@port-labs/jq-node-bindings 0.0.1

package/deps/jq/docs/content/3.manual/v1.4/manual.yml

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+---
+headline: jq 1.4 Manual
+
+history: |
+
+  *The manual for the development version of jq can be found
+  [here](/jq/manual).*
+
+body: |
+
+  A jq program is a "filter": it takes an input, and produces an
+  output. There are a lot of builtin filters for extracting a
+  particular field of an object, or converting a number to a string,
+  or various other standard tasks.
+
+  Filters can be combined in various ways - you can pipe the output of
+  one filter into another filter, or collect the output of a filter
+  into an array.
+  
+  Some filters produce multiple results, for instance there's one that
+  produces all the elements of its input array. Piping that filter
+  into a second runs the second filter for each element of the
+  array. Generally, things that would be done with loops and iteration
+  in other languages are just done by gluing filters together in jq.
+
+  It's important to remember that every filter has an input and an
+  output. Even literals like "hello" or 42 are filters - they take an
+  input but always produce the same literal as output. Operations that
+  combine two filters, like addition, generally feed the same input to
+  both and combine the results. So, you can implement an averaging
+  filter as `add / length` - feeding the input array both to the `add`
+  filter and the `length` filter and dividing the results.
+
+  But that's getting ahead of ourselves. :) Let's start with something
+  simpler:
+
+manpage_intro: |
+  jq(1) -- Command-line JSON processor
+  ====================================
+
+  ## SYNOPSIS
+
+  `jq` [<options>...] <filter> [<files>...]
+
+  `jq` can transform JSON in various ways, by selecting, iterating,
+  reducing and otherwise mangling JSON documents. For instance,
+  running the command `jq 'map(.price) | add'` will take an array of
+  JSON objects as input and return the sum of their "price" fields.
+
+  By default, `jq` reads a stream of JSON objects (whitespace
+  separated) from `stdin`. One or more <files> may be specified, in
+  which case `jq` will read input from those instead.
+  
+  The <options> are described in the [INVOKING JQ] section, they
+  mostly concern input and output formatting. The <filter> is written
+  in the jq language and specifies how to transform the input
+  document.
+
+  ## FILTERS
+
+manpage_epilogue: |
+  ## BUGS
+
+  Presumably. Report them or discuss them at:
+
+      https://github.com/stedolan/jq/issues
+
+  ## AUTHOR
+
+  Stephen Dolan `<mu@netsoc.tcd.ie>`
+  
+sections:
+  - title: Invoking jq
+    body: |
+      
+      jq filters run on a stream of JSON data. The input to jq is
+      parsed as a sequence of whitespace-separated JSON values which
+      are passed through the provided filter one at a time. The
+      output(s) of the filter are written to standard out, again as a
+      sequence of whitespace-separated JSON data.
+
+      Note: it is important to mind the shell's quoting rules.  As a
+      general rule it's best to always quote (with single-quote
+      characters) the jq program, as too many characters with special
+      meaning to jq are also shell meta-characters.  For example, `jq
+      "foo"` will fail on most Unix shells because that will be the same
+      as `jq foo`, which will generally fail because `foo is not
+      defined`.  When using the Windows command shell (cmd.exe) it's
+      best to use double quotes around your jq program when given on the
+      command-line (instead of the `-f program-file` option), but then
+      double-quotes in the jq program need backslash escaping.
+
+      You can affect how jq reads and writes its input and output
+      using some command-line options:
+
+      * `--version`:
+
+        Output the jq version and exit with zero.
+
+      * `--slurp`/`-s`:
+  
+        Instead of running the filter for each JSON object in the
+        input, read the entire input stream into a large array and run
+        the filter just once.
+
+      * `--online-input`/`-I`:
+  
+        When the top-level input value is an array produce its elements
+        instead of the array.  This allows on-line processing of
+        potentially very large top-level arrays' elements.
+      
+      * `--raw-input`/`-R`:
+      
+        Don't parse the input as JSON. Instead, each line of text is
+        passed to the filter as a string. If combined with `--slurp`,
+        then the entire input is passed to the filter as a single long
+        string.
+  
+      * `--null-input`/`-n`:
+  
+        Don't read any input at all! Instead, the filter is run once
+        using `null` as the input. This is useful when using jq as a
+        simple calculator or to construct JSON data from scratch.
+  
+      * `--compact-output` / `-c`:
+  
+        By default, jq pretty-prints JSON output. Using this option
+        will result in more compact output by instead putting each
+        JSON object on a single line.
+  
+      * `--colour-output` / `-C` and `--monochrome-output` / `-M`:
+      
+        By default, jq outputs colored JSON if writing to a
+        terminal. You can force it to produce color even if writing to
+        a pipe or a file using `-C`, and disable color with `-M`.
+  
+      * `--ascii-output` / `-a`:
+  
+        jq usually outputs non-ASCII Unicode codepoints as UTF-8, even
+        if the input specified them as escape sequences (like
+        "\u03bc"). Using this option, you can force jq to produce pure
+        ASCII output with every non-ASCII character replaced with the
+        equivalent escape sequence.
+
+      * `--unbuffered`
+
+        Flush the output after each JSON object is printed (useful if
+        you're piping a slow data source into jq and piping jq's
+        output elsewhere).
+
+      * `--sort-keys` / `-S`:
+        
+        Output the fields of each object with the keys in sorted order.
+
+      * `--raw-output` / `-r`:
+  
+        With this option, if the filter's result is a string then it
+        will be written directly to standard output rather than being
+        formatted as a JSON string with quotes. This can be useful for
+        making jq filters talk to non-JSON-based systems.
+
+      * `-f filename` / `--from-file filename`:
+
+        Read filter from the file rather than from a command line, like
+        awk's -f option. You can also use '#' to make comments.
+
+      * `-e` / `--exit-status`:
+
+        Sets the exit status of jq to 0 if the last output values was
+        neither `false` nor `null`, 1 if the last output value was
+        either `false` or `null`, or 4 if no valid result was ever
+        produced.  Normally jq exits with 2 if there was any usage
+        problem or system error, 3 if there was a jq program compile
+        error, or 0 if the jq program ran.
+
+      * `--arg name value`:
+
+        This option passes a value to the jq program as a predefined
+        variable. If you run jq with `--arg foo bar`, then `$foo` is
+        available in the program and has the value `"bar"`.
+
+      * `--argfile name filename`:
+
+        This option passes the first value from the named file as a
+        value to the jq program as a predefined variable. If you run jq
+        with `--argfile foo bar`, then `$foo` is available in the
+        program and has the value resulting from parsing the content of
+        the file named `bar`.
+
+  - title: Basic filters
+    entries:
+      - title: "`.`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The absolute simplest (and least interesting) filter
+          is `.`. This is a filter that takes its input and
+          produces it unchanged as output.
+
+          Since jq by default pretty-prints all output, this trivial
+          program can be a useful way of formatting JSON output from,
+          say, `curl`.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.'
+            input: '"Hello, world!"'
+            output: ['"Hello, world!"']
+
+      - title: "`.foo`, `.foo.bar`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The simplest *useful* filter is `.foo`. When given a
+          JSON object (aka dictionary or hash) as input, it produces
+          the value at the key "foo", or null if there's none present.
+
+          If the key contains special characters, you need to surround
+          it with double quotes like this: `."foo$"`.
+
+          A filter of the form `.foo.bar` is equivalent to `.foo|.bar`.
+          
+        examples:
+          - program: '.foo'
+            input: '{"foo": 42, "bar": "less interesting data"}'
+            output: [42]
+          - program: '.foo'
+            input: '{"notfoo": true, "alsonotfoo": false}'
+            output: ['null']
+          - program: '.["foo"]'
+            input: '{"foo": 42}'
+            output: [42]
+
+      - title: "`.foo?`"
+        body: |
+          
+          Just like `.foo`, but does not output even an error when `.`
+          is not an array or an object.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.foo?'
+            input: '{"foo": 42, "bar": "less interesting data"}'
+            output: [42]
+          - program: '.foo?'
+            input: '{"notfoo": true, "alsonotfoo": false}'
+            output: ['null']
+          - program: '.["foo"]?'
+            input: '{"foo": 42}'
+            output: [42]
+          - program: '[.foo?]'
+            input: '[1,2]'
+            output: ['[]']
+
+      - title: "`.[<string>]`, `.[2]`, `.[10:15]`"
+        body: |
+          
+          You can also look up fields of an object using syntax like
+          `.["foo"]` (.foo above is a shorthand version of this). This
+          one works for arrays as well, if the key is an
+          integer. Arrays are zero-based (like javascript), so `.[2]`
+          returns the third element of the array.
+
+          The `.[10:15]` syntax can be used to return a subarray of an
+          array or substring of a string. The array returned by
+          `.[10:15]` will be of length 5, containing the elements from
+          index 10 (inclusive) to index 15 (exclusive). Either index may
+          be negative (in which case it counts backwards from the end of
+          the array), or omitted (in which case it refers to the start
+          or end of the array).
+
+          The `?` "operator" can also be used with the slice operator,
+          as in `.[10:15]?`, which outputs values where the inputs are
+          slice-able.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[0]'
+            input: '[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]'
+            output: ['{"name":"JSON", "good":true}']
+
+          - program: '.[2]'
+            input: '[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]'
+            output: ['null']
+
+          - program: '.[2:4]'
+            input: '["a","b","c","d","e"]'
+            output: ['["c", "d"]']
+
+          - program: '.[2:4]'
+            input: '"abcdefghi"'
+            output: ['"cd"']
+          
+          - program: '.[:3]'
+            input: '["a","b","c","d","e"]'
+            output: ['["a", "b", "c"]']
+
+          - program: '.[-2:]'
+            input: '["a","b","c","d","e"]'
+            output: ['["d", "e"]']
+
+      - title: "`.[]`"
+        body: |
+          
+          If you use the `.[index]` syntax, but omit the index
+          entirely, it will return *all* of the elements of an
+          array. Running `.[]` with the input `[1,2,3]` will produce the
+          numbers as three separate results, rather than as a single
+          array.
+
+          You can also use this on an object, and it will return all
+          the values of the object.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[]'
+            input: '[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]'
+            output:
+              - '{"name":"JSON", "good":true}'
+              - '{"name":"XML", "good":false}'
+
+          - program: '.[]'
+            input: '[]'
+            output: []
+
+          - program: '.[]'
+            input: '{"a": 1, "b": 1}'
+            output: ['1', '1']
+
+      - title: "`.[]?`"
+        body: |
+          
+          Like `.[]`, but no errors will be output if . is not an array
+          or object.
+
+      - title: "`,`"
+        body: |
+          
+          If two filters are separated by a comma, then the
+          input will be fed into both and there will be multiple
+          outputs: first, all of the outputs produced by the left
+          expression, and then all of the outputs produced by the
+          right. For instance, filter `.foo, .bar`, produces
+          both the "foo" fields and "bar" fields as separate outputs.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.foo, .bar'
+            input: '{"foo": 42, "bar": "something else", "baz": true}'
+            output: ['42', '"something else"']
+
+          - program: ".user, .projects[]"
+            input: '{"user":"stedolan", "projects": ["jq", "wikiflow"]}'
+            output: ['"stedolan"', '"jq"', '"wikiflow"']            
+            
+          - program: '.[4,2]'
+            input: '["a","b","c","d","e"]'
+            output: ['"e"', '"c"']
+          
+      - title: "`|`"
+        body: |
+          The | operator combines two filters by feeding the output(s) of
+          the one on the left into the input of the one on the right. It's
+          pretty much the same as the Unix shell's pipe, if you're used to
+          that. 
+
+          If the one on the left produces multiple results, the one on
+          the right will be run for each of those results. So, the
+          expression `.[] | .foo` retrieves the "foo" field of each
+          element of the input array.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[] | .name'
+            input: '[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]'
+            output: ['"JSON"', '"XML"']
+
+  - title: Types and Values
+    body: |
+      
+      jq supports the same set of datatypes as JSON - numbers,
+      strings, booleans, arrays, objects (which in JSON-speak are
+      hashes with only string keys), and "null".
+
+      Booleans, null, strings and numbers are written the same way as
+      in javascript. Just like everything else in jq, these simple
+      values take an input and produce an output - `42` is a valid jq
+      expression that takes an input, ignores it, and returns 42
+      instead.
+
+    entries:
+      - title: Array construction - `[]`
+        body: |
+        
+          As in JSON, `[]` is used to construct arrays, as in
+          `[1,2,3]`. The elements of the arrays can be any jq
+          expression. All of the results produced by all of the
+          expressions are collected into one big array. You can use it
+          to construct an array out of a known quantity of values (as
+          in `[.foo, .bar, .baz]`) or to "collect" all the results of a
+          filter into an array (as in `[.items[].name]`)
+        
+          Once you understand the "," operator, you can look at jq's array
+          syntax in a different light: the expression `[1,2,3]` is not using a
+          built-in syntax for comma-separated arrays, but is instead applying
+          the `[]` operator (collect results) to the expression 1,2,3 (which
+          produces three different results).
+
+          If you have a filter `X` that produces four results,
+          then the expression `[X]` will produce a single result, an
+          array of four elements.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: "[.user, .projects[]]"
+            input: '{"user":"stedolan", "projects": ["jq", "wikiflow"]}'
+            output: ['["stedolan", "jq", "wikiflow"]']
+      - title: Objects - `{}`
+        body: |
+
+          Like JSON, `{}` is for constructing objects (aka
+          dictionaries or hashes), as in: `{"a": 42, "b": 17}`.
+          
+          If the keys are "sensible" (all alphabetic characters), then
+          the quotes can be left off. The value can be any expression
+          (although you may need to wrap it in parentheses if it's a
+          complicated one), which gets applied to the {} expression's
+          input (remember, all filters have an input and an
+          output).
+          
+              {foo: .bar}
+          
+          will produce the JSON object `{"foo": 42}` if given the JSON
+          object `{"bar":42, "baz":43}`. You can use this to select
+          particular fields of an object: if the input is an object
+          with "user", "title", "id", and "content" fields and you
+          just want "user" and "title", you can write
+          
+              {user: .user, title: .title}
+          
+          Because that's so common, there's a shortcut syntax: `{user, title}`.
+          
+          If one of the expressions produces multiple results,
+          multiple dictionaries will be produced. If the input's
+          
+              {"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}
+          
+          then the expression
+          
+              {user, title: .titles[]}
+          
+          will produce two outputs: 
+          
+              {"user":"stedolan", "title": "JQ Primer"}
+              {"user":"stedolan", "title": "More JQ"}
+          
+          Putting parentheses around the key means it will be evaluated as an
+          expression. With the same input as above,
+          
+              {(.user): .titles}
+          
+          produces
+          
+              {"stedolan": ["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}
+              
+        examples:
+          - program: '{user, title: .titles[]}'
+            input: '{"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}'
+            output:
+              - '{"user":"stedolan", "title": "JQ Primer"}'
+              - '{"user":"stedolan", "title": "More JQ"}'
+          - program: '{(.user): .titles}'
+            input: '{"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}'
+            output: ['{"stedolan": ["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}']
+
+  - title: Builtin operators and functions
+    body: |
+
+      Some jq operator (for instance, `+`) do different things
+      depending on the type of their arguments (arrays, numbers,
+      etc.). However, jq never does implicit type conversions. If you
+      try to add a string to an object you'll get an error message and
+      no result.
+      
+    entries:
+      - title: Addition - `+`
+        body: |
+
+          The operator `+` takes two filters, applies them both
+          to the same input, and adds the results together. What
+          "adding" means depends on the types involved:
+
+          - **Numbers** are added by normal arithmetic.
+
+          - **Arrays** are added by being concatenated into a larger array.
+
+          - **Strings** are added by being joined into a larger string.
+          
+          - **Objects** are added by merging, that is, inserting all
+              the key-value pairs from both objects into a single
+              combined object. If both objects contain a value for the
+              same key, the object on the right of the `+` wins. (For
+              recursive merge use the `*` operator.)
+          
+          `null` can be added to any value, and returns the other
+          value unchanged.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.a + 1'
+            input: '{"a": 7}'
+            output: ['8']
+          - program: '.a + .b'
+            input: '{"a": [1,2], "b": [3,4]}'
+            output: ['[1,2,3,4]']
+          - program: '.a + null'
+            input: '{"a": 1}'
+            output: ['1']
+          - program: '.a + 1'
+            input: '{}'
+            output: ['1']
+          - program: '{a: 1} + {b: 2} + {c: 3} + {a: 42}'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['{"a": 42, "b": 2, "c": 3}']
+
+      - title: Subtraction - `-`
+        body: |
+
+          As well as normal arithmetic subtraction on numbers, the `-`
+          operator can be used on arrays to remove all occurences of
+          the second array's elements from the first array.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '4 - .a'
+            input: '{"a":3}'
+            output: ['1']
+          - program: . - ["xml", "yaml"]
+            input: '["xml", "yaml", "json"]'
+            output: ['["json"]']
+
+      - title: Multiplication, division, modulo - `*`, `/`, and `%`
+        body: |
+
+          These operators only work on numbers, and do the expected.
+
+          Multiplying a string by a number produces the concatenation of
+          that string that many times.
+
+          Dividing a string by another splits the first using the second
+          as separators.
+
+          Multiplying two objects will merge them recursively: this works
+          like addition but if both objects contain a value for the
+          same key, and the values are objects, the two are merged with
+          the same strategy.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '10 / . * 3'
+            input: 5
+            output: [6]
+          - program: '. / ", "'
+            input: '"a, b,c,d, e"'
+            output: ['["a","b,c,d","e"]']
+          - program: '{"k": {"a": 1, "b": 2}} * {"k": {"a": 0,"c": 3}}'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['{"k": {"a": 0, "b": 2, "c": 3}}']
+
+      - title: "`length`"
+        body: |
+
+          The builtin function `length` gets the length of various
+          different types of value:
+
+          - The length of a **string** is the number of Unicode
+            codepoints it contains (which will be the same as its
+            JSON-encoded length in bytes if it's pure ASCII).
+
+          - The length of an **array** is the number of elements.
+
+          - The length of an **object** is the number of key-value pairs.
+
+          - The length of **null** is zero.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[] | length'
+            input: '[[1,2], "string", {"a":2}, null]'
+            output: [2, 6, 1, 0]
+
+      - title: "`keys`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The builtin function `keys`, when given an object, returns
+          its keys in an array.
+
+          The keys are sorted "alphabetically", by unicode codepoint
+          order. This is not an order that makes particular sense in
+          any particular language, but you can count on it being the
+          same for any two objects with the same set of keys,
+          regardless of locale settings.
+
+          When `keys` is given an array, it returns the valid indices
+          for that array: the integers from 0 to length-1.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'keys'
+            input: '{"abc": 1, "abcd": 2, "Foo": 3}'
+            output: ['["Foo", "abc", "abcd"]']
+          - program: 'keys'
+            input: '[42,3,35]'
+            output: ['[0,1,2]']
+
+      - title: "`has`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The builtin function `has` returns whether the input object
+          has the given key, or the input array has an element at the
+          given index.
+
+          `has($key)` has the same effect as checking whether `$key`
+          is a member of the array returned by `keys`, although `has`
+          will be faster.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'map(has("foo"))'
+            input: '[{"foo": 42}, {}]'
+            output: ['[true, false]']
+          - program: 'map(has(2))'
+            input: '[[0,1], ["a","b","c"]]'
+            output: ['[false, true]']
+
+      - title: "`del`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The builtin function `del` removes a key and its corresponding
+          value from an object.
+        
+        examples:
+          - program: 'del(.foo)'
+            input: '[{"foo": 42, "bar": 9001, "baz": 42}]'
+            output: ['{"bar": 9001, "baz": 42}']
+          - program: 'del(.[1, 2])'
+            input: '[["foo", "bar", "baz"]]'
+            output: ['["foo"]']
+
+      - title: "`to_entries`, `from_entries`, `with_entries`"
+        body: |
+          
+          These functions convert between an object and an array of
+          key-value pairs. If `to_entries` is passed an object, then
+          for each `k: v` entry in the input, the output array
+          includes `{"key": k, "value": v}`. 
+
+          `from_entries` does the opposite conversion, and
+          `with_entries(foo)` is a shorthand for `to_entries |
+          map(foo) | from_entries`, useful for doing some operation to
+          all keys and values of an object.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'to_entries'
+            input: '{"a": 1, "b": 2}'
+            output: ['[{"key":"a", "value":1}, {"key":"b", "value":2}]']
+          - program: 'from_entries'
+            input: '[{"key":"a", "value":1}, {"key":"b", "value":2}]'
+            output: ['{"a": 1, "b": 2}']
+          - program: 'with_entries(.key |= "KEY_" + .)'
+            input: '{"a": 1, "b": 2}'
+            output: ['{"KEY_a": 1, "KEY_b": 2}']
+
+
+      - title: "`select`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The function `select(foo)` produces its input unchanged if
+          `foo` returns true for that input, and produces no output
+          otherwise.
+
+          It's useful for filtering lists: `[1,2,3] | map(select(. >= 2))`
+          will give you `[2,3]`.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'map(select(. >= 2))'
+            input: '[1,5,3,0,7]'
+            output: ['[5,3,7]']
+
+
+      - title: "`arrays`, `objects`, `iterables`, `booleans`, `numbers`, `strings`, `nulls`, `values`, `scalars`"
+        body: |
+          
+          These built-ins select only inputs that are arrays, objects,
+          iterables (arrays or objects), booleans, numbers, strings,
+          null, non-null values, and non-iterables, respectively.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[]|numbers'
+            input: '[[],{},1,"foo",null,true,false]'
+            output: ['1']
+
+      - title: "`empty`"
+        body: |
+          
+          `empty` returns no results. None at all. Not even `null`.
+
+          It's useful on occasion. You'll know if you need it :)
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '1, empty, 2'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: [1, 2]
+          - program: '[1,2,empty,3]'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['[1,2,3]']
+
+      - title: "`map(x)`"
+        body: |
+
+          For any filter `x`, `map(x)` will run that filter for each
+          element of the input array, and produce the outputs a new
+          array. `map(.+1)` will increment each element of an array of numbers.
+
+          `map(x)` is equivalent to `[.[] | x]`. In fact, this is how
+          it's defined.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'map(.+1)'
+            input: '[1,2,3]'
+            output: ['[2,3,4]']
+
+      - title: "`paths`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs the paths to all the elements in its input (except it
+          does not output the empty list, representing . itself).
+
+          `paths` is equivalent to 
+
+              def paths: path(recurse(if (type|. == "array" or . == "object") then .[] else empty end))|select(length > 0);
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[paths]'
+            input: '[1,[[],{"a":2}]]'
+            output: ['[[0],[1],[1,0],[1,1],[1,1,"a"]]']
+
+      - title: "`leaf_paths`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs the paths to all the leaves (non-array, non-object
+          elements) in its input.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[leaf_paths]'
+            input: '[1,[[],{"a":2}]]'
+            output: ['[[0],[1,1,"a"]]']
+
+      - title: "`add`"
+        body: |
+
+          The filter `add` takes as input an array, and produces as
+          output the elements of the array added together. This might
+          mean summed, concatenated or merged depending on the types
+          of the elements of the input array - the rules are the same
+          as those for the `+` operator (described above).
+
+          If the input is an empty array, `add` returns `null`.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: add
+            input: '["a","b","c"]'
+            output: ['"abc"']
+          - program: add
+            input: '[1, 2, 3]'
+            output: [6]
+          - program: add
+            input: '[]'
+            output: ["null"]
+
+      - title: "`any`"
+        body: |
+      
+          The filter `any` takes as input an array of boolean values,
+          and produces `true` as output if any of the the elements of
+          the array is `true`.
+        
+          If the input is an empty array, `any` returns `false`.
+        
+        examples:
+          - program: any
+            input: '[true, false]'
+            output: ["true"]
+          - program: any
+            input: '[false, false]'
+            output: ["false"]
+          - program: any
+            input: '[]'
+            output: ["false"]
+
+      - title: "`all`"
+        body: |
+      
+          The filter `all` takes as input an array of boolean values,
+          and produces `true` as output if all of the the elements of
+          the array are `true`.
+        
+          If the input is an empty array, `all` returns `true`.
+        
+        examples:
+          - program: all
+            input: '[true, false]'
+            output: ["false"]
+          - program: all
+            input: '[true, true]'
+            output: ["true"]
+          - program: all
+            input: '[]'
+            output: ["true"]
+
+      - title: "`range`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `range` function produces a range of numbers. `range(4;10)`
+          produces 6 numbers, from 4 (inclusive) to 10 (exclusive). The numbers
+          are produced as separate outputs. Use `[range(4;10)]` to get a range as 
+          an array.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'range(2;4)'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['2', '3']
+          - program: '[range(2;4)]'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['[2,3]']
+            
+      - title: "`floor`"
+        body: |
+
+          The `floor` function returns the floor of its numeric input.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'floor'
+            input: '3.14159'
+            output: ['3']
+            
+      - title: "`sqrt`"
+        body: |
+
+          The `sqrt` function returns the square root of its numeric input.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'sqrt'
+            input: '9'
+            output: ['3']
+            
+      - title: "`tonumber`"
+        body: |
+
+          The `tonumber` function parses its input as a number. It
+          will convert correctly-formatted strings to their numeric
+          equivalent, leave numbers alone, and give an error on all other input.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[] | tonumber'
+            input: '[1, "1"]'
+            output: [1, 1]
+
+      - title: "`tostring`"
+        body: |
+
+          The `tostring` function prints its input as a
+          string. Strings are left unchanged, and all other values are
+          JSON-encoded.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[] | tostring'
+            input: '[1, "1", [1]]'
+            output: ['"1"', '"1"', '"[1]"']
+
+      - title: "`type`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `type` function returns the type of its argument as a
+          string, which is one of null, boolean, number, string, array
+          or object.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'map(type)'
+            input: '[0, false, [], {}, null, "hello"]'
+            output: ['["number", "boolean", "array", "object", "null", "string"]']
+
+      - title: "`sort, sort_by`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `sort` functions sorts its input, which must be an
+          array. Values are sorted in the following order:
+
+          * `null`
+          * `false`
+          * `true`
+          * numbers
+          * strings, in alphabetical order (by unicode codepoint value)
+          * arrays, in lexical order
+          * objects
+
+          The ordering for objects is a little complex: first they're
+          compared by comparing their sets of keys (as arrays in
+          sorted order), and if their keys are equal then the values
+          are compared key by key.
+
+          `sort_by` may be used to sort by a particular field of an
+          object, or by applying any jq filter. `sort_by(foo)`
+          compares two elements by comparing the result of `foo` on
+          each element.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'sort'
+            input: '[8,3,null,6]'
+            output: ['[null,3,6,8]']
+          - program: 'sort_by(.foo)'
+            input: '[{"foo":4, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":100}, {"foo":2, "bar":1}]'
+            output: ['[{"foo":2, "bar":1}, {"foo":3, "bar":100}, {"foo":4, "bar":10}]']
+
+      - title: "`group_by`"
+        body: |
+          
+          `group_by(.foo)` takes as input an array, groups the
+          elements having the same `.foo` field into separate arrays,
+          and produces all of these arrays as elements of a larger
+          array, sorted by the value of the `.foo` field.
+
+          Any jq expression, not just a field access, may be used in
+          place of `.foo`. The sorting order is the same as described
+          in the `sort` function above.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'group_by(.foo)'
+            input: '[{"foo":1, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":100}, {"foo":1, "bar":1}]'
+            output: ['[[{"foo":1, "bar":10}, {"foo":1, "bar":1}], [{"foo":3, "bar":100}]]']
+
+      - title: "`min`, `max`, `min_by`, `max_by`"
+        body: |
+          
+          Find the minimum or maximum element of the input array. The
+          `_by` versions allow you to specify a particular field or
+          property to examine, e.g. `min_by(.foo)` finds the object
+          with the smallest `foo` field.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'min'
+            input: '[5,4,2,7]'
+            output: ['2']
+          - program: 'max_by(.foo)'
+            input: '[{"foo":1, "bar":14}, {"foo":2, "bar":3}]'
+            output: ['{"foo":2, "bar":3}']
+
+      - title: "`unique`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `unique` function takes as input an array and produces
+          an array of the same elements, in sorted order, with
+          duplicates removed.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'unique'
+            input: '[1,2,5,3,5,3,1,3]'
+            output: ['[1,2,3,5]']
+
+      - title: "`unique_by`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `unique_by(.foo)` function takes as input an array and produces
+          an array of the same elements, in sorted order, with
+          elqements with a duplicate `.foo` field removed. Think of it as making
+          an array by taking one element out of every group produced by
+          `group_by`.
+        
+        examples:
+          - program: 'unique_by(.foo)'
+            input: '[{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}, {"foo": 1, "bar": 3}, {"foo": 4, "bar": 5}]'
+            output: ['[{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}, {"foo": 4, "bar": 5}]']
+          - program: 'unique_by(length)'
+            input: '["chunky", "bacon", "kitten", "cicada", "asparagus"]'
+            output: ['["chunky", "bacon", "asparagus"]']
+
+
+      - title: "`reverse`"
+        body: |
+          
+          This function reverses an array.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'reverse'
+            input: '[1,2,3,4]'
+            output: ['[4,3,2,1]']
+
+      - title: "`contains`"
+        body: |
+
+          The filter `contains(b)` will produce true if b is
+          completely contained within the input. A string B is
+          contained in a string A if B is a substring of A. An array B
+          is contained in an array A is all elements in B are
+          contained in any element in A. An object B is contained in
+          object A if all of the values in B are contained in the
+          value in A with the same key. All other types are assumed to
+          be contained in each other if they are equal.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'contains("bar")'
+            input: '"foobar"'
+            output: ['true']
+          - program: 'contains(["baz", "bar"])'
+            input: '["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"]'
+            output: ['true']
+          - program: 'contains(["bazzzzz", "bar"])'
+            input: '["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"]'
+            output: ['false']
+          - program: 'contains({foo: 12, bar: [{barp: 12}]})'
+            input: '{"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]}'
+            output: ['true']
+          - program: 'contains({foo: 12, bar: [{barp: 15}]})'
+            input: '{"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]}'
+            output: ['false']
+
+      - title: "`indices(s)`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs an array containing the indices in `.` where `s`
+          occurs.  The input may be an array, in which case if `s` is an
+          array then the indices output will be those where all elements
+          in `.` match those of `s`.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'indices(", ")'
+            input: '"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"'
+            output: ['[3,7,12]']
+          - program: 'indices(1)'
+            input: '[0,1,2,1,3,1,4]'
+            output: ['[1,3,5]']
+          - program: 'indices([1,2])'
+            input: '[0,1,2,3,1,4,2,5,1,2,6,7]'
+            output: ['[1,8]']
+
+      - title: "`index(s)`, `rindex(s)`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs the index of the first (`index`) or last (`rindex`)
+          occurrence of `s` in the input.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'index(", ")'
+            input: '"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"'
+            output: ['3']
+          - program: 'rindex(", ")]'
+            input: '"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"'
+            output: ['12']
+
+      - title: "`startswith`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs `true` if . starts with the given string argument.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[.[]|startswith("foo")]'
+            input: '["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "barfoob"]'
+            output: ['[false, true, false, true, false]']
+
+      - title: "`endswith`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs `true` if . ends with the given string argument.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[.[]|endswith("foo")]'
+            input: '["foobar", "barfoo"]'
+            output: ['[false, true, true, false, false]']
+
+      - title: "`ltrimstr`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs its input with the given prefix string removed, if it
+          starts with it.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[.[]|ltrimstr("foo")]'
+            input: '["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "afoo"]'
+            output: ['["fo","","barfoo","bar","afoo"]']
+
+      - title: "`rtrimstr`"
+        body: |
+
+          Outputs its input with the given suffix string removed, if it
+          starts with it.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[.[]|rtrimstr("foo")]'
+            input: '["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "foob"]'
+            output: ['["fo","","bar","foobar","foob"]']
+
+      - title: "`explode`"
+        body: |
+
+          Converts an input string into an array of the string's
+          codepoint numbers.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'explode'
+            input: '"foobar"'
+            output: ['[102,111,111,98,97,114]']
+
+      - title: "`implode`"
+        body: |
+
+          The inverse of explode.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'implode'
+            input: '[65, 66, 67]'
+            output: ['"ABC"']
+
+      - title: "`split`"
+        body: |
+
+          Splits an input string on the separator argument.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'split(", ")'
+            input: '"a, b,c,d, e"'
+            output: ['["a","b,c,d","e"]']
+
+      - title: "`join`"
+        body: |
+        
+          Joins the array of elements given as input, using the
+          argument as separator. It is the inverse of `split`: that is,
+          running `split("foo") | join("foo")` over any input string
+          returns said input string.
+          
+        examples:
+          - program: 'join(", ")'
+            input: '["a","b,c,d","e"]'
+            output: ['"a, b,c,d, e"']
+
+
+      - title: "`recurse`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The `recurse` function allows you to search through a
+          recursive structure, and extract interesting data from all
+          levels. Suppose your input represents a filesystem:
+
+              {"name": "/", "children": [
+                {"name": "/bin", "children": [
+                  {"name": "/bin/ls", "children": []},
+                  {"name": "/bin/sh", "children": []}]},
+                {"name": "/home", "children": [
+                  {"name": "/home/stephen", "children": [
+                    {"name": "/home/stephen/jq", "children": []}]}]}]}
+          
+          Now suppose you want to extract all of the filenames
+          present. You need to retrieve `.name`, `.children[].name`,
+          `.children[].children[].name`, and so on. You can do this
+          with:
+
+              recurse(.children[]) | .name
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'recurse(.foo[])'
+            input: '{"foo":[{"foo": []}, {"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}]}'
+            output: 
+              - '{"foo":[{"foo":[]},{"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}]}'
+              - '{"foo":[]}'
+              - '{"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}'
+              - '{"foo":[]}'
+
+      - title: "`recurse_down`"
+        body: |
+          
+          A quieter version of `recurse(.[])`, equivalent to:
+
+              def recurse_down: recurse(.[]?);
+
+      - title: "`..`"
+        body: |
+          
+          Short-hand for `recurse_down`.  This is intended to resemble
+          the XPath `//` operator.  Note that `..a` does not work; use
+          `..|a` instead.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '..|.a?'
+            input: '[[{"a":1}]]'
+            output: ['1']
+
+      - title: "String interpolation - `\\(foo)`"
+        body: |
+
+          Inside a string, you can put an expression inside parens
+          after a backslash. Whatever the expression returns will be
+          interpolated into the string.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '"The input was \(.), which is one less than \(.+1)"'
+            input: '42'
+            output: ['"The input was 42, which is one less than 43"']
+          
+      - title: "Convert to/from JSON"
+        body: |
+
+          The `tojson` and `fromjson` builtins dump values as JSON texts
+          or parse JSON texts into values, respectively.  The tojson
+          builtin differs from tostring in that tostring returns strings
+          unmodified, while tojson encodes strings as JSON strings.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '[.[]|tostring]'
+            input: '[1, "foo", ["foo"]]'
+            output: ['["1","foo","[\"foo\"]"]']
+          - program: '[.[]|tojson]'
+            input: '[1, "foo", ["foo"]]'
+            output: ['["1","\"foo\"","[\"foo\"]"]']
+          - program: '[.[]|tojson|fromjson]'
+            input: '[1, "foo", ["foo"]]'
+            output: ['[1,"foo",["foo"]]']
+
+      - title: "Format strings and escaping"
+        body: |
+
+          The `@foo` syntax is used to format and escape strings,
+          which is useful for building URLs, documents in a language
+          like HTML or XML, and so forth. `@foo` can be used as a
+          filter on its own, the possible escapings are:
+
+          * `@text`:
+
+            Calls `tostring`, see that function for details.
+
+          * `@json`:
+
+            Serialises the input as JSON.
+
+          * `@html`:
+
+            Applies HTML/XML escaping, by mapping the characters
+            `<>&'"` to their entity equivalents `&lt;`, `&gt;`,
+            `&amp;`, `&apos;`, `&quot;`.
+
+          * `@uri`:
+
+            Applies percent-encoding, by mapping all reserved URI
+            characters to a `%xx` sequence.
+
+          * `@csv`:
+            
+            The input must be an array, and it is rendered as CSV
+            with double quotes for strings, and quotes escaped by
+            repetition.
+
+          * `@sh`:
+            
+            The input is escaped suitable for use in a command-line
+            for a POSIX shell. If the input is an array, the output
+            will be a series of space-separated strings.
+            
+          * `@base64`:
+
+            The input is converted to base64 as specified by RFC 4648.
+
+          This syntax can be combined with string interpolation in a
+          useful way. You can follow a `@foo` token with a string
+          literal. The contents of the string literal will *not* be
+          escaped. However, all interpolations made inside that string
+          literal will be escaped. For instance,
+
+              @uri "https://www.google.com/search?q=\(.search)"
+
+          will produce the following output for the input
+          `{"search":"what is jq?"}`:
+
+              "https://www.google.com/search?q=what%20is%20jq%3f"
+
+          Note that the slashes, question mark, etc. in the URL are
+          not escaped, as they were part of the string literal.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '@html'
+            input: '"This works if x < y"'
+            output: ['"This works if x &lt; y"']
+
+#          - program: '@html "<span>Anonymous said: \(.)</span>"'
+#            input: '"<script>alert(\"lol hax\");</script>"'
+#            output: ["<span>Anonymous said: &lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;lol hax&quot;);&lt;/script&gt;</span>"]
+
+          - program: '@sh "echo \(.)"'
+            input: "\"O'Hara's Ale\""
+            output: ["\"echo 'O'\\\\''Hara'\\\\''s Ale'\""]
+        
+  - title: Conditionals and Comparisons
+    entries:
+      - title: "`==`, `!=`"
+        body: |
+
+          The expression 'a == b' will produce 'true' if the result of a and b
+          are equal (that is, if they represent equivalent JSON documents) and
+          'false' otherwise. In particular, strings are never considered equal
+          to numbers. If you're coming from Javascript, jq's == is like
+          Javascript's === - considering values equal only when they have the
+          same type as well as the same value.
+          
+          != is "not equal", and 'a != b' returns the opposite value of 'a == b'
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.[] == 1'
+            input: '[1, 1.0, "1", "banana"]'
+            output: ['true', 'true', 'false', 'false']
+      - title: if-then-else
+        body: |
+
+          `if A then B else C end` will act the same as `B` if `A`
+          produces a value other than false or null, but act the same
+          as `C` otherwise.
+          
+          Checking for false or null is a simpler notion of
+          "truthiness" than is found in Javascript or Python, but it
+          means that you'll sometimes have to be more explicit about
+          the condition you want: you can't test whether, e.g. a
+          string is empty using `if .name then A else B end`, you'll
+          need something more like `if (.name | length) > 0 then A else
+          B end` instead.
+          
+          If the condition A produces multiple results, it is
+          considered "true" if any of those results is not false or
+          null. If it produces zero results, it's considered false.
+          
+          More cases can be added to an if using `elif A then B` syntax.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: |-
+              if . == 0 then
+                "zero"
+              elif . == 1 then
+                "one"
+              else
+                "many"
+              end
+            input: 2
+            output: ['"many"']
+      
+      - title: "`>, >=, <=, <`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The comparison operators `>`, `>=`, `<=`, `<` return whether
+          their left argument is greater than, greater than or equal
+          to, less than or equal to or less than their right argument
+          (respectively).
+
+          The ordering is the same as that described for `sort`, above.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '. < 5'
+            input: 2
+            output: ['true']
+
+      - title: and/or/not
+        body: |
+
+          jq supports the normal Boolean operators and/or/not. They have the
+          same standard of truth as if expressions - false and null are
+          considered "false values", and anything else is a "true value".
+
+          If an operand of one of these operators produces multiple
+          results, the operator itself will produce a result for each input.
+
+          `not` is in fact a builtin function rather than an operator,
+          so it is called as a filter to which things can be piped
+          rather than with special syntax, as in `.foo and .bar |
+          not`.
+          
+          These three only produce the values "true" and "false", and
+          so are only useful for genuine Boolean operations, rather
+          than the common Perl/Python/Ruby idiom of
+          "value_that_may_be_null or default". If you want to use this
+          form of "or", picking between two values rather than
+          evaluating a condition, see the "//" operator below.
+          
+        examples:
+          - program: '42 and "a string"'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['true']
+          - program: '(true, false) or false'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['true', 'false']
+#          - program: '(true, false) and (true, false)'
+#            input: 'null'
+#            output: ['true', 'false', 'false', 'false']
+          - program: '(true, true) and (true, false)'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['true', 'false', 'true', 'false']
+          - program: '[true, false | not]'
+            input: 'null'
+            output: ['[false, true]']
+
+      - title: Alternative operator - `//`
+        body: |
+
+          A filter of the form `a // b` produces the same
+          results as `a`, if `a` produces results other than `false`
+          and `null`. Otherwise, `a // b` produces the same results as `b`.
+
+          This is useful for providing defaults: `.foo // 1` will
+          evaluate to `1` if there's no `.foo` element in the
+          input. It's similar to how `or` is sometimes used in Python
+          (jq's `or` operator is reserved for strictly Boolean
+          operations).
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.foo // 42'
+            input: '{"foo": 19}'
+            output: [19]
+          - program: '.foo // 42'
+            input: '{}'
+            output: [42]
+          
+  - title: Advanced features
+    body: |
+      Variables are an absolute necessity in most programming languages, but
+      they're relegated to an "advanced feature" in jq.
+
+      In most languages, variables are the only means of passing around
+      data. If you calculate a value, and you want to use it more than once,
+      you'll need to store it in a variable. To pass a value to another part
+      of the program, you'll need that part of the program to define a
+      variable (as a function parameter, object member, or whatever) in
+      which to place the data.
+
+      It is also possible to define functions in jq, although this is
+      is a feature whose biggest use is defining jq's standard library
+      (many jq functions such as `map` and `find` are in fact written
+      in jq).
+
+      Finally, jq has a `reduce` operation, which is very powerful but a
+      bit tricky. Again, it's mostly used internally, to define some
+      useful bits of jq's standard library.
+
+    entries:
+      - title: Variables
+        body: |
+          
+          In jq, all filters have an input and an output, so manual
+          plumbing is not necessary to pass a value from one part of a program
+          to the next. Many expressions, for instance `a + b`, pass their input
+          to two distinct subexpressions (here `a` and `b` are both passed the
+          same input), so variables aren't usually necessary in order to use a
+          value twice.
+          
+          For instance, calculating the average value of an array of numbers
+          requires a few variables in most languages - at least one to hold the
+          array, perhaps one for each element or for a loop counter. In jq, it's
+          simply `add / length` - the `add` expression is given the array and
+          produces its sum, and the `length` expression is given the array and
+          produces its length.
+          
+          So, there's generally a cleaner way to solve most problems in jq than
+          defining variables. Still, sometimes they do make things easier, so jq
+          lets you define variables using `expression as $variable`. All
+          variable names start with `$`. Here's a slightly uglier version of the
+          array-averaging example:
+          
+              length as $array_length | add / $array_length
+          
+          We'll need a more complicated problem to find a situation where using
+          variables actually makes our lives easier.
+          
+          
+          Suppose we have an array of blog posts, with "author" and "title"
+          fields, and another object which is used to map author usernames to
+          real names. Our input looks like:
+          
+              {"posts": [{"title": "Frist psot", "author": "anon"},
+                         {"title": "A well-written article", "author": "person1"}],
+               "realnames": {"anon": "Anonymous Coward",
+                             "person1": "Person McPherson"}}
+          
+          We want to produce the posts with the author field containing a real
+          name, as in:
+          
+              {"title": "Frist psot", "author": "Anonymous Coward"}
+              {"title": "A well-written article", "author": "Person McPherson"}
+          
+          We use a variable, $names, to store the realnames object, so that we
+          can refer to it later when looking up author usernames:
+          
+              .realnames as $names | .posts[] | {title, author: $names[.author]}
+          
+          The expression `exp as $x | ...` means: for each value of expression
+          `exp`, run the rest of the pipeline with the entire original input, and
+          with `$x` set to that value.  Thus `as` functions as something of a 
+          foreach loop.
+
+          Variables are scoped over the rest of the expression that defines
+          them, so 
+          
+              .realnames as $names | (.posts[] | {title, author: $names[.author]})
+          
+          will work, but 
+          
+              (.realnames as $names | .posts[]) | {title, author: $names[.author]}
+          
+          won't.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: '.bar as $x | .foo | . + $x'
+            input: '{"foo":10, "bar":200}'
+            output: ['210']
+
+      - title: 'Defining Functions'
+        body: |
+          
+          You can give a filter a name using "def" syntax:
+
+              def increment: . + 1;
+          
+          From then on, `increment` is usable as a filter just like a
+          builtin function (in fact, this is how some of the builtins
+          are defined). A function may take arguments:
+
+              def map(f): [.[] | f];
+
+          Arguments are passed as filters, not as values. The
+          same argument may be referenced multiple times with
+          different inputs (here `f` is run for each element of the
+          input array). Arguments to a function work more like
+          callbacks than like value arguments.
+
+          If you want the value-argument behaviour for defining simple
+          functions, you can just use a variable:
+
+              def addvalue(f): f as $value | map(. + $value);
+
+          With that definition, `addvalue(.foo)` will add the current
+          input's `.foo` field to each element of the array.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'def addvalue(f): . + [f]; map(addvalue(.[0]))'
+            input: '[[1,2],[10,20]]'
+            output: ['[[1,2,1], [10,20,10]]']
+          - program: 'def addvalue(f): f as $x | map(. + $x); addvalue(.[0])'
+            input: '[[1,2],[10,20]]'
+            output: ['[[1,2,1,2], [10,20,1,2]]']
+
+      - title: Reduce
+        body: |
+        
+          The `reduce` syntax in jq allows you to combine all of the
+          results of an expression by accumulating them into a single
+          answer. As an example, we'll pass `[3,2,1]` to this expression:
+
+              reduce .[] as $item (0; . + $item)
+          
+          For each result that `.[]` produces, `. + $item` is run to
+          accumulate a running total, starting from 0. In this
+          example, `.[]` produces the results 3, 2, and 1, so the
+          effect is similar to running something like this:
+
+              0 | (3 as $item | . + $item) | 
+                  (2 as $item | . + $item) |
+                  (1 as $item | . + $item)
+
+        examples:
+          - program: 'reduce .[] as $item (0; . + $item)'
+            input: '[10,2,5,3]'
+            output: ['20']
+      
+
+  - title: Assignment
+    body: |
+
+      Assignment works a little differently in jq than in most
+      programming languages. jq doesn't distinguish between references
+      to and copies of something - two objects or arrays are either
+      equal or not equal, without any further notion of being "the
+      same object" or "not the same object".
+
+      If an object has two fields which are arrays, `.foo` and `.bar`,
+      and you append something to `.foo`, then `.bar` will not get
+      bigger. Even if you've just set `.bar = .foo`. If you're used to
+      programming in languages like Python, Java, Ruby, Javascript,
+      etc. then you can think of it as though jq does a full deep copy
+      of every object before it does the assignment (for performance,
+      it doesn't actually do that, but that's the general idea).
+
+    entries:
+      - title: "`=`"
+        body: |
+          
+          The filter `.foo = 1` will take as input an object
+          and produce as output an object with the "foo" field set to
+          1. There is no notion of "modifying" or "changing" something
+          in jq - all jq values are immutable. For instance,
+          
+           .foo = .bar | .foo.baz = 1
+          
+          will not have the side-effect of setting .bar.baz to be set
+          to 1, as the similar-looking program in Javascript, Python,
+          Ruby or other languages would. Unlike these languages (but
+          like Haskell and some other functional languages), there is
+          no notion of two arrays or objects being "the same array" or
+          "the same object". They can be equal, or not equal, but if
+          we change one of them in no circumstances will the other
+          change behind our backs.
+          
+          This means that it's impossible to build circular values in
+          jq (such as an array whose first element is itself). This is
+          quite intentional, and ensures that anything a jq program
+          can produce can be represented in JSON.
+
+      - title: "`|=`"
+        body: |
+          As well as the assignment operator '=', jq provides the "update"
+          operator '|=', which takes a filter on the right-hand side and
+          works out the new value for the property being assigned to by running
+          the old value through this expression. For instance, .foo |= .+1 will
+          build an object with the "foo" field set to the input's "foo" plus 1.
+          
+          This example should show the difference between '=' and '|=':
+          
+          Provide input '{"a": {"b": 10}, "b": 20}' to the programs:
+          
+          .a = .b
+          .a |= .b
+          
+          The former will set the "a" field of the input to the "b" field of the
+          input, and produce the output {"a": 20}. The latter will set the "a"
+          field of the input to the "a" field's "b" field, producing {"a": 10}.
+
+      - title: "`+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `//=`"
+        body: |
+
+          jq has a few operators of the form `a op= b`, which are all
+          equivalent to `a |= . op b`. So, `+= 1` can be used to increment values.
+
+        examples:
+          - program: .foo += 1
+            input: '{"foo": 42}'
+            output: ['{"foo": 43}']
+        
+      - title: Complex assignments
+        body: |
+          Lots more things are allowed on the left-hand side of a jq assignment
+          than in most langauges. We've already seen simple field accesses on
+          the left hand side, and it's no surprise that array accesses work just
+          as well:
+          
+              .posts[0].title = "JQ Manual"
+          
+          What may come as a surprise is that the expression on the left may
+          produce multiple results, referring to different points in the input
+          document:
+          
+              .posts[].comments |= . + ["this is great"]
+          
+          That example appends the string "this is great" to the "comments"
+          array of each post in the input (where the input is an object with a
+          field "posts" which is an array of posts).
+          
+          When jq encounters an assignment like 'a = b', it records the "path"
+          taken to select a part of the input document while executing a. This
+          path is then used to find which part of the input to change while
+          executing the assignment. Any filter may be used on the
+          left-hand side of an equals - whichever paths it selects from the
+          input will be where the assignment is performed.
+          
+          This is a very powerful operation. Suppose we wanted to add a comment
+          to blog posts, using the same "blog" input above. This time, we only
+          want to comment on the posts written by "stedolan". We can find those
+          posts using the "select" function described earlier:
+          
+              .posts[] | select(.author == "stedolan")
+          
+          The paths provided by this operation point to each of the posts that
+          "stedolan" wrote, and we can comment on each of them in the same way
+          that we did before:
+          
+              (.posts[] | select(.author == "stedolan") | .comments) |=
+                  . + ["terrible."]