@rangojs/router 0.0.0-experimental.2 → 0.0.0-experimental.204030a9

package/src/rsc/handler.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /// <reference types="@vitejs/plugin-rsc/types" />
-/// <reference path="../vite/version.d.ts" />
+/// <reference path="../vite/plugins/version.d.ts" />
 /**
  * RSC Request Handler
  *
@@ -8,40 +8,108 @@
  */
 
 import { createElement } from "react";
-import { renderSegments } from "../segment-system.js";
-import { RouteNotFoundError } from "../errors.js";
-import { getLoaderLazy } from "../server/loader-registry.js";
-import {
-  matchMiddleware,
-  executeMiddleware,
-  executeLoaderMiddleware,
-} from "../router/middleware.js";
+import { isRouteNotFoundError } from "../errors.js";
+import { matchMiddleware, executeMiddleware } from "../router/middleware.js";
 import {
   runWithRequestContext,
   setRequestContextParams,
   requireRequestContext,
+  getRequestContext,
+  _getRequestContext,
   createRequestContext,
-  type ExecutionContext,
 } from "../server/request-context.js";
 import * as rscDeps from "@vitejs/plugin-rsc/rsc";
-
 import type {
   RscPayload,
-  ReactFormState,
   CreateRSCHandlerOptions,
+  LoadSSRModule,
+  SSRModule,
 } from "./types.js";
-import { hasBodyContent, createResponseWithMergedHeaders } from "./helpers.js";
-import { generateNonce } from "./nonce.js";
+import {
+  createResponseWithMergedHeaders,
+  finalizeResponse,
+  interceptRedirectForPartial,
+  buildRouteMiddlewareEntries,
+} from "./helpers.js";
+import { isWebSocketUpgradeResponse } from "../response-utils.js";
+import {
+  handleResponseRoute,
+  type ResponseRouteMatch,
+} from "./response-route-handler.js";
+import { generateNonce, nonce as nonceToken } from "./nonce.js";
 import { VERSION } from "@rangojs/router:version";
 import type { ErrorPhase } from "../types.js";
+import type { RouterRequestInput } from "../router/router-interfaces.js";
 import { invokeOnError } from "../router/error-handling.js";
+import {
+  createReverseFunction,
+  stripInternalParams,
+} from "../router/handler-context.js";
+import { getRouterContext } from "../router/router-context.js";
+import { resolveSink, safeEmit } from "../router/telemetry.js";
+import { contextSet } from "../context-var.js";
+import {
+  hasCachedManifest,
+  getRouteTrie,
+  getPrecomputedEntries,
+  waitForManifestReady,
+  getRouterManifest,
+  getRouterTrie,
+} from "../route-map-builder.js";
+import type { HandlerContext } from "./handler-context.js";
+import type { SegmentCacheStore } from "../cache/types.js";
+import { buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns } from "./manifest-init.js";
+import { handleProgressiveEnhancement } from "./progressive-enhancement.js";
+import {
+  executeServerAction,
+  revalidateAfterAction,
+  type ActionContinuation,
+} from "./server-action.js";
+import { handleLoaderFetch } from "./loader-fetch.js";
+import {
+  checkRequestOrigin,
+  ORIGIN_CHECK_PHASE_BY_MODE,
+} from "./origin-guard.js";
+import { handleRscRendering } from "./rsc-rendering.js";
+import {
+  withTimeout,
+  RouterTimeoutError,
+  createDefaultTimeoutResponse,
+  type TimeoutPhase,
+} from "../router/timeout.js";
+import {
+  createMetricsStore,
+  appendMetric,
+  buildMetricsTiming,
+} from "../router/metrics.js";
+import {
+  startSSRSetup,
+  getSSRSetup,
+  mayNeedSSR,
+  isRscRequest,
+  SSR_SETUP_VAR,
+} from "./ssr-setup.js";
+import {
+  classifyRequest,
+  type RequestPlan,
+  type ExecutableRequestPlan,
+} from "../router/request-classification.js";
 
 /**
  * Create an RSC request handler.
  *
+ * **Recommended:** Use `router.createHandler()` instead for simpler setup:
+ * ```tsx
+ * const router = createRouter({ document, urls, nonce: () => true });
+ * export const fetch = router.createHandler();
+ * ```
+ *
+ * This function is still useful for advanced cases like per-request cache
+ * configuration (e.g., Cloudflare Workers with ExecutionContext).
+ *
  * @example Basic usage (deps and loadSSRModule have sensible defaults)
  * ```tsx
- * import { createRSCHandler } from "rsc-router/rsc";
+ * import { createRSCHandler } from "@rangojs/router/rsc";
  * import { router } from "./router.js";
  *
  * export default createRSCHandler({ router });
@@ -49,7 +117,7 @@ import { invokeOnError } from "../router/error-handling.js";
  *
  * @example With custom deps (advanced)
  * ```tsx
- * import { createRSCHandler } from "rsc-router/rsc";
+ * import { createRSCHandler } from "@rangojs/router/rsc";
  * import * as rsc from "@vitejs/plugin-rsc/rsc";
  * import { router } from "./router.js";
  *
@@ -66,9 +134,6 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
 >(options: CreateRSCHandlerOptions<TEnv, TRoutes>) {
   const { router, version = VERSION, nonce: nonceProvider } = options;
 
-  // Get the route map for useHref() - converts route names to URL patterns
-  const routeMap = router.routeMap as Record<string, string>;
-
   // Use provided deps or default to @vitejs/plugin-rsc/rsc exports
   const deps = options.deps ?? rscDeps;
   const {
@@ -80,75 +145,320 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     decodeFormState,
   } = deps;
 
-  // Use provided loadSSRModule or default to vite RSC module loader
-  const loadSSRModule =
+  // Use provided loadSSRModule or default to vite RSC module loader.
+  // In production the SSR module is stable across requests, so memoize
+  // the dynamic import to avoid repeated module resolution overhead.
+  // In dev mode Vite may hot-reload the module, so skip memoization.
+  const rawLoadSSRModule: LoadSSRModule =
     options.loadSSRModule ??
     (() => import.meta.viteRsc.loadModule("ssr", "index"));
+  let _ssrModulePromise: Promise<SSRModule> | undefined;
+  const loadSSRModule: LoadSSRModule =
+    process.env.NODE_ENV === "production"
+      ? () =>
+          (_ssrModulePromise ??= rawLoadSSRModule().catch((err) => {
+            _ssrModulePromise = undefined;
+            throw err;
+          }))
+      : rawLoadSSRModule;
 
   /**
-   * Wrapper for invokeOnError that binds the router's onError callback.
-   * Uses the shared utility from router/error-handling.ts for consistent behavior.
+   * Per-request error reporter that deduplicates via the ALS request context.
+   *
+   * Uses the same _reportedErrors WeakSet as the router layer so errors
+   * that propagate across layers are only reported once per request.
    */
   function callOnError(
     error: unknown,
     phase: ErrorPhase,
     context: Parameters<typeof invokeOnError<TEnv>>[3],
   ): void {
+    // Guard: abort signal handlers fire asynchronously outside the ALS
+    // request scope, so the context may be gone. Skip dedup in that
+    // case — the error is from a cancelled stream, not a real failure.
+    const reqCtx = _getRequestContext();
+    if (error != null && typeof error === "object" && reqCtx) {
+      if (reqCtx._reportedErrors.has(error)) return;
+      reqCtx._reportedErrors.add(error);
+    }
     invokeOnError(router.onError, error, phase, context, "RSC");
   }
 
-  return async function handler(
+  function getRequiredRouteMap(): Record<string, string> {
+    const routeMap = getRouterManifest(router.id);
+    if (!routeMap) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Route manifest for router "${router.id}" is not available.`,
+      );
+    }
+    return routeMap;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a timeout by reporting the error, emitting telemetry,
+   * and returning either the custom onTimeout response or a default 504.
+   */
+  async function handleTimeoutResponse(
     request: Request,
-    env: TEnv & { ctx?: ExecutionContext } = {} as TEnv & {
-      ctx?: ExecutionContext;
+    env: TEnv,
+    url: URL,
+    phase: TimeoutPhase,
+    durationMs: number,
+    routeKey?: string,
+    actionId?: string,
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    const timeoutError = new RouterTimeoutError(phase, durationMs);
+
+    callOnError(timeoutError, phase === "action" ? "action" : "handler", {
+      request,
+      url,
+      env,
+      routeKey,
+      actionId,
+      handledByBoundary: false,
+      metadata: { timeout: true, phase, durationMs },
+    });
+
+    try {
+      const routerCtx = getRouterContext();
+      if (routerCtx?.telemetry) {
+        safeEmit(resolveSink(routerCtx.telemetry), {
+          type: "request.timeout" as const,
+          timestamp: performance.now(),
+          requestId: routerCtx.requestId,
+          phase,
+          pathname: url.pathname,
+          routeKey,
+          actionId,
+          durationMs,
+          customHandler: !!router.onTimeout,
+        });
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Router context may not be available
+    }
+
+    if (router.onTimeout) {
+      try {
+        return await router.onTimeout({
+          phase,
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          routeKey,
+          actionId,
+          durationMs,
+        });
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production") {
+          console.error("[RSC] onTimeout callback error:", e);
+        }
+        return createDefaultTimeoutResponse(phase);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return createDefaultTimeoutResponse(phase);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build a 200 Flight response that carries a redirect URL and optional state.
+   * Used when a partial/action request results in a redirect -- fetch
+   * auto-follows 3xx so we send the redirect as payload metadata instead.
+   */
+  function createRedirectFlightResponse(
+    redirectUrl: string,
+    locationState?: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Response {
+    const redirectPayload: RscPayload = {
+      metadata: {
+        pathname: redirectUrl,
+        segments: [],
+        redirect: { url: redirectUrl },
+        ...(locationState && { locationState }),
+      },
+    };
+    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(redirectPayload);
+    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
+      status: 200,
+      headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Bundle shared dependencies for extracted handler functions.
+  // callOnError reads from ALS so it's inherently per-request scoped.
+  const handlerCtx: HandlerContext<TEnv> = {
+    router,
+    version,
+    renderToReadableStream,
+    decodeReply,
+    createTemporaryReferenceSet,
+    loadServerAction,
+    decodeAction,
+    decodeFormState,
+    loadSSRModule,
+    callOnError,
+    getRequiredRouteMap,
+    createRedirectFlightResponse,
+    resolveStreamMode: async (request, env, url) => {
+      const resolver = router.ssr?.resolveStreaming;
+      if (!resolver) return "stream";
+      return resolver({ request, env, url });
     },
+  };
+
+  return async function handler(
+    request: Request,
+    input: RouterRequestInput<TEnv> = {},
   ): Promise<Response> {
+    const handlerStart = performance.now();
+    // Create the metrics store at handler start so handler:total has startTime=0
+    // and all metrics are relative to the request entry point.
+    const earlyMetricsStore = router.debugPerformance
+      ? createMetricsStore(true, handlerStart)
+      : undefined;
+
+    const { env = {} as TEnv, vars: initialVars, ctx: executionCtx } = input;
+
+    // Connection warmup: return 204 immediately before any processing
+    if (router?.warmupEnabled && request.method === "HEAD") {
+      const warmupUrl = new URL(request.url);
+      if (warmupUrl.searchParams.has("_rsc_warmup")) {
+        return new Response(null, { status: 204 });
+      }
+    }
+
     // Resolve nonce if provider is set
+    const nonceStart = performance.now();
     let nonce: string | undefined;
     if (nonceProvider) {
       const result = await nonceProvider(request, env);
       nonce = result === true ? generateNonce() : result;
     }
+    const nonceDur = performance.now() - nonceStart;
 
     const url = new URL(request.url);
 
     // Match global middleware
+    const mwMatchStart = performance.now();
     const matchedMiddleware = matchMiddleware(url.pathname, router.middleware);
+    const mwMatchDur = performance.now() - mwMatchStart;
 
     // Shared variables between middleware and route handlers
-    const variables: Record<string, any> = {};
+    // Initialize from input.vars if provided (allows pre-seeding from worker entry)
+    const variables: Record<string, any> = initialVars
+      ? { ...initialVars }
+      : {};
 
-    // Store nonce in variables so middleware can access via ctx.get('nonce')
+    // Store nonce via ContextVar token and string key for backward compat
     if (nonce) {
+      contextSet(variables, nonceToken, nonce);
       variables.nonce = nonce;
     }
 
     // Resolve cache store configuration
     // Priority: options.cache (handler override) > router.cache (router default)
     // Store is enabled only if: config provided, enabled, and no ?__no_cache query param
-    let cacheStore = undefined;
+    let cacheStore: SegmentCacheStore | undefined;
     const cacheOption = options.cache ?? router.cache;
     if (cacheOption && !url.searchParams.has("__no_cache")) {
       const cacheConfig =
-        typeof cacheOption === "function" ? cacheOption(env) : cacheOption;
+        typeof cacheOption === "function"
+          ? cacheOption(env, executionCtx)
+          : cacheOption;
 
       if (cacheConfig.enabled !== false) {
         cacheStore = cacheConfig.store;
       }
     }
 
+    // Route manifest is populated at startup via the virtual module
+    // (virtual:rsc-router/routes-manifest). In build/production, it's inlined
+    // into the bundle. In dev mode (Node), the discovery plugin populates it
+    // via setManifestReadyPromise(). In dev mode (Cloudflare), Miniflare runs
+    // in a separate isolate where module-level state doesn't carry over, so
+    // we generate inline from the router's urlpatterns.
+    //
+    // In multi-router setups (e.g. createHostRouter), each router must have
+    // its own per-router manifest. We check per-router data first: even if
+    // the global manifest was set by a different router, this router still
+    // needs its own trie and manifest for correct matching.
+    const manifestCacheStart = performance.now();
+    const hasRouterData = getRouterManifest(router.id) !== undefined;
+    if (!hasRouterData) {
+      if (!hasCachedManifest()) {
+        const readyPromise = waitForManifestReady();
+        if (readyPromise) {
+          await readyPromise;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!getRouterManifest(router.id) && router.urlpatterns) {
+        // Cloudflare dev: generate manifest inline for this router.
+        // Each router generates its own manifest independently so
+        // multi-router setups (host routing) work correctly.
+        await buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns(router);
+      }
+      if (!getRouterManifest(router.id) && !hasCachedManifest()) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Route manifest not available. Ensure "virtual:rsc-router/routes-manifest" is imported in your entry file.',
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rebuild the trie when the manifest exists but the per-router trie is
+    // missing. This happens in dev mode after HMR: the virtual module sets
+    // the manifest (from fresh gen files) but the trie is intentionally not
+    // injected to avoid stale discovery-time data. Without the trie, route
+    // matching falls back to regex iteration which does not handle wildcard
+    // priority correctly (catch-all patterns match before specific routes).
+    if (!getRouterTrie(router.id) && router.urlpatterns) {
+      await buildRouterTrieFromUrlpatterns(router);
+    }
+    const manifestCacheDur = performance.now() - manifestCacheStart;
+
     // Create unified request context with all methods
     // Includes: stub response, handle store, loader memoization, use(), cookies, headers, cache store
     // params starts empty, populated after route matching via setRequestContextParams
+    const ctxCreateStart = performance.now();
     const requestContext = createRequestContext({
       env,
       request,
       url,
       variables,
       cacheStore,
-      executionContext: env.ctx,
+      cacheProfiles: router.cacheProfiles,
+      executionContext: executionCtx,
       themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
     });
+    if (earlyMetricsStore) {
+      requestContext._debugPerformance = true;
+      requestContext._metricsStore = earlyMetricsStore;
+    }
+    // Wire background error reporting so "use cache" and other subsystems
+    // can surface non-fatal errors through the router's onError callback.
+    requestContext._reportBackgroundError = (
+      error: unknown,
+      category: string,
+    ) => {
+      callOnError(error, "cache", {
+        request,
+        url,
+        metadata: { category },
+      });
+    };
+
+    const ctxCreateDur = performance.now() - ctxCreateStart;
+
+    // Accumulate handler-level timing for Server-Timing header
+    const handlerTiming = [
+      `handler-nonce;dur=${nonceDur.toFixed(2)}`,
+      `handler-mw-match;dur=${mwMatchDur.toFixed(2)}`,
+      `handler-manifest-cache;dur=${manifestCacheDur.toFixed(2)}`,
+      `handler-ctx-create;dur=${ctxCreateDur.toFixed(2)}`,
+    ];
+
+    // Store timing data in variables for downstream access
+    variables.__handlerTiming = handlerTiming;
+    variables.__handlerStart = handlerStart;
 
     // Wrap entire request handling in request context
     // Makes context available via getRequestContext() throughout:
@@ -157,6 +467,9 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     // - Server components during rendering
     // - Error boundaries
     // - Streaming
+    // Store basename on request context (scoped per-request via existing ALS)
+    requestContext._basename = router.basename;
+
     return runWithRequestContext(requestContext, async () => {
       // Core handler logic (wrapped by middleware)
       const coreHandler = async (): Promise<Response> => {
@@ -164,21 +477,79 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
       };
 
       // Execute middleware chain if any, otherwise call core handler directly
+      let response: Response;
       if (matchedMiddleware.length > 0) {
-        return executeMiddleware(
+        const mwResponse = await executeMiddleware(
           matchedMiddleware,
           request,
           env,
           variables,
           coreHandler,
+          createReverseFunction(getRequiredRouteMap()),
         );
+
+        if (
+          url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial") ||
+          url.searchParams.has("_rsc_action")
+        ) {
+          const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+            mwResponse,
+            createRedirectFlightResponse,
+          );
+          response = intercepted ?? finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
+        } else {
+          response = finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
+        }
+      } else {
+        response = await coreHandler();
       }
 
-      return coreHandler();
+      // Finalize metrics after all middleware (including post-next work)
+      // has completed so :post spans are captured in the timeline.
+      // Handler timing parts are always emitted (even without debug metrics)
+      // so non-debug requests still get bootstrap Server-Timing entries.
+      const handlerTimingArr: string[] = variables.__handlerTiming || [];
+      // Preserve any existing Server-Timing set by response routes or middleware
+      const existingTiming = response.headers.get("Server-Timing");
+      const timingParts = existingTiming
+        ? [existingTiming, ...handlerTimingArr]
+        : [...handlerTimingArr];
+
+      const metricsStore = requestContext._metricsStore;
+      if (metricsStore) {
+        // When the store was created at handler start (earlyMetricsStore),
+        // handler:total covers the full request. When ctx.debugPerformance()
+        // created the store mid-request, use its requestStart to avoid a
+        // negative startTime offset.
+        const totalStart = earlyMetricsStore
+          ? handlerStart
+          : metricsStore.requestStart;
+        appendMetric(
+          metricsStore,
+          "handler:total",
+          totalStart,
+          performance.now() - totalStart,
+        );
+        const metricsTiming = buildMetricsTiming(
+          request.method,
+          url.pathname,
+          metricsStore,
+        );
+        if (metricsTiming) timingParts.push(metricsTiming);
+      }
+
+      const fullTiming = timingParts.join(", ");
+      if (fullTiming && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+        response.headers.set("Server-Timing", fullTiming);
+      }
+
+      return response;
     });
   };
 
-  // Core request handling logic (separated for middleware wrapping)
+  // Core request handling logic (separated for middleware wrapping).
+  // Uses the classify → execute model: classifyRequest produces a RequestPlan,
+  // then execution dispatches on the plan mode.
   async function coreRequestHandler(
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
@@ -186,875 +557,592 @@ export function createRSCHandler<
     variables: Record<string, any>,
     nonce: string | undefined,
   ): Promise<Response> {
-    // First, check for route-level middleware
-    const preview = await router.previewMatch(request, env);
-    if (preview?.routeMiddleware && preview.routeMiddleware.length > 0) {
-      // Convert route middleware to app middleware format for execution
-      const middlewareEntries = preview.routeMiddleware.map((mw) => ({
-        entry: {
-          pattern: null,
-          regex: null,
-          paramNames: [],
-          handler: mw.handler,
-          mountPrefix: null,
+    const handlerTiming: string[] = variables.__handlerTiming || [];
+
+    // Debug manifest endpoint: handled before classification since it
+    // doesn't need a route match and needs trie access from the closure.
+    const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
+    if (
+      url.searchParams.has("__debug_manifest") &&
+      (isDev || router.allowDebugManifest)
+    ) {
+      const trie = getRouterTrie(router.id) ?? getRouteTrie();
+      const routeManifest = getRequiredRouteMap();
+      const { extractAncestryFromTrie } =
+        await import("../build/route-trie.js");
+      return new Response(
+        JSON.stringify(
+          {
+            routerId: router.id,
+            routeManifest,
+            routeAncestry: trie ? extractAncestryFromTrie(trie) : {},
+            routeTrie: trie,
+            precomputedEntries: getPrecomputedEntries(),
+          },
+          null,
+          2,
+        ),
+        {
+          headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
         },
-        params: mw.params,
-      }));
-
-      // Execute route middleware wrapping the actual request handling
-      return executeMiddleware(middlewareEntries, request, env, variables, () =>
-        coreRequestHandlerInner(request, env, url, variables, nonce),
       );
     }
 
-    // No route middleware, proceed directly
-    return coreRequestHandlerInner(request, env, url, variables, nonce);
-  }
-
-  // Inner request handler (actual RSC logic, wrapped by route middleware if any)
-  async function coreRequestHandlerInner(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    variables: Record<string, any>,
-    nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    // Early return for static file requests that don't need RSC handling
-    if (url.pathname === "/favicon.ico" || url.pathname === "/robots.txt") {
-      return new Response(null, { status: 404 });
+    // ---- 1. Classify ----
+    // classifyRequest may throw RouteNotFoundError for unknown routes.
+    // In that case, fall through to a full-render plan so the pipeline
+    // can render the 404 page via the existing error handling path.
+    const classifyStart = performance.now();
+    let plan: RequestPlan<TEnv>;
+    try {
+      plan = await classifyRequest<TEnv>(request, url, {
+        findMatch: router.findMatch,
+        routerVersion: version,
+        routerId: router.id,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (isRouteNotFoundError(error)) {
+        // Let the render path handle 404 — match()/matchPartial() will
+        // re-throw RouteNotFoundError and the catch block in
+        // executeRenderWithMiddleware renders the not-found page.
+        plan = {
+          mode: "full-render",
+          route: {
+            matched: null as any,
+            manifestEntry: null as any,
+            entries: [],
+            routeKey: "",
+            localRouteName: "",
+            params: {},
+            routeMiddleware: [],
+            cacheScope: null,
+            isPassthrough: false,
+          },
+          negotiated: false,
+        };
+      } else {
+        throw error;
+      }
+    }
+    const classifyDur = performance.now() - classifyStart;
+    handlerTiming.push(`handler-classify;dur=${classifyDur.toFixed(2)}`);
+
+    // ---- 2. Terminal plans (no execution needed) ----
+    if (plan.mode === "redirect") {
+      // Redirects are handled by the pipeline (match/matchPartial),
+      // but for partial requests we short-circuit with a Flight redirect.
+      if (url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial")) {
+        return createRedirectFlightResponse(plan.redirectUrl);
+      }
+      // Full requests: let the pipeline handle the redirect via match()
+      // which returns { redirect: url }. Fall through to full-render.
     }
 
-    const isPartial = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial");
-    const isAction =
-      request.headers.has("rsc-action") || url.searchParams.has("_rsc_action");
-    const actionId =
-      request.headers.get("rsc-action") || url.searchParams.get("_rsc_action");
-
-    // Version mismatch detection - client may have stale code after HMR/deployment
-    // If versions don't match, tell the client to reload
-    const clientVersion = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_v");
-    if (version && clientVersion && clientVersion !== version) {
+    if (plan.mode === "version-mismatch") {
       console.log(
-        `[RSC] Version mismatch: client=${clientVersion}, server=${version}. Forcing reload.`,
+        `[RSC] Version mismatch: client=${url.searchParams.get("_rsc_v")}, server=${version}. Forcing reload.`,
       );
-
-      // Clean URL by removing RSC params
-      const cleanUrl = new URL(url);
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_partial");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_segments");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_v");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_stale");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_action");
-      cleanUrl.searchParams.delete("_rsc_prev");
-
-      // For actions, reload current page (referer)
-      // For navigation, load the target URL
-      const reloadUrl = isAction
-        ? request.headers.get("referer") || cleanUrl.toString()
-        : cleanUrl.toString();
-
-      // Return special response that tells client to reload
       return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
         status: 200,
         headers: {
-          "X-RSC-Reload": reloadUrl,
+          "X-RSC-Reload": plan.reloadUrl,
           "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
         },
       });
     }
 
-    // Get handle store from request context (created at start of request)
-    const handleStore = requireRequestContext()._handleStore;
-
-    try {
-      // ============================================================================
-      // PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT: No-JS Form Submissions
-      // ============================================================================
-      const progressiveResult = await handleProgressiveEnhancement(
+    // ---- 3. Origin guard (gate for action/loader/PE modes) ----
+    const originPhase = ORIGIN_CHECK_PHASE_BY_MODE[plan.mode];
+    if (originPhase) {
+      const originResult = await checkRequestOrigin(
         request,
-        env,
         url,
-        isAction,
-        handleStore,
-        nonce,
-      );
-      if (progressiveResult) {
-        return progressiveResult;
-      }
-
-      // ============================================================================
-      // SERVER ACTION EXECUTION (JavaScript-enabled client)
-      // ============================================================================
-      if (isAction && actionId) {
-        return handleServerAction(request, env, url, actionId, handleStore);
-      }
-
-      // ============================================================================
-      // LOADER FETCH EXECUTION (data fetching with RSC serialization)
-      // ============================================================================
-      const isLoaderRequest = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_loader");
-      if (isLoaderRequest) {
-        return handleLoaderFetch(request, env, url, variables);
-      }
-
-      // ============================================================================
-      // REGULAR RSC RENDERING (Navigation)
-      // ============================================================================
-      // Note: Must use "return await" for try/catch to catch async rejections
-      return await handleRscRendering(
-        request,
+        router.originCheck,
         env,
-        url,
-        isPartial,
-        handleStore,
-        nonce,
+        router.id,
+        originPhase,
       );
-    } catch (error) {
-      // Check if middleware/handler returned Response
-      if (error instanceof Response) {
-        return error;
-      }
+      if (originResult) {
+        const originError = new Error(
+          `Origin check rejected: ${request.headers.get("origin") ?? "none"} vs ${request.headers.get("host") ?? "none"}`,
+        );
+        originError.name = "OriginCheckError";
 
-      // Render 404 page for unmatched routes
-      // Check both instanceof and error.name for cross-bundle compatibility
-      const isRouteNotFound =
-        error instanceof RouteNotFoundError ||
-        (error instanceof Error && error.name === "RouteNotFoundError");
-      if (isRouteNotFound) {
-        callOnError(error, "routing", {
+        callOnError(originError, "origin", {
           request,
           url,
           env,
-          handledByBoundary: true, // Handled by notFound component
-        });
-
-        // Get notFound component from router options or use default
-        const notFoundOption = router.notFound;
-        const notFoundComponent =
-          typeof notFoundOption === "function"
-            ? notFoundOption({ pathname: url.pathname })
-            : (notFoundOption ?? createElement("h1", null, "Not Found"));
-
-        // Create a simple segment for the 404 page
-        const notFoundSegment = {
-          id: "notFound",
-          namespace: "notFound",
-          type: "route" as const,
-          index: 0,
-          component: notFoundComponent,
-          params: {},
-        };
-
-        // Render with rootLayout to maintain app shell
-        const root = await renderSegments([notFoundSegment], {
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-          routeMap,
-          // No routeName for not-found routes
-        });
-
-        const payload: RscPayload = {
-          root,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
           metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: [notFoundSegment],
-            matched: [],
-            diff: [],
-            isPartial: false,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-            initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-            routeMap,
-            // No routeName for not-found routes
+            phase: originPhase,
+            origin: request.headers.get("origin"),
+            host: request.headers.get("host"),
           },
-        };
-
-        const rscStream = renderToReadableStream(payload);
-
-        // Determine if this is an RSC request or HTML request
-        const isRscRequest =
-          (!request.headers.get("accept")?.includes("text/html") &&
-            !url.searchParams.has("__html")) ||
-          url.searchParams.has("__rsc");
+        });
 
-        if (isRscRequest) {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-            status: 404,
-            headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
-          });
+        try {
+          const routerCtx = getRouterContext();
+          if (routerCtx?.telemetry) {
+            safeEmit(resolveSink(routerCtx.telemetry), {
+              type: "request.origin-rejected" as const,
+              timestamp: performance.now(),
+              requestId: routerCtx.requestId,
+              method: request.method,
+              pathname: url.pathname,
+              phase: originPhase,
+              origin: request.headers.get("origin"),
+              host: request.headers.get("host"),
+            });
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Router context may not be available
         }
 
-        // Delegate to SSR for HTML response
-        const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-        const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, { nonce });
-
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
-          status: 404,
-          headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
-        });
+        return originResult;
       }
-
-      // Report unhandled errors
-      callOnError(error, "routing", {
-        request,
-        url,
-        env,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      console.error(`[RSC] Error:`, error);
-      throw error;
     }
+
+    // ---- 4. Execute ----
+    return executeRequest(
+      plan as ExecutableRequestPlan<TEnv>,
+      request,
+      env,
+      url,
+      variables,
+      nonce,
+    );
   }
 
-  // ============================================================================
-  // PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT HANDLER
-  // When JavaScript is disabled, React renders forms with hidden fields
-  // ($ACTION_REF_*, $ACTION_KEY) containing the action reference.
-  // We detect these and return HTML instead of RSC stream.
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleProgressiveEnhancement(
+  // Execute a classified request plan. Dispatches to the appropriate handler
+  // based on plan.mode. Lives in the createRSCHandler closure for access to
+  // handlerCtx, router, callOnError, etc.
+  // Only receives executable plans (version-mismatch is handled above).
+  async function executeRequest(
+    plan: ExecutableRequestPlan<TEnv>,
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
     url: URL,
-    isAction: boolean,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
+    variables: Record<string, any>,
     nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response | null> {
-    const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-    const isFormSubmission =
-      contentType.includes("multipart/form-data") ||
-      contentType.includes("application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
-
-    if (request.method !== "POST" || isAction || !isFormSubmission) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Clone the request to read FormData without consuming it
-    const formData = await request.clone().formData();
-
-    // Look for React's progressive enhancement hidden fields
-    let isDirectAction = false;
-    let isUseActionState = false;
-    let directActionId: string | null = null;
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    // Common setup
+    const handleStore = requireRequestContext()._handleStore;
 
-    formData.forEach((_value, key) => {
-      if (key.startsWith("$ACTION_ID_")) {
-        isDirectAction = true;
-        directActionId = key.slice("$ACTION_ID_".length);
-      } else if (key.startsWith("$ACTION_REF_")) {
-        isUseActionState = true;
+    // Wire up error reporting for late streaming-handle failures
+    handleStore.onError = (error: Error) => {
+      const reqCtx = requireRequestContext();
+      callOnError(error, "handler", {
+        request,
+        url,
+        routeKey: reqCtx._routeName,
+        params: reqCtx.params as Record<string, string>,
+        handledByBoundary: true,
+      });
+      try {
+        const routerCtx = getRouterContext();
+        if (routerCtx?.telemetry) {
+          safeEmit(resolveSink(routerCtx.telemetry), {
+            type: "handler.error" as const,
+            timestamp: performance.now(),
+            requestId: routerCtx.requestId,
+            error,
+            handledByBoundary: true,
+            pathname: url.pathname,
+            routeKey: reqCtx._routeName,
+            params: reqCtx.params as Record<string, string>,
+          });
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Router context may not be available (e.g. prerender path)
       }
-    });
+    };
 
-    if (!isDirectAction && !isUseActionState) {
-      return null;
+    // Set route params early so all execution paths can access ctx.params.
+    // Also store the classified snapshot so match/matchPartial can reuse it
+    // instead of calling resolveRoute again.
+    if (plan.mode !== "redirect") {
+      setRequestContextParams(plan.route.params, plan.route.routeKey);
+      requireRequestContext()._classifiedRoute = plan.route;
     }
 
-    // Execute action and return HTML
-    let actionResult: unknown = undefined;
-    let reactFormState: ReactFormState | null = null;
-
-    if (isUseActionState) {
-      try {
-        const boundAction = await decodeAction(formData);
-        actionResult = await boundAction();
-      } catch (error) {
-        callOnError(error, "action", {
+    const routeReverse = createReverseFunction(getRequiredRouteMap());
+
+    // ---- Response route: skip entire RSC pipeline ----
+    if (plan.mode === "response") {
+      // Build ResponseRouteMatch from plan fields. handleResponseRoute
+      // expects a flat object with params at the top level.
+      const responseMatch: ResponseRouteMatch = {
+        responseType: plan.responseType,
+        handler: plan.handler,
+        params: plan.route.params,
+        negotiated: plan.negotiated,
+        manifestEntry: plan.manifestEntry,
+        routeMiddleware: plan.routeMiddleware,
+      };
+      const responseOutcome = await withTimeout(
+        handleResponseRoute(
+          handlerCtx,
+          responseMatch,
           request,
-          url,
           env,
-          handledByBoundary: false,
-        });
-        console.error("[RSC] Progressive enhancement action error:", error);
-      }
-    } else if (isDirectAction && directActionId) {
-      const temporaryReferences = createTemporaryReferenceSet();
-
-      let args: unknown[] = [];
-      try {
-        args = await decodeReply(formData, { temporaryReferences });
-      } catch {
-        args = [formData];
-      }
-
-      try {
-        const loadedAction = await loadServerAction(directActionId);
-        actionResult = await loadedAction.apply(null, args);
-      } catch (error) {
-        callOnError(error, "action", {
-          request,
           url,
+          variables,
+        ),
+        router.timeouts.renderStartMs,
+        "render-start",
+      );
+      if (responseOutcome.timedOut) {
+        return handleTimeoutResponse(
+          request,
           env,
-          actionId: directActionId,
-          handledByBoundary: false,
-        });
-        console.error("[RSC] Progressive enhancement action error:", error);
+          url,
+          "render-start",
+          responseOutcome.durationMs,
+          plan.route.routeKey,
+        );
       }
+      const response = responseOutcome.result;
+      if (plan.negotiated && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+        response.headers.append("Vary", "Accept");
+      }
+      return response;
     }
 
-    // Decode form state for useActionState progressive enhancement
-    try {
-      reactFormState = await decodeFormState(actionResult, formData);
-    } catch (error) {
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // SSR setup: kick off in parallel for modes that need HTML rendering.
+    // Placed after response-route short-circuit so response/mime routes
+    // never pay for SSR work.
+    if (plan.mode !== "loader" && mayNeedSSR(request, url)) {
+      variables[SSR_SETUP_VAR] = startSSRSetup(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      console.error("[RSC] Failed to decode form state:", error);
-    }
-
-    // Re-render the page and return HTML
-    const renderRequest = new Request(url.toString(), {
-      method: "GET",
-      headers: new Headers({ accept: "text/html" }),
-    });
-
-    const match = await router.match(renderRequest, env);
-
-    if (match.redirect) {
-      return new Response(null, {
-        status: 308,
-        headers: { Location: match.redirect },
-      });
+        url,
+        router.debugPerformance
+          ? () => requireRequestContext()._metricsStore
+          : undefined,
+      );
     }
 
-    const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-      rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-      routeMap,
-      routeName: match.routeName,
-    });
-
-    const payload: RscPayload = {
-      root,
-      metadata: {
-        pathname: url.pathname,
-        segments: match.segments,
-        matched: match.matched,
-        diff: match.diff,
-        isPartial: false,
-        rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        handles: handleStore.stream(),
-        version,
-        themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-        initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-        routeMap,
-        routeName: match.routeName,
-      },
-      formState: actionResult,
-    };
-
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload);
-    const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-    const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, {
-      formState: reactFormState,
-      nonce,
-    });
-
-    return new Response(htmlStream, {
-      headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
-    });
-  }
-
-  // ============================================================================
-  // SERVER ACTION HANDLER
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleServerAction(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    actionId: string,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    const temporaryReferences = createTemporaryReferenceSet();
-
-    // Decode action arguments from request body
-    const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-    let args: unknown[] = [];
-    let actionFormData: FormData | undefined;
-
-    try {
-      const body = contentType.includes("multipart/form-data")
-        ? await request.formData()
-        : await request.text();
-
-      if (body instanceof FormData) {
-        actionFormData = body;
-      }
-
-      if (hasBodyContent(body)) {
-        args = await decodeReply(body, { temporaryReferences });
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // ---- Loader fetch ----
+    if (plan.mode === "loader") {
+      return handleLoaderFetch(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        actionId,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-      throw new Error(`Failed to decode action arguments: ${error}`, {
-        cause: error,
-      });
+        url,
+        variables,
+        plan.route.params,
+      );
     }
 
-    // Execute the server action
-    let returnValue: { ok: boolean; data: unknown };
-    let actionStatus = 200;
-    let loadedAction: Function | undefined;
-
-    try {
-      loadedAction = await loadServerAction(actionId);
-      const data = await loadedAction!.apply(null, args);
-      returnValue = { ok: true, data };
-    } catch (error) {
-      returnValue = { ok: false, data: error };
-      actionStatus = 500;
-
-      // Try to render error boundary
-      const errorResult = await router.matchError(request, env, error, "route");
-
-      // Report the action error (handledByBoundary indicates if error boundary will render)
-      callOnError(error, "action", {
+    // ---- Progressive enhancement ----
+    if (plan.mode === "pe-render") {
+      const peResult = await handleProgressiveEnhancement(
+        handlerCtx,
         request,
-        url,
         env,
-        actionId,
-        handledByBoundary: !!errorResult,
-      });
-
-      if (errorResult) {
-        setRequestContextParams(errorResult.params);
-
-        const payload: RscPayload = {
-          root: null,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: errorResult.segments,
-            isPartial: true,
-            matched: errorResult.matched,
-            diff: errorResult.diff,
-            isError: true,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            routeMap,
-            routeName: errorResult.routeName,
-          },
-          returnValue,
-        };
-
-        const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-          temporaryReferences,
-        });
-
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-          status: actionStatus,
-          headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
-        });
-      }
+        url,
+        false, // isAction = false for PE
+        handleStore,
+        nonce,
+        {
+          routeMiddleware: plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+          variables,
+          routeReverse,
+        },
+      );
+      if (peResult) return peResult;
+      // PE handler returned null (not a PE form) — fall through to render
     }
 
-    // Revalidate after action
-    const resolvedActionId =
-      (loadedAction as { $id?: string; $$id?: string } | undefined)?.$id ??
-      (loadedAction as { $$id?: string } | undefined)?.$$id ??
-      actionId;
-    const actionContext = {
-      actionId: resolvedActionId,
-      actionUrl: new URL(request.url),
-      actionResult: returnValue.data,
-      formData: actionFormData,
-    };
-
-    const matchResult = await router.matchPartial(request, env, actionContext);
-
-    if (!matchResult) {
-      // Fall back to full render
-      const fullMatch = await router.match(request, env);
-      setRequestContextParams(fullMatch.params);
-
-      if (fullMatch.redirect) {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-          status: 308,
-          headers: { Location: fullMatch.redirect },
+    // ---- Action: execute action, then revalidate wrapped in route middleware ----
+    if (plan.mode === "action") {
+      let actionContinuation: ActionContinuation | undefined;
+      try {
+        const actionOutcome = await withTimeout(
+          executeServerAction(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            plan.actionId,
+            handleStore,
+          ),
+          router.timeouts.actionMs,
+          "action",
+        );
+        if (actionOutcome.timedOut) {
+          return handleTimeoutResponse(
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            "action",
+            actionOutcome.durationMs,
+            plan.route.routeKey,
+            plan.actionId,
+          );
+        }
+        const result = actionOutcome.result;
+        // Response means redirect or error boundary — done.
+        if (result instanceof Response) return result;
+        actionContinuation = result;
+      } catch (error) {
+        callOnError(error, "action", {
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          actionId: plan.actionId,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
         });
+        console.error(`[RSC] Action error:`, error);
+        throw error;
       }
 
-      const renderStart = performance.now();
-      const root = renderSegments(fullMatch.segments, {
-        rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        isAction: true,
-        routeMap,
-        routeName: fullMatch.routeName,
-      });
-      const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-      const serverTiming = fullMatch.serverTiming
-        ? `${fullMatch.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-        : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-      const payload: RscPayload = {
-        root,
-        metadata: {
-          pathname: url.pathname,
-          segments: fullMatch.segments,
-          matched: fullMatch.matched,
-          diff: fullMatch.diff,
-          handles: handleStore.stream(),
-          version,
-          routeMap,
-          routeName: fullMatch.routeName,
-        },
-        returnValue,
-      };
-
-      const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-        temporaryReferences,
-      });
-
-      const headers: Record<string, string> = {
-        "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-      };
-      if (serverTiming) {
-        headers["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
-      }
-
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        status: actionStatus,
-        headers,
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Return updated segments
-    setRequestContextParams(matchResult.params);
-
-    const renderStart = performance.now();
-    renderSegments(matchResult.segments, {
-      rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-      isAction: true,
-      routeMap,
-      routeName: matchResult.routeName,
-    });
-    const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-    const serverTiming = matchResult.serverTiming
-      ? `${matchResult.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-      : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-    const payload: RscPayload = {
-      root: null,
-      metadata: {
-        pathname: url.pathname,
-        segments: matchResult.segments,
-        isPartial: true,
-        matched: matchResult.matched,
-        diff: matchResult.diff,
-        slots: matchResult.slots,
-        handles: handleStore.stream(),
-        version,
-        routeMap,
-        routeName: matchResult.routeName,
-      },
-      returnValue,
-    };
-
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload, {
-      temporaryReferences,
-    });
-
-    const actionHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-      "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-    };
-    if (serverTiming) {
-      actionHeaders["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
+      // Revalidation render wrapped in route middleware.
+      // Actions from client-side navigation include _rsc_partial — preserve
+      // the partial flag so the revalidation returns a Flight stream, not HTML.
+      // App-switch is already excluded by classifyRequest (would be full-render).
+      const isPartialAction = url.searchParams.has("_rsc_partial");
+      return executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+        plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+        plan.negotiated,
+        plan.route.routeKey,
+        routeReverse,
+        request,
+        env,
+        url,
+        variables,
+        nonce,
+        handleStore,
+        isPartialAction,
+        actionContinuation,
+      );
     }
 
-    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-      status: actionStatus,
-      headers: actionHeaders,
-    });
+    // Full render, partial render, fallen-through PE, and full-page redirect all
+    // render through the same middleware-wrapped path. Only full/partial-render
+    // carry negotiation + the partial flag; pe/redirect render plainly.
+    const isPartial = plan.mode === "partial-render";
+    const negotiated =
+      plan.mode === "full-render" || plan.mode === "partial-render"
+        ? plan.negotiated
+        : false;
+    return executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+      plan.route.routeMiddleware,
+      negotiated,
+      plan.route.routeKey,
+      routeReverse,
+      request,
+      env,
+      url,
+      variables,
+      nonce,
+      handleStore,
+      isPartial,
+    );
   }
 
-  // ============================================================================
-  // LOADER FETCH HANDLER
-  // Supports GET (params in query string) and POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE (JSON body)
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleLoaderFetch(
+  // Shared render execution: wraps handleRscRendering (or revalidateAfterAction)
+  // in route middleware and timeout handling. Consolidates the pattern used by
+  // action-revalidate, full-render, and partial-render modes.
+  async function executeRenderWithMiddleware(
+    routeMiddleware: import("../router/middleware-types.js").CollectedMiddleware[],
+    negotiated: boolean,
+    routeKey: string,
+    routeReverse: ReturnType<typeof createReverseFunction>,
     request: Request,
     env: TEnv,
     url: URL,
     variables: Record<string, any>,
+    nonce: string | undefined,
+    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
+    isPartial: boolean,
+    actionContinuation?: ActionContinuation,
   ): Promise<Response> {
-    const loaderId = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_loader");
+    const renderHandler = async (): Promise<Response> => {
+      try {
+        let response: Response;
+        if (actionContinuation) {
+          response = await revalidateAfterAction(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            handleStore,
+            actionContinuation,
+          );
+        } else {
+          response = await handleRscRendering(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            isPartial,
+            handleStore,
+            nonce,
+          );
+        }
+        if (negotiated && !isWebSocketUpgradeResponse(response)) {
+          response.headers.append("Vary", "Accept");
+        }
+        return response;
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Check if middleware/handler returned Response
+        if (error instanceof Response) {
+          // During partial (client-side navigation), a 200 Response from a handler
+          // means the route serves raw content (JSON, text, etc.), not JSX.
+          // Signal the browser to hard-navigate so it renders the raw response.
+          if (isPartial && error.status === 200) {
+            console.warn(
+              `[RSC] Route handler at ${url.pathname} returned a Response during client-side navigation. ` +
+                `Falling back to hard navigation. Use data-external on the <Link> to avoid the extra round-trip.`,
+            );
+            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
+              status: 200,
+              headers: {
+                "X-RSC-Reload": stripInternalParams(url).toString(),
+                "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
+              },
+            });
+          }
 
-    if (!loaderId) {
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders("Missing _rsc_loader parameter", {
-        status: 400,
-      });
-    }
+          if (isPartial) {
+            const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+              error,
+              createRedirectFlightResponse,
+            );
+            if (intercepted) return intercepted;
+          }
 
-    // Look up loader lazily
-    const registeredLoader = await getLoaderLazy(loaderId);
-    if (!registeredLoader) {
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-        `Loader "${loaderId}" not found in registry`,
-        { status: 404 },
-      );
-    }
+          return error;
+        }
 
-    // Parse params and body based on request method
-    let loaderParams: Record<string, string> = {};
-    let loaderBody: unknown = undefined;
-    const isBodyMethod = request.method !== "GET" && request.method !== "HEAD";
+        // Render 404 page for unmatched routes
+        if (isRouteNotFoundError(error)) {
+          callOnError(error, "routing", {
+            request,
+            url,
+            env,
+            handledByBoundary: true,
+          });
 
-    if (isBodyMethod) {
-      try {
-        const contentType = request.headers.get("content-type") || "";
-        if (contentType.includes("application/json")) {
-          const jsonBody = (await request.json()) as {
-            params?: Record<string, string>;
-            body?: unknown;
+          const notFoundOption = router.notFound;
+          const notFoundComponent =
+            typeof notFoundOption === "function"
+              ? notFoundOption({ pathname: url.pathname })
+              : (notFoundOption ?? createElement("h1", null, "Not Found"));
+
+          const notFoundSegment = {
+            id: "notFound",
+            namespace: "notFound",
+            type: "route" as const,
+            index: 0,
+            component: notFoundComponent,
+            params: {},
           };
-          loaderParams = jsonBody.params ?? {};
-          loaderBody = jsonBody.body;
-        }
-      } catch {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders("Invalid JSON body", {
-          status: 400,
-        });
-      }
-    } else {
-      const loaderParamsJson = url.searchParams.get("_rsc_loader_params");
-      if (loaderParamsJson) {
-        try {
-          loaderParams = JSON.parse(loaderParamsJson);
-        } catch {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(
-            "Invalid _rsc_loader_params JSON",
-            { status: 400 },
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    }
 
-    // Execute the loader with middleware
-    try {
-      const { fn, middleware } = registeredLoader;
-
-      return await executeLoaderMiddleware(
-        middleware,
-        request,
-        env,
-        loaderParams,
-        variables,
-        async () => {
-          const ctx = requireRequestContext();
-          const loaderCtx: any = {
-            ...ctx,
-            params: loaderParams,
-            body: loaderBody,
+          const payload: RscPayload = {
+            metadata: {
+              pathname: url.pathname,
+              routerId: router.id,
+              basename: router.basename,
+              segments: [notFoundSegment],
+              matched: [],
+              diff: [],
+              isPartial: false,
+              rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
+              handles: handleStore.stream(),
+              version,
+              themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
+              warmupEnabled: router.warmupEnabled,
+              initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
+            },
           };
 
-          const result = await fn(loaderCtx);
+          const rscStream = renderToReadableStream(payload, {
+            onError: (error: unknown) => {
+              callOnError(error, "rendering", { request, url, env });
+            },
+          });
 
-          interface LoaderPayload {
-            loaderResult: unknown;
+          if (isRscRequest(request, url, isPartial)) {
+            return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
+              status: 404,
+              headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+            });
           }
-          const loaderPayload: LoaderPayload = { loaderResult: result };
-          const rscStream =
-            renderToReadableStream<LoaderPayload>(loaderPayload);
 
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-            headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
+          const [ssrModule, streamMode] = await getSSRSetup(
+            handlerCtx,
+            request,
+            env,
+            url,
+            requireRequestContext()._metricsStore,
+          );
+          const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, {
+            nonce,
+            streamMode,
           });
-        },
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      const err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
-      const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
-
-      console.error("[RSC] Loader error:", error);
 
-      callOnError(error, "loader", {
-        request,
-        url,
-        env,
-        loaderName: loaderId,
-        handledByBoundary: false,
-      });
-
-      const errorPayload = {
-        loaderResult: null,
-        loaderError: {
-          message: isDev ? err.message : "An error occurred",
-          name: err.name,
-        },
-      };
-      const rscStream = renderToReadableStream(errorPayload);
-
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        status: 500,
-        headers: { "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8" },
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  // ============================================================================
-  // RSC RENDERING HANDLER (Navigation)
-  // ============================================================================
-  async function handleRscRendering(
-    request: Request,
-    env: TEnv,
-    url: URL,
-    isPartial: boolean,
-    handleStore: ReturnType<typeof requireRequestContext>["_handleStore"],
-    nonce: string | undefined,
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    let payload: RscPayload;
-    let serverTiming: string | undefined;
-
-    if (isPartial) {
-      // Partial render (navigation)
-      const result = await router.matchPartial(request, env);
-
-      if (!result) {
-        // Fall back to full render
-        const match = await router.match(request, env);
-        setRequestContextParams(match.params);
-
-        if (match.redirect) {
-          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-            status: 308,
-            headers: { Location: match.redirect },
+          return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
+            status: 404,
+            headers: { "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8" },
           });
         }
 
-        const renderStart = performance.now();
-        const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-          routeMap,
-          routeName: match.routeName,
-        });
-        const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-        serverTiming = match.serverTiming
-          ? `${match.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-          : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-        payload = {
-          root,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: match.segments,
-            matched: match.matched,
-            diff: match.diff,
-            isPartial: false,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-            initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-            routeMap,
-            routeName: match.routeName,
-          },
-        };
-      } else {
-        setRequestContextParams(result.params);
-        serverTiming = result.serverTiming;
-
-        payload = {
-          root: null,
-          metadata: {
-            pathname: url.pathname,
-            segments: result.segments,
-            matched: result.matched,
-            diff: result.diff,
-            isPartial: true,
-            slots: result.slots,
-            handles: handleStore.stream(),
-            version,
-            routeMap,
-            routeName: result.routeName,
-          },
-        };
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Full render (initial page load)
-      const match = await router.match(request, env);
-      setRequestContextParams(match.params);
-
-      if (match.redirect) {
-        return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(null, {
-          status: 308,
-          headers: { Location: match.redirect },
+        // Report unhandled errors
+        callOnError(error, "routing", {
+          request,
+          url,
+          env,
+          handledByBoundary: false,
         });
+        console.error(`[RSC] Error:`, error);
+        throw error;
       }
+    };
 
-      // Caching is now handled in router.match() via cache provider in request context
-      // match.segments already contains cached or fresh segments as appropriate
-
-      const renderStart = performance.now();
-      const root = renderSegments(match.segments, {
-        rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-        routeMap,
-        routeName: match.routeName,
-      });
-      const renderDuration = performance.now() - renderStart;
-      serverTiming = match.serverTiming
-        ? `${match.serverTiming}, rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`
-        : `rendering;dur=${renderDuration.toFixed(2)}`;
-
-      payload = {
-        root,
-        metadata: {
-          pathname: url.pathname,
-          segments: match.segments,
-          matched: match.matched,
-          diff: match.diff,
-          isPartial: false,
-          rootLayout: router.rootLayout,
-          handles: handleStore.stream(),
-          version,
-          themeConfig: router.themeConfig,
-          initialTheme: requireRequestContext().theme,
-          routeMap,
-          routeName: match.routeName,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    // Serialize to RSC stream
-    const rscStream = renderToReadableStream<RscPayload>(payload);
+    // Wrap the render path in a renderStartMs timeout
+    const executeRender = async (): Promise<Response> => {
+      if (routeMiddleware.length > 0) {
+        const mwResponse = await executeMiddleware(
+          buildRouteMiddlewareEntries<TEnv>(routeMiddleware),
+          request,
+          env,
+          variables,
+          renderHandler,
+          routeReverse,
+        );
 
-    // Determine if this is an RSC request or HTML request
-    const isRscRequest =
-      (!request.headers.get("accept")?.includes("text/html") &&
-        !url.searchParams.has("__html")) ||
-      url.searchParams.has("__rsc");
+        if (isPartial || actionContinuation) {
+          const intercepted = interceptRedirectForPartial(
+            mwResponse,
+            createRedirectFlightResponse,
+          );
+          if (intercepted) return intercepted;
+        }
 
-    if (isRscRequest) {
-      const rscHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-        "content-type": "text/x-component;charset=utf-8",
-        vary: "accept",
-      };
-      if (serverTiming) {
-        rscHeaders["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
+        return finalizeResponse(mwResponse);
       }
-      return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(rscStream, {
-        headers: rscHeaders,
-      });
-    }
-
-    // Delegate to SSR for HTML response
-    const ssrModule = await loadSSRModule();
-    const htmlStream = await ssrModule.renderHTML(rscStream, { nonce });
 
-    const htmlHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
-      "content-type": "text/html;charset=utf-8",
+      return renderHandler();
     };
-    if (serverTiming) {
-      htmlHeaders["Server-Timing"] = serverTiming;
-    }
 
-    return createResponseWithMergedHeaders(htmlStream, {
-      headers: htmlHeaders,
-    });
+    const renderOutcome = await withTimeout(
+      executeRender(),
+      router.timeouts.renderStartMs,
+      "render-start",
+    );
+    if (renderOutcome.timedOut) {
+      return handleTimeoutResponse(
+        request,
+        env,
+        url,
+        "render-start",
+        renderOutcome.durationMs,
+        routeKey,
+      );
+    }
+    return renderOutcome.result;
   }
 }