@react-three/fiber 10.0.0-canary.c3fa45d → 10.0.0-canary.c5c1a94

package/dist/index.cjs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ const UltraHDRLoader_js = require('three/examples/jsm/loaders/UltraHDRLoader.js'
 const gainmapJs = require('@monogrid/gainmap-js');
 const Tb = require('scheduler');
 const traditional = require('zustand/traditional');
+const scheduler = require('@pmndrs/scheduler');
 const suspendReact = require('suspend-react');
 
 var _documentCurrentScript = typeof document !== 'undefined' ? document.currentScript : null;
@@ -55,10 +56,13 @@ const R3F_BUILD_WEBGPU = true;
 
 const THREE = /*#__PURE__*/_mergeNamespaces({
   __proto__: null,
+  CubeRenderTarget: webgpu.CubeRenderTarget,
+  CubeRenderTargetCompat: webgpu.CubeRenderTarget,
   Inspector: Inspector_js.Inspector,
   R3F_BUILD_LEGACY: R3F_BUILD_LEGACY,
   R3F_BUILD_WEBGPU: R3F_BUILD_WEBGPU,
   RenderTargetCompat: webgpu.RenderTarget,
+  WebGLCubeRenderTarget: three.WebGLCubeRenderTarget,
   WebGLRenderTarget: three.WebGLRenderTarget,
   WebGLRenderer: three.WebGLRenderer
 }, [webgpu__namespace]);
@@ -332,15 +336,16 @@ function EnvironmentPortal({
   preset = void 0,
   extensions
 }) {
-  const gl = fiber.useThree((state) => state.gl);
+  const renderer = fiber.useThree((state) => state.renderer);
+  const isLegacy = fiber.useThree((state) => state.isLegacy);
   const defaultScene = fiber.useThree((state) => state.scene);
   const camera = React__namespace.useRef(null);
   const [virtualScene] = React__namespace.useState(() => new webgpu.Scene());
   const fbo = React__namespace.useMemo(() => {
-    const fbo2 = new webgpu.WebGLCubeRenderTarget(resolution);
+    const fbo2 = isLegacy ? new three.WebGLCubeRenderTarget(resolution) : new webgpu.CubeRenderTarget(resolution);
     fbo2.texture.type = webgpu.HalfFloatType;
     return fbo2;
-  }, [resolution]);
+  }, [resolution, isLegacy]);
   React__namespace.useEffect(() => {
     return () => {
       fbo.dispose();
@@ -348,10 +353,10 @@ function EnvironmentPortal({
   }, [fbo]);
   React__namespace.useLayoutEffect(() => {
     if (frames === 1) {
-      const autoClear = gl.autoClear;
-      gl.autoClear = true;
-      camera.current.update(gl, virtualScene);
-      gl.autoClear = autoClear;
+      const autoClear = renderer.autoClear;
+      renderer.autoClear = true;
+      camera.current.update(renderer, virtualScene);
+      renderer.autoClear = autoClear;
     }
     return setEnvProps(background, scene, defaultScene, fbo.texture, {
       backgroundBlurriness: blur ?? backgroundBlurriness,
@@ -368,7 +373,7 @@ function EnvironmentPortal({
     defaultScene,
     background,
     frames,
-    gl,
+    renderer,
     blur,
     backgroundBlurriness,
     backgroundIntensity,
@@ -379,10 +384,10 @@ function EnvironmentPortal({
   let count = 1;
   fiber.useFrame(() => {
     if (frames === Infinity || count < frames) {
-      const autoClear = gl.autoClear;
-      gl.autoClear = true;
-      camera.current.update(gl, virtualScene);
-      gl.autoClear = autoClear;
+      const autoClear = renderer.autoClear;
+      renderer.autoClear = true;
+      camera.current.update(renderer, virtualScene);
+      renderer.autoClear = autoClear;
       count++;
     }
   });
@@ -446,10 +451,9 @@ function Environment(props) {
   return props.ground ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(EnvironmentGround, { ...props }) : props.map ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(EnvironmentMap, { ...props }) : props.children ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(EnvironmentPortal, { ...props }) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(EnvironmentCube, { ...props });
 }
 
-var __defProp$2 = Object.defineProperty;
-var __defNormalProp$2 = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp$2(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
-var __publicField$2 = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp$2(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
-const act = React__namespace["act"];
+var __defProp = Object.defineProperty;
+var __defNormalProp = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
+var __publicField = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
 const useIsomorphicLayoutEffect = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => typeof window !== "undefined" && (window.document?.createElement || window.navigator?.product === "ReactNative"))() ? React__namespace.useLayoutEffect : React__namespace.useEffect;
 function useMutableCallback(fn) {
   const ref = React__namespace.useRef(fn);
@@ -480,7 +484,7 @@ const ErrorBoundary = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => {
   return _a = class extends React__namespace.Component {
     constructor() {
       super(...arguments);
-      __publicField$2(this, "state", { error: false });
+      __publicField(this, "state", { error: false });
     }
     componentDidCatch(err) {
       this.props.set(err);
@@ -488,7 +492,7 @@ const ErrorBoundary = /* @__PURE__ */ (() => {
     render() {
       return this.state.error ? null : this.props.children;
     }
-  }, __publicField$2(_a, "getDerivedStateFromError", () => ({ error: true })), _a;
+  }, __publicField(_a, "getDerivedStateFromError", () => ({ error: true })), _a;
 })();
 
 const is = {
@@ -625,8 +629,7 @@ function prepare(target, root, type, props) {
       object,
       eventCount: 0,
       handlers: {},
-      isHidden: false,
-      deferredRefs: []
+      isHidden: false
     };
     if (object) object.__r3f = instance;
   }
@@ -783,6 +786,17 @@ function unregisterVisibility(store, object) {
   internal.visibilityRegistry.delete(object.uuid);
   internal.occlusionCache.delete(object);
 }
+function updateVisibilityHandlers(store, object, handlers) {
+  const { internal } = store.getState();
+  const entry = internal.visibilityRegistry.get(object.uuid);
+  if (!entry) return false;
+  entry.handlers = handlers;
+  if ((handlers.onOccluded || handlers.onVisible) && !internal.occlusionEnabled) {
+    object.occlusionTest = true;
+    enableOcclusion(store);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
 function checkVisibility(state) {
   const { internal, camera } = state;
   const registry = internal.visibilityRegistry;
@@ -943,9 +957,9 @@ function diffProps(instance, newProps) {
     const { root, key } = resolve(instance.object, prop);
     if (root.constructor && root.constructor.length === 0) {
       const ctor = getMemoizedPrototype(root);
-      if (!is.und(ctor)) changedProps[key] = ctor[key];
+      if (!is.und(ctor)) changedProps[prop] = ctor[key];
     } else {
-      changedProps[key] = 0;
+      changedProps[prop] = 0;
     }
   }
   return changedProps;
@@ -970,10 +984,7 @@ function applyProps(object, props) {
       continue;
     }
     if (value === void 0) continue;
-    if (isFromRef(value)) {
-      instance?.deferredRefs?.push({ prop, ref: value[FROM_REF] });
-      continue;
-    }
+    if (isFromRef(value)) continue;
     if (isOnce(value)) {
       if (instance?.appliedOnce?.has(prop)) continue;
       if (instance) {
@@ -1009,6 +1020,19 @@ function applyProps(object, props) {
     } else if (isVectorLike(target) && is.num(value)) {
       if ("setScalar" in target && typeof target.setScalar === "function") target.setScalar(value);
       else target.set(value);
+    } else if (root instanceof webgpu.ShaderMaterial && key === "uniforms" && is.obj(value)) {
+      if (!is.obj(root.uniforms)) root.uniforms = {};
+      const uniforms = root.uniforms;
+      const nextUniforms = value;
+      for (const name in nextUniforms) {
+        const uniform = nextUniforms[name];
+        const targetUniform = uniforms[name];
+        if (targetUniform) Object.assign(targetUniform, uniform);
+        else {
+          const nextUniform = uniform instanceof webgpu.Uniform ? uniform.clone() : new webgpu.Uniform(uniform.value);
+          uniforms[name] = nextUniform;
+        }
+      }
     } else {
       root[key] = value;
       if (key.endsWith("Node") && root.isMaterial) {
@@ -1027,6 +1051,9 @@ function applyProps(object, props) {
     if (instance.eventCount && object2.raycast !== null) {
       rootState.internal.interaction.push(object2);
     }
+  }
+  if (instance?.parent && rootState?.internal && instance.object?.isObject3D) {
+    const object2 = instance.object;
     const root = findInitialRoot(instance);
     const visibilityHandlers = {
       onFramed: instance.handlers.onFramed,
@@ -1034,7 +1061,9 @@ function applyProps(object, props) {
       onVisible: instance.handlers.onVisible
     };
     if (hasVisibilityHandlers(visibilityHandlers)) {
-      registerVisibility(root, object2, visibilityHandlers);
+      if (!updateVisibilityHandlers(root, object2, visibilityHandlers)) {
+        registerVisibility(root, object2, visibilityHandlers);
+      }
     } else {
       unregisterVisibility(root, object2);
     }
@@ -1562,6 +1591,7 @@ function createPointerEvents(store) {
         set((state) => ({ events: { ...state.events, connected: void 0 } }));
       }
     },
+    // PREVIEW (A8): the XR pointer registration API may change before stable.
     registerPointer: (config) => {
       const pointerId = nextXRPointerId++;
       xrPointers.set(pointerId, config);
@@ -1648,1036 +1678,11 @@ function notifyAlpha({ message, link }) {
   }
 }
 
-var __defProp$1 = Object.defineProperty;
-var __defNormalProp$1 = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp$1(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
-var __publicField$1 = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp$1(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
-const DEFAULT_PHASES = ["start", "input", "physics", "update", "render", "finish"];
-class PhaseGraph {
-  constructor() {
-    /** Ordered list of phase nodes */
-    __publicField$1(this, "phases", []);
-    /** Quick lookup by name */
-    __publicField$1(this, "phaseMap", /* @__PURE__ */ new Map());
-    /** Cached ordered names (invalidated on changes) */
-    __publicField$1(this, "orderedNamesCache", null);
-    this.initializeDefaultPhases();
-  }
-  //* Initialization --------------------------------
-  initializeDefaultPhases() {
-    for (const name of DEFAULT_PHASES) {
-      const node = { name, isAutoGenerated: false };
-      this.phases.push(node);
-      this.phaseMap.set(name, node);
-    }
-    this.invalidateCache();
-  }
-  //* Public API --------------------------------
-  /**
-   * Add a named phase to the graph
-   * @param name - Phase name (must be unique)
-   * @param options - Position options (before or after another phase)
-   */
-  addPhase(name, options = {}) {
-    if (this.phaseMap.has(name)) {
-      console.warn(`[useFrame] Phase "${name}" already exists`);
-      return;
-    }
-    const { before, after } = options;
-    const node = { name, isAutoGenerated: false };
-    let insertIndex = this.phases.length;
-    const targetIndex = this.getPhaseIndex(before ?? after);
-    if (targetIndex !== -1) {
-      insertIndex = before ? targetIndex : targetIndex + 1;
-    } else {
-      const constraintType = before ? "before" : "after";
-      console.warn(`[useFrame] Phase "${before ?? after}" not found for '${constraintType}' constraint`);
-    }
-    this.phases.splice(insertIndex, 0, node);
-    this.phaseMap.set(name, node);
-    this.invalidateCache();
-  }
-  /**
-   * Get ordered list of phase names
-   */
-  getOrderedPhases() {
-    if (this.orderedNamesCache === null) this.orderedNamesCache = this.phases.map((p) => p.name);
-    return this.orderedNamesCache;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Check if a phase exists
-   */
-  hasPhase(name) {
-    return this.phaseMap.has(name);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Get the index of a phase (-1 if not found)
-   */
-  getPhaseIndex(name) {
-    if (!name) return -1;
-    return this.phases.findIndex((p) => p.name === name);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Ensure a phase exists, creating an auto-generated one if needed.
-   * Used for resolving before/after constraints.
-   *
-   * @param name - The phase name to ensure exists
-   * @returns The phase name (may be auto-generated like 'before:render')
-   */
-  ensurePhase(name) {
-    if (this.phaseMap.has(name)) return name;
-    const node = { name, isAutoGenerated: true };
-    this.phases.push(node);
-    this.phaseMap.set(name, node);
-    this.invalidateCache();
-    return name;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Resolve where a job with before/after constraints should go.
-   * Creates auto-generated phases if needed.
-   *
-   * @param before - Phase(s) to run before
-   * @param after - Phase(s) to run after
-   * @returns The resolved phase name
-   */
-  resolveConstraintPhase(before, after) {
-    const beforeArr = before ? Array.isArray(before) ? before : [before] : [];
-    const afterArr = after ? Array.isArray(after) ? after : [after] : [];
-    if (beforeArr.length > 0) {
-      return this.ensureAutoPhase(beforeArr[0], "before", 0);
-    }
-    if (afterArr.length > 0) {
-      return this.ensureAutoPhase(afterArr[0], "after", 1);
-    }
-    return "update";
-  }
-  /**
-   * Ensure an auto-generated phase exists relative to a target phase.
-   * Creates the phase if it doesn't exist, inserting it at the correct position.
-   *
-   * @param target - The target phase name to position relative to
-   * @param prefix - Prefix for auto-generated phase name ('before' or 'after')
-   * @param offset - Insertion offset (0 for before, 1 for after)
-   * @returns The auto-generated phase name
-   */
-  ensureAutoPhase(target, prefix, offset) {
-    const autoName = `${prefix}:${target}`;
-    if (this.phaseMap.has(autoName)) return autoName;
-    const node = { name: autoName, isAutoGenerated: true };
-    const targetIndex = this.getPhaseIndex(target);
-    if (targetIndex !== -1) this.phases.splice(targetIndex + offset, 0, node);
-    else this.phases.push(node);
-    this.phaseMap.set(autoName, node);
-    this.invalidateCache();
-    return autoName;
-  }
-  // Internal --------------------------------
-  invalidateCache() {
-    this.orderedNamesCache = null;
-  }
-}
-
-function rebuildSortedJobs(jobs, phaseGraph) {
-  const orderedPhases = phaseGraph.getOrderedPhases();
-  const buckets = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  for (const phase of orderedPhases) {
-    buckets.set(phase, []);
-  }
-  for (const job of jobs.values()) {
-    if (!job.enabled) continue;
-    let bucket = buckets.get(job.phase);
-    if (!bucket) {
-      bucket = [];
-      buckets.set(job.phase, bucket);
-    }
-    bucket.push(job);
-  }
-  const sortedBuckets = [];
-  for (const phase of orderedPhases) {
-    const bucket = buckets.get(phase);
-    if (!bucket || bucket.length === 0) continue;
-    bucket.sort((a, b) => {
-      if (a.priority !== b.priority) return b.priority - a.priority;
-      return a.index - b.index;
-    });
-    sortedBuckets.push(hasCrossJobConstraints(bucket) ? topologicalSort(bucket) : bucket);
-  }
-  for (const [phase, bucket] of buckets) {
-    if (!orderedPhases.includes(phase) && bucket.length > 0) {
-      bucket.sort((a, b) => {
-        if (a.priority !== b.priority) return b.priority - a.priority;
-        return a.index - b.index;
-      });
-      sortedBuckets.push(bucket);
-    }
-  }
-  return sortedBuckets.flat();
-}
-function hasCrossJobConstraints(bucket) {
-  const jobIds = new Set(bucket.map((j) => j.id));
-  for (const job of bucket) {
-    for (const ref of job.before) {
-      if (jobIds.has(ref)) return true;
-    }
-    for (const ref of job.after) {
-      if (jobIds.has(ref)) return true;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-function topologicalSort(jobs) {
-  const n = jobs.length;
-  if (n <= 1) return jobs;
-  const jobMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  const inDegree = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  const adjacency = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  for (const job of jobs) {
-    jobMap.set(job.id, job);
-    inDegree.set(job.id, 0);
-    adjacency.set(job.id, []);
-  }
-  for (const job of jobs) {
-    for (const ref of job.before) {
-      if (jobMap.has(ref)) {
-        adjacency.get(job.id).push(ref);
-        inDegree.set(ref, inDegree.get(ref) + 1);
-      }
-    }
-    for (const ref of job.after) {
-      if (jobMap.has(ref)) {
-        adjacency.get(ref).push(job.id);
-        inDegree.set(job.id, inDegree.get(job.id) + 1);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  const queue = [];
-  for (const job of jobs) {
-    if (inDegree.get(job.id) === 0) {
-      queue.push(job);
-    }
-  }
-  queue.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.priority !== b.priority) return b.priority - a.priority;
-    return a.index - b.index;
-  });
-  const result = [];
-  while (queue.length > 0) {
-    const job = queue.shift();
-    result.push(job);
-    const neighbors = adjacency.get(job.id) || [];
-    for (const neighborId of neighbors) {
-      const newDegree = inDegree.get(neighborId) - 1;
-      inDegree.set(neighborId, newDegree);
-      if (newDegree === 0) {
-        const neighbor = jobMap.get(neighborId);
-        insertSorted(queue, neighbor);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (result.length !== n) {
-    console.warn("[useFrame] Circular dependency detected in job constraints");
-    const resultIds = new Set(result.map((j) => j.id));
-    for (const job of jobs) {
-      if (!resultIds.has(job.id)) result.push(job);
-    }
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-function insertSorted(arr, job) {
-  let i = 0;
-  while (i < arr.length) {
-    const cmp = arr[i];
-    if (job.priority > cmp.priority || job.priority === cmp.priority && job.index < cmp.index) {
-      break;
-    }
-    i++;
-  }
-  arr.splice(i, 0, job);
-}
-
-function shouldRun(job, now) {
-  if (!job.enabled) return false;
-  if (!job.fps) return true;
-  const minInterval = 1e3 / job.fps;
-  const lastRun = job.lastRun ?? 0;
-  const elapsed = now - lastRun;
-  if (elapsed < minInterval - 1) return false;
-  if (job.drop) {
-    job.lastRun = now;
-  } else {
-    const steps = Math.floor(elapsed / minInterval);
-    job.lastRun = lastRun + steps * minInterval;
-    if (job.lastRun < now - minInterval) {
-      job.lastRun = now;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-function resetJobTiming(job) {
-  job.lastRun = void 0;
-}
-
-var __defProp = Object.defineProperty;
-var __defNormalProp = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
-var __publicField = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
-const hmrData = (() => {
-  if (typeof process !== "undefined" && process.env.NODE_ENV === "test") return void 0;
-  if (typeof import_meta_hot !== "undefined") return import_meta_hot;
-  try {
-    return (0, eval)("import.meta.hot");
-  } catch {
-    return void 0;
-  }
-})();
-const _Scheduler = class _Scheduler {
-  //* Constructor ================================
-  constructor() {
-    //* Critical State ================================
-    __publicField(this, "roots", /* @__PURE__ */ new Map());
-    __publicField(this, "phaseGraph");
-    __publicField(this, "loopState", {
-      running: false,
-      rafHandle: null,
-      lastTime: null,
-      // null = uninitialized, 0+ = valid timestamp
-      frameCount: 0,
-      elapsedTime: 0,
-      createdAt: performance.now()
-    });
-    __publicField(this, "stoppedTime", 0);
-    //* Private State ================================
-    __publicField(this, "nextRootIndex", 0);
-    __publicField(this, "globalBeforeJobs", /* @__PURE__ */ new Map());
-    __publicField(this, "globalAfterJobs", /* @__PURE__ */ new Map());
-    __publicField(this, "nextGlobalIndex", 0);
-    __publicField(this, "idleCallbacks", /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
-    __publicField(this, "nextJobIndex", 0);
-    __publicField(this, "jobStateListeners", /* @__PURE__ */ new Map());
-    __publicField(this, "pendingFrames", 0);
-    __publicField(this, "_frameloop", "always");
-    //* Independent Mode & Error Handling State ================================
-    __publicField(this, "_independent", false);
-    __publicField(this, "errorHandler", null);
-    __publicField(this, "rootReadyCallbacks", /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
-    //* Core Loop Execution Methods ================================
-    /**
-     * Main RAF loop callback.
-     * Executes frame, handles demand mode, and schedules next frame.
-     * @param {number} timestamp - RAF timestamp in milliseconds
-     * @returns {void}
-     * @private
-     */
-    __publicField(this, "loop", (timestamp) => {
-      if (!this.loopState.running) return;
-      this.executeFrame(timestamp);
-      if (this._frameloop === "demand") {
-        this.pendingFrames = Math.max(0, this.pendingFrames - 1);
-        if (this.pendingFrames === 0) {
-          this.notifyIdle(timestamp);
-          return this.stop();
-        }
-      }
-      this.loopState.rafHandle = requestAnimationFrame(this.loop);
-    });
-    this.phaseGraph = new PhaseGraph();
-  }
-  static get instance() {
-    return globalThis[_Scheduler.INSTANCE_KEY] ?? null;
-  }
-  static set instance(value) {
-    globalThis[_Scheduler.INSTANCE_KEY] = value;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Get the global scheduler instance (creates if doesn't exist).
-   * Uses HMR data to preserve instance across hot reloads.
-   * @returns {Scheduler} The singleton scheduler instance
-   */
-  static get() {
-    if (!_Scheduler.instance && hmrData?.data?.scheduler) {
-      _Scheduler.instance = hmrData.data.scheduler;
-    }
-    if (!_Scheduler.instance) {
-      _Scheduler.instance = new _Scheduler();
-      if (hmrData?.data) {
-        hmrData.data.scheduler = _Scheduler.instance;
-      }
-    }
-    return _Scheduler.instance;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Reset the singleton instance. Stops the loop and clears all state.
-   * Primarily used for testing to ensure clean state between tests.
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  static reset() {
-    if (_Scheduler.instance) {
-      _Scheduler.instance.stop();
-      _Scheduler.instance = null;
-    }
-    if (hmrData?.data) {
-      hmrData.data.scheduler = null;
-    }
-  }
-  //* Getters & Setters ================================
-  get phases() {
-    return this.phaseGraph.getOrderedPhases();
-  }
-  get frameloop() {
-    return this._frameloop;
-  }
-  set frameloop(mode) {
-    if (this._frameloop === mode) return;
-    const wasAlways = this._frameloop === "always";
-    this._frameloop = mode;
-    if (mode === "always" && !this.loopState.running && this.roots.size > 0) this.start();
-    else if (mode !== "always" && wasAlways) this.stop();
-  }
-  get isRunning() {
-    return this.loopState.running;
-  }
-  get isReady() {
-    return this.roots.size > 0;
-  }
-  get independent() {
-    return this._independent;
-  }
-  set independent(value) {
-    this._independent = value;
-    if (value) this.ensureDefaultRoot();
-  }
-  //* Root Management Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Register a root (Canvas) with the scheduler.
-   * The first root to register starts the RAF loop (if frameloop='always').
-   * @param {string} id - Unique identifier for this root
-   * @param {RootOptions} [options] - Optional configuration with getState and onError callbacks
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function to remove this root
-   */
-  registerRoot(id, options = {}) {
-    if (this.roots.has(id)) {
-      console.warn(`[Scheduler] Root "${id}" already registered`);
-      return () => this.unregisterRoot(id);
-    }
-    const entry = {
-      id,
-      getState: options.getState ?? (() => ({})),
-      jobs: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
-      sortedJobs: [],
-      needsRebuild: false
-    };
-    if (options.onError) {
-      this.errorHandler = options.onError;
-    }
-    this.roots.set(id, entry);
-    if (this.roots.size === 1) {
-      this.notifyRootReady();
-      if (this._frameloop === "always") this.start();
-    }
-    return () => this.unregisterRoot(id);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Unregister a root from the scheduler.
-   * Cleans up all job state listeners for this root's jobs.
-   * The last root to unregister stops the RAF loop.
-   * @param {string} id - The root ID to unregister
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  unregisterRoot(id) {
-    const root = this.roots.get(id);
-    if (!root) return;
-    for (const jobId of root.jobs.keys()) {
-      this.jobStateListeners.delete(jobId);
-    }
-    this.roots.delete(id);
-    if (this.roots.size === 0) {
-      this.stop();
-      this.errorHandler = null;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Subscribe to be notified when a root becomes available.
-   * Fires immediately if a root already exists.
-   * @param {() => void} callback - Function called when first root registers
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function
-   */
-  onRootReady(callback) {
-    if (this.roots.size > 0) {
-      callback();
-      return () => {
-      };
-    }
-    this.rootReadyCallbacks.add(callback);
-    return () => this.rootReadyCallbacks.delete(callback);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Notify all registered root-ready callbacks.
-   * Called when the first root registers.
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  notifyRootReady() {
-    for (const cb of this.rootReadyCallbacks) {
-      try {
-        cb();
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error("[Scheduler] Error in root-ready callback:", error);
-      }
-    }
-    this.rootReadyCallbacks.clear();
-  }
-  /**
-   * Ensure a default root exists for independent mode.
-   * Creates a minimal root with no state provider.
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  ensureDefaultRoot() {
-    if (!this.roots.has("__default__")) {
-      this.registerRoot("__default__");
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Trigger error handling for job errors.
-   * Uses the bound error handler if available, otherwise logs to console.
-   * @param {Error} error - The error to handle
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  triggerError(error) {
-    if (this.errorHandler) this.errorHandler(error);
-    else console.error("[Scheduler]", error);
-  }
-  //* Phase Management Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Add a named phase to the scheduler's execution order.
-   * Marks all roots for rebuild to incorporate the new phase.
-   * @param {string} name - The phase name (e.g., 'physics', 'postprocess')
-   * @param {AddPhaseOptions} [options] - Positioning options (before/after other phases)
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @example
-   * scheduler.addPhase('physics', { before: 'update' });
-   * scheduler.addPhase('postprocess', { after: 'render' });
-   */
-  addPhase(name, options) {
-    this.phaseGraph.addPhase(name, options);
-    for (const root of this.roots.values()) {
-      root.needsRebuild = true;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Check if a phase exists in the scheduler.
-   * @param {string} name - The phase name to check
-   * @returns {boolean} True if the phase exists
-   */
-  hasPhase(name) {
-    return this.phaseGraph.hasPhase(name);
-  }
-  //* Global Job Registration Methods (Deprecated APIs) ================================
-  /**
-   * Register a global job that runs once per frame (not per-root).
-   * Used internally by deprecated addEffect/addAfterEffect APIs.
-   * @param {'before' | 'after'} phase - When to run: 'before' all roots or 'after' all roots
-   * @param {string} id - Unique identifier for this global job
-   * @param {(timestamp: number) => void} callback - Function called each frame with RAF timestamp
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function to remove this global job
-   * @deprecated Use useFrame with phases instead
-   */
-  registerGlobal(phase, id, callback) {
-    const job = { id, callback };
-    if (phase === "before") {
-      this.globalBeforeJobs.set(id, job);
-    } else {
-      this.globalAfterJobs.set(id, job);
-    }
-    return () => {
-      if (phase === "before") this.globalBeforeJobs.delete(id);
-      else this.globalAfterJobs.delete(id);
-    };
-  }
-  //* Idle Callback Methods (Deprecated API) ================================
-  /**
-   * Register an idle callback that fires when the loop stops.
-   * Used internally by deprecated addTail API.
-   * @param {(timestamp: number) => void} callback - Function called when loop becomes idle
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function to remove this idle callback
-   * @deprecated Use demand mode with invalidate() instead
-   */
-  onIdle(callback) {
-    this.idleCallbacks.add(callback);
-    return () => this.idleCallbacks.delete(callback);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Notify all registered idle callbacks.
-   * Called when the loop stops in demand mode.
-   * @param {number} timestamp - The RAF timestamp when idle occurred
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  notifyIdle(timestamp) {
-    for (const cb of this.idleCallbacks) {
-      try {
-        cb(timestamp);
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error("[Scheduler] Error in idle callback:", error);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  //* Job Registration & Management Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Register a job (frame callback) with a specific root.
-   * This is the core registration method used by useFrame internally.
-   * @param {FrameNextCallback} callback - The function to call each frame
-   * @param {JobOptions & { rootId?: string; system?: boolean }} [options] - Job configuration
-   * @param {string} [options.rootId] - Target root ID (defaults to first registered root)
-   * @param {string} [options.id] - Unique job ID (auto-generated if not provided)
-   * @param {string} [options.phase] - Execution phase (defaults to 'update')
-   * @param {number} [options.priority] - Priority within phase (higher = earlier, default 0)
-   * @param {number} [options.fps] - FPS throttle limit
-   * @param {boolean} [options.drop] - Drop frames when behind (default true)
-   * @param {boolean} [options.enabled] - Whether job is active (default true)
-   * @param {boolean} [options.system] - Internal flag for system jobs (not user-facing)
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function to remove this job
-   */
-  register(callback, options = {}) {
-    const rootId = options.rootId;
-    const root = rootId ? this.roots.get(rootId) : this.roots.values().next().value;
-    if (!root) {
-      console.warn("[Scheduler] No root registered. Is this inside a Canvas?");
-      return () => {
-      };
-    }
-    const id = options.id ?? this.generateJobId();
-    let phase = options.phase ?? "update";
-    if (!options.phase && (options.before || options.after)) {
-      phase = this.phaseGraph.resolveConstraintPhase(options.before, options.after);
-    }
-    const before = this.normalizeConstraints(options.before);
-    const after = this.normalizeConstraints(options.after);
-    const job = {
-      id,
-      callback,
-      phase,
-      before,
-      after,
-      priority: options.priority ?? 0,
-      index: this.nextJobIndex++,
-      fps: options.fps,
-      drop: options.drop ?? true,
-      enabled: options.enabled ?? true,
-      system: options.system ?? false
-    };
-    if (root.jobs.has(id)) {
-      console.warn(`[useFrame] Job with id "${id}" already exists, replacing`);
-    }
-    root.jobs.set(id, job);
-    root.needsRebuild = true;
-    return () => this.unregister(id, root.id);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Unregister a job by its ID.
-   * Searches all roots if rootId is not provided.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to unregister
-   * @param {string} [rootId] - Optional root ID to search (searches all if not provided)
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  unregister(id, rootId) {
-    const root = rootId ? this.roots.get(rootId) : Array.from(this.roots.values()).find((r) => r.jobs.has(id));
-    if (root?.jobs.delete(id)) {
-      root.needsRebuild = true;
-      this.jobStateListeners.delete(id);
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Update a job's options dynamically.
-   * Searches all roots to find the job by ID.
-   * Phase/constraint changes trigger a rebuild of the sorted job list.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to update
-   * @param {Partial<JobOptions>} options - The options to update
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  updateJob(id, options) {
-    let job;
-    let root;
-    for (const r of this.roots.values()) {
-      job = r.jobs.get(id);
-      if (job) {
-        root = r;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!job || !root) return;
-    if (options.priority !== void 0) job.priority = options.priority;
-    if (options.fps !== void 0) job.fps = options.fps;
-    if (options.drop !== void 0) job.drop = options.drop;
-    if (options.enabled !== void 0) {
-      const wasEnabled = job.enabled;
-      job.enabled = options.enabled;
-      if (!wasEnabled && job.enabled) resetJobTiming(job);
-      if (wasEnabled !== job.enabled) root.needsRebuild = true;
-    }
-    if (options.phase !== void 0 || options.before !== void 0 || options.after !== void 0) {
-      if (options.phase) job.phase = options.phase;
-      if (options.before !== void 0) job.before = this.normalizeConstraints(options.before);
-      if (options.after !== void 0) job.after = this.normalizeConstraints(options.after);
-      root.needsRebuild = true;
-    }
-  }
-  //* Job State Management Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Check if a job is currently paused (disabled).
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to check
-   * @returns {boolean} True if the job exists and is paused
-   */
-  isJobPaused(id) {
-    for (const root of this.roots.values()) {
-      const job = root.jobs.get(id);
-      if (job) return !job.enabled;
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Subscribe to state changes for a specific job.
-   * Listener is called when job is paused or resumed.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to subscribe to
-   * @param {() => void} listener - Callback invoked on state changes
-   * @returns {() => void} Unsubscribe function
-   */
-  subscribeJobState(id, listener) {
-    if (!this.jobStateListeners.has(id)) {
-      this.jobStateListeners.set(id, /* @__PURE__ */ new Set());
-    }
-    this.jobStateListeners.get(id).add(listener);
-    return () => {
-      this.jobStateListeners.get(id)?.delete(listener);
-      if (this.jobStateListeners.get(id)?.size === 0) {
-        this.jobStateListeners.delete(id);
-      }
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Notify all listeners that a job's state has changed.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID that changed
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  notifyJobStateChange(id) {
-    this.jobStateListeners.get(id)?.forEach((listener) => listener());
-  }
-  /**
-   * Pause a job by ID (sets enabled=false).
-   * Notifies any subscribed state listeners.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to pause
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  pauseJob(id) {
-    this.updateJob(id, { enabled: false });
-    this.notifyJobStateChange(id);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Resume a paused job by ID (sets enabled=true).
-   * Resets job timing to prevent frame accumulation.
-   * Notifies any subscribed state listeners.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to resume
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  resumeJob(id) {
-    this.updateJob(id, { enabled: true });
-    this.notifyJobStateChange(id);
-  }
-  //* Frame Loop Control Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Start the requestAnimationFrame loop.
-   * Resets timing state (elapsedTime, frameCount) on start.
-   * No-op if already running.
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  start() {
-    if (this.loopState.running) return;
-    const { elapsedTime, createdAt } = this.loopState;
-    let adjustedCreated = 0;
-    if (this.stoppedTime > 0) {
-      adjustedCreated = createdAt - (performance.now() - this.stoppedTime);
-      this.stoppedTime = 0;
-    }
-    Object.assign(this.loopState, {
-      running: true,
-      elapsedTime: elapsedTime ?? 0,
-      lastTime: performance.now(),
-      createdAt: adjustedCreated > 0 ? adjustedCreated : performance.now(),
-      frameCount: 0,
-      rafHandle: requestAnimationFrame(this.loop)
-    });
-  }
-  /**
-   * Stop the requestAnimationFrame loop.
-   * Cancels any pending RAF callback.
-   * No-op if not running.
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  stop() {
-    if (!this.loopState.running) return;
-    this.loopState.running = false;
-    if (this.loopState.rafHandle !== null) {
-      cancelAnimationFrame(this.loopState.rafHandle);
-      this.loopState.rafHandle = null;
-    }
-    this.stoppedTime = performance.now();
-  }
-  /**
-   * Request frames to be rendered in demand mode.
-   * Accumulates pending frames (capped at 60) and starts the loop if not running.
-   * No-op if frameloop is not 'demand'.
-   * @param {number} [frames=1] - Number of frames to request
-   * @param {boolean} [stackFrames=false] - Whether to add frames to existing pending count
-   *   - `false` (default): Sets pending frames to the specified value (replaces existing count)
-   *   - `true`: Adds frames to existing pending count (useful for accumulating invalidations)
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @example
-   * // Request a single frame render
-   * scheduler.invalidate();
-   *
-   * @example
-   * // Request 5 frames (e.g., for animations)
-   * scheduler.invalidate(5);
-   *
-   * @example
-   * // Set pending frames to exactly 3 (don't stack with existing)
-   * scheduler.invalidate(3, false);
-   *
-   * @example
-   * // Add 2 more frames to existing pending count
-   * scheduler.invalidate(2, true);
-   */
-  invalidate(frames = 1, stackFrames = false) {
-    if (this._frameloop !== "demand") return;
-    const baseFrames = stackFrames ? this.pendingFrames : 0;
-    this.pendingFrames = Math.min(60, baseFrames + frames);
-    if (!this.loopState.running && this.pendingFrames > 0) this.start();
-  }
-  /**
-   * Reset timing state for deterministic testing.
-   * Preserves jobs and roots but resets lastTime, frameCount, elapsedTime, etc.
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  resetTiming() {
-    this.loopState.lastTime = null;
-    this.loopState.frameCount = 0;
-    this.loopState.elapsedTime = 0;
-    this.loopState.createdAt = performance.now();
-  }
-  //* Manual Stepping Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Manually execute a single frame for all roots.
-   * Useful for frameloop='never' mode or testing scenarios.
-   * @param {number} [timestamp] - Optional timestamp (defaults to performance.now())
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @example
-   * // Manual control mode
-   * scheduler.frameloop = 'never';
-   * scheduler.step(); // Execute one frame
-   */
-  step(timestamp) {
-    const now = timestamp ?? performance.now();
-    this.executeFrame(now);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Manually execute a single job by its ID.
-   * Useful for testing individual job callbacks in isolation.
-   * @param {string} id - The job ID to step
-   * @param {number} [timestamp] - Optional timestamp (defaults to performance.now())
-   * @returns {void}
-   */
-  stepJob(id, timestamp) {
-    let job;
-    let root;
-    for (const r of this.roots.values()) {
-      job = r.jobs.get(id);
-      if (job) {
-        root = r;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!job || !root) {
-      console.warn(`[Scheduler] Job "${id}" not found`);
-      return;
-    }
-    const now = timestamp ?? performance.now();
-    const deltaMs = this.loopState.lastTime !== null ? now - this.loopState.lastTime : 0;
-    const delta = deltaMs / 1e3;
-    const elapsed = now - this.loopState.createdAt;
-    const providedState = root.getState?.() ?? {};
-    const frameState = {
-      ...providedState,
-      time: now,
-      delta,
-      elapsed,
-      frame: this.loopState.frameCount
-    };
-    try {
-      job.callback(frameState, delta);
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error(`[Scheduler] Error in job "${job.id}":`, error);
-      this.triggerError(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Execute a single frame across all roots.
-   * Order: globalBefore → each root's jobs → globalAfter
-   * @param {number} timestamp - RAF timestamp in milliseconds
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  executeFrame(timestamp) {
-    const deltaMs = this.loopState.lastTime !== null ? timestamp - this.loopState.lastTime : 0;
-    const delta = deltaMs / 1e3;
-    this.loopState.lastTime = timestamp;
-    this.loopState.frameCount++;
-    this.loopState.elapsedTime += deltaMs;
-    this.runGlobalJobs(this.globalBeforeJobs, timestamp);
-    for (const root of this.roots.values()) {
-      this.tickRoot(root, timestamp, delta);
-    }
-    this.runGlobalJobs(this.globalAfterJobs, timestamp);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Run all global jobs from a job map.
-   * Catches and logs errors without stopping execution.
-   * @param {Map<string, GlobalJob>} jobs - The global jobs map to execute
-   * @param {number} timestamp - RAF timestamp in milliseconds
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  runGlobalJobs(jobs, timestamp) {
-    for (const job of jobs.values()) {
-      try {
-        job.callback(timestamp);
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error(`[Scheduler] Error in global job "${job.id}":`, error);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Execute all jobs for a single root in sorted order.
-   * Rebuilds sorted job list if needed, then dispatches each job.
-   * Errors are caught and propagated via triggerError.
-   * @param {RootEntry} root - The root entry to tick
-   * @param {number} timestamp - RAF timestamp in milliseconds
-   * @param {number} delta - Time since last frame in seconds
-   * @returns {void}
-   * @private
-   */
-  tickRoot(root, timestamp, delta) {
-    if (root.needsRebuild) {
-      root.sortedJobs = rebuildSortedJobs(root.jobs, this.phaseGraph);
-      root.needsRebuild = false;
-    }
-    const providedState = root.getState?.() ?? {};
-    const frameState = {
-      ...providedState,
-      time: timestamp,
-      delta,
-      elapsed: this.loopState.elapsedTime / 1e3,
-      // Convert ms to seconds
-      frame: this.loopState.frameCount
-    };
-    for (const job of root.sortedJobs) {
-      if (!shouldRun(job, timestamp)) continue;
-      try {
-        job.callback(frameState, delta);
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error(`[Scheduler] Error in job "${job.id}":`, error);
-        this.triggerError(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  //* Debug & Inspection Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Get the total number of registered jobs across all roots.
-   * Includes both per-root jobs and global before/after jobs.
-   * @returns {number} Total job count
-   */
-  getJobCount() {
-    let count = 0;
-    for (const root of this.roots.values()) {
-      count += root.jobs.size;
-    }
-    return count + this.globalBeforeJobs.size + this.globalAfterJobs.size;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Get all registered job IDs across all roots.
-   * Includes both per-root jobs and global before/after jobs.
-   * @returns {string[]} Array of all job IDs
-   */
-  getJobIds() {
-    const ids = [];
-    for (const root of this.roots.values()) {
-      ids.push(...root.jobs.keys());
-    }
-    ids.push(...this.globalBeforeJobs.keys());
-    ids.push(...this.globalAfterJobs.keys());
-    return ids;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Get the number of registered roots (Canvas instances).
-   * @returns {number} Number of registered roots
-   */
-  getRootCount() {
-    return this.roots.size;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Check if any user (non-system) jobs are registered in a specific phase.
-   * Used by the default render job to know if a user has taken over rendering.
-   *
-   * @param phase The phase to check
-   * @param rootId Optional root ID to check (checks all roots if not provided)
-   * @returns true if any user jobs exist in the phase
-   */
-  hasUserJobsInPhase(phase, rootId) {
-    const rootsToCheck = rootId ? [this.roots.get(rootId)].filter(Boolean) : Array.from(this.roots.values());
-    return rootsToCheck.some((root) => {
-      if (!root) return false;
-      for (const job of root.jobs.values()) {
-        if (job.phase === phase && !job.system && job.enabled) return true;
-      }
-      return false;
-    });
-  }
-  //* Utility Methods ================================
-  /**
-   * Generate a unique root ID for automatic root registration.
-   * @returns {string} A unique root ID in the format 'root_N'
-   */
-  generateRootId() {
-    return `root_${this.nextRootIndex++}`;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Generate a unique job ID.
-   * @returns {string} A unique job ID in the format 'job_N'
-   * @private
-   */
-  generateJobId() {
-    return `job_${this.nextJobIndex}`;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Normalize before/after constraints to a Set.
-   * Handles undefined, single string, or array inputs.
-   * @param {string | string[] | undefined} value - The constraint value(s)
-   * @returns {Set<string>} Normalized Set of constraint strings
-   * @private
-   */
-  normalizeConstraints(value) {
-    if (!value) return /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) return new Set(value);
-    return /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([value]);
-  }
-};
-//* Static State & Methods (Singleton Usage) ================================
-//* Cross-Bundle Singleton Key ==============================
-// Use Symbol.for() to ensure scheduler is shared across bundle boundaries
-// This prevents issues when mixing imports from @react-three/fiber and @react-three/fiber/webgpu
-__publicField(_Scheduler, "INSTANCE_KEY", Symbol.for("@react-three/fiber.scheduler"));
-let Scheduler = _Scheduler;
-const getScheduler = () => Scheduler.get();
-if (hmrData) {
-  hmrData.accept?.();
+const INTERNAL_LIB_MARKERS = ["zustand", "setState", "Object.assign"];
+function isInternalRendererAccess(stack, callerDepth = 2) {
+  if (!stack) return false;
+  const caller = stack.split("\n")[callerDepth] ?? "";
+  return INTERNAL_LIB_MARKERS.some((m) => caller.includes(m));
 }
 
 const R3F_CONTEXT = Symbol.for("@react-three/fiber.context");
@@ -2789,7 +1794,7 @@ const createStore = (invalidate, advance) => {
                 size: newSize,
                 viewport: { ...s.viewport, ...getCurrentViewport(state2.camera, defaultTarget, newSize) }
               }));
-              getScheduler().invalidate();
+              scheduler.getScheduler().invalidate();
             }
           }
           return;
@@ -2804,7 +1809,7 @@ const createStore = (invalidate, advance) => {
           viewport: { ...s.viewport, ...getCurrentViewport(state2.camera, defaultTarget, size) },
           _sizeImperative: true
         }));
-        getScheduler().invalidate();
+        scheduler.getScheduler().invalidate();
       },
       setDpr: (dpr) => set((state2) => {
         const resolved = calculateDpr(dpr);
@@ -2812,6 +1817,7 @@ const createStore = (invalidate, advance) => {
       }),
       setFrameloop: (frameloop = "always") => {
         set(() => ({ frameloop }));
+        scheduler.getScheduler().frameloop = frameloop;
       },
       setError: (error) => set(() => ({ error })),
       error: null,
@@ -2821,6 +1827,7 @@ const createStore = (invalidate, advance) => {
       buffers: {},
       gpuStorage: {},
       textures: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
+      _textureRefs: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
       renderPipeline: null,
       passes: {},
       _hmrVersion: 0,
@@ -2878,8 +1885,7 @@ const createStore = (invalidate, advance) => {
       const currentState = rootStore.getState();
       if (!currentState.isLegacy && currentState.internal.actualRenderer) {
         const stack = new Error().stack || "";
-        const isInternalAccess = stack.includes("zustand") || stack.includes("setState") || stack.includes("Object.assign") || stack.includes("react-three-fiber/packages/fiber/src/core");
-        if (!isInternalAccess) {
+        if (!isInternalRendererAccess(stack)) {
           const cleanedStack = stack.split("\n").slice(2).join("\n") || "Stack trace unavailable";
           notifyDepreciated({
             heading: "Accessing state.gl in WebGPU mode",
@@ -2992,26 +1998,32 @@ function loadingFn(extensions, onProgress) {
     );
   };
 }
-function useLoader(loader, input, extensions, onProgress) {
-  const keys = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
+function useLoader(loader, input, extensions, onProgress, cacheKey) {
+  const inputs = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
+  const cacheKeys = Array.isArray(cacheKey ?? input) ? cacheKey ?? input : [cacheKey ?? input];
   const fn = loadingFn(extensions, onProgress);
-  const results = keys.map((key) => suspendReact.suspend(fn, [loader, key], { equal: is.equ }));
+  const results = cacheKeys.map(
+    (key, index) => suspendReact.suspend(() => fn(loader, inputs[index]), [loader, key], { equal: is.equ })
+  );
   return Array.isArray(input) ? results : results[0];
 }
-useLoader.preload = function(loader, input, extensions, onProgress) {
-  const keys = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
-  keys.forEach((key) => suspendReact.preload(loadingFn(extensions, onProgress), [loader, key]));
+useLoader.preload = function(loader, input, extensions, onProgress, cacheKey) {
+  const inputs = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
+  const cacheKeys = Array.isArray(cacheKey ?? input) ? cacheKey ?? input : [cacheKey ?? input];
+  cacheKeys.forEach(
+    (key, index) => suspendReact.preload(() => loadingFn(extensions, onProgress)(loader, inputs[index]), [loader, key])
+  );
 };
-useLoader.clear = function(loader, input) {
-  const keys = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
-  keys.forEach((key) => suspendReact.clear([loader, key]));
+useLoader.clear = function(loader, input, cacheKey) {
+  const cacheKeys = Array.isArray(cacheKey ?? input) ? cacheKey ?? input : [cacheKey ?? input];
+  cacheKeys.forEach((key) => suspendReact.clear([loader, key]));
 };
 useLoader.loader = getLoader;
 
 function useFrame(callback, priorityOrOptions) {
   const store = React__namespace.useContext(context);
   const isInsideCanvas = store !== null;
-  const scheduler = getScheduler();
+  const scheduler$1 = scheduler.getScheduler();
   const optionsKey = typeof priorityOrOptions === "number" ? `p:${priorityOrOptions}` : priorityOrOptions ? JSON.stringify({
     id: priorityOrOptions.id,
     phase: priorityOrOptions.phase,
@@ -3059,7 +2071,7 @@ function useFrame(callback, priorityOrOptions) {
         };
         callbackRef.current?.(mergedState, delta);
       };
-      const unregister = scheduler.register(wrappedCallback, {
+      const unregister = scheduler$1.register(wrappedCallback, {
         id,
         rootId,
         ...options
@@ -3080,37 +2092,31 @@ function useFrame(callback, priorityOrOptions) {
         }
       };
     } else {
-      const registerOutside = () => {
-        return scheduler.register((state, delta) => callbackRef.current?.(state, delta), { id, ...options });
-      };
-      if (scheduler.independent || scheduler.isReady) {
-        return registerOutside();
-      }
-      let unregisterJob = null;
-      const unsubReady = scheduler.onRootReady(() => {
-        unregisterJob = registerOutside();
-      });
-      return () => {
-        unsubReady();
-        unregisterJob?.();
-      };
+      return scheduler$1.register(
+        (state, delta) => {
+          const frameState = state;
+          if (!frameState.renderer) return;
+          callbackRef.current?.(frameState, delta);
+        },
+        { id, ...options }
+      );
     }
-  }, [store, scheduler, id, optionsKey, isLegacyPriority, isInsideCanvas]);
+  }, [store, scheduler$1, id, optionsKey, isLegacyPriority, isInsideCanvas]);
   const isPaused = React__namespace.useSyncExternalStore(
     // Subscribe function
     React__namespace.useCallback(
       (onStoreChange) => {
-        return getScheduler().subscribeJobState(id, onStoreChange);
+        return scheduler.getScheduler().subscribeJobState(id, onStoreChange);
       },
       [id]
     ),
     // getSnapshot function
-    React__namespace.useCallback(() => getScheduler().isJobPaused(id), [id]),
+    React__namespace.useCallback(() => scheduler.getScheduler().isJobPaused(id), [id]),
     // getServerSnapshot function (SSR)
     React__namespace.useCallback(() => false, [])
   );
   const controls = React__namespace.useMemo(() => {
-    const scheduler2 = getScheduler();
+    const scheduler2 = scheduler.getScheduler();
     return {
       /** The job's unique ID */
       id,
@@ -3125,7 +2131,7 @@ function useFrame(callback, priorityOrOptions) {
        * @param timestamp Optional timestamp (defaults to performance.now())
        */
       step: (timestamp) => {
-        getScheduler().stepJob(id, timestamp);
+        scheduler.getScheduler().stepJob(id, timestamp);
       },
       /**
        * Manually step ALL jobs in the scheduler.
@@ -3133,20 +2139,20 @@ function useFrame(callback, priorityOrOptions) {
        * @param timestamp Optional timestamp (defaults to performance.now())
        */
       stepAll: (timestamp) => {
-        getScheduler().step(timestamp);
+        scheduler.getScheduler().step(timestamp);
       },
       /**
        * Pause this job (set enabled=false).
        * Job remains registered but won't run.
        */
       pause: () => {
-        getScheduler().pauseJob(id);
+        scheduler.getScheduler().pauseJob(id);
       },
       /**
        * Resume this job (set enabled=true).
        */
       resume: () => {
-        getScheduler().resumeJob(id);
+        scheduler.getScheduler().resumeJob(id);
       },
       /**
        * Reactive paused state - automatically updates when pause/resume is called.
@@ -3184,18 +2190,18 @@ function buildFromCache(input, textureCache) {
 function useTexture(input, optionsOrOnLoad) {
   const renderer = useThree((state) => state.internal.actualRenderer);
   const store = useStore();
-  const textureCache = useThree((state) => state.textures);
   const options = typeof optionsOrOnLoad === "function" ? { onLoad: optionsOrOnLoad } : optionsOrOnLoad ?? {};
-  const { onLoad, cache = false } = options;
+  const { onLoad, cache = true } = options;
   const onLoadRef = React.useRef(onLoad);
   onLoadRef.current = onLoad;
   const onLoadCalledForRef = React.useRef(null);
   const urls = React.useMemo(() => getUrls(input), [input]);
   const cachedResult = React.useMemo(() => {
     if (!cache) return null;
-    if (!allUrlsCached(urls, textureCache)) return null;
-    return buildFromCache(input, textureCache);
-  }, [cache, urls, textureCache, input]);
+    const textures = store.getState().textures;
+    if (!allUrlsCached(urls, textures)) return null;
+    return buildFromCache(input, textures);
+  }, [cache, urls, input, store]);
   const loadedTextures = useLoader(
     webgpu.TextureLoader,
     IsObject(input) ? Object.values(input) : input
@@ -3239,8 +2245,6 @@ function useTexture(input, optionsOrOnLoad) {
   }, [input, loadedTextures, cachedResult]);
   React.useEffect(() => {
     if (!cache) return;
-    if (cachedResult) return;
-    const set = store.setState;
     const urlTextureMap = [];
     if (typeof input === "string") {
       urlTextureMap.push([input, mappedTextures]);
@@ -3254,18 +2258,32 @@ function useTexture(input, optionsOrOnLoad) {
         urlTextureMap.push([url, textureRecord[key]]);
       }
     }
-    set((state) => {
-      const newMap = new Map(state.textures);
-      let changed = false;
+    store.setState((state) => {
+      const refs = new Map(state._textureRefs);
+      let textures = state.textures;
+      let added = false;
       for (const [url, texture] of urlTextureMap) {
-        if (!newMap.has(url)) {
-          newMap.set(url, texture);
-          changed = true;
+        if (!textures.has(url)) {
+          if (!added) {
+            textures = new Map(textures);
+            added = true;
+          }
+          textures.set(url, texture);
         }
+        refs.set(url, (refs.get(url) ?? 0) + 1);
       }
-      return changed ? { textures: newMap } : state;
+      return added ? { textures, _textureRefs: refs } : { _textureRefs: refs };
+    });
+    return () => store.setState((state) => {
+      const refs = new Map(state._textureRefs);
+      for (const [url] of urlTextureMap) {
+        const next = (refs.get(url) ?? 0) - 1;
+        if (next <= 0) refs.delete(url);
+        else refs.set(url, next);
+      }
+      return { _textureRefs: refs };
     });
-  }, [cache, input, mappedTextures, store, cachedResult]);
+  }, [cache, input, mappedTextures, store]);
   return mappedTextures;
 }
 useTexture.preload = (url) => useLoader.preload(webgpu.TextureLoader, url);
@@ -3281,96 +2299,63 @@ const Texture = ({
   return /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(jsxRuntime.Fragment, { children: children?.(ret) });
 };
 
-function getTextureValue(entry) {
-  if (entry instanceof webgpu.Texture) return entry;
-  if (entry && typeof entry === "object" && "value" in entry && entry.value instanceof webgpu.Texture) {
-    return entry.value;
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-function useTextures() {
+function useTextures(selector) {
   const store = useStore();
-  return React.useMemo(() => {
-    const set = store.setState;
+  const registry = React.useMemo(() => {
     const getState = store.getState;
-    const add = (key, value) => {
-      set((state) => {
-        const newMap = new Map(state.textures);
-        newMap.set(key, value);
-        return { textures: newMap };
-      });
-    };
-    const addMultiple = (items) => {
-      set((state) => {
-        const newMap = new Map(state.textures);
-        const entries = items instanceof Map ? items.entries() : Object.entries(items);
-        for (const [key, value] of entries) {
-          newMap.set(key, value);
-        }
-        return { textures: newMap };
-      });
-    };
-    const remove = (key) => {
-      set((state) => {
-        const newMap = new Map(state.textures);
-        newMap.delete(key);
-        return { textures: newMap };
-      });
-    };
-    const removeMultiple = (keys) => {
-      set((state) => {
-        const newMap = new Map(state.textures);
-        for (const key of keys) newMap.delete(key);
-        return { textures: newMap };
-      });
-    };
-    const dispose = (key) => {
-      const entry = getState().textures.get(key);
-      if (entry) {
-        const tex = getTextureValue(entry);
-        tex?.dispose();
-      }
-      remove(key);
-    };
-    const disposeMultiple = (keys) => {
-      const textures = getState().textures;
-      for (const key of keys) {
-        const entry = textures.get(key);
-        if (entry) {
-          const tex = getTextureValue(entry);
-          tex?.dispose();
-        }
-      }
-      removeMultiple(keys);
-    };
-    const disposeAll = () => {
-      const textures = getState().textures;
-      for (const entry of textures.values()) {
-        const tex = getTextureValue(entry);
-        tex?.dispose();
-      }
-      set({ textures: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() });
-    };
+    const setState = store.setState;
+    const getOne = (key) => getState().textures.get(key);
     return {
-      // Getter for the textures Map (reactive via getState)
-      get textures() {
+      get all() {
         return getState().textures;
       },
-      // Read
-      get: (key) => getState().textures.get(key),
+      get(input) {
+        if (typeof input === "string") return getOne(input);
+        if (Array.isArray(input)) return input.map(getOne);
+        const out = {};
+        for (const name in input) out[name] = getOne(input[name]);
+        return out;
+      },
       has: (key) => getState().textures.has(key),
-      // Write
-      add,
-      addMultiple,
-      // Remove (cache only)
-      remove,
-      removeMultiple,
-      // Dispose (GPU + cache)
-      dispose,
-      disposeMultiple,
-      disposeAll
+      add(keyOrRecord, texture) {
+        setState((state) => {
+          const textures = new Map(state.textures);
+          if (typeof keyOrRecord === "string") {
+            textures.set(keyOrRecord, texture);
+          } else {
+            for (const key in keyOrRecord) textures.set(key, keyOrRecord[key]);
+          }
+          return { textures };
+        });
+      },
+      dispose(key, options) {
+        const state = getState();
+        const refs = state._textureRefs.get(key) ?? 0;
+        if (refs > 0 && !options?.force) {
+          console.warn(
+            `[useTextures] "${key}" still has ${refs} active reference(s); skipping dispose. Pass { force: true } to override.`
+          );
+          return false;
+        }
+        state.textures.get(key)?.dispose();
+        setState((s) => {
+          const textures = new Map(s.textures);
+          textures.delete(key);
+          const nextRefs = new Map(s._textureRefs);
+          nextRefs.delete(key);
+          return { textures, _textureRefs: nextRefs };
+        });
+        return true;
+      },
+      disposeAll() {
+        for (const texture of getState().textures.values()) texture.dispose();
+        setState({ textures: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(), _textureRefs: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() });
+      }
     };
   }, [store]);
+  const subscribe = selector ? () => selector(registry) : (state) => state.textures;
+  const selected = useThree(subscribe);
+  return selector ? selected : registry;
 }
 
 function useRenderTarget(widthOrOptions, heightOrOptions, options) {
@@ -3427,7 +2412,7 @@ function addEffect(callback) {
     link: "https://docs.pmnd.rs/react-three-fiber/api/hooks#useframe"
   });
   const id = `legacy_effect_${effectId++}`;
-  return getScheduler().registerGlobal("before", id, callback);
+  return scheduler.getScheduler().registerGlobal("before", id, callback);
 }
 function addAfterEffect(callback) {
   notifyDepreciated({
@@ -3436,7 +2421,7 @@ function addAfterEffect(callback) {
     link: "https://docs.pmnd.rs/react-three-fiber/api/hooks#useframe"
   });
   const id = `legacy_afterEffect_${effectId++}`;
-  return getScheduler().registerGlobal("after", id, callback);
+  return scheduler.getScheduler().registerGlobal("after", id, callback);
 }
 function addTail(callback) {
   notifyDepreciated({
@@ -3444,16 +2429,16 @@ function addTail(callback) {
     body: "Use scheduler.onIdle(callback) instead.\naddTail will be removed in a future version.",
     link: "https://docs.pmnd.rs/react-three-fiber/api/hooks#useframe"
   });
-  return getScheduler().onIdle(callback);
+  return scheduler.getScheduler().onIdle(callback);
 }
 function invalidate(state, frames = 1, stackFrames = false) {
-  getScheduler().invalidate(frames, stackFrames);
+  scheduler.getScheduler().invalidate(frames, stackFrames);
 }
 function advance(timestamp) {
-  getScheduler().step(timestamp);
+  scheduler.getScheduler().step(timestamp);
 }
 
-const version = "10.0.0-alpha.2";
+const version = "10.0.0-alpha.3";
 const packageData = {
 	version: version};
 
@@ -14709,7 +13694,7 @@ function n0() {
 var t0 = n0();
 const r0 = Xb(t0);
 
-const t = 1, o = 8, r = 32, e = 2;
+const t = 1, o = 8, r = 32, e = 2, i$1 = 268435456;
 
 function createReconciler(config) {
   const reconciler2 = r0(config);
@@ -14874,7 +13859,15 @@ function setFiberRef(fiber, publicInstance) {
   }
 }
 const reconstructed = [];
-function swapInstances() {
+function flushReconstructedInstances() {
+  if (reconstructed.length === 0) return;
+  try {
+    swapReconstructedInstances();
+  } finally {
+    reconstructed.length = 0;
+  }
+}
+function swapReconstructedInstances() {
   for (const [instance] of reconstructed) {
     const parent = instance.parent;
     if (parent) {
@@ -14892,6 +13885,7 @@ function swapInstances() {
       }
     }
     if (instance.isHidden) unhideInstance(instance);
+    if (isObject3D(instance.object)) removeInteractivity(findInitialRoot(instance), instance.object);
     if (instance.object.__r3f) delete instance.object.__r3f;
     if (instance.type !== "primitive") disposeOnIdle(instance.object);
   }
@@ -14904,6 +13898,8 @@ function swapInstances() {
       instance.object.__r3f = instance;
       setFiberRef(fiber, instance.object);
       delete instance.appliedOnce;
+      instance.eventCount = 0;
+      instance.handlers = {};
       applyProps(instance.object, instance.props);
       if (instance.props.attach) {
         attach(parent, instance);
@@ -14920,14 +13916,114 @@ function swapInstances() {
       invalidateInstance(instance);
     }
   }
-  reconstructed.length = 0;
 }
 const handleTextInstance = () => {
 };
 const NO_CONTEXT = {};
 let currentUpdatePriority = NoEventPriority;
-const NoFlags = 0;
-const Update = 4;
+function getEventPriority(type) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case "beforetoggle":
+    case "cancel":
+    case "click":
+    case "close":
+    case "contextmenu":
+    case "copy":
+    case "cut":
+    case "auxclick":
+    case "dblclick":
+    case "dragend":
+    case "dragstart":
+    case "drop":
+    case "focusin":
+    case "focusout":
+    case "input":
+    case "invalid":
+    case "keydown":
+    case "keypress":
+    case "keyup":
+    case "mousedown":
+    case "mouseup":
+    case "paste":
+    case "pause":
+    case "play":
+    case "pointercancel":
+    case "pointerdown":
+    case "pointerup":
+    case "ratechange":
+    case "reset":
+    case "resize":
+    case "seeked":
+    case "submit":
+    case "touchcancel":
+    case "touchend":
+    case "touchstart":
+    case "volumechange":
+    case "change":
+    case "selectionchange":
+    case "compositionstart":
+    case "compositionend":
+    case "compositionupdate":
+    case "beforeinput":
+    case "blur":
+    case "fullscreenchange":
+    case "focus":
+    case "hashchange":
+    case "popstate":
+    case "select":
+    case "selectstart":
+      return e;
+    case "drag":
+    case "dragenter":
+    case "dragexit":
+    case "dragleave":
+    case "dragover":
+    case "mousemove":
+    case "mouseout":
+    case "mouseover":
+    case "pointermove":
+    case "pointerout":
+    case "pointerover":
+    case "scroll":
+    case "touchmove":
+    case "wheel":
+    case "mouseenter":
+    case "mouseleave":
+    case "pointerenter":
+    case "pointerleave":
+      return o;
+    case "message": {
+      switch (Tb.unstable_getCurrentPriorityLevel()) {
+        case Tb.unstable_ImmediatePriority:
+          return e;
+        case Tb.unstable_UserBlockingPriority:
+          return o;
+        case Tb.unstable_NormalPriority:
+        case Tb.unstable_LowPriority:
+          return r;
+        case Tb.unstable_IdlePriority:
+          return i$1;
+        default:
+          return r;
+      }
+    }
+    default:
+      return r;
+  }
+}
+function scheduleMicrotask(callback) {
+  if (typeof queueMicrotask === "function") {
+    queueMicrotask(callback);
+  } else if (typeof Promise !== "undefined") {
+    Promise.resolve().then(callback).catch((error) => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        throw error;
+      });
+    });
+  } else {
+    setTimeout(callback);
+  }
+}
 const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
   isPrimaryRenderer: false,
   warnsIfNotActing: false,
@@ -14966,16 +14062,15 @@ const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
     else if (newProps.args?.length !== oldProps.args?.length) reconstruct = true;
     else if (newProps.args?.some((value, index) => value !== oldProps.args?.[index])) reconstruct = true;
     if (reconstruct) {
-      reconstructed.push([instance, { ...newProps }, fiber]);
+      reconstructed.push([instance, getInstanceProps(newProps), fiber]);
     } else {
       const changedProps = diffProps(instance, newProps);
-      if (Object.keys(changedProps).length) {
-        Object.assign(instance.props, changedProps);
-        applyProps(instance.object, changedProps);
-      }
+      const attach2 = instance.props.attach;
+      instance.props = getInstanceProps(newProps);
+      if (attach2 !== void 0) instance.props.attach = attach2;
+      else delete instance.props.attach;
+      if (Object.keys(changedProps).length) applyProps(instance.object, changedProps);
     }
-    const isTailSibling = fiber.sibling === null || (fiber.flags & Update) === NoFlags;
-    if (isTailSibling) swapInstances();
   },
   finalizeInitialChildren: (instance) => {
     for (const prop in instance.props) {
@@ -15000,8 +14095,9 @@ const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
     const target = container.getState().internal.container ?? container.getState().scene;
     return prepare(target, container, "", {});
   },
-  resetAfterCommit: () => {
-  },
+  // Reconstructed instances are swapped once all mutations are committed,
+  // before layout effects run so refs point to the new objects
+  resetAfterCommit: flushReconstructedInstances,
   shouldSetTextContent: () => false,
   clearContainer: () => false,
   hideInstance,
@@ -15009,6 +14105,9 @@ const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
   createTextInstance: handleTextInstance,
   hideTextInstance: handleTextInstance,
   unhideTextInstance: handleTextInstance,
+  // Mirrors react-dom, which flushes discrete work in microtasks
+  supportsMicrotasks: true,
+  scheduleMicrotask,
   scheduleTimeout: typeof setTimeout === "function" ? setTimeout : void 0,
   cancelTimeout: typeof clearTimeout === "function" ? clearTimeout : void 0,
   noTimeout: -1,
@@ -15049,28 +14148,9 @@ const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
   },
   resolveUpdatePriority() {
     if (currentUpdatePriority !== NoEventPriority) return currentUpdatePriority;
-    switch (typeof window !== "undefined" && window.event?.type) {
-      case "click":
-      case "contextmenu":
-      case "dblclick":
-      case "dragenter":
-      case "dragleave":
-      case "drop":
-      case "pointercancel":
-      case "pointerdown":
-      case "pointerup":
-        return e;
-      case "dragover":
-      case "pointermove":
-      case "pointerout":
-      case "pointerover":
-      case "pointerenter":
-      case "pointerleave":
-      case "wheel":
-        return o;
-      default:
-        return r;
-    }
+    const eventType = typeof window !== "undefined" ? window.event?.type : void 0;
+    if (eventType === void 0) return r;
+    return getEventPriority(eventType);
   },
   resetFormInstance() {
   },
@@ -15119,11 +14199,15 @@ const reconciler = /* @__PURE__ */ createReconciler({
   cloneMutableTextInstance(textInstance) {
     return textInstance;
   },
+  // React 19.2 added these for root-level view transitions. They only run for hosts that opt into
+  // view transitions by returning a container from cloneRootViewTransitionContainer; R3F renders
+  // into a WebGL/WebGPU canvas, where cloning the root has no meaning, so we never opt in and
+  // React never calls them. They stay as no-ops rather than throws: the host config is shared by
+  // every root, and a throw here would turn a React-internal probe into a hard crash for users.
+  // Guarded by a test asserting a full render + unmount never reaches them.
   cloneRootViewTransitionContainer(_rootContainer) {
-    throw new Error("Not implemented.");
   },
   removeRootViewTransitionClone(_rootContainer, _clone) {
-    throw new Error("Not implemented.");
   },
   // https://github.com/facebook/react/pull/32465
   createFragmentInstance: (_fiber) => null,
@@ -15208,6 +14292,7 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
   const lastConfiguredProps = {};
   let configured = false;
   let pending = null;
+  let rendererSetup = null;
   return {
     async configure(props = {}) {
       let resolve;
@@ -15238,7 +14323,7 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
         forceEven
       } = props;
       const textureColorSpace = is.obj(glConfig) && !is.fun(glConfig) && !isRenderer(glConfig) && glConfig.textureColorSpace || is.obj(rendererConfig) && !is.fun(rendererConfig) && !isRenderer(rendererConfig) && rendererConfig.textureColorSpace || webgpu.SRGBColorSpace;
-      const state = store.getState();
+      let state = store.getState();
       const defaultGLProps = {
         canvas,
         powerPreference: "high-performance",
@@ -15266,56 +14351,68 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
           "The `primaryCanvas` prop for multi-canvas rendering cannot be used with WebGL. Remove the `gl` prop or use WebGPU."
         );
       }
-      if (wantsGL && !state.internal.actualRenderer) {
-        renderer = await resolveRenderer(glConfig, defaultGLProps, three.WebGLRenderer);
-        state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
-        state.set({ isLegacy: true, gl: renderer, renderer, primaryStore: store });
-      } else if (!wantsGL && primaryCanvas && !state.internal.actualRenderer) {
-        const primary = await waitForPrimary(primaryCanvas);
-        renderer = primary.renderer;
-        state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
-        const canvasTarget = new webgpu.CanvasTarget(canvas);
-        primary.store.setState((prev) => ({
-          internal: { ...prev.internal, isMultiCanvas: true }
-        }));
-        state.set((prev) => ({
-          webGPUSupported: primary.store.getState().webGPUSupported,
-          renderer,
-          primaryStore: primary.store,
-          internal: {
-            ...prev.internal,
-            canvasTarget,
-            isMultiCanvas: true,
-            isSecondary: true,
-            targetId: primaryCanvas
-          }
-        }));
-      } else if (!wantsGL && !state.internal.actualRenderer) {
-        renderer = await resolveRenderer(rendererConfig, defaultGPUProps, webgpu.WebGPURenderer);
-        if (!renderer.hasInitialized?.()) {
-          const size2 = computeInitialSize(canvas, propsSize);
-          if (size2.width > 0 && size2.height > 0) {
-            const pixelRatio = calculateDpr(dpr);
-            canvas.width = size2.width * pixelRatio;
-            canvas.height = size2.height * pixelRatio;
-          }
-          await renderer.init();
-        }
-        const backend = renderer.backend;
-        const isWebGPUBackend = backend && "isWebGPUBackend" in backend;
-        state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
-        state.set({ webGPUSupported: isWebGPUBackend, renderer, primaryStore: store });
-        if (canvasId && !state.internal.isSecondary) {
-          const canvasTarget = new webgpu.CanvasTarget(canvas);
-          const unregisterPrimary = registerPrimary(canvasId, renderer, store);
-          state.set((prev) => ({
-            internal: {
-              ...prev.internal,
-              canvasTarget,
-              unregisterPrimary
+      if (!state.internal.actualRenderer) {
+        if (!rendererSetup) {
+          rendererSetup = (async () => {
+            if (wantsGL) {
+              renderer = await resolveRenderer(glConfig, defaultGLProps, three.WebGLRenderer);
+              state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
+              state.set({ isLegacy: true, gl: renderer, renderer, primaryStore: store });
+            } else if (!wantsGL && primaryCanvas) {
+              const primary = await waitForPrimary(primaryCanvas);
+              renderer = primary.renderer;
+              state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
+              const canvasTarget = new webgpu.CanvasTarget(canvas);
+              primary.store.setState((prev) => ({
+                internal: { ...prev.internal, isMultiCanvas: true }
+              }));
+              state.set((prev) => ({
+                webGPUSupported: primary.store.getState().webGPUSupported,
+                renderer,
+                primaryStore: primary.store,
+                internal: {
+                  ...prev.internal,
+                  canvasTarget,
+                  isMultiCanvas: true,
+                  isSecondary: true,
+                  targetId: primaryCanvas
+                }
+              }));
+            } else if (!wantsGL) {
+              renderer = await resolveRenderer(rendererConfig, defaultGPUProps, webgpu.WebGPURenderer);
+              if (!renderer.hasInitialized?.()) {
+                const size2 = computeInitialSize(canvas, propsSize);
+                if (size2.width > 0 && size2.height > 0) {
+                  const pixelRatio = calculateDpr(dpr);
+                  canvas.width = size2.width * pixelRatio;
+                  canvas.height = size2.height * pixelRatio;
+                }
+                await renderer.init();
+              }
+              const backend = renderer.backend;
+              const isWebGPUBackend = backend && "isWebGPUBackend" in backend;
+              state.internal.actualRenderer = renderer;
+              state.set({ webGPUSupported: isWebGPUBackend, renderer, primaryStore: store });
+              if (canvasId && !state.internal.isSecondary) {
+                const canvasTarget = new webgpu.CanvasTarget(canvas);
+                const unregisterPrimary = registerPrimary(canvasId, renderer, store);
+                state.set((prev) => ({
+                  internal: {
+                    ...prev.internal,
+                    canvasTarget,
+                    unregisterPrimary
+                  }
+                }));
+              }
             }
-          }));
+          })().catch((err) => {
+            rendererSetup = null;
+            throw err;
+          });
         }
+        await rendererSetup;
+        state = store.getState();
+        renderer = state.internal.actualRenderer;
       }
       let raycaster = state.raycaster;
       if (!raycaster) state.set({ raycaster: raycaster = new webgpu.Raycaster() });
@@ -15495,15 +14592,15 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
           applyProps(currentRenderer, rendererProps);
         }
       }
-      const scheduler = getScheduler();
+      const scheduler$1 = scheduler.getScheduler();
       const rootId = state.internal.rootId;
       if (!rootId) {
-        const newRootId = canvasId || scheduler.generateRootId();
-        const unregisterRoot = scheduler.registerRoot(newRootId, {
+        const newRootId = canvasId || scheduler$1.generateRootId();
+        const unregisterRoot = scheduler$1.registerRoot(newRootId, {
           getState: () => store.getState(),
           onError: (err) => store.getState().setError(err)
         });
-        const unregisterCanvasTarget = scheduler.register(
+        const unregisterCanvasTarget = scheduler$1.register(
           () => {
             const state2 = store.getState();
             if (state2.internal.isMultiCanvas && state2.internal.canvasTarget) {
@@ -15518,7 +14615,7 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
             system: true
           }
         );
-        const unregisterEventsFlush = scheduler.register(
+        const unregisterEventsFlush = scheduler$1.register(
           () => {
             const state2 = store.getState();
             state2.events.flush?.();
@@ -15530,7 +14627,7 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
             system: true
           }
         );
-        const unregisterFrustum = scheduler.register(
+        const unregisterFrustum = scheduler$1.register(
           () => {
             const state2 = store.getState();
             if (state2.autoUpdateFrustum && state2.camera) {
@@ -15540,11 +14637,11 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
           {
             id: `${newRootId}_frustum`,
             rootId: newRootId,
-            phase: "preRender",
+            before: "render",
             system: true
           }
         );
-        const unregisterVisibility = scheduler.register(
+        const unregisterVisibility = scheduler$1.register(
           () => {
             const state2 = store.getState();
             checkVisibility(state2);
@@ -15552,16 +14649,16 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
           {
             id: `${newRootId}_visibility`,
             rootId: newRootId,
-            phase: "preRender",
+            before: "render",
             system: true,
             after: `${newRootId}_frustum`
           }
         );
-        const unregisterRender = scheduler.register(
+        const unregisterRender = scheduler$1.register(
           () => {
             const state2 = store.getState();
             const renderer2 = state2.internal.actualRenderer;
-            const userHandlesRender = scheduler.hasUserJobsInPhase("render", newRootId);
+            const userHandlesRender = scheduler$1.hasUserJobsInPhase("render", newRootId);
             if (userHandlesRender || state2.internal.priority) return;
             try {
               if (state2.renderPipeline?.render) state2.renderPipeline.render();
@@ -15594,11 +14691,11 @@ function createRoot(canvas) {
               unregisterVisibility();
               unregisterRender();
             },
-            scheduler
+            scheduler: scheduler$1
           }
         }));
       }
-      scheduler.frameloop = frameloop;
+      scheduler$1.frameloop = frameloop;
       onCreated = onCreatedCallback;
       configured = true;
       resolve();
@@ -15665,7 +14762,8 @@ function unmountComponentAtNode(canvas, callback) {
             dispose(state.scene);
             _roots.delete(canvas);
             if (callback) callback(canvas);
-          } catch {
+          } catch (error) {
+            console.warn("[R3F] Error while unmounting root; teardown may be incomplete:", error);
           }
         }, 500);
       }
@@ -15728,6 +14826,7 @@ function PortalInner({ state = {}, children, container }) {
       viewport = rootState.viewport.getCurrentViewport(camera, new webgpu.Vector3(), resolvedSize);
       if (camera !== rootState.camera) updateCamera(camera, resolvedSize);
     }
+    const set = injectState.set;
     return {
       // The intersect consists of the previous root state
       ...rootState,
@@ -15746,7 +14845,7 @@ function PortalInner({ state = {}, children, container }) {
       size: resolvedSize,
       viewport: { ...rootState.viewport, ...viewport },
       // Layers are allowed to override events
-      setEvents: (events2) => injectState.set((state2) => ({ ...state2, events: { ...state2.events, ...events2 } })),
+      setEvents: (events2) => set((state2) => ({ ...state2, events: { ...state2.events, ...events2 } })),
       // Container for child attachment - the portalScene (injected or container itself)
       internal: { ...rootState.internal, ...injectState.internal, container: portalScene }
     };
@@ -15775,6 +14874,81 @@ function flushSync(fn) {
   return reconciler.flushSyncFromReconciler(fn);
 }
 
+function parseBackground(background) {
+  if (!background) return null;
+  if (typeof background === "object" && !background.isColor) {
+    const { backgroundMap, envMap, files, preset, ...rest } = background;
+    return {
+      ...rest,
+      preset,
+      files: envMap || files,
+      backgroundFiles: backgroundMap,
+      background: true
+    };
+  }
+  if (typeof background === "number") {
+    return { color: background, background: true };
+  }
+  if (typeof background === "string") {
+    if (background in presetsObj) {
+      return { preset: background, background: true };
+    }
+    if (/^(https?:\/\/|\/|\.\/|\.\.\/)|\.(hdr|exr|jpg|jpeg|png|webp|gif)$/i.test(background)) {
+      return { files: background, background: true };
+    }
+    return { color: background, background: true };
+  }
+  if (background.isColor) {
+    return { color: background, background: true };
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+function parseRendererConfig(rendererProp) {
+  const isRendererConfig = typeof rendererProp === "object" && rendererProp !== null && !("render" in rendererProp) && ("primaryCanvas" in rendererProp || "scheduler" in rendererProp);
+  if (isRendererConfig) {
+    const { primaryCanvas: pc, scheduler: sc, ...rest } = rendererProp;
+    return {
+      primaryCanvas: pc,
+      scheduler: sc,
+      renderer: Object.keys(rest).length > 0 ? rest : rendererProp
+    };
+  }
+  return { primaryCanvas: void 0, scheduler: void 0, renderer: rendererProp };
+}
+
+const RESOURCE_KINDS = ["nodes", "uniforms", "buffers", "gpuStorage"];
+const registries = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakMap();
+function getKindRegistry(store, kind) {
+  let registry = registries.get(store);
+  if (!registry) {
+    registry = {
+      nodes: { valid: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(), staged: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() },
+      uniforms: { valid: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(), staged: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() },
+      buffers: { valid: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(), staged: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() },
+      gpuStorage: { valid: /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(), staged: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map() }
+    };
+    registries.set(store, registry);
+  }
+  return registry[kind];
+}
+function invalidateResource(store, kind, scopeKey) {
+  const registry = getKindRegistry(store, kind);
+  {
+    registry.valid.clear();
+    registry.staged.clear();
+  }
+}
+function invalidateAllResources(store) {
+  for (const kind of RESOURCE_KINDS) invalidateResource(store, kind);
+}
+
+function clearHmrCaches(store) {
+  const primary = store.getState().primaryStore ?? store;
+  invalidateAllResources(primary);
+  primary.setState((state) => ({ _hmrVersion: state._hmrVersion + 1 }));
+}
+
 function CanvasImpl({
   ref,
   children,
@@ -15795,6 +14969,8 @@ function CanvasImpl({
   raycaster,
   camera,
   scene,
+  autoUpdateFrustum,
+  occlusion,
   onPointerMissed,
   onDragOverMissed,
   onDropMissed,
@@ -15806,49 +14982,10 @@ function CanvasImpl({
   forceEven,
   ...props
 }) {
-  const isRendererConfig = typeof rendererProp === "object" && rendererProp !== null && !("render" in rendererProp) && ("primaryCanvas" in rendererProp || "scheduler" in rendererProp);
-  let primaryCanvas;
-  let scheduler;
-  let renderer;
-  if (isRendererConfig) {
-    const { primaryCanvas: pc, scheduler: sc, ...rest } = rendererProp;
-    primaryCanvas = pc;
-    scheduler = sc;
-    renderer = Object.keys(rest).length > 0 ? rest : rendererProp;
-  } else {
-    renderer = rendererProp;
-  }
+  const { primaryCanvas, scheduler, renderer } = parseRendererConfig(rendererProp);
   React__namespace.useMemo(() => extend(THREE), []);
   const Bridge = useBridge();
-  const backgroundProps = React__namespace.useMemo(() => {
-    if (!background) return null;
-    if (typeof background === "object" && !background.isColor) {
-      const { backgroundMap, envMap, files, preset, ...rest } = background;
-      return {
-        ...rest,
-        preset,
-        files: envMap || files,
-        backgroundFiles: backgroundMap,
-        background: true
-      };
-    }
-    if (typeof background === "number") {
-      return { color: background, background: true };
-    }
-    if (typeof background === "string") {
-      if (background in presetsObj) {
-        return { preset: background, background: true };
-      }
-      if (/^(https?:\/\/|\/|\.\/|\.\.\/)|\\.(hdr|exr|jpg|jpeg|png|webp|gif)$/i.test(background)) {
-        return { files: background, background: true };
-      }
-      return { color: background, background: true };
-    }
-    if (background.isColor) {
-      return { color: background, background: true };
-    }
-    return null;
-  }, [background]);
+  const backgroundProps = React__namespace.useMemo(() => parseBackground(background), [background]);
   const hasInitialSizeRef = React__namespace.useRef(false);
   const measureConfig = React__namespace.useMemo(() => {
     if (!hasInitialSizeRef.current) {
@@ -15890,6 +15027,7 @@ function CanvasImpl({
   const handleDropMissed = useMutableCallback(onDropMissed);
   const [block, setBlock] = React__namespace.useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = React__namespace.useState(false);
+  const [fallbackVisible, setFallbackVisible] = React__namespace.useState(false);
   if (block) throw block;
   if (error) throw error;
   const root = React__namespace.useRef(null);
@@ -15897,6 +15035,7 @@ function CanvasImpl({
   const unsubscribeErrorRef = React__namespace.useRef(null);
   useIsomorphicLayoutEffect(() => {
     effectActiveRef.current = true;
+    if (fallbackVisible) return;
     const canvas = canvasRef.current;
     if (effectiveSize.width > 0 && effectiveSize.height > 0 && canvas) {
       if (!root.current) {
@@ -15917,7 +15056,7 @@ function CanvasImpl({
       }
       async function run() {
         if (!effectActiveRef.current || !root.current) return;
-        await root.current.configure({
+        const configured = await root.current.configure({
           id,
           primaryCanvas,
           scheduler,
@@ -15932,6 +15071,8 @@ function CanvasImpl({
           performance,
           raycaster,
           camera,
+          autoUpdateFrustum,
+          occlusion,
           size: effectiveSize,
           // Store size props for reset functionality
           _sizeProps: width !== void 0 || height !== void 0 ? { width, height } : null,
@@ -15956,8 +15097,20 @@ function CanvasImpl({
             }
             onCreated?.(state);
           }
-        });
-        if (!effectActiveRef.current || !root.current) return;
+        }).then(
+          () => true,
+          // Renderer setup failed (e.g. no WebGL/WebGPU support). The `fallback` prop lives
+          // inside <canvas>, which browsers don't display, so surface it as visible DOM
+          // instead; with no fallback, rethrow to an external error boundary. (#3757)
+          (setupError) => {
+            if (effectActiveRef.current) {
+              if (fallback != null) setFallbackVisible(true);
+              else setError(setupError);
+            }
+            return false;
+          }
+        );
+        if (!configured || !effectActiveRef.current || !root.current) return;
         root.current.render(
           /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(Bridge, { children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(ErrorBoundary, { set: setError, children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsxs(React__namespace.Suspense, { fallback: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(Block, { set: setBlock }), children: [
             backgroundProps && /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(Environment, { ...backgroundProps }),
@@ -15991,14 +15144,7 @@ function CanvasImpl({
     const handleHMR = () => {
       queueMicrotask(() => {
         const rootEntry = _roots.get(canvas);
-        if (rootEntry?.store) {
-          console.log("[R3F] HMR detected \u2014 rebuilding nodes/uniforms");
-          rootEntry.store.setState((state) => ({
-            nodes: {},
-            uniforms: {},
-            _hmrVersion: state._hmrVersion + 1
-          }));
-        }
+        if (rootEntry?.store) clearHmrCaches(rootEntry.store);
       });
     };
     if (typeof ({ url: (typeof document === 'undefined' ? require('u' + 'rl').pathToFileURL(__filename).href : (_documentCurrentScript && _documentCurrentScript.tagName.toUpperCase() === 'SCRIPT' && _documentCurrentScript.src || new URL('index.cjs', document.baseURI).href)) }) !== "undefined" && undefined) {
@@ -16027,7 +15173,11 @@ function CanvasImpl({
         ...style
       },
       ...props,
-      children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx("div", { ref: containerRef, className: "r3f-canvas-container", style: { width: "100%", height: "100%" }, children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(
+      children: fallbackVisible ? (
+        // Renderer setup failed: render the fallback as visible DOM. Inside <canvas> (below)
+        // it exists in the tree but browsers never paint it, which is the whole bug (#3757).
+        fallback
+      ) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx("div", { ref: containerRef, className: "r3f-canvas-container", style: { width: "100%", height: "100%" }, children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxRuntime.jsx(
         "canvas",
         {
           ref: canvasRef,
@@ -16046,6 +15196,8 @@ function Canvas(props) {
 
 extend(THREE);
 
+exports.Scheduler = scheduler.Scheduler;
+exports.getScheduler = scheduler.getScheduler;
 exports.Block = Block;
 exports.Canvas = Canvas;
 exports.Environment = Environment;
@@ -16061,10 +15213,8 @@ exports.R3F_BUILD_LEGACY = R3F_BUILD_LEGACY;
 exports.R3F_BUILD_WEBGPU = R3F_BUILD_WEBGPU;
 exports.REACT_INTERNAL_PROPS = REACT_INTERNAL_PROPS;
 exports.RESERVED_PROPS = RESERVED_PROPS;
-exports.Scheduler = Scheduler;
 exports.Texture = Texture;
 exports._roots = _roots;
-exports.act = act;
 exports.addAfterEffect = addAfterEffect;
 exports.addEffect = addEffect;
 exports.addTail = addTail;
@@ -16091,7 +15241,6 @@ exports.getInstanceProps = getInstanceProps;
 exports.getPrimary = getPrimary;
 exports.getPrimaryIds = getPrimaryIds;
 exports.getRootState = getRootState;
-exports.getScheduler = getScheduler;
 exports.getUuidPrefix = getUuidPrefix;
 exports.hasConstructor = hasConstructor;
 exports.hasPrimary = hasPrimary;