pixels they fall nearest, so tiles `space`
+        // sets apart or `round` sizes to a fraction meet without a seam
+        for (let y = fromY; y < toY; y += stepY) {
+            const top = Math.round(y);
+            const height = Math.round(y + ih) - top;
+            for (let x = fromX; x < toX; x += stepX) {
+                const left = Math.round(x);
+                ctx.drawImage(loaded.image, left, top, Math.round(x + iw) - left, height);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        ctx.drawImage(loaded.image, x0, y0, iw, ih);
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+}
+/**
+ * Where a background's tiles fall along one axis (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.4):
+ * from the first at or before the painting area's start, a step apart, to
+ * its end. `space` fits as many whole tiles into the positioning area as it
+ * holds, the first and last against its edges and the rest spread evenly
+ * between — or one, where two do not fit, placed as `background-position`
+ * says — and `round`'s tile is already the size that fits (`roundedTile`).
+ */
+function tileRun(mode, start, size, areaStart, areaEnd, originStart, originSize) {
+    let step = size;
+    if (mode === 'space') {
+        const fits = Math.floor(originSize / size + 1e-6);
+        if (fits < 2)
+            return { from: start, step, to: start + size };
+        step = size + (originSize - fits * size) / (fits - 1);
+        start = originStart;
+    }
+    else if (mode === 'no-repeat') {
+        return { from: start, step, to: start + size };
+    }
+    return {
+        from: start - Math.ceil((start - areaStart) / step) * step,
+        step,
+        to: areaEnd,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * A tile that `round` fits a whole number of times into the positioning
+ * area along the axes it rounds (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.9): the nearest whole
+ * number, and one at least. Rounded one way only, with the size `auto` the
+ * other way, the tile keeps its ratio.
+ */
+function roundedTile(size, [modeX, modeY], [w, h], at) {
+    const acrossRounds = modeX === 'round' && w > 0 && at.width > 0;
+    const downRounds = modeY === 'round' && h > 0 && at.height > 0;
+    if (!acrossRounds && !downRounds)
+        return [w, h];
+    const w2 = acrossRounds
+        ? at.width / Math.max(1, Math.round(at.width / w))
+        : w;
+    const h2 = downRounds
+        ? at.height / Math.max(1, Math.round(at.height / h))
+        : h;
+    const autoW = size === 'auto' || (typeof size !== 'string' && size[0] === 'auto');
+    const autoH = size === 'auto' || (typeof size !== 'string' && size[1] === 'auto');
+    if (acrossRounds && !downRounds && autoH)
+        return [w2, (h * w2) / w];
+    if (downRounds && !acrossRounds && autoW)
+        return [(w * h2) / h, h2];
+    return [w2, h2];
+}
+/**
+ * A background tile's size (CSS Backgrounds 3, 3.9, over CSS Images' sizing
+ * of an object): `auto` is the image's own, as `tileSize` has it; `cover`
+ * and `contain` scale it to fill the positioning area or to fit inside it,
+ * keeping its ratio, and one with no ratio is the size of the area; and a
+ * width or a height alone takes the other from the ratio, or else from the
+ * image's own size in it, or else from the area. Percentages are of the
+ * area.
+ */
+function sizedTile(size, image, area, scale) {
+    if (size === 'auto')
+        return tileSize(image, area, scale);
+    const { ratio } = image;
+    if (size === 'cover' || size === 'contain') {
+        if (!(ratio > 0 && area.height > 0))
+            return [area.width, area.height];
+        const wider = area.width / area.height > ratio;
+        return (size === 'cover') === wider
+            ? [area.width, area.width / ratio]
+            : [area.height * ratio, area.height];
+    }
+    const [sw, sh] = size;
+    const w = sw === 'auto' ? null : resolve(sw, area.width);
+    const h = sh === 'auto' ? null : resolve(sh, area.height);
+    if (w !== null && h !== null)
+        return [w, h];
+    if (w !== null) {
+        if (ratio > 0)
+            return [w, w / ratio];
+        return [w, image.height === null ? area.height : image.height * scale];
+    }
+    if (h !== null) {
+        if (ratio > 0)
+            return [h * ratio, h];
+        return [image.width === null ? area.width : image.width * scale, h];
+    }
+    return tileSize(image, area, scale);
+}
+/**
+ * A background image's size, in device pixels, where nothing sets it — CSS
+ * 2.1 has no `background-size` — which is CSS Images' default sizing: an
+ * image's own size where it has one; the dimension it lacks from its ratio,
+ * or else from the positioning area; and one with a ratio alone as large as
+ * fits in the area. An SVG may be any of these, and a raster image is the
+ * first.
+ */
+function tileSize(size, area, scale) {
+    const { ratio } = size;
+    const width = size.width === null ? null : size.width * scale;
+    const height = size.height === null ? null : size.height * scale;
+    if (width !== null && height !== null)
+        return [width, height];
+    if (width !== null)
+        return [width, ratio > 0 ? width / ratio : area.height];
+    if (height !== null)
+        return [ratio > 0 ? height * ratio : area.width, height];
+    if (ratio > 0) {
+        return area.width / area.height > ratio
+            ? [area.height * ratio, area.height]
+            : [area.width, area.width / ratio];
     }
-    ctx.fillRect(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h);
+    return [area.width, area.height];
 }
 /**
  * Borders, as four rectangles.
@@ -268,14 +2500,74 @@ function paintBackground(ctx, box, options) {
  * which is right whenever the two sides share a colour and close enough when
  * they do not.
  */
+/**
+ * A box's outline (CSS 2.1 18.4, CSS UI 4 5): a border of its own width,
+ * style and colour round the border box grown by `outline-offset` — which
+ * a negative offset brings inside it, as Tailwind UI's `-outline-offset-1`
+ * frames an image with a hairline over its edge — with the box's corners
+ * grown along with it, and taking no room. Drawn over the box's content,
+ * which is where a browser draws it; `auto` is drawn solid.
+ */
+function paintOutline(ctx, box, options) {
+    const s = box.style;
+    const width = s.outlineWidth;
+    if (!(width > 0) || s.visibility !== 'visible')
+        return;
+    const grow = s.outlineOffset + width;
+    const height = frameHeight(box);
+    const w = box.width + 2 * grow;
+    const h = height + 2 * grow;
+    if (!(w > 0 && h > 0))
+        return;
+    const corners = cornersOf(s, box.width, height);
+    const kind = s.outlineStyle === 'auto' ? 'solid' : s.outlineStyle;
+    const grown = (r) => (r > 0 ? Math.max(0, r + grow) : 0);
+    const ring = copyStyle(s);
+    ring.borderTopStyle = kind;
+    ring.borderRightStyle = kind;
+    ring.borderBottomStyle = kind;
+    ring.borderLeftStyle = kind;
+    ring.borderTopColor = s.outlineColor;
+    ring.borderRightColor = s.outlineColor;
+    ring.borderBottomColor = s.outlineColor;
+    ring.borderLeftColor = s.outlineColor;
+    ring.borderRadius = corners
+        ? corners.x.map(grown)
+        : [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    ring.borderRadiusY = corners
+        ? corners.y.map(grown)
+        : null;
+    paintBorders(ctx, {
+        x: box.x - grow,
+        y: frameY(box) - grow,
+        width: w,
+        height: h,
+        captionTop: 0,
+        captionBottom: 0,
+        borderTop: width,
+        borderRight: width,
+        borderBottom: width,
+        borderLeft: width,
+        style: ring,
+    }, options);
+}
 function paintBorders(ctx, box, options) {
+    // most boxes have none, and are asked on every paint
+    if (!(box.borderTop || box.borderRight || box.borderBottom || box.borderLeft))
+        return;
     const s = box.style;
-    const x = Math.round(box.x + options.originX);
-    const y = Math.round(box.y + options.originY);
-    const w = Math.ceil(box.width);
-    const h = Math.ceil(box.height);
+    const left = box.x + options.originX;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY;
+    const x = Math.round(left);
+    const y = Math.round(top);
+    const w = Math.round(left + box.width) - x;
+    const h = Math.round(top + frameHeight(box)) - y;
     if (w <= 0 || h <= 0)
         return;
+    if (roundedRing(ctx, box, x, y, w, h, options))
+        return;
+    if (sculpted(s) && paintSculpted(ctx, box, x, y, w, h, options))
+        return;
     const edge = (ex, ey, ew, eh, style, color, horizontal) => {
         const rect = clampRect(options, ex, ey, ew, eh);
         if (!rect)
@@ -298,6 +2590,526 @@ function paintBorders(ctx, box, options) {
         edge(x + w - box.borderRight, y + box.borderTop, box.borderRight, h - box.borderTop - box.borderBottom, s.borderRightStyle, s.borderRightColor, false);
     }
 }
+/**
+ * A box's border image in place of its border's style (CSS Backgrounds 3,
+ * 6.2): the image cut into nine by its slices, drawn over the border image
+ * area — the border box grown by the outset — in the nine parts the widths
+ * make. The corners are scaled into theirs, the edges scaled to their
+ * sides' widths and repeated along them as `border-image-repeat` says, and
+ * the middle drawn only where `fill` asks for it. False where there is no
+ * image to draw, or none here yet, and the border is drawn as its style
+ * says.
+ */
+function paintBorderImage(ctx, box, options) {
+    const spec = box.style.borderImage;
+    const source = spec.source;
+    if (!source || !ctx.drawImage)
+        return false;
+    const loaded = typeof source === 'string' ? options.backgroundImageFor?.(source) : null;
+    if (typeof source === 'string' && !loaded)
+        return false;
+    const scale = options.scale ?? 1;
+    const borders = [
+        box.borderTop,
+        box.borderRight,
+        box.borderBottom,
+        box.borderLeft,
+    ];
+    const outset = spec.outset.map((o, i) => typeof o === 'number' ? o : o.times * borders[i]);
+    const left = box.x + options.originX - outset[3];
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY - outset[0];
+    const aw = box.width + outset[1] + outset[3];
+    const ah = frameHeight(box) + outset[0] + outset[2];
+    // the image's size, CSS Images' default sizing in the area: a drawing
+    // with no size of its own is as large as it fits there, and a gradient,
+    // which has none, is the area's
+    const [cw, ch] = loaded
+        ? tileSize(loaded, { x: 0, y: 0, width: aw, height: ah }, scale)
+        : [aw, ah];
+    const iw = cw / scale;
+    const ih = ch / scale;
+    if (!(iw > 0 && ih > 0))
+        return false;
+    const key = typeof source === 'string' ? source : gradientKey(source, box.style.color);
+    // A drawing or a gradient is drawn once at that size and cut as a raster
+    // is, so that each piece stretches its part of the one picture
+    let image = loaded?.image;
+    let unitX = 1;
+    let unitY = 1;
+    if (!loaded || image instanceof SvgDrawing) {
+        const svg = image instanceof SvgDrawing ? image : null;
+        const w = Math.max(1, Math.round(cw));
+        const h = Math.max(1, Math.round(ch));
+        const drawn = options.cached?.(`border-image|${key}|${w}x${h}`, w, h, (sctx) => {
+            if (svg)
+                svg.draw(sctx, 0, 0, w, h, scale);
+            else if (typeof source !== 'string' && sctx.createLinearGradient) {
+                sctx.fillStyle = linearGradient(sctx, source, 0, 0, w, h, box.style.color);
+                sctx.fillRect(0, 0, w, h);
+            }
+        });
+        if (!drawn)
+            return false;
+        image = drawn;
+        unitX = w / iw;
+        unitY = h / ih;
+    }
+    // the slices, image pixels in from each edge, and none past the image
+    const slices = spec.slice.map((s, i) => Math.min(i % 2 ? iw : ih, Math.max(0, resolve(s, i % 2 ? iw : ih))));
+    const widths = spec.width.map((w, i) => {
+        if (w === 'auto')
+            return slices[i] * scale;
+        if (typeof w === 'number')
+            return w;
+        if ('times' in w)
+            return w.times * borders[i];
+        return resolve(w, i % 2 ? aw : ah);
+    });
+    // widths that overlap across the area are scaled down together
+    const f = Math.min(aw / (widths[1] + widths[3]), ah / (widths[0] + widths[2]));
+    if (f < 1)
+        for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1)
+            widths[i] *= f;
+    const [st, sr, sb, sl] = slices;
+    const [wt, wr, wb, wl] = widths;
+    // Each column and row of the image, as from and to: the slices may
+    // overlap, and each corner is still all of its own; the edges and the
+    // middle between two that meet or cross are empty (6.2)
+    const sx = [
+        [0, sl],
+        [sl, Math.max(sl, iw - sr)],
+        [iw - sr, iw],
+    ];
+    const sy = [
+        [0, st],
+        [st, Math.max(st, ih - sb)],
+        [ih - sb, ih],
+    ];
+    const dx = [
+        Math.round(left),
+        Math.round(left + wl),
+        Math.round(left + aw - wr),
+        Math.round(left + aw),
+    ];
+    const dy = [
+        Math.round(top),
+        Math.round(top + wt),
+        Math.round(top + ah - wb),
+        Math.round(top + ah),
+    ];
+    const sized = `${Math.round(cw)}x${Math.round(ch)}`;
+    const part = (col, row, across, down) => {
+        // the piece, whole pixels of the image
+        const px = Math.round(sx[col][0] * unitX);
+        const py = Math.round(sy[row][0] * unitY);
+        const pw = Math.round(sx[col][1] * unitX) - px;
+        const ph = Math.round(sy[row][1] * unitY) - py;
+        const w = dx[col + 1] - dx[col];
+        const h = dy[row + 1] - dy[row];
+        if (!(pw > 0 && ph > 0 && w > 0 && h > 0))
+            return;
+        const [modeX, modeY] = spec.repeat;
+        const runX = edgeRun(col === 1 ? modeX : 'stretch', dx[col], w, across);
+        const runY = edgeRun(row === 1 ? modeY : 'stretch', dy[row], h, down);
+        // A piece drawn at another size is filtered, and the filter reads past
+        // the piece's edge into its neighbours in the image: the middle's
+        // colour bled into every edge. Copied out to a surface of its own, a
+        // piece is padded at its own edge, as a browser draws it.
+        let source = image;
+        let ox = px;
+        let oy = py;
+        const scaled = runX.some(([a, b, c0, c1]) => b - a !== (c1 - c0) * pw) ||
+            runY.some(([a, b, c0, c1]) => b - a !== (c1 - c0) * ph);
+        const piece = scaled &&
+            options.cached?.(`border-image|${key}|${sized}|${px},${py},${pw},${ph}`, pw, ph, (sctx) => sctx.drawImage(image, px, py, pw, ph, 0, 0, pw, ph));
+        if (piece) {
+            source = piece;
+            ox = 0;
+            oy = 0;
+        }
+        for (const [x0, x1, cx0, cx1] of runX) {
+            for (const [y0, y1, cy0, cy1] of runY) {
+                ctx.drawImage(source, ox + cx0 * pw, oy + cy0 * ph, (cx1 - cx0) * pw, (cy1 - cy0) * ph, x0, y0, x1 - x0, y1 - y0);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // Along an edge, a tile is the slice scaled to the side's width; the
+    // middle's is scaled as the top edge is across and the left edge is
+    // down, or the bottom and the right, or not at all
+    const factor = (d, s) => (s > 0 && d > 0 ? d / s : 0);
+    const top0 = factor(dy[1] - dy[0], st) || factor(dy[3] - dy[2], sb) || scale;
+    const left0 = factor(dx[1] - dx[0], sl) || factor(dx[3] - dx[2], sr) || scale;
+    const middleW = (sx[1][1] - sx[1][0]) * top0;
+    const middleH = (sy[1][1] - sy[1][0]) * left0;
+    part(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    part(2, 0, 0, 0);
+    part(0, 2, 0, 0);
+    part(2, 2, 0, 0);
+    part(1, 0, (sx[1][1] - sx[1][0]) * factor(dy[1] - dy[0], st), 0);
+    part(1, 2, (sx[1][1] - sx[1][0]) * factor(dy[3] - dy[2], sb), 0);
+    part(0, 1, 0, (sy[1][1] - sy[1][0]) * factor(dx[1] - dx[0], sl));
+    part(2, 1, 0, (sy[1][1] - sy[1][0]) * factor(dx[3] - dx[2], sr));
+    if (spec.fill)
+        part(1, 1, middleW, middleH);
+    return true;
+}
+const GRADIENT_KEYS = new WeakMap();
+/** A gradient as a key for what is drawn of it: its angle and stops, and
+ *  the colour `currentColor` among them is. */
+function gradientKey(gradient, color) {
+    let key = GRADIENT_KEYS.get(gradient);
+    if (key === undefined) {
+        key = JSON.stringify(gradient);
+        GRADIENT_KEYS.set(gradient, key);
+    }
+    return `${key}|${color}`;
+}
+/**
+ * The tiles of a border image part along one axis, each as where it is
+ * drawn — its start and end, whole pixels — and the fraction of the slice
+ * it shows, which is all of it but where the part cuts a tile. `stretch`
+ * is one tile over the part; `repeat` tiles of `tile`'s size centred on it;
+ * `round` as many as fit, the nearest whole number, sized to fill it; and
+ * `space` as many whole ones as fit, the room left spread around them
+ * (CSS Backgrounds 3, 6.5). A tile of no size is the part's.
+ */
+function edgeRun(mode, start, length, tile) {
+    if (mode === 'stretch' || !(tile > 0))
+        return [[start, start + length, 0, 1]];
+    const end = start + length;
+    const tiles = [];
+    let step = tile;
+    let from;
+    if (mode === 'round') {
+        step = tile = length / Math.max(1, Math.round(length / tile));
+        from = start;
+    }
+    else if (mode === 'space') {
+        const fits = Math.floor(length / tile + 1e-6);
+        if (!fits)
+            return tiles;
+        const gap = (length - fits * tile) / (fits + 1);
+        step = tile + gap;
+        from = start + gap;
+    }
+    else {
+        // centred: the first tile at or before the start
+        from = start + (length - tile) / 2;
+        from -= Math.ceil((from - start) / tile) * tile;
+    }
+    for (let at = from; at < end - 1e-6 && tiles.length < MAX_TILES; at += step) {
+        const a = Math.max(at, start);
+        const b = Math.min(at + tile, end);
+        const x0 = Math.round(a);
+        const x1 = Math.round(b);
+        if (x1 <= x0)
+            continue;
+        tiles.push([x0, x1, (a - at) / tile, (b - at) / tile]);
+    }
+    return tiles;
+}
+/**
+ * A rounded box's border as the ring between its border edge and its
+ * padding edge, each rounded, where every side that has a border has one
+ * of the same colour and a solid rule: a card's or a button's. Drawn
+ * straight, its corners were square over the background's rounded ones,
+ * and an accent border down one side did not follow the corner. The inner
+ * radius is the outer less the wider border at that corner (CSS
+ * Backgrounds 3, 5.2). False where the border is not such a one, and it is
+ * drawn a side at a time.
+ */
+function roundedRing(ctx, box, x, y, w, h, options) {
+    const s = box.style;
+    if (!ctx.roundRect || !ctx.fill || !ctx.beginPath)
+        return false;
+    const corners = cornersOf(s, w, h);
+    if (!corners)
+        return false;
+    const sides = [
+        [box.borderTop, s.borderTopColor, s.borderTopStyle],
+        [box.borderRight, s.borderRightColor, s.borderRightStyle],
+        [box.borderBottom, s.borderBottomColor, s.borderBottomStyle],
+        [box.borderLeft, s.borderLeftColor, s.borderLeftStyle],
+    ];
+    let color = null;
+    for (const [width, ink, style] of sides) {
+        if (!width)
+            continue;
+        if (style !== 'solid' || (color !== null && ink !== color))
+            return false;
+        color = ink;
+    }
+    if (color === null)
+        return true;
+    if (isTransparent(color))
+        return true;
+    const rect = clampRect(options, x, y, w, h);
+    if (!rect)
+        return true;
+    const top = box.borderTop;
+    const right = box.borderRight;
+    const bottom = box.borderBottom;
+    const left = box.borderLeft;
+    ctx.fillStyle = inkColor(color, s.color);
+    fillRing(ctx, { x: rect.x, y: rect.y, width: rect.w, height: rect.h }, corners, {
+        x: rect.x + left,
+        y: rect.y + top,
+        width: Math.max(0, rect.w - left - right),
+        height: Math.max(0, rect.h - top - bottom),
+    }, insetCorners(corners, top, right, bottom, left));
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * Clip to what a box's border paints, for a layer of `background-clip:
+ * border-area` (CSS Backgrounds 4, 2.1): each side's width and style, and
+ * not its colour — a transparent border still has an area, which is what
+ * the value is for. The shapes are the border painter's own, so that the
+ * background shows exactly where that border would: the ring `roundedRing`
+ * fills where a rounded border is solid, the ring the trapezoids of a 3D
+ * style make, and otherwise the rectangles `fillEdge` fills a side at a
+ * time — the dots, the dashes, the two lines of a double border. All of
+ * them run clockwise and a ring's inside the other way, so the clip is the
+ * union by the non-zero rule, the one every context's `clip` takes. False
+ * where the border paints nothing or the context cannot clip, and nothing
+ * is pushed.
+ */
+function pushBorderArea(ctx, box, options) {
+    const t = box.borderTop;
+    const r = box.borderRight;
+    const b = box.borderBottom;
+    const l = box.borderLeft;
+    if (!(t || r || b || l) || !ctx.beginPath || !ctx.rect || !ctx.clip) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const s = box.style;
+    const left = box.x + options.originX;
+    const top = frameY(box) + options.originY;
+    const x = Math.round(left);
+    const y = Math.round(top);
+    const w = Math.round(left + box.width) - x;
+    const h = Math.round(top + frameHeight(box)) - y;
+    if (w <= 0 || h <= 0)
+        return false;
+    const area = clampRect(options, x, y, w, h);
+    if (!area)
+        return false;
+    const corners = cornersOf(s, w, h);
+    ctx.save();
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    if (corners && canCurve(ctx) && solidBorder(box)) {
+        roundedRect(ctx, area.x, area.y, area.w, area.h, corners, true);
+        const iw = area.w - l - r;
+        const ih = area.h - t - b;
+        if (iw > 0 && ih > 0) {
+            const inner = insetCorners(corners, t, r, b, l);
+            roundedRect(ctx, area.x + l, area.y + t, iw, ih, inner, true, true);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (sculpted(s)) {
+        // a band a side, which the trapezoids cover between them
+        ctx.rect(area.x, area.y, area.w, t);
+        ctx.rect(area.x, area.y + area.h - b, area.w, b);
+        ctx.rect(area.x, area.y + t, l, area.h - t - b);
+        ctx.rect(area.x + area.w - r, area.y + t, r, area.h - t - b);
+    }
+    else {
+        const path = { fillRect: ctx.rect.bind(ctx) };
+        const edge = (ex, ey, ew, eh, style, horizontal) => {
+            const rect = clampRect(options, ex, ey, ew, eh);
+            if (rect)
+                fillEdge(path, rect, horizontal ? ex : ey, style, horizontal);
+        };
+        const between = h - t - b;
+        if (t > 0)
+            edge(x, y, w, t, s.borderTopStyle, true);
+        if (b > 0)
+            edge(x, y + h - b, w, b, s.borderBottomStyle, true);
+        if (l > 0)
+            edge(x, y + t, l, between, s.borderLeftStyle, false);
+        if (r > 0)
+            edge(x + w - r, y + t, r, between, s.borderRightStyle, false);
+    }
+    ctx.clip();
+    return true;
+}
+/** Whether every side a box has a border on is solid, which a rounded box
+ *  draws as one ring (`roundedRing`). */
+function solidBorder(box) {
+    const s = box.style;
+    return ((!box.borderTop || s.borderTopStyle === 'solid') &&
+        (!box.borderRight || s.borderRightStyle === 'solid') &&
+        (!box.borderBottom || s.borderBottomStyle === 'solid') &&
+        (!box.borderLeft || s.borderLeftStyle === 'solid'));
+}
+/** The border styles drawn in two shades, as though lit from the top left. */
+const SCULPTED = new Set(['groove', 'ridge', 'inset', 'outset']);
+function sculpted(s) {
+    return (SCULPTED.has(s.borderTopStyle) ||
+        SCULPTED.has(s.borderRightStyle) ||
+        SCULPTED.has(s.borderBottomStyle) ||
+        SCULPTED.has(s.borderLeftStyle));
+}
+/**
+ * A border with a 3D style in it, a side at a time as a trapezoid whose
+ * ends meet its neighbours' on the diagonal, so a corner is shared rather
+ * than stacked (CSS 2.1 8.5.3). `inset` shades its top and left in the
+ * colour's shadow and `outset` its bottom and right; `groove` is `inset`
+ * outside `outset`, a band each, and `ridge` the other way round
+ * (`borderShades`). A side of any other style takes its trapezoid in its
+ * colour. The trapezoids are clamped to the painted area, which leaves a
+ * cut end square and out of sight and keeps a long box's far corners out
+ * of X's coordinates. False where the context cannot draw a path, and the
+ * sides are drawn straight.
+ */
+function paintSculpted(ctx, box, x, y, w, h, options) {
+    if (!ctx.beginPath || !ctx.moveTo || !ctx.lineTo || !ctx.fill)
+        return false;
+    const area = clampRect(options, x, y, w, h);
+    if (!area)
+        return true;
+    const s = box.style;
+    const t = box.borderTop;
+    const r = box.borderRight;
+    const b = box.borderBottom;
+    const l = box.borderLeft;
+    const cx = (v) => Math.max(area.x - 1, Math.min(v, area.x + area.w + 1));
+    const cy = (v) => Math.max(area.y - 1, Math.min(v, area.y + area.h + 1));
+    /** The band between the edge `outer` of the way in and `inner`, for one
+     *  side: 0 is the border box, 1 the padding box. */
+    const band = (side, outer, inner, color) => {
+        const at = (k) => ({
+            x0: x + l * k,
+            y0: y + t * k,
+            x1: x + w - r * k,
+            y1: y + h - b * k,
+        });
+        const o = at(outer);
+        const i = at(inner);
+        const points = side === 0
+            ? [o.x0, o.y0, o.x1, o.y0, i.x1, i.y0, i.x0, i.y0]
+            : side === 1
+                ? [o.x1, o.y0, o.x1, o.y1, i.x1, i.y1, i.x1, i.y0]
+                : side === 2
+                    ? [o.x1, o.y1, o.x0, o.y1, i.x0, i.y1, i.x1, i.y1]
+                    : [o.x0, o.y1, o.x0, o.y0, i.x0, i.y0, i.x0, i.y1];
+        ctx.fillStyle = color;
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        ctx.moveTo(cx(points[0]), cy(points[1]));
+        for (let k = 2; k < 8; k += 2)
+            ctx.lineTo(cx(points[k]), cy(points[k + 1]));
+        ctx.closePath?.();
+        ctx.fill();
+    };
+    const sides = [
+        [t, s.borderTopStyle, s.borderTopColor],
+        [r, s.borderRightStyle, s.borderRightColor],
+        [b, s.borderBottomStyle, s.borderBottomColor],
+        [l, s.borderLeftStyle, s.borderLeftColor],
+    ];
+    for (let side = 0; side < 4; side += 1) {
+        const [width, style, raw] = sides[side];
+        if (!(width > 0) || style === 'none' || style === 'hidden')
+            continue;
+        if (isTransparent(raw))
+            continue;
+        const color = inkColor(raw, s.color);
+        if (!SCULPTED.has(style)) {
+            band(side, 0, 1, color);
+            continue;
+        }
+        const shades = borderShades(color) ?? { lit: color, shadowed: color };
+        // the top and the left face the light
+        const lit = side === 0 || side === 3;
+        const shade = (sunk) => sunk === lit ? shades.shadowed : shades.lit;
+        if (style === 'inset' || style === 'outset') {
+            band(side, 0, 1, shade(style === 'inset'));
+        }
+        else {
+            band(side, 0, 0.5, shade(style === 'groove'));
+            band(side, 0.5, 1, shade(style !== 'groove'));
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * A table's collapsed borders: one per segment of its grid, centred on the
+ * line, reaching across the borders it meets at either end. The winners
+ * are painted last, so where two cross, the corner is the one that won
+ * (CSS 2.1 17.6.2.1). Painted over the cells, as the table's borders are.
+ */
+function paintCollapsedBorders(ctx, table, options) {
+    const grid = table.collapsed;
+    const { rows: R, columns: C, lineX, lineY, horizontal, vertical } = grid;
+    if (lineX.length !== C + 1 || lineY.length !== R + 1)
+        return;
+    const ox = table.x + options.originX;
+    const oy = table.y + options.originY;
+    const widthOf = (b) => (b ? b.width : 0);
+    const h = (line, c) => c < 0 || c >= C ? 0 : widthOf(horizontal[line * C + c]);
+    const v = (r, line) => r < 0 || r >= R ? 0 : widthOf(vertical[r * (C + 1) + line]);
+    const segments = [];
+    // A border centred on a grid line starts half its width before it,
+    // rounded there, on the page: a line at 12.5 carries a 25px border from
+    // 0, where rounding the line first and taking a whole half off drew it
+    // from 1, and a line 18.4 into a table at 50.4 carries a pixel's from
+    // 69, where rounding the two apart drew it from 68
+    const from = (origin, line, width) => Math.round(origin + line - width / 2);
+    for (let line = 0; line <= R; line += 1) {
+        for (let c = 0; c < C; c += 1) {
+            const border = horizontal[line * C + c];
+            if (!border)
+                continue;
+            const start = Math.max(v(line - 1, c), v(line, c));
+            const end = Math.max(v(line - 1, c + 1), v(line, c + 1));
+            const x = from(ox, lineX[c], start);
+            segments.push({
+                border,
+                x,
+                y: from(oy, lineY[line], border.width),
+                w: from(ox, lineX[c + 1], end) + end - x,
+                h: border.width,
+                horizontal: true,
+                row: line,
+                column: c,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    for (let r = 0; r < R; r += 1) {
+        for (let line = 0; line <= C; line += 1) {
+            const border = vertical[r * (C + 1) + line];
+            if (!border)
+                continue;
+            const start = Math.max(h(r, line - 1), h(r, line));
+            const end = Math.max(h(r + 1, line - 1), h(r + 1, line));
+            const y = from(oy, lineY[r], start);
+            segments.push({
+                border,
+                x: from(ox, lineX[line], border.width),
+                y,
+                w: border.width,
+                h: from(oy, lineY[r + 1], end) + end - y,
+                horizontal: false,
+                row: r,
+                column: line,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    // The winners last, where segments cross — and between two that won
+    // alike, the one further up and further left, as between two borders
+    // on one segment (CSS 2.1 17.6.2.1): a corner four equal borders meet
+    // at is the top-left cell's. Painted in the order they were found, the
+    // segment below a corner took it.
+    segments.sort((a, b) => a.border.rank - b.border.rank || b.row - a.row || b.column - a.column);
+    for (const s of segments) {
+        if (isTransparent(s.border.color))
+            continue;
+        const rect = clampRect(options, s.x, s.y, s.w, s.h);
+        if (!rect)
+            continue;
+        ctx.fillStyle = s.border.color;
+        fillEdge(ctx, rect, s.horizontal ? s.x : s.y, s.border.style, s.horizontal);
+    }
+}
 function fillEdge(ctx, rect, phaseOrigin, style, horizontal) {
     const { x, y, w, h } = rect;
     const length = horizontal ? w : h;
@@ -338,24 +3150,54 @@ function fillEdge(ctx, rect, phaseOrigin, style, horizontal) {
     ctx.fillRect(x, y, w, h);
 }
 /** A list item's bullet or number, in the margin. */
-function paintMarker(ctx, box, options) {
-    const marker = box.markerLayout;
-    if (!marker)
+function paintMarker(ctx, marker, options) {
+    const x = marker.x + options.originX;
+    const y = marker.y + options.originY;
+    if (marker.image) {
+        // `list-style-image`'s, at its own size
+        const { url, width, height } = marker.image;
+        const loaded = options.backgroundImageFor?.(url);
+        if (!loaded || !(width > 0 && height > 0))
+            return;
+        if (loaded.image instanceof SvgDrawing) {
+            loaded.image.draw(ctx, x, y, width, height, options.scale ?? 1);
+        }
+        else
+            ctx.drawImage?.(loaded.image, x, y, width, height);
         return;
-    const x = box.markerX + options.originX;
-    const y = box.markerY + options.originY;
-    marker.draw(ctx, x, y);
+    }
+    marker.layout?.draw(ctx, x, y);
 }
 function paintImage(ctx, box, options) {
     const image = options.imageFor(box);
-    const x = Math.round(box.contentX + options.originX);
-    const y = Math.round(box.contentY + options.originY);
-    const w = Math.ceil(box.contentWidth);
-    const h = Math.ceil(box.contentHeight);
+    const left = box.contentX + options.originX;
+    const top = box.contentY + options.originY;
+    const x = Math.round(left);
+    const y = Math.round(top);
+    const w = Math.round(left + box.contentWidth) - x;
+    const h = Math.round(top + box.contentHeight) - y;
     if (w <= 0 || h <= 0)
         return;
-    if (image && ctx.drawImage) {
-        ctx.drawImage(image, x, y, w, h);
+    if (image instanceof SvgDrawing || (image && ctx.drawImage)) {
+        // on the pixel grid, as a background's tile is: a fraction of a pixel
+        // is a blur, or a row of the image the next pixel's
+        const at = fitted(box, x, y, w, h);
+        at.x = Math.round(at.x);
+        at.y = Math.round(at.y);
+        // trimmed to the curve of its content edge (CSS Backgrounds 3, 5.3):
+        // an avatar is a round photograph. A rounded clip is a mask the size
+        // of the window on X11, so only a box that has corners pays for one;
+        // an image `object-fit` puts past its box is cut by a rectangle
+        const corners = contentCorners(box);
+        const past = at.x < x || at.y < y || at.x + at.w > x + w || at.y + at.h > y + h;
+        const clipped = (!!corners || past) && pushClip(ctx, { x, y, w, h }, corners);
+        if (image instanceof SvgDrawing) {
+            image.draw(ctx, at.x, at.y, at.w, at.h, options.scale ?? 1);
+        }
+        else
+            ctx.drawImage(image, at.x, at.y, at.w, at.h);
+        if (clipped)
+            ctx.restore();
         return;
     }
     // No image yet, or no image at all: a faint frame where it will be, so a
@@ -370,6 +3212,82 @@ function paintImage(ctx, box, options) {
         ctx.fillRect(x + w - t, y, t, h);
     }
 }
+/**
+ * Where an image is drawn in its content box (CSS Images 3, 5.5):
+ * stretched to it, the `fill` everything is by default, or at its own
+ * ratio — within it (`contain`), over the whole of it (`cover`, which
+ * Tailwind's `object-cover` avatars and card images are), at its own size
+ * (`none`), or the smaller of those two (`scale-down`) — and placed by
+ * `object-position`, the middle unless it says otherwise.
+ */
+function fitted(box, x, y, w, h) {
+    const fit = box.style.objectFit;
+    const own = box.intrinsic;
+    if (!own)
+        return { x, y, w, h };
+    // what of its size it has of its own: an SVG may have a ratio from its
+    // `viewBox` and neither side, or one side
+    const hasWidth = !(own.missing & 1) && own.width > 0;
+    const hasHeight = !(own.missing & 2) && own.height > 0;
+    const ratio = own.ratio > 0
+        ? own.ratio
+        : hasWidth && hasHeight
+            ? own.width / own.height
+            : 0;
+    // at its ratio within the box, and over the whole of it; the box where
+    // it has none
+    const within = !ratio
+        ? [w, h]
+        : w / h > ratio
+            ? [h * ratio, h]
+            : [w, w / ratio];
+    const over = !ratio
+        ? [w, h]
+        : w / h > ratio
+            ? [w, w / ratio]
+            : [h * ratio, h];
+    // its own size: a side it lacks from the other through its ratio, and
+    // with neither side, within the box (CSS Images 3, 5.2)
+    const natural = () => hasWidth && hasHeight
+        ? [own.width, own.height]
+        : hasWidth
+            ? [own.width, ratio ? own.width / ratio : h]
+            : hasHeight
+                ? [ratio ? own.height * ratio : w, own.height]
+                : within;
+    let dw = w;
+    let dh = h;
+    if (fit === 'contain')
+        [dw, dh] = within;
+    else if (fit === 'cover')
+        [dw, dh] = over;
+    else if (fit === 'none')
+        [dw, dh] = natural();
+    else if (fit === 'scale-down') {
+        const n = natural();
+        [dw, dh] = n[0] * n[1] <= within[0] * within[1] ? n : within;
+    }
+    // `fill` is the box's size; placed, it has no room to move in by a
+    // percentage, but it does by a length — `right 2px` puts it two pixels
+    // in from the right, and cut there
+    return {
+        x: x + resolve(box.style.objectPositionX, w - dw),
+        y: y + resolve(box.style.objectPositionY, h - dh),
+        w: dw,
+        h: dh,
+    };
+}
+/** An inline `<svg>`, drawn in its content box. Its `currentColor` is the
+ *  box's `color`, as an icon's is the text's around it. */
+function paintSvg(ctx, box, options) {
+    if (!box.el)
+        return;
+    const x = Math.round(box.contentX + options.originX);
+    const y = Math.round(box.contentY + options.originY);
+    const w = Math.round(box.contentX + options.originX + box.contentWidth) - x;
+    const h = Math.round(box.contentY + options.originY + box.contentHeight) - y;
+    inlineDrawing(box.el).draw(ctx, x, y, w, h, options.scale ?? 1, box.style.color);
+}
 /**
  * The X protocol carries glyph positions as Int16, so anything drawn past
  * ±32767 window coordinates does not clip — it throws in the encoder. The
@@ -417,13 +3335,31 @@ function paintLines(ctx, box, options) {
             if (line.y + line.height > top)
                 visible.push(line);
         }
+        // and a line the damage misses whose text or inline-block `position:
+        // relative` moved into it: drawn by its line, it went undrawn with it
+        const moved = MOVED_OFF_LINES.get(lines);
+        if (moved && reachedOff(visible, moved, top, bottom)) {
+            const drawn = new Set(visible);
+            for (const line of moved) {
+                if (movedInto(line, top, bottom))
+                    drawn.add(line);
+            }
+            visible.length = 0;
+            for (const line of lines)
+                if (drawn.has(line))
+                    visible.push(line);
+        }
     }
     else {
         visible.push(...lines);
     }
     if (!visible.length)
         return;
+    const bleeds = [];
     for (const line of visible) {
+        if (line.background)
+            paintLineBackground(ctx, line, options);
+        paintInlineBoxes(ctx, line, options, line === lines[0] ? null : bleeds);
         for (const text of line.texts) {
             const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
             if (natural)
@@ -431,6 +3367,13 @@ function paintLines(ctx, box, options) {
         }
         paintSelection(ctx, line, options);
     }
+    if (SHADOWED_TEXT.has(box))
+        paintTextShadows(ctx, visible, options);
+    // an underline goes under the glyphs, a line through over them (CSS 2.1
+    // Appendix E): a descender crosses its own underline
+    paintRules(ctx, visible, dx, dy, options.scale ?? 1, 'under');
+    if (CLIPPED_TEXT.has(box))
+        paintClippedText(ctx, box, visible, options);
     // One `draw` per layout: a paragraph is a single glyph composite, and
     // drawing it once per line would be one X request per line for the same
     // batch.
@@ -452,15 +3395,600 @@ function paintLines(ctx, box, options) {
             text.layout.draw(ctx, text.drawX + dx, top);
         }
     }
+    paintRules(ctx, visible, dx, dy, options.scale ?? 1, 'over');
+    if (bleeds.length)
+        paintBleeds(ctx, bleeds, options);
+    // an atomic set below the flow with a negative `z-index` is its
+    // stacking context's to paint, there (`hoistNegative`): painted by its
+    // line as well, it came back over the box it was under
+    const hoisted = options.negative;
     for (const line of visible) {
+        for (const placed of line.atomics) {
+            if (hoisted && HOISTED.has(placed.box))
+                continue;
+            paintBox(ctx, placed.box, options);
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** Whether any of the lines moved content was taken off, and the damage
+ *  does not already draw, has it within the damage's rows. */
+function reachedOff(visible, moved, top, bottom) {
+    for (const line of moved) {
+        if (!visible.includes(line) && movedInto(line, top, bottom))
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/** Whether what was moved off a line — its inline-blocks and images, where
+ *  their ink is, and its texts, where they are drawn — reaches the rows
+ *  between `top` and `bottom`. */
+function movedInto(line, top, bottom) {
+    for (const placed of line.atomics) {
+        const box = placed.box;
+        if (box.boundsY < bottom && box.boundsY + box.boundsHeight > top) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    for (const text of line.texts) {
+        const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+        if (!natural)
+            continue;
+        const y = text.drawY + natural.y;
+        if (y < bottom && y + natural.height > top)
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * The part of each such fragment above its line, drawn again over the
+ * text there. CSS 2.1 Appendix E paints a block's inline content a line at
+ * a time, backgrounds before text, so a box on the second line with
+ * padding enough to reach the first is drawn over the first line's text;
+ * the ink here goes on in one batch after every line's backgrounds
+ * (`paintLines`), which left that text over it.
+ */
+function paintBleeds(ctx, bleeds, options) {
+    if (!ctx.save || !ctx.restore || !ctx.beginPath || !ctx.rect || !ctx.clip)
+        return;
+    for (const { fragment, lineTop } of bleeds) {
+        const left = Math.floor(fragment.x + options.originX) - 1;
+        const top = Math.floor(fragment.y + options.originY) - 1;
+        const bottom = Math.round(lineTop + options.originY);
+        if (bottom <= top)
+            continue;
+        ctx.save();
+        ctx.beginPath();
+        ctx.rect(left, top, Math.ceil(fragment.width) + 2, bottom - top);
+        ctx.clip();
+        paintLayers(ctx, fragment, options, frameImages(ctx, fragment, options));
+        paintBorders(ctx, fragment, options);
+        ctx.restore();
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * The backgrounds painted through text (`background-clip: text`, CSS
+ * Backgrounds 4): Tailwind's `bg-clip-text text-transparent` over a
+ * gradient, which is how a landing page colours its headline. The text is
+ * laid out again with no ink of its own (`inklessLayout`) and drawn with
+ * the box's background as the fill — a gradient, which both engines fill
+ * glyphs with, or its colour — clipped to the runs that are the box's, so
+ * the text around them keeps its own ink. The gradient spans the box's
+ * padding box, or an inline box's own runs and its padding.
+ */
+function paintClippedText(ctx, block, lines, options) {
+    if (!ctx.save || !ctx.restore || !ctx.beginPath || !ctx.rect || !ctx.clip)
+        return;
+    const dx = options.originX;
+    const dy = options.originY;
+    // each box's runs, a layout at a time: one draw a layout, clipped to all
+    // of them
+    const parts = new Map();
+    for (const line of lines) {
         for (const text of line.texts) {
             const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
-            if (natural)
-                paintRunRules(ctx, natural, text.drawX + dx, text.drawY + dy, options.scale ?? 1);
+            if (!natural)
+                continue;
+            const x = text.drawX + dx;
+            const y = text.drawY + dy;
+            // a glyph may reach past its line box, where its line is tight
+            const top = y + Math.min(natural.y, natural.baseline - (natural.ascent ?? 0)) - 2;
+            const bottom = y +
+                Math.max(natural.y + natural.height, natural.baseline + (natural.descent ?? 0)) +
+                2;
+            for (const run of natural.runs) {
+                const clip = clipBoxOf(text.spans.boxAt?.(run.start) ?? null, block);
+                if (!clip)
+                    continue;
+                let byLayout = parts.get(clip);
+                if (!byLayout)
+                    parts.set(clip, (byLayout = new Map()));
+                let part = byLayout.get(text.layout);
+                if (!part) {
+                    part = { layout: text.layout, x, y, rects: [] };
+                    byLayout.set(text.layout, part);
+                }
+                part.rects.push({
+                    x: x + natural.x + run.x - 1,
+                    y: top,
+                    width: run.width + 2,
+                    height: bottom - top,
+                });
+            }
         }
-        for (const placed of line.atomics)
-            paintBox(ctx, placed.box, options);
     }
+    for (const [clip, byLayout] of parts) {
+        const list = [...byLayout.values()];
+        const style = clip.style;
+        let area;
+        if (clip === block)
+            area = paddingBox(block, options);
+        else {
+            // an inline box: its runs, and its padding round them
+            let x0 = Infinity;
+            let y0 = Infinity;
+            let x1 = -Infinity;
+            let y1 = -Infinity;
+            for (const part of list) {
+                for (const r of part.rects) {
+                    x0 = Math.min(x0, r.x);
+                    y0 = Math.min(y0, r.y);
+                    x1 = Math.max(x1, r.x + r.width);
+                    y1 = Math.max(y1, r.y + r.height);
+                }
+            }
+            area = {
+                x: x0 - clip.padLeft,
+                y: y0 - clip.padTop,
+                width: x1 - x0 + clip.padLeft + clip.padRight,
+                height: y1 - y0 + clip.padTop + clip.padBottom,
+            };
+        }
+        const gradient = style.backgroundGradient ??
+            (style.backgroundImages?.find((image) => image !== null && typeof image !== 'string') ||
+                null);
+        let fill = null;
+        if (gradient && ctx.createLinearGradient) {
+            if (!(area.width > 0 && area.height > 0))
+                continue;
+            // the text it shows through: what the fill is drawn over
+            let x0 = Infinity;
+            let y0 = Infinity;
+            let x1 = -Infinity;
+            let y1 = -Infinity;
+            for (const part of list) {
+                for (const r of part.rects) {
+                    x0 = Math.min(x0, r.x);
+                    y0 = Math.min(y0, r.y);
+                    x1 = Math.max(x1, r.x + r.width);
+                    y1 = Math.max(y1, r.y + r.height);
+                }
+            }
+            fill = linearGradient(ctx, gradient, area.x, area.y, area.width, area.height, style.color, x1 > x0 ? { x: x0, y: y0, w: x1 - x0, h: y1 - y0 } : null);
+        }
+        else if (!isTransparent(style.backgroundColor)) {
+            fill = inkColor(style.backgroundColor, style.color);
+        }
+        if (fill === null)
+            continue;
+        for (const part of list) {
+            const inkless = inklessLayout(part.layout);
+            if (!inkless)
+                continue;
+            ctx.save();
+            ctx.beginPath();
+            for (const r of part.rects)
+                ctx.rect(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height);
+            ctx.clip();
+            ctx.fillStyle = fill;
+            inkless.draw(ctx, part.x, part.y);
+            ctx.restore();
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * The shadows text casts (CSS Text Decoration 3, 4), under it and its
+ * underline: a layout drawn again for each shadow, the last first, as
+ * `fillShadow` draws a box's — clear of the window to the left, the
+ * shadow offset back by as much — so that only the shadow lands. The
+ * engines draw a layout's glyphs in its runs' own colours, and a copy in a
+ * shadow's would be another layout. One whose runs do not all cast the
+ * same shadows draws each stretch's clipped to it, a line at a time.
+ */
+function paintTextShadows(ctx, lines, options) {
+    if (!('shadowBlur' in ctx) || !ctx.save || !ctx.restore)
+        return;
+    const dx = options.originX;
+    const dy = options.originY;
+    const whole = new Set();
+    for (const line of lines) {
+        for (const text of line.texts) {
+            const layout = text.layout;
+            const top = text.drawY + dy;
+            if (top < -COORD_LIMIT || top + layout.height > COORD_LIMIT)
+                continue;
+            const cast = castOf(text);
+            if (cast === null)
+                continue;
+            const left = text.drawX + dx;
+            if (cast !== MIXED) {
+                // every run casts the same: the layout's once for each shadow
+                if (whole.has(layout))
+                    continue;
+                whole.add(layout);
+                castShadows(ctx, text, left, top, cast, null);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const natural = layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+            if (!natural || !text.spans.boxAt)
+                continue;
+            for (const [stretch, from, to] of stretchesOf(text, natural)) {
+                castShadows(ctx, text, left, top, stretch, {
+                    x: left + natural.x + from,
+                    y: text.drawY + dy + natural.y,
+                    width: to - from,
+                    height: natural.height,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** A layout whose runs do not all cast the same shadows. */
+const MIXED = { shadows: [], color: '' };
+/** What a layout's runs cast: null for none, the one cast of all of them,
+ *  or `MIXED`. Kept by the map of its runs to their boxes, which is its
+ *  paragraph's own — not by the layout, which another paragraph of the same
+ *  runs may share, casting other shadows or none, since a shadow is no
+ *  field of a run. */
+const CASTS = new WeakMap();
+function castOf(text) {
+    const layout = text.layout;
+    if (CASTS.has(text.spans))
+        return CASTS.get(text.spans);
+    let cast;
+    const boxAt = text.spans.boxAt;
+    for (const natural of layout.lines) {
+        for (const run of natural.runs) {
+            // a spacer, or a bidi control, is no one's text and draws nothing
+            const style = boxAt?.call(text.spans, run.start)?.style;
+            if (!style)
+                continue;
+            const shadows = style.textShadow;
+            const next = shadows ? { shadows, color: style.color } : null;
+            if (cast === undefined)
+                cast = next;
+            else if (!sameCast(cast, next))
+                cast = MIXED;
+            if (cast === MIXED)
+                break;
+        }
+        if (cast === MIXED)
+            break;
+    }
+    CASTS.set(text.spans, cast ?? null);
+    return cast ?? null;
+}
+function sameCast(a, b) {
+    return (a === b || (!!a && !!b && a.shadows === b.shadows && a.color === b.color));
+}
+/** The stretches of one line of a layout that cast shadows: each cast, and
+ *  where along the line its runs start and end. */
+function stretchesOf(text, natural) {
+    const out = [];
+    for (const run of natural.runs) {
+        const style = text.spans.boxAt.call(text.spans, run.start)?.style;
+        if (!style?.textShadow)
+            continue;
+        const cast = { shadows: style.textShadow, color: style.color };
+        const last = out[out.length - 1];
+        if (last && sameCast(last[0], cast) && Math.abs(last[2] - run.x) < 0.5) {
+            last[2] = Math.max(last[2], run.x + run.width);
+        }
+        else
+            out.push([cast, run.x, run.x + run.width]);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+/** A layout's shadows, drawn where `left` and `top` put it, each clipped to
+ *  `stretch` where the layout's runs do not all cast them. */
+function castShadows(ctx, text, left, top, cast, stretch) {
+    const layout = text.layout;
+    // clear of the window: the far end of its furthest line, which a line
+    // `text-align` moves in from the layout's left reaches past its width,
+    // at the window's left
+    let right = layout.width;
+    for (const natural of layout.lines) {
+        right = Math.max(right, natural.x + natural.width);
+    }
+    const shift = Math.ceil(left + right) + 1;
+    for (let i = cast.shadows.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+        const s = cast.shadows[i];
+        ctx.save();
+        if (stretch && ctx.beginPath && ctx.rect && ctx.clip) {
+            // the stretch, as far as its shadow falls
+            const reach = shadowReach(s.blur);
+            ctx.beginPath();
+            ctx.rect(stretch.x + Math.min(0, s.x) - reach, stretch.y + Math.min(0, s.y) - reach, stretch.width + Math.abs(s.x) + 2 * reach, stretch.height + Math.abs(s.y) + 2 * reach);
+            ctx.clip();
+        }
+        ctx.shadowColor = inkColor(s.color, cast.color);
+        // CoreGraphics casts no shadow with no blur at all: a hard one is one
+        // blurred too little to see
+        ctx.shadowBlur = s.blur > 0 ? s.blur : 0.01;
+        ctx.shadowOffsetX = s.x + shift;
+        ctx.shadowOffsetY = s.y;
+        layout.draw(ctx, left - shift, top);
+        ctx.restore();
+    }
+}
+/** One pass of the lines' run rules, `under` or `over` their glyphs. */
+function paintRules(ctx, lines, dx, dy, scale, rules) {
+    for (const line of lines) {
+        const shifted = SHIFTED_LINES.has(line);
+        for (const text of line.texts) {
+            const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+            if (natural) {
+                paintRunRules(ctx, natural, text.drawX + dx, text.drawY + dy + (shifted ? ruleDrop(text) : 0), scale, rules);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * How far below a raised text its rules go: to the baseline of the element
+ * that decorates it. `vertical-align` moves the text and not the lines an
+ * element outside it draws through it, which stay on that element's
+ * baseline (CSS Text Decoration 3, 2.1). `position: relative` moves both.
+ */
+function ruleDrop(text) {
+    const raise = TEXT_RAISES.get(text);
+    if (!raise)
+        return 0;
+    const owner = text.spans.boxAt?.(text.layoutStart);
+    for (let at = owner?.parent; at?.kind === 'inline'; at = at.parent) {
+        if (at.style.textDecorationLine !== 'none') {
+            return raise - (BOX_RAISES.get(at) ?? 0);
+        }
+    }
+    return raise;
+}
+/**
+ * The backgrounds and borders of the inline boxes on one line — a `<mark>`, a
+ * padded `<span>`, a link set as a button — under the text, a fragment each:
+ * from the ascent to the descent of the box's own face, with its vertical
+ * padding and border beyond (CSS 2.1 10.6.1, 10.8.1, which is also why they
+ * do not make the line taller), and across the box's text and atomics on
+ * this line out to its padding and border where it starts or ends. Outer
+ * boxes first, so a highlight shows behind a nested element's text too. A
+ * run finds its element from its place in the document, as a click does.
+ */
+/** A `::first-line` background: behind all the line's content, across it,
+ *  over its face's height from the baseline, as an inline box around the
+ *  line's content would be painted. */
+function paintLineBackground(ctx, line, options) {
+    const background = line.background;
+    let left = Infinity;
+    let right = -Infinity;
+    let baseline = line.y + line.baseline;
+    const shifted = SHIFTED_LINES.has(line);
+    for (const text of line.texts) {
+        const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+        if (!natural)
+            continue;
+        // where the line has it, not where `position: relative` moved it or
+        // `vertical-align` raised it
+        const shift = shifted ? TEXT_SHIFTS.get(text) : undefined;
+        const raise = shifted ? (TEXT_RAISES.get(text) ?? 0) : 0;
+        const x = text.drawX - (shift?.x ?? 0) + natural.x;
+        baseline = text.drawY - (shift?.y ?? 0) + raise + natural.baseline;
+        left = Math.min(left, x);
+        right = Math.max(right, x + natural.width);
+    }
+    for (const placed of line.atomics) {
+        left = Math.min(left, placed.x - placed.box.marginLeft);
+        right = Math.max(right, placed.x + placed.box.width + placed.box.marginRight);
+    }
+    if (!(right > left))
+        return;
+    const top = baseline - background.ascent;
+    paintLayers(ctx, {
+        x: left,
+        y: top,
+        width: right - left,
+        height: baseline + background.descent - top,
+        captionTop: 0,
+        captionBottom: 0,
+        borderTop: 0,
+        borderBottom: 0,
+        borderLeft: 0,
+        borderRight: 0,
+        style: background.style,
+    }, options);
+}
+function paintInlineBoxes(ctx, line, options, 
+/** Where a fragment that reaches up over the lines before goes, to be
+ *  drawn again over their text; null for a block's first line. */
+bleeds = null) {
+    let fragments = null;
+    const widen = (box, left, right) => {
+        fragments ??= new Map();
+        const f = fragments.get(box);
+        if (f) {
+            f.left = Math.min(f.left, left);
+            f.right = Math.max(f.right, right);
+        }
+        else {
+            fragments.set(box, { left, right, start: false, end: false });
+        }
+    };
+    // Every text on a line is drawn on one baseline (`finishLine`), and an
+    // engine's is from the top of its layout rather than of the line. Taken
+    // where the line has each text: a box `position: relative` moves is
+    // moved by its own offset below, and the boxes around it are not.
+    let baseline = line.y + line.baseline;
+    const shifted = SHIFTED_LINES.has(line);
+    for (const text of line.texts) {
+        const natural = text.layout.lines[text.layoutLine];
+        const boxAt = text.spans.boxAt;
+        if (!natural || !boxAt)
+            continue;
+        const shift = shifted ? TEXT_SHIFTS.get(text) : undefined;
+        const raise = shifted ? (TEXT_RAISES.get(text) ?? 0) : 0;
+        baseline = text.drawY - (shift?.y ?? 0) + raise + natural.baseline;
+        const x = text.drawX - (shift?.x ?? 0) + natural.x;
+        for (const run of natural.runs) {
+            const owner = boxAt.call(text.spans, run.start);
+            if (!owner)
+                continue;
+            // Within the line: a space a line ends on hangs past it, and CoreText
+            // keeps it in the run it ends even where the line's width does not.
+            const left = Math.max(x, x + run.x);
+            const right = Math.min(x + natural.width, x + run.x + run.width);
+            if (right <= left)
+                continue;
+            for (const box of decoratedAncestors(owner))
+                widen(box, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const placed of line.atomics) {
+        const atomic = placed.box;
+        for (const box of decoratedAncestors(atomic)) {
+            widen(box, placed.x - atomic.marginLeft, placed.x + atomic.width + atomic.marginRight);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const edge of line.edges ?? []) {
+        const box = edge.box;
+        if (!box.decoration)
+            continue;
+        // The element's `direction` says which side its start is on, whatever
+        // its text reads as (CSS 2.1 8.6); the edge's margin is outside the box,
+        // its border and padding inside.
+        const onLeft = (edge.side === 'start') !== (box.style.direction === 'rtl');
+        if (onLeft) {
+            const left = edge.x + box.marginLeft;
+            widen(box, left, left);
+        }
+        else {
+            const right = edge.x + edge.width - box.marginRight;
+            widen(box, right, right);
+        }
+        const f = fragments.get(box);
+        if (edge.side === 'start')
+            f.start = true;
+        else
+            f.end = true;
+    }
+    if (!fragments)
+        return;
+    const boxes = [...fragments.keys()].sort((a, b) => depthOf(a) - depthOf(b));
+    for (const box of boxes) {
+        if (box.style.visibility !== 'visible')
+            continue;
+        const f = fragments.get(box);
+        const face = box.decoration;
+        // on its own baseline, which `vertical-align` may raise off the line's
+        const own = shifted
+            ? baseline -
+                (LINE_BOX_RAISES.get(line)?.get(box) ?? BOX_RAISES.get(box) ?? 0)
+            : baseline;
+        const top = own - face.ascent - box.padTop - box.borderTop;
+        const bottom = own + face.descent + box.padBottom + box.borderBottom;
+        // Sliced where the box goes on to another line: no border and no
+        // rounded corner on a side it does not end on (`box-decoration-break:
+        // slice`, CSS's default). Left and right swap for right-to-left text.
+        const rtl = box.style.direction === 'rtl';
+        const leftEnds = rtl ? f.end : f.start;
+        const rightEnds = rtl ? f.start : f.end;
+        const moved = shifted ? offsetOf(box) : null;
+        const style = fragmentStyle(box.style, leftEnds, rightEnds);
+        const fragment = {
+            x: f.left + (moved?.x ?? 0),
+            y: top + (moved?.y ?? 0),
+            width: f.right - f.left,
+            height: bottom - top,
+            captionTop: 0,
+            captionBottom: 0,
+            borderTop: box.borderTop,
+            borderBottom: box.borderBottom,
+            borderLeft: leftEnds ? box.borderLeft : 0,
+            borderRight: rightEnds ? box.borderRight : 0,
+            padTop: box.padTop,
+            padBottom: box.padBottom,
+            padLeft: leftEnds ? box.padLeft : 0,
+            padRight: rightEnds ? box.padRight : 0,
+            style,
+        };
+        if (fragment.width <= 0)
+            continue;
+        // its images from its own padding box, as its gradients are, each
+        // fragment alike: `slice` would lay them out as though the fragments
+        // were one box end to end, which a box on one line is
+        paintLayers(ctx, fragment, options, frameImages(ctx, fragment, options));
+        paintBorders(ctx, fragment, options);
+        if (box.style.outlineStyle !== 'none')
+            paintOutline(ctx, fragment, options);
+        if (bleeds && fragment.y < line.y - 0.5) {
+            bleeds.push({ fragment, lineTop: line.y + (moved?.y ?? 0) });
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** An inline box's style on a line it does not both start and end on: no
+ *  rounded corner on a side it goes on from. Made once a style and a pair
+ *  of ends, so a repaint copies no style and the layers made of it are
+ *  found again. */
+const FRAGMENT_STYLES = new WeakMap();
+function fragmentStyle(style, leftEnds, rightEnds) {
+    if (leftEnds && rightEnds)
+        return style;
+    let made = FRAGMENT_STYLES.get(style);
+    if (!made) {
+        made = [];
+        FRAGMENT_STYLES.set(style, made);
+    }
+    const which = (leftEnds ? 1 : 0) | (rightEnds ? 2 : 0);
+    let out = made[which];
+    if (!out) {
+        const ends = (radii) => [
+            leftEnds ? radii[0] : 0,
+            rightEnds ? radii[1] : 0,
+            rightEnds ? radii[2] : 0,
+            leftEnds ? radii[3] : 0,
+        ];
+        out = copyStyle(style);
+        out.borderRadius = ends(style.borderRadius);
+        out.borderRadiusY = style.borderRadiusY ? ends(style.borderRadiusY) : null;
+        made[which] = out;
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+/** How far `position: relative` moved an inline box: its own offset, and
+ *  those of the inline boxes around it. */
+function offsetOf(box) {
+    let x = 0;
+    let y = 0;
+    let moved = false;
+    for (let at = box; at?.kind === 'inline'; at = at.parent) {
+        const offset = INLINE_OFFSETS.get(at);
+        if (!offset)
+            continue;
+        x += offset.x;
+        y += offset.y;
+        moved = true;
+    }
+    return moved ? { x, y } : null;
+}
+/** The inline boxes around a box, within its line's block, that paint a
+ *  background or a border — outermost last. */
+const DECORATED = new WeakMap();
+function decoratedAncestors(box) {
+    let found = DECORATED.get(box);
+    if (found)
+        return found;
+    found = [];
+    for (let at = box.parent; at && at.kind === 'inline'; at = at.parent) {
+        if (at.decoration)
+            found.push(at);
+    }
+    DECORATED.set(box, found);
+    return found;
 }
 /**
  * The band the document selection covers on one line.
@@ -485,8 +4013,8 @@ function paintSelection(ctx, line, options) {
         if (to <= from)
             continue;
         const offsets = layoutOffsets(text.layout);
-        const layoutFrom = text.layoutStart + (from - text.textStart);
-        const layoutTo = text.layoutStart + (to - text.textStart);
+        const layoutFrom = layoutOffsetOf(text, from);
+        const layoutTo = layoutOffsetOf(text, to, true);
         for (const band of lineBands(text.layout, natural, offsets, layoutFrom, layoutTo)) {
             ctx.fillRect(Math.round(band.x + text.drawX + options.originX), Math.round(line.y + options.originY), Math.ceil(band.width), Math.ceil(line.height));
         }