@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.d7eeaa75 → 0.0.0-experimental.d98a8e9d

package/src/router/manifest.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   type MetricsStore,
 } from "../server/context";
 import MapRootLayout from "../server/root-layout";
+import { joinPrefix } from "./pattern-matching.js";
 import type { RouteEntry } from "../types";
 import type { UrlPatterns } from "../urls";
 import { VERSION } from "@rangojs/router:version";
@@ -23,10 +24,17 @@ import { VERSION } from "@rangojs/router:version";
 // stable references), so the resulting EntryData tree can be safely cached and reused
 // across requests within the same isolate.
 //
-// Cache is keyed by (VERSION, mountIndex, routeKey, isSSR). VERSION comes from the
+// Cache is keyed by (VERSION, routerId, mountIndex, routeKey, isSSR). routeKey is
+// REQUIRED in the key: loadManifest() runs the handler with forRoute=routeKey, and
+// path-helper.ts prunes (skips registering) every route except forRoute, so the
+// resulting Store.manifest is pruned to the requested route — NOT the full include.
+// Dropping routeKey would make a sibling route miss and overwrite this entry with its
+// own pruned manifest, so alternating sibling requests would thrash (re-run the
+// handler every time). Running the include handler once per isolate instead of once
+// per route is possible but needs an unpruned manifest cache with prune-on-read — see
+// LP1 in docs/internal/matching-and-lazy-discovery.md. VERSION comes from the
 // @rangojs/router:version virtual module which Vite invalidates on RSC module HMR.
 // When VERSION changes, this module re-evaluates and the cache is recreated empty.
-// Including VERSION in the key is additional defense against stale entries.
 const manifestModuleCache = new Map<string, Map<string, EntryData>>();
 
 /**
@@ -34,8 +42,8 @@ const manifestModuleCache = new Map<string, Map<string, EntryData>>();
  * Handles lazy imports, unwrapping, and validation
  *
  * Results are cached at module level after first execution. Subsequent calls
- * for the same (routeKey, isSSR) within the same isolate return cached data
- * without re-executing the DSL handler.
+ * for the same (routerId, mountIndex, routeKey, isSSR) within the same isolate
+ * return cached data without re-executing the DSL handler.
  */
 /**
  * Clear the module-level manifest cache.
@@ -65,9 +73,11 @@ export async function loadManifest(
 
   const mountIndex = entry.mountIndex;
 
-  // Check module-level cache (persists across requests within same isolate)
+  // Check module-level cache (persists across requests within same isolate).
   // Include routerId so multi-router setups (host routing) don't share cached
   // EntryData across routers with overlapping mountIndex + routeKey combinations.
+  // routeKey is in the key because loadManifest() builds a manifest pruned to
+  // forRoute=routeKey (see path-helper.ts) — see the cache comment above.
   const cacheKey = `${VERSION}:${entry.routerId ?? ""}:${mountIndex ?? ""}:${routeKey}:${isSSR ? 1 : 0}`;
   const cached = manifestModuleCache.get(cacheKey);
   if (cached) {
@@ -126,28 +136,37 @@ export async function loadManifest(
     // were created during pattern extraction.  This prevents shortCode
     // collisions between lazy and non-lazy entries under the same parent
     // (e.g., ArticlesLayout and BlogLayout both under NavLayout).
-    if (lazyContext && (lazyContext as any).counters) {
-      const captured = (lazyContext as any).counters as Record<string, number>;
-      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(captured)) {
+    if (lazyContext?.counters) {
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(lazyContext.counters)) {
         Store.counters[key] = Math.max(Store.counters[key] ?? 0, value);
       }
     }
 
     // Propagate cache profiles for DSL-time cache("profileName") resolution.
     // Non-lazy entries carry profiles directly; lazy entries carry them
-    // in the captured lazyContext from include() time.
-    const entryProfiles =
-      entry.cacheProfiles ?? (lazyContext as any)?.cacheProfiles;
-    if (entryProfiles) {
-      Store.cacheProfiles = entryProfiles;
-    }
+    // in the captured lazyContext from include() time. Always write
+    // (including clearing to undefined) so a prior lazy build's profile
+    // map cannot leak into a later non-lazy build on the same ALS-backed
+    // Store — which would otherwise let cache("name") resolve a profile
+    // from an unrelated entry.
+    Store.cacheProfiles = entry.cacheProfiles ?? lazyContext?.cacheProfiles;
 
     // Propagate rootScoped from lazyContext so that routes inside
     // nested { name: "sub" } under { name: "" } keep inherited root scope
-    // when the manifest is rebuilt on each request.
-    if (lazyContext && (lazyContext as any).rootScoped !== undefined) {
-      Store.rootScoped = (lazyContext as any).rootScoped;
-    }
+    // when the manifest is rebuilt on each request. Always write
+    // (including clearing to undefined, which makes getRootScoped()
+    // return its true default) so a prior lazy build's scope cannot leak
+    // into a later non-lazy build on the same ALS-backed Store — which
+    // would otherwise mis-register plain routes as non-root-scoped and
+    // break dot-local reverse resolution.
+    Store.rootScoped = lazyContext?.rootScoped;
+
+    // Propagate includeScope from lazyContext so that direct-descendant
+    // shortCodes of this include use the correct scoped counter namespace
+    // on every manifest rebuild. Always write (including clearing to
+    // undefined) so a prior lazy build's scope cannot leak into a later
+    // non-lazy build on the same ALS-backed Store.
+    Store.includeScope = lazyContext?.includeScope;
 
     const handlerExecStart = performance.now();
     const useItems = await getContext().runWithStore(
@@ -167,7 +186,10 @@ export async function loadManifest(
         if (entry.lazy && entry.lazyPatterns) {
           const lazyPatterns = entry.lazyPatterns as UrlPatterns<any>;
           const includePrefix = (entry as any)._lazyPrefix || "";
-          const fullPrefix = (lazyContext?.urlPrefix || "") + includePrefix;
+          // Slash-collapsing join so a trailing-slash parent prefix does not
+          // bake a double slash into the registered route patterns (must match
+          // the same join in evaluateLazyEntry / the build-time runWithPrefixes).
+          const fullPrefix = joinPrefix(lazyContext?.urlPrefix, includePrefix);
 
           if (fullPrefix || lazyContext?.namePrefix) {
             return runWithPrefixes(fullPrefix, lazyContext?.namePrefix, () =>

package/src/router/match-api.ts

@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import { collectRouteMiddleware } from "./middleware.js";
 import { traverseBack } from "./pattern-matching.js";
 import { DefaultErrorFallback } from "../default-error-boundary.js";
 import {
-  EntryData,
-  LoaderEntry,
+  type EntryData,
+  type LoaderEntry,
   getContext,
-  InterceptSelectorContext,
+  type InterceptSelectorContext,
 } from "../server/context";
 import type { ErrorBoundaryHandler, ErrorInfo, MatchResult } from "../types";
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
@@ -550,6 +550,7 @@ export async function matchError<TEnv>(
     segments: [errorSegment],
     matched: matchedIds,
     diff: [errorSegment.id],
+    resolvedIds: [errorSegment.id],
     params: matched.params,
   };
 }

package/src/router/match-handlers.ts

@@ -33,10 +33,13 @@ import type { ErrorBoundaryHandler, NotFoundBoundaryHandler } from "../types";
 import type { MiddlewareFn } from "./middleware.js";
 import {
   type TelemetrySink,
+  type CacheSegmentSignal,
   safeEmit,
   resolveSink,
   getRequestId,
+  buildCacheSignalSegments,
 } from "./telemetry.js";
+import { _getRequestContext } from "../server/request-context.js";
 
 export interface MatchHandlerDeps<TEnv = any> {
   buildRouterContext: () => RouterContext<TEnv>;
@@ -51,6 +54,12 @@ export interface MatchHandlerDeps<TEnv = any> {
     isAction: boolean,
   ) => { intercept: InterceptEntry; entry: EntryData } | null;
   telemetry?: TelemetrySink;
+  /**
+   * DEVELOPMENT/TEST ONLY gate for the X-Rango-Cache debug header. When true,
+   * match/matchPartial stash a coarse route-level cache signal on the request
+   * context for the response-finalization path to emit. Default off.
+   */
+  cacheSignalEnabled?: boolean;
 }
 
 export interface MatchHandlers<TEnv = any> {
@@ -113,6 +122,25 @@ export function createMatchHandlers<TEnv = any>(
   } = deps;
   const hasTelemetry = !!deps.telemetry;
   const telemetry = resolveSink(deps.telemetry);
+  const cacheSignalEnabled = !!deps.cacheSignalEnabled;
+  // Compute the coarse cache signal when EITHER telemetry needs it (for the
+  // cache.decision event) OR the debug header gate is on. When neither is set,
+  // this is never called — zero extra work on the hot path.
+  const buildSignal = (
+    routeKey: string,
+    state: {
+      cacheHit: boolean;
+      cacheSource?: "runtime" | "prerender";
+      shouldRevalidate?: boolean;
+    },
+  ): CacheSegmentSignal[] => buildCacheSignalSegments(routeKey, state);
+  // Stash the signal on the request context for the response path to emit as
+  // the X-Rango-Cache header. Only when the debug gate is on.
+  const recordSignalIfEnabled = (segments: CacheSegmentSignal[]): void => {
+    if (!cacheSignalEnabled) return;
+    const reqCtx = _getRequestContext();
+    if (reqCtx) reqCtx._cacheSignal = segments;
+  };
 
   async function createMatchContextForFull(
     request: Request,
@@ -196,6 +224,7 @@ export function createMatchHandlers<TEnv = any>(
               segments: [],
               matched: [],
               diff: [],
+              resolvedIds: [],
               params: {},
               redirect: result.redirectUrl,
             };
@@ -207,17 +236,24 @@ export function createMatchHandlers<TEnv = any>(
             const state = createPipelineState();
             const pipeline = createMatchPartialPipeline(ctx, state);
             const matchResult = await collectMatchResult(pipeline, ctx, state);
+            if (hasTelemetry || cacheSignalEnabled) {
+              const signalSegments = buildSignal(ctx.routeKey, state);
+              recordSignalIfEnabled(signalSegments);
+              if (hasTelemetry) {
+                safeEmit(telemetry, {
+                  type: "cache.decision",
+                  timestamp: performance.now(),
+                  requestId,
+                  pathname,
+                  routeKey: ctx.routeKey,
+                  hit: state.cacheHit,
+                  shouldRevalidate: !!state.shouldRevalidate,
+                  source: state.cacheSource,
+                  segments: signalSegments,
+                });
+              }
+            }
             if (hasTelemetry) {
-              safeEmit(telemetry, {
-                type: "cache.decision",
-                timestamp: performance.now(),
-                requestId,
-                pathname,
-                routeKey: ctx.routeKey,
-                hit: state.cacheHit,
-                shouldRevalidate: !!state.shouldRevalidate,
-                source: state.cacheSource,
-              });
               safeEmit(telemetry, {
                 type: "request.end",
                 timestamp: performance.now(),
@@ -362,17 +398,24 @@ export function createMatchHandlers<TEnv = any>(
                 state,
               );
               flushRevalidationTrace();
+              if (hasTelemetry || cacheSignalEnabled) {
+                const signalSegments = buildSignal(ctx.routeKey, state);
+                recordSignalIfEnabled(signalSegments);
+                if (hasTelemetry) {
+                  safeEmit(telemetry, {
+                    type: "cache.decision",
+                    timestamp: performance.now(),
+                    requestId: partialRequestId,
+                    pathname,
+                    routeKey: ctx.routeKey,
+                    hit: state.cacheHit,
+                    shouldRevalidate: !!state.shouldRevalidate,
+                    source: state.cacheSource,
+                    segments: signalSegments,
+                  });
+                }
+              }
               if (hasTelemetry) {
-                safeEmit(telemetry, {
-                  type: "cache.decision",
-                  timestamp: performance.now(),
-                  requestId: partialRequestId,
-                  pathname,
-                  routeKey: ctx.routeKey,
-                  hit: state.cacheHit,
-                  shouldRevalidate: !!state.shouldRevalidate,
-                  source: state.cacheSource,
-                });
                 safeEmit(telemetry, {
                   type: "request.end",
                   timestamp: performance.now(),

package/src/router/match-middleware/cache-lookup.ts

@@ -282,6 +282,38 @@ async function* yieldFromStore<TEnv>(
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Look up a prerendered (build-time cached) entry for the current route and, on
+ * a hit, yield its segments. Returns true when an entry was served (the caller
+ * should stop the pipeline) and false on a miss. Intercept navigations consult
+ * only the intercept-specific entry (`paramHash + "/i"`); a miss there falls
+ * through to the normal pipeline so intercept-resolution can run. Callers must
+ * guard on `prerenderStoreInstance` after `ensurePrerenderDeps()`.
+ */
+async function* tryPrerenderLookup<TEnv>(
+  ctx: MatchContext<TEnv>,
+  state: MatchPipelineState,
+  pipelineStart: number,
+  handleStoreRef?: HandleStore,
+): AsyncGenerator<ResolvedSegment, boolean> {
+  const paramHash = _hashParams!(ctx.matched.params);
+  const isPassthroughPrerenderRoute = ctx.entries.some(
+    (entry) => entry.type === "route" && entry.isPassthrough === true,
+  );
+  const lookupHash = ctx.isIntercept ? paramHash + "/i" : paramHash;
+  const entry = await prerenderStoreInstance!.get(
+    ctx.matched.routeKey,
+    lookupHash,
+    {
+      pathname: ctx.pathname,
+      isPassthroughRoute: isPassthroughPrerenderRoute,
+    },
+  );
+  if (!entry) return false;
+  yield* yieldFromStore(entry, ctx, state, pipelineStart, handleStoreRef);
+  return true;
+}
+
 /**
  * Async generator middleware type
  */
@@ -334,54 +366,13 @@ export function withCacheLookup<TEnv>(
     if (!ctx.isAction && !isHmr && ctx.matched.pr) {
       await ensurePrerenderDeps();
       if (prerenderStoreInstance) {
-        const paramHash = _hashParams!(ctx.matched.params);
-        const isPassthroughPrerenderRoute = ctx.entries.some(
-          (entry) => entry.type === "route" && entry.isPassthrough === true,
+        const served = yield* tryPrerenderLookup(
+          ctx,
+          state,
+          pipelineStart,
+          handleStoreRef,
         );
-
-        if (ctx.isIntercept) {
-          // Intercept navigation: try intercept-specific prerender entry
-          const entry = await prerenderStoreInstance.get(
-            ctx.matched.routeKey,
-            paramHash + "/i",
-            {
-              pathname: ctx.pathname,
-              isPassthroughRoute: isPassthroughPrerenderRoute,
-            },
-          );
-          if (entry) {
-            yield* yieldFromStore(
-              entry,
-              ctx,
-              state,
-              pipelineStart,
-              handleStoreRef,
-            );
-            return;
-          }
-          // No intercept prerender -- fall through to normal pipeline
-          // (skip non-intercept prerender to let intercept-resolution run)
-        } else {
-          // Normal navigation: existing behavior
-          const entry = await prerenderStoreInstance.get(
-            ctx.matched.routeKey,
-            paramHash,
-            {
-              pathname: ctx.pathname,
-              isPassthroughRoute: isPassthroughPrerenderRoute,
-            },
-          );
-          if (entry) {
-            yield* yieldFromStore(
-              entry,
-              ctx,
-              state,
-              pipelineStart,
-              handleStoreRef,
-            );
-            return;
-          }
-        }
+        if (served) return;
       }
     }
 
@@ -404,51 +395,13 @@ export function withCacheLookup<TEnv>(
       if (hasStatic) {
         await ensurePrerenderDeps();
         if (prerenderStoreInstance) {
-          const paramHash = _hashParams!(ctx.matched.params);
-          const isPassthroughPrerenderRoute = ctx.entries.some(
-            (entry) => entry.type === "route" && entry.isPassthrough === true,
+          const served = yield* tryPrerenderLookup(
+            ctx,
+            state,
+            pipelineStart,
+            handleStoreRef,
           );
-
-          if (ctx.isIntercept) {
-            const entry = await prerenderStoreInstance.get(
-              ctx.matched.routeKey,
-              paramHash + "/i",
-              {
-                pathname: ctx.pathname,
-                isPassthroughRoute: isPassthroughPrerenderRoute,
-              },
-            );
-            if (entry) {
-              yield* yieldFromStore(
-                entry,
-                ctx,
-                state,
-                pipelineStart,
-                handleStoreRef,
-              );
-              return;
-            }
-            // No intercept prerender -- fall through to normal pipeline
-          } else {
-            const entry = await prerenderStoreInstance.get(
-              ctx.matched.routeKey,
-              paramHash,
-              {
-                pathname: ctx.pathname,
-                isPassthroughRoute: isPassthroughPrerenderRoute,
-              },
-            );
-            if (entry) {
-              yield* yieldFromStore(
-                entry,
-                ctx,
-                state,
-                pipelineStart,
-                handleStoreRef,
-              );
-              return;
-            }
-          }
+          if (served) return;
         }
       }
     }

package/src/router/match-middleware/cache-store.ts

@@ -169,10 +169,11 @@ export function withCacheStore<TEnv>(
     // skip (client already had them). Segments where the handler intentionally
     // returned null are not revalidation skips — re-rendering them will still
     // produce null, so proactive caching would be wasted work.
-    const clientIdSet = new Set(ctx.clientSegmentIds);
     const hasNullComponents = allSegmentsToCache.some(
       (s) =>
-        s.component === null && s.type !== "loader" && clientIdSet.has(s.id),
+        s.component === null &&
+        s.type !== "loader" &&
+        ctx.clientSegmentSet.has(s.id),
     );
 
     const requestCtx = getRequestContext();

package/src/router/match-result.ts

@@ -138,34 +138,38 @@ export async function collectSegments(
 function deduplicateLoaderSegments(
   segments: ResolvedSegment[],
   logPrefix: string,
-): ResolvedSegment[] {
-  // First pass: collect loaderIds of original (non-inherited) segments
-  // and whether their parent entry uses loading()
+): { segments: ResolvedSegment[]; removedIds: Set<string> } {
+  // Single pass: original (non-inherited) loaderIds, all loaderIds grouped by
+  // namespace, and namespaces of segments that declare loading().
   const originalLoaders = new Set<string>();
-  const loadersWithLoading = new Set<string>();
+  const loaderIdsByNamespace = new Map<string, string[]>();
+  const namespacesWithLoading = new Set<string>();
   for (const s of segments) {
-    if (s.type === "loader" && s.loaderId && !s._inherited) {
-      originalLoaders.add(s.loaderId);
-      // If the segment has a sibling with loading, the parent uses loading()
-      // We detect this by checking if any non-loader segment in the same
-      // namespace has loading defined
+    if (s.type === "loader" && s.loaderId) {
+      if (!s._inherited) originalLoaders.add(s.loaderId);
+      const ids = loaderIdsByNamespace.get(s.namespace);
+      if (ids) ids.push(s.loaderId);
+      else loaderIdsByNamespace.set(s.namespace, [s.loaderId]);
+    } else if (
+      s.type !== "loader" &&
+      s.loading !== undefined &&
+      s.loading !== false
+    ) {
+      namespacesWithLoading.add(s.namespace);
     }
   }
-  // Check if any layout/route segment has loading — if a loader's namespace
-  // matches a segment with loading, the inherited copy is needed
-  for (const s of segments) {
-    if (s.type !== "loader" && s.loading !== undefined && s.loading !== false) {
-      // Find loaders in this namespace
-      for (const l of segments) {
-        if (l.type === "loader" && l.namespace === s.namespace && l.loaderId) {
-          loadersWithLoading.add(l.loaderId);
-        }
-      }
+
+  // An inherited loader is needed when it shares a namespace with a
+  // loading-bearing segment (its data sits behind that LoaderBoundary).
+  const loadersWithLoading = new Set<string>();
+  for (const ns of namespacesWithLoading) {
+    for (const id of loaderIdsByNamespace.get(ns) ?? []) {
+      loadersWithLoading.add(id);
     }
   }
 
   const result: ResolvedSegment[] = [];
-  let dedupCount = 0;
+  const removedIds = new Set<string>();
 
   for (const s of segments) {
     if (
@@ -175,17 +179,20 @@ function deduplicateLoaderSegments(
       originalLoaders.has(s.loaderId) &&
       !loadersWithLoading.has(s.loaderId)
     ) {
-      dedupCount++;
+      removedIds.add(s.id);
       continue;
     }
     result.push(s);
   }
 
-  if (dedupCount > 0) {
-    debugLog(logPrefix, `deduped ${dedupCount} inherited loader segment(s)`);
+  if (removedIds.size > 0) {
+    debugLog(
+      logPrefix,
+      `deduped ${removedIds.size} inherited loader segment(s)`,
+    );
   }
 
-  return result;
+  return { segments: result, removedIds };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -244,7 +251,7 @@ export function buildMatchResult<TEnv>(
     );
   }
 
-  const dedupedSegments = deduplicateLoaderSegments(
+  const { segments: dedupedSegments, removedIds } = deduplicateLoaderSegments(
     segmentsToRender,
     logPrefix,
   );
@@ -262,18 +269,32 @@ export function buildMatchResult<TEnv>(
 
   // Remove deduped loader IDs from matched so the client doesn't treat
   // them as missing segments and trigger a fallback refetch.
-  const removedIds = new Set(
-    segmentsToRender
-      .filter((s) => !dedupedSegments.includes(s))
-      .map((s) => s.id),
-  );
   const matchedIds =
     removedIds.size > 0 ? allIds.filter((id) => !removedIds.has(id)) : allIds;
 
+  // resolvedIds: every segment whose handler actually ran this request.
+  // For full-match every segment is fresh; for partial-match we filter by
+  // the internal `_handlerRan` flag set in revalidation.ts. Drives the
+  // client's handle-bucket cleanup — a slot that re-resolved and pushed
+  // nothing must have its previous handle data cleared, but `diff` won't
+  // carry it because the segment payload skips null-component cached
+  // segments to save bytes.
+  const resolvedIds = ctx.isFullMatch
+    ? allSegments.map((s) => s.id)
+    : allSegments.filter((s) => s._handlerRan).map((s) => s.id);
+
+  // Strip internal-only fields from the segments going on the wire.
+  const cleanedSegments = dedupedSegments.map((s) => {
+    if (s._handlerRan === undefined) return s;
+    const { _handlerRan: _drop, ...rest } = s;
+    return rest as ResolvedSegment;
+  });
+
   return {
-    segments: dedupedSegments,
+    segments: cleanedSegments,
     matched: matchedIds,
-    diff: dedupedSegments.map((s) => s.id),
+    diff: cleanedSegments.map((s) => s.id),
+    resolvedIds,
     params: ctx.matched.params,
     routeName: ctx.routeKey,
     slots: Object.keys(state.slots).length > 0 ? state.slots : undefined,

package/src/router/metrics.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Router Metrics Utilities
  *
- * Performance metrics collection and reporting for RSC Router.
+ * Performance metrics collection and reporting for Rango.
  */
 
 import type { MetricsStore, PerformanceMetric } from "../server/context";

package/src/router/middleware-types.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type {
 import type { ScopedReverseFunction } from "../reverse.js";
 import type { Theme } from "../theme/types.js";
 import type { LocationStateEntry } from "../browser/react/location-state-shared.js";
+import type { RequestScope } from "../types/request-scope.js";
 
 /**
  * Get variable function type
@@ -52,33 +53,15 @@ export interface CookieOptions {
  * Context passed to middleware
  *
  * @template TEnv - Environment type (bindings, variables) - defaults to any for internal flexibility
- * @template TParams - URL params type (typed for route middleware, Record<string, string> for global middleware)
+ * @template TParams - URL params type (typed for route middleware,
+ *   `Record<string, string | undefined>` for global middleware — absent
+ *   optional segments are omitted from the params record at runtime, so
+ *   the index signature must include `undefined`)
  */
 export interface MiddlewareContext<
   TEnv = any,
-  TParams = Record<string, string>,
-> {
-  /** Original request */
-  request: Request;
-
-  /** Parsed URL (with internal `_rsc*` params stripped) */
-  url: URL;
-
-  /**
-   * The original request URL with all parameters intact, including
-   * internal `_rsc*` transport params.
-   */
-  originalUrl: URL;
-
-  /** URL pathname */
-  pathname: string;
-
-  /** URL search params */
-  searchParams: URLSearchParams;
-
-  /** Platform bindings (Cloudflare, etc.) */
-  env: TEnv;
-
+  TParams = Record<string, string | undefined>,
+> extends RequestScope<TEnv> {
   /** URL params extracted from route/middleware pattern */
   params: TParams;
 
@@ -157,7 +140,7 @@ export interface MiddlewareContext<
  * @template TEnv - Environment type - defaults to any for internal flexibility
  * @template TParams - URL params type (typed for route middleware)
  *
- * When using middleware with global augmentation (RSCRouter.Env), explicitly
+ * When using middleware with global augmentation (Rango.Env), explicitly
  * annotate your middleware functions, or the types will be inferred from context:
  *
  * @example
@@ -169,7 +152,10 @@ export interface MiddlewareContext<
  * router.use((ctx, next) => {...}) // ctx is typed from router's TEnv
  * ```
  */
-export type MiddlewareFn<TEnv = any, TParams = Record<string, string>> = (
+export type MiddlewareFn<
+  TEnv = any,
+  TParams = Record<string, string | undefined>,
+> = (
   ctx: MiddlewareContext<TEnv, TParams>,
   next: () => Promise<Response>,
 ) => Response | void | Promise<Response | void>;
@@ -216,5 +202,8 @@ export interface MiddlewareCollectableEntry {
  */
 export interface CollectedMiddleware {
   handler: MiddlewareFn<any, any>;
+  // Internal shape only. The user-facing `MiddlewareContext.params` is
+  // typed `Record<string, string | undefined>` to reflect that absent
+  // optional segments are omitted from the params record at runtime.
   params: Record<string, string>;
 }