@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.ea6d5eec → 0.0.0-experimental.ea9f40f2

package/src/outlet-provider.tsx

@@ -5,11 +5,7 @@ import { OutletContext, type OutletContextValue } from "./outlet-context.js";
 import type { ResolvedSegment } from "./types.js";
 
 /**
- * Provider for outlet content - used internally by renderSegments
- *
- * Stores a reference to parent context so useLoader can walk up the chain
- * to find loader data from parent layouts. If this segment defines a loading
- * component, Outlet will wrap content with Suspense using that as fallback.
+ * Outlet content provider — stores parent context for useLoader chain walking.
  */
 export function OutletProvider({
   content,

package/src/prerender/param-hash.ts

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 /**
  * Deterministic param hashing for prerender storage keys.
- *
- * Used at build time (child process) to generate filenames and at
- * runtime (worker) to look up pre-rendered data. Both environments
- * must produce identical hashes for the same params.
- *
- * Uses a simple DJB2-based hash that works in all JS environments
- * (Node.js, Cloudflare Workers, browsers) without crypto imports.
+ * Used at build time and runtime; both must produce identical hashes.
+ * DJB2-based; works in all JS environments without crypto imports.
  */
 
-/**
- * Compute a deterministic hash string from route params.
- * For static routes (no params), returns "_".
- */
+import { encodeKV } from "../encode-kv.js";
+
+// For static routes (no params), returns "_".
 export function hashParams(params: Record<string, string>): string {
   const entries = Object.entries(params);
   if (entries.length === 0) return "_";
 
-  const sorted = entries.sort(([a], [b]) => (a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0));
-  const str = sorted
-    .map(([k, v]) => `${encodeURIComponent(k)}=${encodeURIComponent(v)}`)
-    .join("&");
-  return djb2Hex(str);
+  // Byte-order sort + encodeURIComponent join (see encodeKV); output is
+  // byte-identical to the prior inline implementation, so build-time and
+  // runtime hashes stay stable.
+  return djb2Hex(encodeKV(entries, { sort: true }));
 }
 
 /**
  * DJB2 hash returning an 8-char hex string.
  * Deterministic across all JS runtimes.
+ *
+ * 32-bit output: per-route collision probability hits ~50% near ~77k distinct
+ * param sets (birthday bound). The production store keys solely on
+ * routeName/paramHash and does not verify the canonical param string, so a
+ * collision serves the surviving entry for both param sets. Benign for typical
+ * catalogs; revisit (wider hash or stored-param verification) before
+ * pre-rendering hundreds of thousands of pages per route.
  */
 function djb2Hex(str: string): string {
   let hash = 5381;

package/src/prerender/store.ts

@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 /**
- * Prerender Store
- *
- * Reads pre-rendered segment data from the worker bundle at build time.
- * The manifest module is lazily loaded via globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule,
- * a function injected into the RSC entry that returns the manifest module
- * containing a key-to-specifier map and a `loadPrerenderAsset` function
- * that anchors import() resolution relative to the manifest file.
+ * Prerender Store — reads pre-rendered segment data from the worker bundle.
+ * Manifest module (injected via globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule)
+ * contains key-to-specifier map and loadPrerenderAsset for import() resolution.
  */
 
-import type {
-  SerializedSegmentData,
-  SegmentHandleData,
-} from "../cache/types.js";
+import type { SerializedSegmentData } from "../cache/types.js";
 
 export interface PrerenderEntry {
   segments: SerializedSegmentData[];
-  handles: Record<string, SegmentHandleData>;
+  /** RSC-encoded handle map (see handle-snapshot.ts encodeHandles); "" when the
+   *  route pushed no handles. Encoded so Promise/ReactNode handle values survive
+   *  the JSON-serialized build artifact / dev wire, identical to the runtime cache. */
+  handles: string;
 }
 
 export interface PrerenderStore {
@@ -28,7 +24,9 @@ export interface PrerenderStore {
 
 export interface StaticEntry {
   encoded: string;
-  handles: Record<string, unknown[]>;
+  /** RSC-encoded single-segment handle data (see encodeHandleValue); "" when the
+   *  Static handler pushed no handles. */
+  handles: string;
 }
 
 export interface StaticStore {
@@ -99,13 +97,20 @@ export function createPrerenderStore(): PrerenderStore | null {
   if (!globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule) return null;
 
   const cache = new Map<string, Promise<PrerenderEntry | null>>();
-  let manifestModulePromise: Promise<PrerenderManifestModule | null> | null =
-    null;
+  let manifestModulePromise: Promise<PrerenderManifestModule> | null = null;
 
-  function loadManifestModule(): Promise<PrerenderManifestModule | null> {
+  function loadManifestModule(): Promise<PrerenderManifestModule> {
     if (!manifestModulePromise) {
+      // Do not cache a failed manifest-module load: clear the memoized promise
+      // on rejection so the next get() retries, and let the error propagate
+      // (consistent with the per-asset load policy below) instead of caching a
+      // null for the isolate lifetime, which would silently degrade every
+      // prerendered route to a miss after one transient failure.
       manifestModulePromise = globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule!().catch(
-        () => null,
+        (err) => {
+          manifestModulePromise = null;
+          throw err;
+        },
       );
     }
     return manifestModulePromise;
@@ -118,37 +123,28 @@ export function createPrerenderStore(): PrerenderStore | null {
       if (cached) return cached;
 
       const promise = loadManifestModule().then((mod) => {
-        if (!mod) return null;
         const specifier = mod.default[key];
         if (!specifier) return null;
-        return mod
-          .loadPrerenderAsset(specifier)
-          .then((asset) => asset.default)
-          .catch(() => null);
+        // Let asset load errors propagate — a missing/corrupted artifact
+        // for a key that exists in the manifest is a build/deploy error
+        // and should surface as a 500, not be silently swallowed as null
+        // (which the handler stub would misreport as a 404).
+        return mod.loadPrerenderAsset(specifier).then((asset) => asset.default);
       });
-      cache.set(key, promise);
+      // Only memoize once the manifest module resolved: a manifest-load
+      // rejection must not poison the per-key cache, or the retry above is moot.
+      cache.set(
+        key,
+        promise.catch((err) => {
+          cache.delete(key);
+          throw err;
+        }),
+      );
       return promise;
     },
   };
 }
 
-/**
- * Load the prerender manifest index for test introspection.
- * Returns the key→specifier map or null if unavailable.
- */
-export async function loadPrerenderManifestIndex(): Promise<Record<
-  string,
-  string
-> | null> {
-  if (!globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule) return null;
-  try {
-    const mod = await globalThis.__loadPrerenderManifestModule();
-    return mod.default;
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Create a static segment store.
  * Production only: backed by globalThis.__STATIC_MANIFEST injected at build time.
@@ -173,7 +169,7 @@ export function createStaticStore(): StaticStore | null {
           const val = mod.default;
           // Normalize: string-only (no handles) or { encoded, handles }
           if (typeof val === "string") {
-            return { encoded: val, handles: {} } as StaticEntry;
+            return { encoded: val, handles: "" } as StaticEntry;
           }
           return val as StaticEntry;
         })

package/src/prerender.ts

@@ -33,10 +33,13 @@ import type {
   ExtractParams,
 } from "./types.js";
 import type { Handle } from "./handle.js";
+import type { HandlePush } from "./defer.js";
 import type { ContextVar } from "./context-var.js";
 import type { ReverseFunction } from "./reverse.js";
 import type { DefaultReverseRouteMap } from "./types/global-namespace.js";
+import type { UseItems, HandlerUseItem } from "./route-types.js";
 import { isCachedFunction } from "./cache/taint.js";
+import { isUnderTestRunner } from "./runtime-env.js";
 
 // -- Named route resolution types -------------------------------------------
 
@@ -68,9 +71,9 @@ type BuildReverseFunction = [DefaultReverseRouteMap] extends [
  * Default route map for Prerender named route resolution.
  * Uses GeneratedRouteMap (from gen file) to avoid circular dependencies.
  */
-type DefaultPrerenderRouteMap = keyof RSCRouter.GeneratedRouteMap extends never
+type DefaultPrerenderRouteMap = keyof Rango.GeneratedRouteMap extends never
   ? {}
-  : RSCRouter.GeneratedRouteMap;
+  : Rango.GeneratedRouteMap;
 
 /** Extract params from a route map entry (string pattern or { path } object). */
 type ExtractParamsFromEntry<TEntry> = TEntry extends string
@@ -105,13 +108,6 @@ type ResolvePrerenderParams<
 // -- Types ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 export interface PrerenderOptions {
-  /**
-   * Keep handler in server bundle for live fallback (default: false).
-   * false: handler replaced with stub, source-only APIs excluded from bundle.
-   * true: handler stays in bundle, unknown params render live at request time.
-   */
-  passthrough?: boolean;
-
   /**
    * Maximum number of param sets to render in parallel (default: 1).
    * Only applies to dynamic Prerender handlers with getParams().
@@ -131,8 +127,8 @@ export interface PrerenderOptions {
 
 /**
  * Context passed to Prerender() handlers at build time.
- * Has a synthetic URL from getParams, params, and pathname.
- * No request, env, headers, cookies.
+ * Has a synthetic URL from getParams, params, pathname, and optionally env.
+ * No request, headers, cookies.
  */
 export interface BuildContext<TParams> {
   /** Params extracted from the route pattern (populated from getParams). */
@@ -141,6 +137,23 @@ export interface BuildContext<TParams> {
   /** True during build-time pre-rendering, false during passthrough live render. */
   build: true;
 
+  /**
+   * True when running in Vite dev mode (on-demand prerender), false during
+   * production `vite build`. Use this to branch on runtime mode without
+   * changing build semantics.
+   */
+  dev: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Build-time environment bindings (KV, D1, etc.) supplied by the Vite plugin.
+   * Only available when `buildEnv` is configured in rango() options.
+   * Throws with a clear error if not configured.
+   *
+   * This is NOT the live request env — it is shared across all prerender
+   * invocations for the build.
+   */
+  env: DefaultEnv;
+
   /** Read a variable set by getParams or a parent handler. */
   get: {
     <T>(contextVar: ContextVar<T>): T | undefined;
@@ -153,8 +166,14 @@ export interface BuildContext<TParams> {
     (key: string, value: any): void;
   };
 
-  /** Push handle data (frozen into pre-rendered output at build time). */
-  use: <T>(handle: Handle<T>) => (data: T) => void;
+  /**
+   * Push handle data (frozen into pre-rendered output at build time). Returns
+   * the full push function, including `.defer()` — a deferred slot resolved by
+   * a deep async component during the prerender render is awaited before the
+   * artifact is baked (resolve-by-default), so the baked output holds the
+   * resolved value.
+   */
+  use: <T>(handle: Handle<T>) => HandlePush<T>;
 
   /** Synthetic URL built from pattern + params (no real request). */
   url: URL;
@@ -173,8 +192,8 @@ export interface BuildContext<TParams> {
 
   /**
    * Signal that this param set should not produce a local prerender artifact.
-   * At runtime the handler runs live instead. Only valid on routes declared
-   * with `{ passthrough: true }`.
+   * At runtime the live handler runs instead. Only valid on routes wrapped
+   * with `Passthrough()`.
    */
   passthrough: () => PrerenderPassthroughResult;
 }
@@ -187,6 +206,17 @@ export interface StaticBuildContext {
   /** Always true for Static handlers at build time. */
   build: true;
 
+  /**
+   * True when running in Vite dev mode, false during production build.
+   */
+  dev: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Build-time environment bindings supplied by the Vite plugin.
+   * Only available when `buildEnv` is configured in rango() options.
+   */
+  env: DefaultEnv;
+
   /** Read a variable (available for type consistency with BuildContext). */
   get: {
     <T>(contextVar: ContextVar<T>): T | undefined;
@@ -199,8 +229,14 @@ export interface StaticBuildContext {
     (key: string, value: any): void;
   };
 
-  /** Push handle data (frozen into pre-rendered output at build time). */
-  use: <T>(handle: Handle<T>) => (data: T) => void;
+  /**
+   * Push handle data (frozen into pre-rendered output at build time). Returns
+   * the full push function, including `.defer()` — a deferred slot resolved by
+   * a deep async component during the prerender render is awaited before the
+   * artifact is baked (resolve-by-default), so the baked output holds the
+   * resolved value.
+   */
+  use: <T>(handle: Handle<T>) => HandlePush<T>;
 
   /** URL generation by route name. */
   reverse: BuildReverseFunction;
@@ -214,6 +250,17 @@ export interface GetParamsContext {
   /** Always true during build-time getParams execution. */
   build: true;
 
+  /**
+   * True when running in Vite dev mode, false during production build.
+   */
+  dev: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Build-time environment bindings supplied by the Vite plugin.
+   * Only available when `buildEnv` is configured in rango() options.
+   */
+  env: DefaultEnv;
+
   /** Set a variable that will be available to each handler invocation via ctx.get(). */
   set: {
     <T>(contextVar: ContextVar<T>, value: T): void;
@@ -224,23 +271,6 @@ export interface GetParamsContext {
   reverse: BuildReverseFunction;
 }
 
-/**
- * Context type for passthrough Prerender handlers.
- *
- * When `passthrough: true`, the handler runs both at build time and at request
- * time. The context is a full `HandlerContext` with `build: boolean`:
- * - `ctx.build === true`: build-time, env/request/res throw at runtime
- * - `ctx.build === false`: live request, full context available
- *
- * For `passthrough: false` (default), handlers receive `BuildContext` only.
- */
-export type PrerenderPassthroughContext<
-  TParams = {},
-  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
-> = HandlerContext<TParams, TEnv> & {
-  passthrough: () => PrerenderPassthroughResult;
-};
-
 export interface PrerenderHandlerDefinition<
   TParams extends Record<string, any> = any,
 > {
@@ -253,8 +283,15 @@ export interface PrerenderHandlerDefinition<
   getParams?: (ctx: GetParamsContext) => Promise<TParams[]> | TParams[];
   /** Pre-render options. */
   options?: PrerenderOptions;
+  /** Composable default DSL items merged when the handler is mounted. */
+  use?: () => UseItems<HandlerUseItem>;
 }
 
+// Process-stable fallback id counter (mirrors createHandle / createLoader). Only
+// assigned in a bare unit test where the Vite plugin did not inject an id; never
+// fires in a real build (the plugin always injects).
+let runtimePrerenderIdCounter = 0;
+
 // -- Overloads --------------------------------------------------------------
 //
 // T accepts: named route string (global or .local) OR explicit param object.
@@ -263,7 +300,7 @@ export interface PrerenderHandlerDefinition<
 // Explicit params work as before:
 //   Prerender<{ slug: string }> → params = { slug: string }
 
-// Overload 1: Static handler, no passthrough (build-time only)
+// Overload 1: Static handler (build-time only)
 export function Prerender<
   T extends
     | keyof DefaultPrerenderRouteMap
@@ -273,34 +310,15 @@ export function Prerender<
 >(
   handler: (
     ctx: BuildContext<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>,
-  ) => ReactNode | Promise<ReactNode>,
-  options?: PrerenderOptions & { passthrough?: false },
-  __injectedId?: string,
-): PrerenderHandlerDefinition<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>;
-
-// Overload 2: Static handler, passthrough (build + live — full HandlerContext)
-export function Prerender<
-  T extends
-    | keyof DefaultPrerenderRouteMap
-    | `.${keyof TRouteMap & string}`
-    | Record<string, any> = {},
-  TRouteMap extends {} = DefaultPrerenderRouteMap,
-  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
->(
-  handler: (
-    ctx: PrerenderPassthroughContext<
-      ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>,
-      TEnv
-    >,
   ) =>
     | ReactNode
     | PrerenderPassthroughResult
     | Promise<ReactNode | PrerenderPassthroughResult>,
-  options: PrerenderOptions & { passthrough: true },
+  options?: PrerenderOptions,
   __injectedId?: string,
 ): PrerenderHandlerDefinition<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>;
 
-// Overload 3: Dynamic handler, no passthrough (build-time only)
+// Overload 2: Dynamic handler (build-time only)
 export function Prerender<
   T extends
     | keyof DefaultPrerenderRouteMap
@@ -315,35 +333,11 @@ export function Prerender<
     | ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>[],
   handler: (
     ctx: BuildContext<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>,
-  ) => ReactNode | Promise<ReactNode>,
-  options?: PrerenderOptions & { passthrough?: false },
-  __injectedId?: string,
-): PrerenderHandlerDefinition<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>;
-
-// Overload 4: Dynamic handler, passthrough (build + live — full HandlerContext)
-export function Prerender<
-  T extends
-    | keyof DefaultPrerenderRouteMap
-    | `.${keyof TRouteMap & string}`
-    | Record<string, any>,
-  TRouteMap extends {} = DefaultPrerenderRouteMap,
-  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
->(
-  getParams: (
-    ctx: GetParamsContext,
-  ) =>
-    | Promise<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>[]>
-    | ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>[],
-  handler: (
-    ctx: PrerenderPassthroughContext<
-      ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>,
-      TEnv
-    >,
   ) =>
     | ReactNode
     | PrerenderPassthroughResult
     | Promise<ReactNode | PrerenderPassthroughResult>,
-  options: PrerenderOptions & { passthrough: true },
+  options?: PrerenderOptions,
   __injectedId?: string,
 ): PrerenderHandlerDefinition<ResolvePrerenderParams<T, TRouteMap>>;
 
@@ -401,12 +395,27 @@ export function Prerender<TParams extends Record<string, any>>(
     );
   }
 
-  if (!id) {
+  // Throw unless under a test runner. The plugin always injects $$id for a
+  // supported `export const` Prerender on every build, so a missing id means
+  // either no plugin (a bare test — fall back below) or an UNSUPPORTED shape the
+  // plugin silently skipped (dev OR a real build — fail loud; a synthetic id
+  // would degrade to a silent prerender miss). The message is already small (no
+  // stack-parsing diagnostic), so it ships as-is. isUnderTestRunner() is
+  // runtime-safe — never a bare `process.env` access.
+  if (!id && !isUnderTestRunner()) {
     throw new Error(
-      "[rsc-router] Prerender: missing $$id. " +
-        "Ensure the exposeInternalIds Vite plugin is configured.",
+      "[rango] Prerender: missing $$id. Use `export const X = Prerender(...)` " +
+        "and ensure the exposeInternalIds Vite plugin is configured.",
     );
   }
+  // Under vitest with no plugin id: assign a process-stable runtime id so a
+  // whole-app router with Prerender routes constructs in a bare test (for
+  // dispatch / assertGeneratedRoutesMatch). Never reached in a real build (the
+  // throw above fires there); prerender storage/lookup keys on routeName +
+  // paramHash, never $$id (mirrors createHandle / createLoader).
+  if (!id) {
+    id = `__rango_runtime_prerender_${runtimePrerenderIdCounter++}`;
+  }
 
   return {
     __brand: "prerenderHandler" as const,
@@ -422,7 +431,7 @@ export function Prerender<TParams extends Record<string, any>>(
 /**
  * Sentinel returned by `ctx.passthrough()` to signal that a specific param set
  * should not produce a local prerender artifact. The build skips writing the
- * entry; at runtime the handler runs live (requires `{ passthrough: true }`).
+ * entry; at runtime the Passthrough live handler runs instead.
  */
 export const PRERENDER_PASSTHROUGH: Readonly<{
   __brand: "prerenderPassthrough";
@@ -446,7 +455,41 @@ export function isPrerenderPassthrough(
   );
 }
 
-// -- Type guard -------------------------------------------------------------
+/**
+ * Detect whether any resolved segment carries the passthrough sentinel.
+ *
+ * A build handler signals passthrough by returning `ctx.passthrough()` (the
+ * PRERENDER_PASSTHROUGH sentinel), which lands on the segment's `component`.
+ * But when the route declares `loading()`, the handler result is deferred
+ * upstream (segment-resolution/fresh.ts), so `component` is a thenable resolving
+ * to the sentinel rather than the sentinel itself — a synchronous
+ * `isPrerenderPassthrough(component)` on the Promise returns false and the build
+ * bakes a corrupt artifact instead of deferring. Resolve thenables first.
+ *
+ * Rejections are swallowed here: a throwing build handler resurfaces during
+ * segment serialization, preserving the prior error-handling behavior.
+ */
+export async function detectPrerenderPassthrough(
+  segments: ReadonlyArray<{ component: unknown }>,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  for (const seg of segments) {
+    let component: unknown = seg.component;
+    if (
+      component &&
+      typeof (component as { then?: unknown }).then === "function"
+    ) {
+      try {
+        component = await component;
+      } catch {
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    if (isPrerenderPassthrough(component)) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// -- Type guards ------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
  * Type guard to check if a value is a PrerenderHandlerDefinition.
@@ -461,3 +504,89 @@ export function isPrerenderHandler(
     (value as { __brand: unknown }).__brand === "prerenderHandler"
   );
 }
+
+// -- Passthrough wrapper ----------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A prerender route with a live fallback handler for unknown params at runtime.
+ *
+ * Wraps a `Prerender(...)` definition with a separate handler that runs at
+ * request time for params not covered by `getParams()`.
+ *
+ * - Build time: `prerenderDef` provides getParams + build handler.
+ * - Runtime: `liveHandler` runs for unknown params with full HandlerContext.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const BlogPrerender = Prerender(
+ *   async () => [{ slug: "getting-started" }, { slug: "api-reference" }],
+ *   async (ctx) => <BlogPost slug={ctx.params.slug} />,
+ * );
+ *
+ * // In route definition:
+ * path("/blog/:slug", Passthrough(BlogPrerender, async (ctx) => {
+ *   const post = await ctx.env.DB.get(ctx.params.slug);
+ *   return <BlogPost slug={ctx.params.slug} post={post} />;
+ * }))
+ * ```
+ */
+export interface PassthroughHandlerDefinition<
+  TParams extends Record<string, any> = any,
+  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
+> {
+  readonly __brand: "passthroughHandler";
+  /** The underlying prerender definition (build-time rendering). */
+  prerenderDef: PrerenderHandlerDefinition<TParams>;
+  /** Live handler for runtime fallback on unknown params. */
+  liveHandler: (
+    ctx: HandlerContext<TParams, TEnv>,
+  ) => ReactNode | Promise<ReactNode> | Response | Promise<Response>;
+  /** Composable default DSL items merged when the handler is mounted. */
+  use?: () => UseItems<HandlerUseItem>;
+}
+
+export function Passthrough<
+  TParams extends Record<string, any>,
+  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
+>(
+  prerenderDef: PrerenderHandlerDefinition<TParams>,
+  liveHandler: (
+    ctx: HandlerContext<TParams, TEnv>,
+  ) => ReactNode | Promise<ReactNode> | Response | Promise<Response>,
+): PassthroughHandlerDefinition<TParams, TEnv>;
+
+// Implementation
+export function Passthrough<
+  TParams extends Record<string, any>,
+  TEnv = DefaultEnv,
+>(
+  prerenderDef: PrerenderHandlerDefinition<TParams>,
+  liveHandler: (
+    ctx: HandlerContext<TParams, TEnv>,
+  ) => ReactNode | Promise<ReactNode> | Response | Promise<Response>,
+): PassthroughHandlerDefinition<TParams, TEnv> {
+  if (!isPrerenderHandler(prerenderDef)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      "[rango] Passthrough: first argument must be a Prerender() definition.",
+    );
+  }
+  return {
+    __brand: "passthroughHandler" as const,
+    prerenderDef,
+    liveHandler,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a value is a PassthroughHandlerDefinition.
+ */
+export function isPassthroughHandler(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is PassthroughHandlerDefinition {
+  return (
+    typeof value === "object" &&
+    value !== null &&
+    "__brand" in value &&
+    (value as { __brand: unknown }).__brand === "passthroughHandler"
+  );
+}