@poe-platform/safe-bash 0.1.736 → 0.1.738

package/dist/safe-bash/shell/runtime.js

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export const customRegisteredCommands = new WeakSet();
 export const customRegisteredRegistries = new WeakSet();
 import { defaultPredicateExecutors, tryFastPredicate } from "../commands/predicates.js";
 import { builtInDirectContextExecutors, pathOf, RESOLVED_EXIT_ONE, RESOLVED_EXIT_ZERO, UsageError } from "../commands/internal.js";
-import { cloneGetoptsState, createGetoptsInput, createGetoptsState, GetoptsError, getoptsInputAllocationSize, scanGetopts, withGetoptsIndex } from "./getopts.js";
+import { cloneGetoptsState, createGetoptsInput, createGetoptsState, GetoptsError, getoptsInputAllocationSize, scanGetopts, scanGetoptsSync, withGetoptsIndex } from "./getopts.js";
 import { activateChildCancellation, admitCancellationSubscriptionCapacity, prepareChildCancellation, selectRuntimeCancellationOutcome, subscribeCancellationOwner, unsubscribeCancellationOwner, } from "./cancellation.js";
 import { variablePresence } from "../commands/variable-presence.js";
 import { getArrayAssignment, getArraySelector, copyArraySelector, numericIndex, literalIndex, stringIndex, isQuoteMarker, prefixNameQuoteGroups, setArraySelector } from "./arrays/syntax.js";
@@ -2098,6 +2098,32 @@ function hasActiveVariableAttributes(state) {
     }
     return false;
 }
+function hasNonNamerefAttributes(state) {
+    const attrs = state.variableAttributes;
+    if (!attrs || attrs.size === 0)
+        return false;
+    for (const [k, val] of attrs.entries()) {
+        if (val.length === 0)
+            continue;
+        if (val !== "n")
+            return true;
+        const ref = state.variables[k];
+        if (!ref || !isShellIdentifier(ref) || ref === k || attrs.get(ref))
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+function resolveSyncNameref(state, name) {
+    const attrs = state.variableAttributes;
+    if (!attrs || attrs.size === 0)
+        return name;
+    if (attrs.get(name) === "n") {
+        const ref = state.variables[name];
+        if (ref && isShellIdentifier(ref) && ref !== name && !attrs.get(ref))
+            return ref;
+    }
+    return name;
+}
 function publishVariable(state, name, value) {
     const monitor = stateMonitor(state);
     if (monitor) {
@@ -3408,6 +3434,7 @@ function resolveSimpleArithOperand(tok, rawState, monitor, activeArrayStore, syn
         }
         tok = c1 === 123 ? tok.slice(2, -1) : tok.slice(1);
     }
+    tok = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, tok);
     if (rawState.nounset || activeArrayStore?.bindings.has(tok) || monitor?.hasOverlay(tok) || activeArrayStore?.watches.has(tok))
         return undefined;
     const raw = rawState.variables[tok];
@@ -4218,8 +4245,12 @@ export class Runtime {
         return {
             isSync: true, resolve: (variable, subscript) => {
                 this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-                if (this._syncArithState.variableAttributes?.get(variable)?.includes("n"))
-                    throw new ArrayFailure("nameref in sync arithmetic");
+                if (this._syncArithState.variableAttributes?.get(variable)?.includes("n")) {
+                    const resolved = resolveSyncNameref(this._syncArithState, variable);
+                    if (resolved === variable)
+                        throw new ArrayFailure("nameref in sync arithmetic");
+                    variable = resolved;
+                }
                 if (subscript !== undefined) {
                     let resolvedSub = subscript;
                     if (resolvedSub.charCodeAt(0) === 36 && /^\$[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/.test(resolvedSub)) {
@@ -4242,6 +4273,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                             resolvedSub = rawSub === undefined || rawSub === "" ? "0" : shellValueText(stateMonitor(st)?.values.get(resolvedSub, rawSub) ?? rawSub);
                         }
                     }
+                    else {
+                        const st = this._syncArithState;
+                        const binding = arrayStore(st)?.get(variable);
+                        if (!binding || !binding.associative) {
+                            const subStr = tryEvalSimpleExpandedArith(resolvedSub, st, stateMonitor(st), arrayStore(st), this._syncArithRawWriteOnly ? this._syncArithTouched : undefined);
+                            if (subStr !== undefined && !subStr.startsWith("-"))
+                                resolvedSub = subStr;
+                        }
+                    }
                     if (resolvedSub.length === 0 || resolvedSub.length > 128 || !/^[a-zA-Z0-9_.\-/:@]+$/.test(resolvedSub))
                         throw new ArrayFailure("complex subscript in sync arithmetic");
                     return `[idx]${variable}:${resolvedSub}`;
@@ -4393,15 +4433,33 @@ export class Runtime {
         }
     }
     canSyncArithmeticOperands(tree, state, line, depth = 0) {
-        if (!tree || depth > 128 || hasActiveVariableAttributes(state) || state.readonlyVariables?.size)
+        if (!tree || depth > 128 || hasNonNamerefAttributes(state) || state.readonlyVariables?.size)
             return false;
         switch (tree.kind) {
             case "literal": return true;
             case "name": {
-                if (tree.subscript !== undefined || tree.name === "OPTIND" || tree.name === "PIPESTATUS" || arrayStore(state)?.get(tree.name))
+                const effName = resolveSyncNameref(state, tree.name);
+                if (effName === "OPTIND" || effName === "PIPESTATUS")
                     return false;
                 const monitor = stateMonitor(state);
-                if (monitor?.hasOverlay(tree.name) || monitor?.store?.watches.has(tree.name))
+                if (monitor?.hasOverlay(effName) || monitor?.store?.watches.has(effName))
+                    return false;
+                if (tree.subscript !== undefined) {
+                    if (state.nounset || hasUnpreparedLocal(state, tree.name))
+                        return false;
+                    const binding = arrayStore(state)?.get(tree.name);
+                    if (!binding)
+                        return false;
+                    if (binding.associative) {
+                        if (/^\$[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/.test(tree.subscript)) {
+                            const sv = tree.subscript.slice(1);
+                            return !arrayStore(state)?.get(sv) && !monitor?.hasOverlay(sv);
+                        }
+                        return /^[a-zA-Z0-9_.\-/:@]+$/.test(tree.subscript);
+                    }
+                    return /^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,6})$/.test(tree.subscript) || /^\$?[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*$/.test(tree.subscript) || /^\s*[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*\s*(?:[-+*]\s*(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,6})|[/%]\s*[1-9][0-9]{0,6})\s*$/.test(tree.subscript);
+                }
+                if (arrayStore(state)?.get(tree.name))
                     return false;
                 const value = state.variables[tree.name]
                     ?? (tree.name === "LINENO" ? String(line ?? 1)
@@ -4702,6 +4760,8 @@ export class Runtime {
         const binding = arrayStore(state)?.get(name);
         if (binding)
             return binding.get(binding.associative ? binding.keys.get("30")?.index ?? -1 : 0);
+        if (name === "DIRSTACK")
+            return state.cwd;
         if (name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined)
             return state.functionNames?.[0];
         if (name === "_" && state.variables._ === undefined)
@@ -4709,27 +4769,55 @@ export class Runtime {
         return state.variables[name];
     }
     async variablePresent(state, name, io) {
+        const simple = this.tryVariablePresentSync(state, name);
+        if (simple !== undefined)
+            return simple;
         name = this.referenceName(state, name);
         const bracket = name.indexOf("[");
         const base = bracket < 0 ? name : name.slice(0, bracket);
-        const validName = base.length > 0 && [...base].every((character, index) => "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_".includes(character)
-            || index > 0 && "0123456789".includes(character));
-        if (!validName || bracket >= 0 && !name.endsWith("]"))
-            return false;
         const resolved = this.referenceName(state, base);
         const binding = arrayStore(state)?.get(resolved);
-        if (bracket < 0)
-            return this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
         const selector = name.slice(bracket + 1, -1);
-        if (!binding?.associative && (selector === "@" || selector === "*"))
-            return binding ? binding.values.size > 0 : this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
-        const store = arrayStore(state);
-        if (!store)
-            return selector === "0" && this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
-        const index = await this.arrayIndex(binding, { decimal: selector, source: selector }, state, io, store.owner);
+        const entries = this.presenceArrayEntries(state, resolved);
+        const store = requireArrays(state);
+        const index = await this.arrayIndex(binding, { decimal: selector, source: selector }, state, io, store.owner, false, entries ? entries.length - 1 : binding?.maximum ?? (this.variable(state, base) === undefined ? -1 : 0));
+        if (entries)
+            return index !== undefined && entries[index] !== undefined;
         return index !== undefined && (binding ? binding.getValue(index) !== undefined
             : index === 0 && this.variable(state, base) !== undefined);
     }
+    presenceArrayEntries(state, name) {
+        if (name === "DIRSTACK")
+            return [state.cwd, ...state.directoryStack?.entries ?? []];
+        if (name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined && !arrayStore(state)?.get(name))
+            return state.functionNames ?? [];
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    tryVariablePresentSync(state, name) {
+        name = this.referenceName(state, name);
+        const bracket = name.indexOf("[");
+        const base = bracket < 0 ? name : name.slice(0, bracket);
+        if (!isShellIdentifier(base) || bracket >= 0 && !name.endsWith("]"))
+            return false;
+        const resolved = this.referenceName(state, base);
+        const binding = arrayStore(state)?.get(resolved);
+        const entries = this.presenceArrayEntries(state, resolved);
+        if (bracket < 0)
+            return entries ? entries[0] !== undefined : this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
+        const selector = name.slice(bracket + 1, -1);
+        if (binding?.associative) {
+            if (selector.length === 0 || selector.length > 4096 || [...selector].some(character => "$`\\\"'".includes(character)))
+                return undefined;
+            const key = binding.keys.get(fastStringHexIdentity(selector));
+            return key !== undefined && binding.getValue(key.index) !== undefined;
+        }
+        if (selector === "@" || selector === "*")
+            return entries ? entries.length > 0 : binding ? binding.values.size > 0 : this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
+        if (selector.length === 0 || selector.length > 9 || [...selector].some(character => !"0123456789".includes(character)) || selector.length > 1 && selector[0] === "0")
+            return undefined;
+        const index = Number(selector);
+        return entries ? entries[index] !== undefined : binding ? binding.getValue(index) !== undefined : index === 0 && this.variable(state, base) !== undefined;
+    }
     requireParameter(value, name, state, io, line) {
         if (value === undefined && state.nounset)
             throw new NounsetFailure(`${name}: unbound variable`, io.diagnosticLine ?? line);
@@ -5187,24 +5275,162 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
         }
     }
+    canSyncArrayMembersWord(w, rawState) {
+        if (rawState.nounset)
+            return false;
+        const p0 = w.parts.length === 1 ? w.parts[0] : (w.parts.length === 2 && w.parts[0].kind === "text" && w.parts[0].value === "" ? w.parts[1] : undefined);
+        if (!p0)
+            return false;
+        if (p0.kind !== "variable" || !p0.quoted || p0.indirect || p0.prefixNames || p0.length || p0.transform || p0.operator !== undefined)
+            return false;
+        const sel0 = getArraySelector(p0);
+        if (!sel0 || (sel0.kind !== "members" && sel0.kind !== "keys") || sel0.separator !== "@")
+            return false;
+        if (p0.substring) {
+            if (sel0.kind !== "members" || p0.keys)
+                return false;
+            const b = stateMonitor(rawState)?.store?.get(resolveSyncNameref(rawState, p0.name));
+            if (b && b.associative)
+                return false;
+            if (!this.isPureSyncValueWord(p0.substring.offset, rawState))
+                return false;
+            if (p0.substring.length && !this.isPureSyncValueWord(p0.substring.length, rawState))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    tryExpandSyncArrayMembersWord(w, rawState, io, diagnosticLine) {
+        if (rawState.nounset)
+            return undefined;
+        const p0 = w.parts.length === 1 ? w.parts[0] : (w.parts.length === 2 && w.parts[0].kind === "text" && w.parts[0].value === "" ? w.parts[1] : undefined);
+        if (!p0)
+            return undefined;
+        if (p0.kind !== "variable" || !p0.quoted || p0.indirect || p0.prefixNames || p0.length || p0.transform || p0.operator !== undefined)
+            return undefined;
+        const sel0 = getArraySelector(p0);
+        if (!sel0 || (sel0.kind !== "members" && sel0.kind !== "keys") || sel0.separator !== "@")
+            return undefined;
+        const monitor = stateMonitor(rawState);
+        const activeStore = monitor?.store ?? arrayStore(rawState);
+        const resolvedName = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, p0.name);
+        const b = activeStore?.get(resolvedName);
+        if (p0.substring) {
+            if (sel0.kind !== "members" || p0.keys || (b && b.associative))
+                return undefined;
+            if (b && b.maximum >= 4096)
+                return undefined;
+            const evalSliceInt = (sw) => {
+                if (sw.parts.length === 0)
+                    return 0;
+                let expanded;
+                try {
+                    expanded = this.fastValueWord(sw, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                }
+                catch {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                if (typeof expanded !== "string")
+                    return undefined;
+                const trimmed = expanded.trim();
+                if (trimmed.length === 0)
+                    return 0;
+                const syncTouched = this._syncArithRawWriteOnly ? this._syncArithTouched : undefined;
+                const directOp = resolveSimpleArithOperand(trimmed, rawState, monitor, activeStore, syncTouched);
+                if (directOp !== undefined)
+                    return directOp;
+                const simpleExpr = tryEvalSimpleExpandedArith(trimmed, rawState, monitor, activeStore, syncTouched);
+                if (simpleExpr !== undefined)
+                    return Number(simpleExpr);
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const offNum = evalSliceInt(p0.substring.offset);
+            if (offNum === undefined)
+                return undefined;
+            let maxCount = Infinity;
+            if (p0.substring.length) {
+                const lenNum = evalSliceInt(p0.substring.length);
+                if (lenNum === undefined || lenNum < 0)
+                    return undefined;
+                maxCount = lenNum;
+            }
+            if (!b) {
+                const sv = rawState.variables[resolvedName];
+                if (sv === undefined)
+                    return [];
+                const mv = (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(resolvedName)) ? sv : (monitor?.values.get(resolvedName, sv) ?? sv);
+                if (typeof mv !== "string")
+                    return undefined;
+                const startIdx = offNum < 0 ? 1 + offNum : offNum;
+                if (startIdx < 0 || startIdx > 0 || maxCount === 0)
+                    return [];
+                return [mv];
+            }
+            if (b.values.size === 0 || maxCount === 0)
+                return [];
+            const startIdx = offNum < 0 ? b.maximum + 1 + offNum : offNum;
+            if (startIdx < 0)
+                return [];
+            const out = [];
+            for (let k = startIdx; k <= b.maximum && out.length < maxCount; k++) {
+                const slot = b.values.get(k);
+                if (!slot)
+                    continue;
+                const v = slot.text.shellValue;
+                if (typeof v !== "string")
+                    return undefined;
+                out.push(v);
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        const isKeys = sel0.kind === "keys" || p0.keys === true;
+        if (b) {
+            if (b.maximum >= 4096)
+                return undefined;
+            const out = [];
+            for (let k = 0; k <= b.maximum; k++) {
+                const slot = b.values.get(k);
+                if (!slot)
+                    continue;
+                const v = isKeys ? (b.associative ? b.keys.get(b.keyByIndex.get(k))?.text.shellValue : String(k)) : slot.text.shellValue;
+                if (typeof v !== "string")
+                    return undefined;
+                out.push(v);
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        const sv = rawState.variables[resolvedName];
+        if (sv === undefined)
+            return [];
+        if (isKeys)
+            return ["0"];
+        const mv = (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(resolvedName)) ? sv : (monitor?.values.get(resolvedName, sv) ?? sv);
+        if (typeof mv !== "string")
+            return undefined;
+        return [mv];
+    }
     tryFastArrayAssignmentSync(assignment, state, io, diagnosticLine, declaration, associative, ignoreYield = false) {
         if (!ignoreYield && hasYieldCheckpoint(this.signal))
             return false;
         if (declaration)
             return false;
+        const monitor = stateMonitor(state);
+        const rawState = monitor ? monitor.raw : state;
         // Array writes must prepare scope observers before creating or mutating bindings.
-        const name = assignment.name;
+        const name = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, assignment.name);
         if (hasUnpreparedLocal(state, name))
             return false;
         this._syncArithTouched?.delete(name);
-        const monitor = stateMonitor(state);
-        const rawState = monitor ? monitor.raw : state;
         if (rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(name) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(name) || rawState.exported.has(name) || controlNames.has(name)) {
             return false;
         }
         // Cold activation belongs to normal command handling, which maps array refusals.
-        const store = monitor?.store ?? (monitor && !this.budget._arraySession?.hasActiveLedger ? requireArrays(rawState) : undefined);
+        const store = monitor?.store ?? (monitor && (this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes === Infinity && this.budget.limits.maxExpansionFields === Infinity) ? requireArrays(rawState) : undefined);
         let current = store?.get(name);
+        if (assignment.kind === "compound" && !(associative ?? current?.associative) && state.braceexpand !== false && assignment.entries.some(entry => {
+            const original = compoundEntryWords.get(entry);
+            return entry.index !== undefined && original?.parts.some(part => part.kind === "text" && !part.quoted && part.value.includes("{"));
+        }))
+            return false;
         if (!monitor || !store || store.watches.has(name) || monitor.hasOverlay(name) || (current && (current.references !== 1 || (associative !== undefined && current.associative !== associative))) || (!current && rawState.variables[name] !== undefined)) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -5253,7 +5479,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     let val = "";
                     if (entry.value.parts.length > 0) {
                         try {
-                            val = this.fastValueWord(entry.value, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                            val = this.fastValueWord(entry.value, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, entry.index === undefined ? undefined : 0, diagnosticLine);
                         }
                         catch {
                             return false;
@@ -5301,6 +5527,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                     const entry = assignment.entries[i];
                     if (entry.append)
                         return false;
+                    if (rawState.braceexpand !== false && entry.value.parts.some(p => !p.quoted && p.kind === "text" && p.value.includes("{")))
+                        return false;
                     let explicitIdx;
                     if (entry.index !== undefined) {
                         const kSrc = (entry.index.source ?? entry.index.decimal).trim();
@@ -5308,13 +5536,26 @@ export class Runtime {
                             return false;
                         explicitIdx = Number(kSrc);
                     }
-                    else if (entry.value.parts.length === 0 || !entry.value.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && p.value.length > 0 && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)))) {
-                        return false;
+                    else {
+                        const expandedArr = this.tryExpandSyncArrayMembersWord(entry.value, rawState, io, diagnosticLine);
+                        if (expandedArr !== undefined) {
+                            for (let mIdx = 0; mIdx < expandedArr.length; mIdx++) {
+                                const mVal = expandedArr[mIdx];
+                                const bLen = shellValueByteLength(mVal);
+                                if (bLen > this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes)
+                                    return false;
+                                items.push({ explicitIdx: undefined, val: mVal, bLen });
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (entry.value.parts.length === 0 || !entry.value.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && p.value.length > 0 && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)))) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
                     }
                     let val = "";
                     if (entry.value.parts.length > 0) {
                         try {
-                            val = this.fastValueWord(entry.value, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                            val = this.fastValueWord(entry.value, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, entry.index === undefined ? undefined : 0, diagnosticLine);
                         }
                         catch {
                             return false;
@@ -5723,7 +5964,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 continue;
                         }
                         const index = entry.index ? (await this.arrayIndex(targetBinding, entry.index, state, io, operation, true)) : undefined;
-                        const fields = await this.valueWord(entry.value, state, io, entry.index === undefined);
+                        const fields = await this.valueWord(entry.value, state, io, entry.index === undefined, false, false, false, undefined, false, entry.index === undefined, entry.index === undefined ? undefined : 0);
                         if (index !== undefined) {
                             const value = await join(fields);
                             await insert(index, value, entry.append);
@@ -6240,6 +6481,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                             if (!watch.valid())
                                 throw new ArrayFailure("binding changed during writer admission");
                             prepared.validate();
+                            // Clearing an indexed destination is an assignment even without elements.
+                            if (clear)
+                                prepared.binding.assigned = true;
                             let retirement;
                             monitor.publish(prepared.tickets, name, () => {
                                 delete state.variables[name];
@@ -8145,14 +8389,14 @@ export class Runtime {
                 const r0 = command.redirects[0];
                 const rOp = r0.operator;
                 const isDevNull = (r0.descriptor === undefined || r0.descriptor === 1) && !r0.move && !r0.document && (rOp === ">" || rOp === ">>" || rOp === ">|") && r0.target.plain === "/dev/null";
-                const isReadCmd = w0Plain === "read" || (command.words[1]?.plain === "read" && w0.parts[0]?.kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value.startsWith("IFS="));
+                const isReadCmd = w0Plain === "read" || w0Plain === "mapfile" || w0Plain === "readarray" || (command.words[1]?.plain === "read" && w0.parts[0]?.kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value.startsWith("IFS="));
                 if (!isDevNull && w0Plain !== "echo" && w0Plain !== "printf" && !(isReadCmd && rOp === "<<<")) {
                     pipeline._skipTrySync = true;
                     return undefined;
                 }
             }
             else if (wordsLen >= 2) {
-                if (w0Plain !== "echo" && w0Plain !== "printf" && w0Plain !== "[" && w0Plain !== "test" && w0Plain !== "mkdir" && w0Plain !== "rm" && w0Plain !== "local" && w0Plain !== "declare" && w0Plain !== "typeset" && w0Plain !== "return" && w0Plain !== "break" && w0Plain !== "continue" && w0Plain !== "shift" && w0Plain !== "read" && w0Plain !== "eval" && w0Plain !== "unset" && w0Plain !== "export" && w0Plain !== "let" && !(command.words[1]?.plain === "read" && w0.parts[0]?.kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value.startsWith("IFS=")) && !(w0Plain !== undefined && state.functions.has(w0Plain))) {
+                if (w0Plain !== ":" && w0Plain !== "true" && w0Plain !== "false" && w0Plain !== "getopts" && w0Plain !== "echo" && w0Plain !== "printf" && w0Plain !== "[" && w0Plain !== "test" && w0Plain !== "mkdir" && w0Plain !== "rm" && w0Plain !== "local" && w0Plain !== "declare" && w0Plain !== "typeset" && w0Plain !== "return" && w0Plain !== "break" && w0Plain !== "continue" && w0Plain !== "shift" && w0Plain !== "read" && w0Plain !== "eval" && w0Plain !== "unset" && w0Plain !== "export" && w0Plain !== "let" && !(command.words[1]?.plain === "read" && w0.parts[0]?.kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value.startsWith("IFS=")) && !(w0Plain !== undefined && state.functions.has(w0Plain))) {
                     return undefined;
                 }
             }
@@ -8214,6 +8458,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                             return true;
                     }
                 }
+                // mapfile can require the asynchronous path as its input or binding
+                // changes. Never speculate across a loop that has already made writes.
             }
             return false;
         }
@@ -8238,7 +8484,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     const fnBody = rawState.functions.get(w0Plain);
                     return fnBody.kind === "group" && fnBody.redirects.length === 0 && this.canSyncScriptCompound(fnBody.body, rawState, depth + 1);
                 }
-                const st = stateMonitor(rawState)?.store ?? (stateMonitor(rawState) && !this.budget._arraySession?.hasActiveLedger ? requireArrays(rawState) : undefined);
+                const st = stateMonitor(rawState)?.store ?? (stateMonitor(rawState) && (this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes === Infinity && this.budget.limits.maxExpansionFields === Infinity) ? requireArrays(rawState) : undefined);
                 const arrayAssign = getArrayAssignment(w0);
                 if (arrayAssign) {
                     if (!st)
@@ -8247,7 +8493,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         return false;
                     }
                     if (arrayAssign.kind === "compound") {
-                        const isAssoc = Boolean(st?.get(arrayAssign.name)?.associative);
+                        const isAssoc = Boolean(st?.get(resolveSyncNameref(rawState, arrayAssign.name))?.associative);
                         return (arrayAssign.entries.length <= 32 && arrayAssign.entries.every(e => {
                             if (e.append)
                                 return false;
@@ -8259,13 +8505,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 const kSrc = (e.index.source ?? e.index.decimal).trim();
                                 return /^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,8})$/.test(kSrc) && isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(e.value);
                             }
+                            if (this.canSyncArrayMembersWord(e.value, rawState))
+                                return true;
                             return isNoBraceSyncWord(e.value) && e.value.parts.length > 0 && e.value.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && p.value.length > 0 && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)));
                         }));
                     }
                     return isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(arrayAssign.value);
                 }
                 const assignment = this.assignment(w0);
-                return Boolean(assignment && assignment.name !== "OPTIND" && assignment.name !== "PIPESTATUS" && !assignment.name.includes("[") && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name) && (!st?.get(assignment.name) || (!assignment.append && !hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, assignment.name) && !rawState.exported.has(assignment.name))) && isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(assignment.value));
+                return Boolean(assignment && (assignment.name !== "OPTIND" || (!assignment.append && !rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND"))) && assignment.name !== "PIPESTATUS" && !assignment.name.includes("[") && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name) && (!st?.get(assignment.name) || (!assignment.append && !hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, assignment.name) && !rawState.exported.has(assignment.name))) && isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(assignment.value));
             }
             if (w0Plain !== undefined && command.words.length <= 64 && rawState.functions.has(w0Plain) && this.firstInternalDiscovery(w0Plain, rawState, false) === "function" && !hasActiveExtensions(rawState)) {
                 const fnBody = rawState.functions.get(w0Plain);
@@ -8292,7 +8540,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
             if (command.words.length >= 2 && command.words.length <= 16) {
                 if (w0Plain === "unset" &&
-                    rawState.locals.length === 0 &&
+                    depth === 0 && rawState.locals.length === 0 &&
                     !hasShellFunction(rawState, "unset") &&
                     !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("unset")) {
                     const uStart = command.words[1]?.plain === "-v" ? 2 : 1;
@@ -8316,6 +8564,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 if (w0Plain === "export" &&
                     rawState.locals.length === 0 &&
+                    depth === 0 &&
                     !hasShellFunction(rawState, "export") &&
                     !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("export")) {
                     let allOk = true;
@@ -8382,17 +8631,19 @@ export class Runtime {
                 // Array locals require the typed declaration and restoration lifecycle.
                 if (command.words[1]?.plain === "-a" || command.words[1]?.plain === "-A")
                     return false;
+                const isNamerefDecl = command.words[1]?.plain === "-n" && (rawState.locals.length > 0 || depth > 0) && command.words.length >= 3;
+                const isGlobalDecl = command.words[1]?.plain === "-g" && (w0Plain === "declare" || w0Plain === "typeset") && command.words.length >= 3;
                 let allValidLocal = true;
-                for (let idx = 1; idx < command.words.length; idx++) {
+                for (let idx = (isNamerefDecl || isGlobalDecl) ? 2 : 1; idx < command.words.length; idx++) {
                     const wArg = command.words[idx];
                     const assignment = !getArrayAssignment(wArg) ? this.assignment(wArg) : undefined;
                     if (assignment) {
-                        if (assignment.name === "OPTIND" || assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" || assignment.name.includes("[") || !isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(assignment.value)) {
+                        if ((!isNamerefDecl && rawState.variableAttributes?.get(assignment.name)) || (assignment.name === "OPTIND" && (assignment.append || rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND"))) || assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" || assignment.name.includes("[") || !isNoBraceSyncAssignWord(assignment.value)) {
                             allValidLocal = false;
                             break;
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (!wArg.plain || !/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(wArg.plain) || wArg.plain === "OPTIND" || wArg.plain === "PIPESTATUS") {
+                    else if (!wArg.plain || !/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(wArg.plain) || (wArg.plain === "OPTIND" && rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND")) || wArg.plain === "PIPESTATUS") {
                         allValidLocal = false;
                         break;
                     }
@@ -8400,6 +8651,13 @@ export class Runtime {
                 if (allValidLocal)
                     return true;
             }
+            if ((w0Plain === ":" || w0Plain === "true" || w0Plain === "false") && command.words.length <= 16 && !hasShellFunction(rawState, w0Plain) && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has(w0Plain) && command.words.slice(1).every(isNoBraceSyncWord)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // The scanner may require diagnostics or exceed its synchronous bounds.
+            // Falling back after an earlier loop iteration would replay its effects.
+            if (w0Plain === "getopts")
+                return false;
             if (w0Plain === "echo" && !hasShellFunction(rawState, "echo") && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("echo")) {
                 const w1Plain = command.words[1]?.plain;
                 if (w1Plain === undefined || !w1Plain.startsWith("-") || w1Plain === "-n" || w1Plain === "-e" || w1Plain === "-ne" || w1Plain === "-en")
@@ -8430,7 +8688,17 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
             if (w0Plain !== undefined && rawState.functions.has(w0Plain) && command.words.slice(1).every(isNoBraceSyncWord)) {
                 const fnBody = rawState.functions.get(w0Plain);
-                return fnBody.kind === "group" && fnBody.redirects.length === 0 && this.canSyncScriptCompound(fnBody.body, rawState, depth + 1);
+                if (fnBody.kind !== "group" || fnBody.redirects.length !== 0)
+                    return false;
+                rawState.locals.push(new Map());
+                rawState.functionDepth++;
+                try {
+                    return this.canSyncScriptCompound(fnBody.body, rawState, depth + 1);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    rawState.functionDepth--;
+                    rawState.locals.pop();
+                }
             }
             return false;
         }
@@ -8458,8 +8726,35 @@ export class Runtime {
                     return this.isPureSyncValueWord(e.operand, rawState);
                 if (e.kind === "unary")
                     return (e.operator === "-n" || e.operator === "-z" || e.operator === "-v") && this.isPureSyncValueWord(e.operand, rawState);
-                if (e.kind === "binary")
+                if (e.kind === "binary") {
+                    if (e.operator === "=~") {
+                        if (!this.isPureSyncValueWord(e.left, rawState) || !this.extractSimpleErePattern(e.right) || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has("BASH_REMATCH") || rawState.exported.has("BASH_REMATCH") || hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, "BASH_REMATCH"))
+                            return false;
+                        const mon = stateMonitor(rawState);
+                        if (!mon || (this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes !== Infinity || this.budget.limits.maxExpansionFields !== Infinity) || mon.hasOverlay("BASH_REMATCH"))
+                            return false;
+                        const st = mon.store ?? requireArrays(rawState);
+                        if (st.watches.has("BASH_REMATCH"))
+                            return false;
+                        let rem = st.get("BASH_REMATCH");
+                        if (!rem) {
+                            if (rawState.variables.BASH_REMATCH !== undefined)
+                                return false;
+                            const created = IndexedBinding.create(st.owner, false);
+                            const prepared = st.prepareExistingName("BASH_REMATCH", 12, st.owner, this.signal);
+                            if (!prepared) {
+                                void created.release();
+                                return false;
+                            }
+                            const initTickets = st.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
+                            st.publish("BASH_REMATCH", created, initTickets, prepared, false, st.owner);
+                            mon.epoch = initTickets.epoch;
+                            rem = created;
+                        }
+                        return !rem.associative && rem.references === 1;
+                    }
                     return this.isPureSyncValueWord(e.left, rawState) && (e.operator === "==" || e.operator === "=" || e.operator === "!=" ? this.canSyncPatternWordParts(e.right, rawState) : this.isPureSyncValueWord(e.right, rawState));
+                }
                 if (e.kind === "not")
                     return checkCondNoFile(e.operand);
                 if (e.kind === "and" || e.kind === "or")
@@ -8497,13 +8792,13 @@ export class Runtime {
                     const sel0 = p0?.kind === "variable" ? getArraySelector(p0) : undefined;
                     const isArrAt = Boolean(p0?.kind === "variable" && p0.quoted && !p0.indirect && !p0.prefixNames && !p0.length && !p0.substring && !p0.transform && p0.operator === undefined && (sel0?.kind === "members" || sel0?.kind === "keys") && sel0.separator === "@");
                     const isBraceRange = Boolean(p0?.kind === "text" && !p0.quoted && /^\{-?\d+\.\.-?\d+(?:\.\.-?\d+)?\}$/.test(p0.value));
-                    if (!isArrAt && !isBraceRange && !(this.isPureSyncValueWord(w0, rawState) && w0.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)))))
+                    if (!isArrAt && !isBraceRange && !this.canSyncArrayMembersWord(w0, rawState) && !(this.isPureSyncValueWord(w0, rawState) && w0.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)))))
                         return false;
                 }
                 else {
                     for (let i = 0; i < command.words.length; i++) {
                         const w = command.words[i];
-                        if (!this.isPureSyncValueWord(w, rawState) || !w.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true))))
+                        if (!this.canSyncArrayMembersWord(w, rawState) && (!this.isPureSyncValueWord(w, rawState) || !w.parts.every(p => p.quoted || (p.kind === "text" && !p.value.includes(" ") && !p.value.includes("\t") && !p.value.includes("\n") && !p.value.includes("{") && !hasGlobOrEscape(p.value, true)))))
                             return false;
                     }
                 }
@@ -8610,7 +8905,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                         }
                         else if (wp0 === "local" || wp0 === "declare" || wp0 === "typeset") {
                             const isArrDecl = c.words[1]?.plain === "-a" || c.words[1]?.plain === "-A";
-                            for (let k = isArrDecl ? 2 : 1; k < c.words.length; k++) {
+                            const isNameref = c.words[1]?.plain === "-n";
+                            const isGlobal = c.words[1]?.plain === "-g";
+                            for (let k = (isArrDecl || isNameref || isGlobal) ? 2 : 1; k < c.words.length; k++) {
                                 const wk = c.words[k];
                                 const aa = getArrayAssignment(wk);
                                 if (aa) {
@@ -8627,6 +8924,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                                             if (wp0 === "local" || d > 0)
                                                 localArrayVars.add(nm);
                                         }
+                                        else if (isNameref) {
+                                            localArrayVars.add(nm);
+                                        }
                                         else {
                                             scalarVars.add(nm);
                                             const pv = asg?.value.plain;
@@ -8637,8 +8937,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 }
                             }
                         }
-                        else if (wp0 === "printf" && c.words[1]?.plain === "-v" && c.words[2]?.plain) {
-                            const target = c.words[2].plain;
+                        else if (wp0 === "printf" && c.words[1]?.plain === "-v" && (c.words[2]?.plain || c.words[2]?.parts[0]?.kind === "text")) {
+                            const target = c.words[2].plain ?? c.words[2].parts[0].value;
                             const br = target.indexOf("[");
                             if (br > 0)
                                 arrayVars.add(target.slice(0, br));
@@ -8647,6 +8947,19 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 nonIntScalarVars.add(target);
                             }
                         }
+                        else if (wp0 === "mapfile" || wp0 === "readarray") {
+                            arrayVars.add(c.words[2]?.plain ?? "MAPFILE");
+                        }
+                        else if (wp0 === "getopts") {
+                            const ov = c.words[2]?.plain;
+                            if (ov && isShellIdentifier(ov)) {
+                                scalarVars.add(ov);
+                                nonIntScalarVars.add(ov);
+                            }
+                            scalarVars.add("OPTIND");
+                            scalarVars.add("OPTARG");
+                            nonIntScalarVars.add("OPTARG");
+                        }
                         else if (wp0 === "read" || (c.words[1]?.plain === "read")) {
                             for (let k = 1; k < c.words.length; k++) {
                                 const vp = c.words[k]?.plain;
@@ -8828,36 +9141,8 @@ export class Runtime {
             if (expr.operator === "-z")
                 return val.length === 0 ? 0 : 1;
             if (expr.operator === "-v") {
-                const bracket = val.indexOf("[");
-                if (bracket < 0) {
-                    if (!isShellIdentifier(val))
-                        return 1;
-                    const b = store?.get(val);
-                    if (b)
-                        return b.get(b.associative ? b.keys.get("30")?.index ?? -1 : 0) !== undefined ? 0 : 1;
-                    return this.variable(rawState, val) !== undefined ? 0 : 1;
-                }
-                if (!val.endsWith("]"))
-                    return 1;
-                const base = val.slice(0, bracket);
-                if (!isShellIdentifier(base))
-                    return 1;
-                const sub = val.slice(bracket + 1, -1);
-                const b = store?.get(base);
-                if (!b?.associative && (sub === "@" || sub === "*")) {
-                    return (b ? b.values.size > 0 : this.variable(rawState, base) !== undefined) ? 0 : 1;
-                }
-                if (b?.associative) {
-                    if (sub.length === 0 || sub.length > 4096 || /[$\x60\\"']/.test(sub))
-                        return undefined;
-                    const ek = b.keys.get(fastStringHexIdentity(sub));
-                    return (ek !== undefined && b.getValue(ek.index) !== undefined) ? 0 : 1;
-                }
-                if (/^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,8})$/.test(sub)) {
-                    const idx = Number(sub);
-                    return (b ? b.getValue(idx) !== undefined : idx === 0 && this.variable(rawState, base) !== undefined) ? 0 : 1;
-                }
-                return undefined;
+                const present = this.tryVariablePresentSync(rawState, val);
+                return present === undefined ? undefined : present ? 0 : 1;
             }
             if (syncConditionalFileUnaryOps.has(expr.operator)) {
                 const fileRes = this.tryEvalFastMemoryFileUnary(expr.operator, val, rawState);
@@ -9016,7 +9301,24 @@ export class Runtime {
         }
         return undefined;
     }
-    finishSyncPipeStatus(rawState, monitor, store, existing, elem0, scope, finalStatus, restEpoch) {
+    setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, status) {
+        const cell = existing.values.get(0);
+        if (cell && cell.text.references === 1 && cell.text.bytes === status.length) {
+            cell.text.shellValue = status;
+        }
+        else {
+            existing.owner.chargeWork(status.length);
+            const token = new OwnedText(status, status.length, existing.owner.reserve({ payload: status.length, metadata: 32, work: 4 }));
+            try {
+                existing.insert(0, token);
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                token.release();
+                throw error;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    finishSyncPipeStatus(rawState, monitor, store, existing, _elem0, scope, finalStatus, restEpoch) {
         if (!existing) {
             if (store) {
                 if (publishPipelineStatus(rawState, finalStatus === 0 ? singleStatusZero : singleStatusOne, this.signal, scope))
@@ -9028,7 +9330,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
         }
         else {
-            (elem0 ?? existing.values.get(0)).text.shellValue = finalStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1";
+            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, finalStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1");
             store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
         }
         rawState.status = finalStatus;
@@ -9050,7 +9352,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             return undefined;
         const rawState = monitor.raw;
         const gArrays = guestArrays(rawState);
-        if (io.terminal || io.asyncDefaultInput || hasActiveExtensions(rawState) || hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState) || (gArrays && gArrays.watches.size > 0))
+        if (io.terminal || io.asyncDefaultInput || hasActiveExtensions(rawState) || hasNonNamerefAttributes(rawState) || (gArrays && gArrays.watches.size > 0))
             return undefined;
         if (((this.budget.commands + 1) & 127) === 0) {
             if (hasYieldCheckpoint(this.signal) || (this._syncReturnDepth === 0 && ((this.budget.commands + 1) & 8191) === 0))
@@ -9067,7 +9369,7 @@ export class Runtime {
         let existing = store?.get("PIPESTATUS");
         if (store && !existing) {
             const initTarget = pipelineStatusTarget(rawState);
-            if (!this.budget._arraySession?.hasActiveLedger &&
+            if ((this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes === Infinity && this.budget.limits.maxExpansionFields === Infinity) &&
                 (initTarget === "indexed" || initTarget === "absent") &&
                 !store.watches.has("PIPESTATUS") &&
                 !monitor.hasOverlay("PIPESTATUS") &&
@@ -9093,10 +9395,10 @@ export class Runtime {
             return undefined;
         }
         const elem0 = existing?.values.get(0);
-        if (existing && (!elem0 || elem0.text.bytes !== 1))
+        if (existing && !elem0)
             return undefined;
         const canMutatePipeStatus = !existing || (existing.references === 1 && elem0.text.references === 1);
-        const diagnosticLine = io.diagnosticCommandLines?.get(command) ?? (command.line ?? 1) + (io.diagnosticOffset ?? 0);
+        const diagnosticLine = io.diagnosticCommandLines?.get(command) ?? io.substitutionDiagnosticLines?.get(command) ?? (command.line ?? 1) + (io.diagnosticOffset ?? 0);
         if (command.kind === "function") {
             if (pipeline.negate || !canMutatePipeStatus || command.redirects.length > 0 || rawState.readonlyFunctions?.has(command.name) || (rawState.profile === "sh" && (specialBuiltinNames.has(command.name) || rawState.extensions?.builtins.get(command.name)?.special))) {
                 return undefined;
@@ -9159,7 +9461,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     }
             }
             else {
-                activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = finalStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1";
+                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, finalStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1");
                 activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
             }
             rawState.status = finalStatus;
@@ -9265,13 +9567,13 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 const scalarMutMatch = fastSrc.length <= 64 ? SIMPLE_SCALAR_MUT_RE.exec(fastSrc) : null;
                 if (scalarMutMatch) {
-                    const varName = scalarMutMatch[1];
+                    const varName = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, scalarMutMatch[1]);
                     const binOp = scalarMutMatch[2];
                     const rhs1 = Number(scalarMutMatch[3]);
                     const rhsOp = scalarMutMatch[4];
                     const rhs2 = scalarMutMatch[5] !== undefined ? Number(scalarMutMatch[5]) : 0;
                     const rhsNum = rhsOp === "+" ? rhs1 + rhs2 : rhsOp === "-" ? rhs1 - rhs2 : rhsOp === "*" ? rhs1 * rhs2 : rhs1;
-                    if (varName !== "OPTIND" && varName !== "PIPESTATUS" && !store?.get(varName) && !hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState)) {
+                    if (varName !== "OPTIND" && varName !== "PIPESTATUS" && !store?.get(varName) && !hasNonNamerefAttributes(rawState)) {
                         const curVal = (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(varName))
                             ? (rawState.variables[varName] ?? "0")
                             : (monitor.values.get(varName, rawState.variables[varName] ?? "0") ?? rawState.variables[varName] ?? "0");
@@ -9353,7 +9655,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 const dynProg = prepareArithmetic(fastSrc, this.budget.parsing);
                 if (!dynProg.error && isSafeSmiProgram(dynProg) && this.canSyncArithmeticWithoutFault(dynProg.tree, rawState, diagnosticLine)) {
-                    const nonZero = this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(dynProg, rawState, diagnosticLine);
+                    let nonZero;
+                    try {
+                        nonZero = this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(dynProg, rawState, diagnosticLine);
+                    }
+                    catch (err) {
+                        if (err instanceof ArrayFailure)
+                            return undefined;
+                        throw err;
+                    }
                     if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
                         publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
                     const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
@@ -9366,7 +9676,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
             }
             if (!expr.error && isSafeSmiProgram(expr) && this.canSyncArithmeticWithoutFault(expr.tree, rawState, diagnosticLine)) {
-                const nonZero = this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(expr, rawState, diagnosticLine);
+                let nonZero;
+                try {
+                    nonZero = this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(expr, rawState, diagnosticLine);
+                }
+                catch (err) {
+                    if (err instanceof ArrayFailure)
+                        return undefined;
+                    throw err;
+                }
                 if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
                     publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
                 const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
@@ -9425,9 +9743,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 return res;
             }
-            const fastLoopRes = this.trySyncLoop(command, pipeline, rawState, monitor, store, existing, elem0, canMutatePipeStatus, io, diagnosticLine);
-            if (fastLoopRes !== undefined)
-                return fastLoopRes;
+            if (!command._skipTrySyncLoop) {
+                const fastLoopRes = this.trySyncLoop(command, pipeline, rawState, monitor, store, existing, elem0, canMutatePipeStatus, io, diagnosticLine);
+                if (fastLoopRes !== undefined)
+                    return fastLoopRes;
+                command._skipTrySyncLoop = true;
+            }
         }
         if (command.kind === "group" || command.kind === "if" || command.kind === "case" || command.kind === "while" || command.kind === "until" || command.kind === "for" || command.kind === "arithmetic-for") {
             if (command.redirects.length !== 0 || pipeline.negate || !canMutatePipeStatus || (!ignored && rawState.errexit) || rawState.nounset || rawState.readonlyVariables?.size || hasYieldCheckpoint(this.signal) || (this._syncReturnDepth === 0 && (((this.budget.commands + 32) & 8191) < 32 || !this.canSyncCommandCompound(command, rawState, 0, rawState.loopDepth)))) {
@@ -9488,6 +9809,12 @@ export class Runtime {
             if (command.kind === "while" || command.kind === "until") {
                 this.budget.tick();
                 let lastStatus = 0;
+                const enableBatchRawWrite = !this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && !hasActiveExtensions(rawState) && !hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState) && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.size && !rawState.allexport;
+                const batchTouched = enableBatchRawWrite ? new Set() : undefined;
+                if (enableBatchRawWrite) {
+                    this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = true;
+                    this._syncArithTouched = batchTouched;
+                }
                 rawState.loopDepth++;
                 this._syncReturnDepth++;
                 try {
@@ -9544,6 +9871,17 @@ export class Runtime {
                 finally {
                     this._syncReturnDepth--;
                     rawState.loopDepth--;
+                    if (enableBatchRawWrite && batchTouched) {
+                        this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = false;
+                        this._syncArithTouched = undefined;
+                        for (const vName of batchTouched) {
+                            const vVal = rawState.variables[vName];
+                            if (typeof vVal === "string")
+                                monitor.publishStringVariable(vName, vVal);
+                            else if (vVal === undefined)
+                                delete monitor.proxy.variables[vName];
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 rawState.status = lastStatus;
                 return lastStatus;
@@ -9554,12 +9892,18 @@ export class Runtime {
                     return undefined;
                 }
                 this.budget.tick();
-                if (e0)
-                    this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(e0, rawState, diagnosticLine);
+                const enableBatchRawWrite = !this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && !hasActiveExtensions(rawState) && !hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState) && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.size && !rawState.allexport;
+                const batchTouched = enableBatchRawWrite ? new Set() : undefined;
+                if (enableBatchRawWrite) {
+                    this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = true;
+                    this._syncArithTouched = batchTouched;
+                }
                 let lastStatus = 0;
                 rawState.loopDepth++;
                 this._syncReturnDepth++;
                 try {
+                    if (e0)
+                        this.syncShellArithmeticNonZero(e0, rawState, diagnosticLine);
                     let iter = 0;
                     while (true) {
                         if (++iter > 4096)
@@ -9603,6 +9947,17 @@ export class Runtime {
                 finally {
                     this._syncReturnDepth--;
                     rawState.loopDepth--;
+                    if (enableBatchRawWrite && batchTouched) {
+                        this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = false;
+                        this._syncArithTouched = undefined;
+                        for (const vName of batchTouched) {
+                            const vVal = rawState.variables[vName];
+                            if (typeof vVal === "string")
+                                monitor.publishStringVariable(vName, vVal);
+                            else if (vVal === undefined)
+                                delete monitor.proxy.variables[vName];
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 rawState.status = lastStatus;
                 return lastStatus;
@@ -9615,10 +9970,10 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 else if (command.words.length === 1) {
                     const w0 = command.words[0];
-                    const nonEmpty0 = w0.parts.filter(p => !(p.kind === "text" && p.value === ""));
-                    const p0 = nonEmpty0.length === 1 ? nonEmpty0[0] : undefined;
+                    items = this.tryExpandSyncArrayMembersWord(w0, rawState, io, diagnosticLine);
+                    const p0 = items ? undefined : (w0.parts.length === 1 ? w0.parts[0] : (w0.parts.length === 2 && w0.parts[0].kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value === "" ? w0.parts[1] : undefined));
                     const sel0 = p0?.kind === "variable" ? getArraySelector(p0) : undefined;
-                    if (p0?.kind === "variable" && p0.quoted && (sel0?.kind === "members" || sel0?.kind === "keys") && sel0.separator === "@") {
+                    if (p0?.kind === "variable" && p0.quoted && !p0.substring && (sel0?.kind === "members" || sel0?.kind === "keys") && sel0.separator === "@") {
                         const b = monitor.store?.get(p0.name);
                         items = [];
                         if (b) {
@@ -9657,6 +10012,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                 if (!items && command.words) {
                     items = [];
                     for (let i = 0; i < command.words.length; i++) {
+                        const expandedArr = this.tryExpandSyncArrayMembersWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, diagnosticLine);
+                        if (expandedArr !== undefined) {
+                            for (let mIdx = 0; mIdx < expandedArr.length; mIdx++)
+                                items.push(expandedArr[mIdx]);
+                            continue;
+                        }
                         let fv;
                         try {
                             fv = this.fastValueWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
@@ -9673,6 +10034,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                     return undefined;
                 this.budget.tick();
                 let lastStatus = 0;
+                const enableBatchRawWrite = !this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && !hasActiveExtensions(rawState) && !hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState) && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.size && !rawState.allexport;
+                const batchTouched = enableBatchRawWrite ? new Set() : undefined;
+                if (enableBatchRawWrite) {
+                    this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = true;
+                    this._syncArithTouched = batchTouched;
+                }
                 rawState.loopDepth++;
                 this._syncReturnDepth++;
                 try {
@@ -9683,7 +10050,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                             runYieldCheckpoint(this.signal);
                         }
                         this.budget.loop();
-                        monitor.publishStringVariable(command.name, items[idx]);
+                        if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                            rawState.variables[command.name] = items[idx];
+                            this._syncArithTouched.add(command.name);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            monitor.publishStringVariable(command.name, items[idx]);
                         if (rawState.allexport)
                             rawState.exported.add(command.name);
                         const bodyRes = this.trySyncScript(command.body, state, io, ignored);
@@ -9709,6 +10081,17 @@ export class Runtime {
                 finally {
                     this._syncReturnDepth--;
                     rawState.loopDepth--;
+                    if (enableBatchRawWrite && batchTouched) {
+                        this._syncArithRawWriteOnly = false;
+                        this._syncArithTouched = undefined;
+                        for (const vName of batchTouched) {
+                            const vVal = rawState.variables[vName];
+                            if (typeof vVal === "string")
+                                monitor.publishStringVariable(vName, vVal);
+                            else if (vVal === undefined)
+                                delete monitor.proxy.variables[vName];
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 rawState.status = lastStatus;
                 return lastStatus;
@@ -9837,7 +10220,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -9934,7 +10317,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                 monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
             }
             else {
-                elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                 store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
             }
             const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -9950,8 +10333,6 @@ export class Runtime {
             if (w0Plain === "return" && (rawState.functionDepth > 0 || rawState.sourceDepth) && !hasActiveExtensions(rawState) && !hasShellFunction(rawState, "return") && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("return") && !pipeline.negate && canMutatePipeStatus) {
                 const retStatus = rawState.status;
                 const statusStr = retStatus === 0 ? "0" : retStatus === 1 ? "1" : String(retStatus);
-                if (existing && elem0.text.bytes !== statusStr.length)
-                    return undefined;
                 const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
                 this.budget.tick();
                 rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
@@ -9965,7 +10346,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = statusStr;
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, statusStr);
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 rawState.status = retStatus;
@@ -9997,7 +10378,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 rawState.status = 0;
@@ -10029,7 +10410,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = statusChar;
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, statusChar);
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 rawState.status = finalStatus;
@@ -10070,7 +10451,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         }
                 }
                 else {
-                    activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = "0";
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, "0");
                     activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -10082,14 +10463,15 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
             const assignment = this.assignment(w0);
             if (assignment) {
+                const targetAssignName = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, assignment.name);
                 const hasSubPart = assignment.value.parts.some(part => part.kind === "substitution");
-                const existingArrAssign = store?.get(assignment.name);
-                if (assignment.name === "OPTIND" ||
-                    assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" ||
-                    assignment.name.includes("[") ||
+                const existingArrAssign = store?.get(targetAssignName);
+                if ((targetAssignName === "OPTIND" && (assignment.append || rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND"))) ||
+                    targetAssignName === "PIPESTATUS" ||
+                    targetAssignName.includes("[") ||
                     (hasSubPart && !this.isPureSyncValueWord(assignment.value, rawState)) ||
-                    rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name) ||
-                    (existingArrAssign && (assignment.append || hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, assignment.name) || rawState.exported.has(assignment.name)))) {
+                    rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(targetAssignName) ||
+                    (existingArrAssign && (assignment.append || hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, targetAssignName) || rawState.exported.has(targetAssignName)))) {
                     return undefined;
                 }
                 if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
@@ -10103,8 +10485,14 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 if (typeof fastAssigned !== "string")
                     return undefined;
+                if (targetAssignName === "OPTIND") {
+                    const trimmedOptind = fastAssigned.trim();
+                    if (!/^[0-9]{1,6}$/.test(trimmedOptind))
+                        return undefined;
+                    fastAssigned = String(Number(trimmedOptind));
+                }
                 if (existingArrAssign) {
-                    if (!this.tryFastArraySubscriptWriteSync(rawState, assignment.name, "0", fastAssigned))
+                    if (!this.tryFastArraySubscriptWriteSync(rawState, targetAssignName, "0", fastAssigned))
                         return undefined;
                     const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
                     this.budget.tick();
@@ -10128,7 +10516,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         }
                     }
                     else {
-                        activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = "0";
+                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, "0");
                         activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                     }
                     const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -10140,8 +10528,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 let finalAssigned = fastAssigned;
                 if (assignment.append) {
-                    const curRaw = rawState.variables[assignment.name];
-                    const curStr = curRaw === undefined ? "" : (monitor.values.get(assignment.name, curRaw) ?? curRaw);
+                    const curRaw = rawState.variables[targetAssignName];
+                    const curStr = curRaw === undefined ? "" : (monitor.values.get(targetAssignName, curRaw) ?? curRaw);
                     if (typeof curStr !== "string")
                         return undefined;
                     finalAssigned = curStr + finalAssigned;
@@ -10152,17 +10540,21 @@ export class Runtime {
                 this.budget.tick();
                 if (!hasSubPart)
                     rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
-                if (assignment.name !== "_" && rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
+                if (targetAssignName !== "_" && rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
                     delete rawState.variables._;
                 rawState.lastArgument = "";
                 if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
-                    rawState.variables[assignment.name] = finalAssigned;
-                    this._syncArithTouched.add(assignment.name);
+                    rawState.variables[targetAssignName] = finalAssigned;
+                    this._syncArithTouched.add(targetAssignName);
                 }
                 else
-                    monitor.publishStringVariable(assignment.name, finalAssigned);
+                    monitor.publishStringVariable(targetAssignName, finalAssigned);
+                if (targetAssignName === "OPTIND") {
+                    rawState.variables.OPTIND = finalAssigned;
+                    this.syncGetopts(rawState);
+                }
                 if (rawState.allexport)
-                    monitor.proxy.exported.add(assignment.name);
+                    monitor.proxy.exported.add(targetAssignName);
                 if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
                     io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
                 if (!existing) {
@@ -10170,7 +10562,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
                 const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -10186,60 +10578,234 @@ export class Runtime {
         if (command.words.length >= 1) {
             const w0Plain = command.words[0].plain;
             if (this.budget.limits.maxExpansionFields === Infinity && command.words.length >= 4 && w0Plain === "printf" && command.words[1]?.plain === "-v" && command.redirects.length === 0 && canMutatePipeStatus && (!pipeline.negate || ignored || !rawState.errexit) && !hasShellFunction(rawState, "printf") && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("printf")) {
-                const targetVar = command.words[2]?.plain;
                 const def = this.commands.get("printf");
-                if (targetVar && isShellIdentifier(targetVar) && targetVar !== "OPTIND" && targetVar !== "PIPESTATUS" && targetVar !== "_" && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(targetVar) && !store?.get(targetVar) && !monitor.hasOverlay(targetVar) && def && def.execute === printfCommand.execute && command.words.length <= this.budget.maxExpansionFieldsSmi && this.arePureArgWords(command.words, rawState)) {
-                    fastSubScratchArgs.length = 0;
-                    let allStrings = true;
-                    try {
-                        for (let i = 3; i < command.words.length; i++) {
-                            const v = this.fastValueWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
-                            if (typeof v !== "string") {
+                if (def && def.execute === printfCommand.execute && command.words.length <= this.budget.maxExpansionFieldsSmi && this.arePureArgWords(command.words, rawState)) {
+                    let targetSpec = command.words[2]?.plain;
+                    if (targetSpec === undefined) {
+                        try {
+                            targetSpec = this.fastValueWord(command.words[2], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            targetSpec = undefined;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (typeof targetSpec === "string") {
+                        const openBr = targetSpec.indexOf("[");
+                        const isSubTarget = openBr > 0 && targetSpec.endsWith("]") && targetSpec.length > openBr + 2;
+                        const rawTargetVar = isSubTarget ? targetSpec.slice(0, openBr) : targetSpec;
+                        const targetVar = isShellIdentifier(rawTargetVar) ? resolveSyncNameref(rawState, rawTargetVar) : "";
+                        if (targetVar && isShellIdentifier(targetVar) && targetVar !== "OPTIND" && targetVar !== "PIPESTATUS" && targetVar !== "_" && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(targetVar) && !monitor.hasOverlay(targetVar) && (isSubTarget || !store?.get(targetVar))) {
+                            fastSubScratchArgs.length = 0;
+                            let allStrings = true;
+                            try {
+                                for (let i = 3; i < command.words.length; i++) {
+                                    const v = this.fastValueWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                                    if (typeof v !== "string") {
+                                        allStrings = false;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                    fastSubScratchArgs.push(v);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            catch {
                                 allStrings = false;
-                                break;
                             }
-                            fastSubScratchArgs.push(v);
+                            const lastArg = fastSubScratchArgs.length > 0 ? fastSubScratchArgs[fastSubScratchArgs.length - 1] : targetSpec;
+                            const formatted = allStrings ? tryFastPrintf(fastSubScratchArgs) : undefined;
+                            fastSubScratchArgs.length = 0;
+                            if (formatted !== undefined && formatted.length <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes && (formatted.length * 3 <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes || shellValueByteLength(formatted) <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes)) {
+                                let wroteTarget = true;
+                                if (isSubTarget) {
+                                    let subKey = targetSpec.slice(openBr + 1, -1);
+                                    const existingArr = store?.get(targetVar);
+                                    if (!existingArr?.associative && !/^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,8})$/.test(subKey)) {
+                                        const syncTouched = this._syncArithRawWriteOnly ? this._syncArithTouched : undefined;
+                                        const directIdx = resolveSimpleArithOperand(subKey.trim(), rawState, monitor, store, syncTouched);
+                                        if (directIdx !== undefined && directIdx >= 0)
+                                            subKey = String(directIdx);
+                                        else {
+                                            const exprIdx = tryEvalSimpleExpandedArith(subKey.trim(), rawState, monitor, store, syncTouched);
+                                            if (exprIdx !== undefined && Number(exprIdx) >= 0)
+                                                subKey = exprIdx;
+                                            else
+                                                wroteTarget = false;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    if (wroteTarget && !this.tryFastArraySubscriptWriteSync(rawState, targetVar, subKey, formatted))
+                                        wroteTarget = false;
+                                }
+                                else if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                                    rawState.variables[targetVar] = formatted;
+                                    this._syncArithTouched.add(targetVar);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    monitor.publishStringVariable(targetVar, formatted);
+                                if (wroteTarget) {
+                                    if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
+                                        publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
+                                    const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
+                                    this.budget.tick();
+                                    rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
+                                    if (rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
+                                        delete rawState.variables._;
+                                    rawState.lastArgument = lastArg;
+                                    if (!isSubTarget && rawState.allexport)
+                                        monitor.proxy.exported.add(targetVar);
+                                    if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
+                                        io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
+                                    if (!existing) {
+                                        monitor.lazyPipeStatus = singleStatusZero;
+                                        monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
+                                        store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
+                                    }
+                                    const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
+                                    rawState.status = finalStatus;
+                                    monitor.epoch = restEpoch;
+                                    if (store)
+                                        store.epoch = restEpoch;
+                                    return finalStatus;
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
-                    catch {
-                        allStrings = false;
-                    }
-                    const lastArg = fastSubScratchArgs.length > 0 ? fastSubScratchArgs[fastSubScratchArgs.length - 1] : targetVar;
-                    const formatted = allStrings ? tryFastPrintf(fastSubScratchArgs) : undefined;
-                    fastSubScratchArgs.length = 0;
-                    if (formatted !== undefined && formatted.length <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes && (formatted.length * 3 <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes || shellValueByteLength(formatted) <= this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes)) {
-                        if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
-                            publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
-                        const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
-                        this.budget.tick();
-                        rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
-                        if (rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
-                            delete rawState.variables._;
-                        rawState.lastArgument = lastArg;
-                        if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
-                            rawState.variables[targetVar] = formatted;
-                            this._syncArithTouched.add(targetVar);
+                }
+            }
+            if (command.words.length >= 2 && command.words.length <= 16 && (w0Plain === ":" || w0Plain === "true" || w0Plain === "false") && command.redirects.length === 0 && !hasShellFunction(rawState, w0Plain) && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has(w0Plain)) {
+                const rawStatus = w0Plain === "false" ? 1 : 0;
+                const statusChar = rawStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1";
+                if (!canMutatePipeStatus && elem0.text.shellValue !== statusChar)
+                    return undefined;
+                const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? Number(rawStatus === 0) : rawStatus;
+                if (finalStatus !== 0 && !ignored && rawState.errexit)
+                    return undefined;
+                let lastArg = w0Plain;
+                let argsOk = true;
+                try {
+                    for (let i = 1; i < command.words.length; i++) {
+                        const v = this.fastValueWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                        if (typeof v !== "string") {
+                            argsOk = false;
+                            break;
                         }
-                        else
-                            monitor.publishStringVariable(targetVar, formatted);
-                        if (rawState.allexport)
-                            monitor.proxy.exported.add(targetVar);
-                        if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
-                            io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
-                        if (!existing) {
-                            monitor.lazyPipeStatus = singleStatusZero;
-                            monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
+                        lastArg = v;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch {
+                    argsOk = false;
+                }
+                if (argsOk) {
+                    if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
+                        publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
+                    const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
+                    this.budget.tick();
+                    rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
+                    if (rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
+                        delete rawState.variables._;
+                    rawState.lastArgument = lastArg;
+                    if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
+                        io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
+                    return this.finishSyncPipeStatus(rawState, monitor, monitor.store, monitor.store?.get("PIPESTATUS"), elem0, scope, finalStatus, restEpoch);
+                }
+            }
+            if (command.words.length >= 3 && command.words.length <= 16 && w0Plain === "getopts" && command.redirects.length === 0 && !hasShellFunction(rawState, "getopts") && !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has("getopts")) {
+                const optVar = command.words[2]?.plain;
+                if (optVar && isShellIdentifier(optVar) && optVar !== "OPTIND" && optVar !== "PIPESTATUS" && optVar !== "_" && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(optVar) && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has("OPTIND") && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has("OPTARG") && !rawState.variableAttributes?.get(optVar) && !rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND") && !rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTARG") && !store?.get(optVar) && !store?.get("OPTIND") && !store?.get("OPTARG") && !monitor.hasOverlay(optVar)) {
+                    let optstring;
+                    let scanArgs;
+                    let lastArg = optVar;
+                    try {
+                        optstring = command.words[1].plain ?? this.fastValueWord(command.words[1], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                        if (typeof optstring === "string") {
+                            if (command.words.length === 3) {
+                                scanArgs = this._fastSubPositional ?? rawState.positional;
+                            }
+                            else if (command.words.length === 4 && (() => { const ne = command.words[3].parts.filter(p => !(p.kind === "text" && p.value === "")); return ne.length === 1 && ne[0].kind === "variable" && ne[0].name === "@" && ne[0].quoted && !ne[0].length && !ne[0].substring && !ne[0].operator && !ne[0].transform && !ne[0].indirect && !ne[0].prefixNames && getArraySelector(ne[0]) === undefined; })()) {
+                                scanArgs = this._fastSubPositional ?? rawState.positional;
+                                if (scanArgs.length > 0)
+                                    lastArg = scanArgs[scanArgs.length - 1];
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                const customArgs = [];
+                                let customOk = true;
+                                for (let i = 3; i < command.words.length; i++) {
+                                    const v = this.fastValueWord(command.words[i], rawState, io, true, false, false, true, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                                    if (typeof v !== "string") {
+                                        customOk = false;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                    customArgs.push(v);
+                                    lastArg = v;
+                                }
+                                if (customOk)
+                                    scanArgs = customArgs;
+                            }
                         }
-                        else {
-                            elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
-                            store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
+                    }
+                    catch {
+                        scanArgs = undefined;
+                    }
+                    if (typeof optstring === "string" && optstring.startsWith(":") && scanArgs !== undefined) {
+                        rawState.getopts ??= cloneGetoptsBinding(rawState);
+                        const res = scanGetoptsSync(rawState.getopts.cursor, optstring, scanArgs);
+                        if (res !== undefined) {
+                            const rawStatus = res.status;
+                            const statusChar = rawStatus === 0 ? "0" : "1";
+                            if (canMutatePipeStatus || elem0.text.shellValue === statusChar) {
+                                const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? Number(rawStatus === 0) : rawStatus;
+                                if (finalStatus === 0 || ignored || !rawState.errexit) {
+                                    if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
+                                        publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
+                                    const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
+                                    this.budget.tick();
+                                    rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
+                                    if (rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
+                                        delete rawState.variables._;
+                                    rawState.lastArgument = lastArg;
+                                    rawState.getopts.cursor = res.state;
+                                    const optindStr = String(res.optind);
+                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                                        rawState.variables.OPTIND = optindStr;
+                                        this._syncArithTouched.add("OPTIND");
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                        monitor.publishStringVariable("OPTIND", optindStr);
+                                    if (rawState.allexport)
+                                        monitor.proxy.exported.add("OPTIND");
+                                    if (res.argument.kind === "set") {
+                                        if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                                            rawState.variables.OPTARG = res.argument.value;
+                                            this._syncArithTouched.add("OPTARG");
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                            monitor.publishStringVariable("OPTARG", res.argument.value);
+                                        if (rawState.allexport)
+                                            monitor.proxy.exported.add("OPTARG");
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        delete rawState.variables.OPTARG;
+                                        rawState.exported.delete("OPTARG");
+                                        if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched)
+                                            this._syncArithTouched.add("OPTARG");
+                                        else
+                                            monitor.values.invalidate("OPTARG");
+                                    }
+                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                                        rawState.variables[optVar] = res.option;
+                                        this._syncArithTouched.add(optVar);
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                        monitor.publishStringVariable(optVar, res.option);
+                                    if (rawState.allexport)
+                                        monitor.proxy.exported.add(optVar);
+                                    if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
+                                        io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
+                                    return this.finishSyncPipeStatus(rawState, monitor, monitor.store, monitor.store?.get("PIPESTATUS"), elem0, scope, finalStatus, restEpoch);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
-                        const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
-                        rawState.status = finalStatus;
-                        monitor.epoch = restEpoch;
-                        if (store)
-                            store.epoch = restEpoch;
-                        return finalStatus;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -10277,7 +10843,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                         }
                         else {
-                            elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                             store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                         }
                         rawState.status = 0;
@@ -10383,7 +10949,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                             }
                             else {
-                                elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                                 store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                             }
                             const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -10406,6 +10972,105 @@ export class Runtime {
                 !command.redirects[0].move &&
                 !command.redirects[0].document &&
                 (command.redirects[0].descriptor === undefined || command.redirects[0].descriptor === 0);
+            if ((w0Plain === "mapfile" || w0Plain === "readarray") &&
+                isHereStringRead &&
+                (command.words.length === 2 || command.words.length === 3) &&
+                command.words[1]?.plain === "-t" &&
+                canMutatePipeStatus &&
+                !pipeline.negate &&
+                !rawState.allexport &&
+                !hasShellFunction(rawState, w0Plain) &&
+                !rawState.extensions?.builtins.has(w0Plain)) {
+                const arrayTarget = command.words[2]?.plain ?? "MAPFILE";
+                if (!hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, arrayTarget) &&
+                    isShellIdentifier(arrayTarget) &&
+                    !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(arrayTarget) &&
+                    !rawState.exported.has(arrayTarget) &&
+                    !rawState.variableAttributes?.get(arrayTarget) &&
+                    !controlNames.has(arrayTarget)) {
+                    let hv;
+                    try {
+                        hv = this.fastValueWord(command.redirects[0].target, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
+                    }
+                    catch {
+                        hv = undefined;
+                    }
+                    if (typeof hv === "string" &&
+                        !hv.includes("\0") &&
+                        hv.length + 1 < this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes &&
+                        hv.length + 1 <= this.budget.limits.maxInputBytes) {
+                        const arrStore = monitor.store ?? requireArrays(rawState);
+                        let existingArrayBinding = arrStore.get(arrayTarget);
+                        if (!existingArrayBinding && rawState.variables[arrayTarget] === undefined && !arrStore.watches.has(arrayTarget) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrayTarget)) {
+                            const recTickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
+                            const recBinding = arrStore.takeRecycled(arrayTarget, false, true, recTickets);
+                            if (recBinding) {
+                                monitor.epoch = recTickets.epoch;
+                                existingArrayBinding = recBinding;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                try {
+                                    const created = IndexedBinding.create(arrStore.owner, false);
+                                    const prepared = arrStore.prepareExistingName(arrayTarget, shellValueByteLength(arrayTarget), arrStore.owner, this.signal);
+                                    if (prepared) {
+                                        const initTickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
+                                        arrStore.publish(arrayTarget, created, initTickets, prepared, false, arrStore.owner);
+                                        monitor.epoch = initTickets.epoch;
+                                        existingArrayBinding = created;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        void created.release();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                catch { }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (existingArrayBinding && !existingArrayBinding.associative && existingArrayBinding.references === 1 && !arrStore.watches.has(arrayTarget) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrayTarget)) {
+                            const lines = hv.split("\n");
+                            const fieldLen = lines.length;
+                            if (fieldLen <= 256) {
+                                if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
+                                    publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
+                                const tickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 + fieldLen * 4 });
+                                if (existingArrayBinding.values.size !== fieldLen || existingArrayBinding.maximum !== fieldLen - 1) {
+                                    for (const k of [...existingArrayBinding.values.keys()]) {
+                                        if (k >= fieldLen)
+                                            existingArrayBinding.remove(k);
+                                    }
+                                    existingArrayBinding.maximum = fieldLen - 1;
+                                }
+                                for (let idx = 0; idx < fieldLen; idx++) {
+                                    const val = lines[idx];
+                                    const byteLen = shellValueByteLength(val);
+                                    const slot = existingArrayBinding.values.get(idx);
+                                    if (slot && slot.text.references === 1 && slot.text.bytes === byteLen) {
+                                        existingArrayBinding.owner.chargeWork(byteLen);
+                                        slot.text.shellValue = val;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        existingArrayBinding.owner.chargeWork(byteLen);
+                                        const token = new OwnedText(val, byteLen, existingArrayBinding.owner.reserve({ payload: byteLen, metadata: 32, work: 4 }));
+                                        existingArrayBinding.insert(idx, token);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                delete rawState.variables[arrayTarget];
+                                monitor.values.invalidate(arrayTarget);
+                                monitor.epoch = tickets.epoch;
+                                arrStore.revise(arrayTarget, existingArrayBinding, tickets);
+                                const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
+                                this.budget.tick();
+                                rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
+                                if (rawState.variables._ !== undefined)
+                                    delete rawState.variables._;
+                                rawState.lastArgument = command.words[command.words.length - 1].plain ?? arrayTarget;
+                                if (io.assignmentDiagnosticContext)
+                                    io.assignmentDiagnosticContext.name = undefined;
+                                return this.finishSyncPipeStatus(rawState, monitor, monitor.store, monitor.store?.get("PIPESTATUS"), elem0, scope, 0, restEpoch);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             if ((w0Plain === "read" || (command.words[1]?.plain === "read" && w0.parts[0]?.kind === "text" && w0.parts[0].value.startsWith("IFS="))) &&
                 canMutatePipeStatus &&
                 !pipeline.negate &&
@@ -10470,7 +11135,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                                 delimStr = nextW.plain;
                                             else {
                                                 try {
-                                                    const fv = this.fastValueWord(nextW, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, 0, diagnosticLine);
+                                                    const fv = this.fastValueWord(nextW, rawState, io, true, false, false, false, undefined, diagnosticLine);
                                                     if (typeof fv === "string")
                                                         delimStr = fv;
                                                 }
@@ -10516,7 +11181,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             const varCount = command.words.length - readWordIdx;
                             let existingArrayBinding;
                             if (arrayTarget !== undefined) {
-                                if (hasUnpreparedLocals(rawState))
+                                if (hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, arrayTarget))
                                     return undefined;
                                 if (varCount !== 0 || !isShellIdentifier(arrayTarget) || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(arrayTarget) || rawState.exported.has(arrayTarget) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(arrayTarget) || controlNames.has(arrayTarget)) {
                                     simpleRead = false;
@@ -10524,26 +11189,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 else {
                                     const arrStore = monitor.store ?? requireArrays(rawState);
                                     existingArrayBinding = arrStore.get(arrayTarget);
-                                    if (!existingArrayBinding && rawState.variables[arrayTarget] === undefined && !arrStore.watches.has(arrayTarget) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrayTarget)) {
-                                        try {
-                                            const created = IndexedBinding.create(arrStore.owner, false);
-                                            const nameByteLen = shellValueByteLength(arrayTarget);
-                                            const prepared = arrStore.prepareExistingName(arrayTarget, nameByteLen, arrStore.owner, this.signal);
-                                            if (prepared) {
-                                                const initTickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
-                                                arrStore.publish(arrayTarget, created, initTickets, prepared, false, arrStore.owner);
-                                                monitor.epoch = initTickets.epoch;
-                                                existingArrayBinding = created;
-                                            }
-                                            else {
-                                                void created.release();
-                                            }
-                                        }
-                                        catch { }
-                                    }
-                                    if (!existingArrayBinding ||
-                                        existingArrayBinding.associative ||
-                                        existingArrayBinding.references !== 1 ||
+                                    if ((existingArrayBinding ? existingArrayBinding.associative || existingArrayBinding.references !== 1 : rawState.variables[arrayTarget] !== undefined) ||
                                         arrStore.watches.has(arrayTarget) ||
                                         monitor.hasOverlay(arrayTarget)) {
                                         simpleRead = false;
@@ -10591,6 +11237,36 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 else
                                     lineStr = io.stdin.tryReadSimpleRawAsciiLineSync(readDelim, raw);
                                 if (lineStr !== undefined) {
+                                    // Expand/read the input before publishing the destination array.
+                                    if (arrayTarget !== undefined && !existingArrayBinding) {
+                                        const arrStore = monitor.store ?? requireArrays(rawState);
+                                        if (!existingArrayBinding && rawState.variables[arrayTarget] === undefined && !arrStore.watches.has(arrayTarget) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrayTarget)) {
+                                            const recTickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
+                                            const recBinding = arrStore.takeRecycled(arrayTarget, false, true, recTickets);
+                                            if (recBinding) {
+                                                monitor.epoch = recTickets.epoch;
+                                                existingArrayBinding = recBinding;
+                                            }
+                                            else
+                                                try {
+                                                    const created = IndexedBinding.create(arrStore.owner, false);
+                                                    const nameByteLen = shellValueByteLength(arrayTarget);
+                                                    const prepared = arrStore.prepareExistingName(arrayTarget, nameByteLen, arrStore.owner, this.signal);
+                                                    if (prepared) {
+                                                        const initTickets = arrStore.owner.charge({ generation: true, version: true, epoch: true, work: 8 });
+                                                        arrStore.publish(arrayTarget, created, initTickets, prepared, false, arrStore.owner);
+                                                        monitor.epoch = initTickets.epoch;
+                                                        existingArrayBinding = created;
+                                                    }
+                                                    else {
+                                                        void created.release();
+                                                    }
+                                                }
+                                                catch { }
+                                        }
+                                        if (!existingArrayBinding)
+                                            return undefined;
+                                    }
                                     if (rawState.extensions && !rawState.extensions.eventDepth)
                                         publishCommandSpelling(rawState, commandSpelling(command));
                                     if (arrayTarget !== undefined && existingArrayBinding) {
@@ -10650,6 +11326,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                             readArrayScratchFields.length = 0;
                                             delete rawState.variables[arrayTarget];
                                             monitor.epoch = tickets.epoch;
+                                            existingArrayBinding.assigned = true;
                                             activeArrStore.revise(arrayTarget, existingArrayBinding, tickets);
                                         }
                                         catch (error) {
@@ -10729,7 +11406,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                         monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                                     }
                                     else {
-                                        elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                                         store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                                     }
                                     rawState.status = 0;
@@ -10927,7 +11604,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                             }
                             else {
-                                elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                                 store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                             }
                             rawState.status = 0;
@@ -11001,7 +11678,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                         }
                         else {
-                            elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                             store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                         }
                         rawState.status = 0;
@@ -11081,6 +11758,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                             if (isLocalScope) {
                                 let existingLocal = currentFrame.get(an);
                                 if (!existingLocal) {
+                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(an))
+                                        monitor.values.invalidate(an);
                                     existingLocal = saveVariable(state, an);
                                     syncLocalArrayVariables.add(existingLocal);
                                     currentFrame.set(an, existingLocal);
@@ -11145,13 +11824,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                     }
                     return undefined;
                 }
+                const isNamerefDecl = command.words[1]?.plain === "-n" && rawState.locals.length > 0 && command.words.length >= 3;
+                const isGlobalDecl = command.words[1]?.plain === "-g" && (w0Plain === "declare" || w0Plain === "typeset") && command.words.length >= 3;
                 const parsedLocals = [];
                 let allValidLocal = true;
-                for (let idx = 1; idx < command.words.length; idx++) {
+                for (let idx = (isNamerefDecl || isGlobalDecl) ? 2 : 1; idx < command.words.length; idx++) {
                     const wArg = command.words[idx];
                     const assignment = !getArrayAssignment(wArg) ? this.assignment(wArg) : undefined;
                     if (assignment) {
-                        if (assignment.name === "OPTIND" || assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" || assignment.name.includes("[") || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name) || store?.get(assignment.name)) {
+                        if ((!isNamerefDecl && rawState.variableAttributes?.get(assignment.name)) || (assignment.name === "OPTIND" && (assignment.append || rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND"))) || assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" || assignment.name.includes("[") || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name) || store?.get(assignment.name)) {
                             allValidLocal = false;
                             break;
                         }
@@ -11166,9 +11847,17 @@ export class Runtime {
                             allValidLocal = false;
                             break;
                         }
+                        if (assignment.name === "OPTIND") {
+                            const trimmedOptind = fastAssigned.trim();
+                            if (!/^[0-9]{1,6}$/.test(trimmedOptind)) {
+                                allValidLocal = false;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            fastAssigned = String(Number(trimmedOptind));
+                        }
                         parsedLocals.push({ name: assignment.name, val: fastAssigned, append: assignment.append, lastArg: `${assignment.name}=${fastAssigned}` });
                     }
-                    else if (wArg.plain && /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(wArg.plain) && wArg.plain !== "OPTIND" && wArg.plain !== "PIPESTATUS" && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(wArg.plain) && !store?.get(wArg.plain)) {
+                    else if (wArg.plain && /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(wArg.plain) && (wArg.plain !== "OPTIND" || !rawState.variableAttributes?.get("OPTIND")) && wArg.plain !== "PIPESTATUS" && !rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(wArg.plain) && !store?.get(wArg.plain)) {
                         parsedLocals.push({ name: wArg.plain, val: undefined, append: false, lastArg: wArg.plain });
                     }
                     else {
@@ -11176,8 +11865,28 @@ export class Runtime {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
+                if (isNamerefDecl && allValidLocal) {
+                    for (let i = 0; i < parsedLocals.length; i++) {
+                        const it = parsedLocals[i];
+                        if (!it.val || it.append || !isShellIdentifier(it.val) || it.val === it.name || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(it.val)) {
+                            allValidLocal = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (isGlobalDecl && allValidLocal && rawState.locals.length > 0) {
+                    for (let i = 0; i < parsedLocals.length; i++) {
+                        const it = parsedLocals[i];
+                        if (rawState.locals.some(f => f.has(it.name))) {
+                            allValidLocal = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 if (allValidLocal && parsedLocals.length > 0) {
-                    const locals = rawState.locals.length > 0 ? rawState.locals[rawState.locals.length - 1] : undefined;
+                    if ((rawState.locals.length === 0 || isGlobalDecl) && parsedLocals.some(item => item.val === undefined && !rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name)))
+                        return undefined;
+                    const locals = (!isGlobalDecl && rawState.locals.length > 0) ? rawState.locals[rawState.locals.length - 1] : undefined;
                     const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
                     this.budget.tick();
                     rawState.substitutionStatus = 0;
@@ -11191,7 +11900,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 const curVal = this._syncArithTouched.has(item.name)
                                     ? rawState.variables[item.name]
                                     : (rawState.variables[item.name] === undefined ? undefined : (monitor.values.get(item.name, rawState.variables[item.name]) ?? rawState.variables[item.name]));
-                                locals.set(item.name, { attributes: undefined, value: typeof curVal === "string" ? curVal : undefined, exported: false, readOnly: false });
+                                locals.set(item.name, { attributes: undefined, value: typeof curVal === "string" ? curVal : undefined, exported: rawState.exported.has(item.name), readOnly: false, ...(item.name === "OPTIND" ? { getopts: cloneGetoptsBinding(rawState) } : {}) });
                             }
                             else
                                 locals.set(item.name, saveVariable(state, item.name));
@@ -11214,18 +11923,31 @@ export class Runtime {
                             }
                             else
                                 monitor.publishStringVariable(item.name, finalVal);
+                            if (item.name === "OPTIND") {
+                                rawState.variables.OPTIND = finalVal;
+                                this.syncGetopts(rawState);
+                            }
                             if (rawState.allexport)
                                 monitor.proxy.exported.add(item.name);
                             rawState.lastArgument = `${item.name}=${finalVal}`;
-                            if (!rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name)) {
+                            if (isNamerefDecl) {
                                 rawState.variableAttributes ??= new Map();
-                                rawState.variableAttributes.set(item.name, "");
+                                rawState.variableAttributes.set(item.name, "n");
                             }
+                            else if (isNewLocal && rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name))
+                                rawState.variableAttributes.delete(item.name);
                         }
                         else {
-                            if (!rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name)) {
-                                rawState.variableAttributes ??= new Map();
-                                rawState.variableAttributes.set(item.name, "");
+                            if (item.name === "OPTIND")
+                                this.syncGetopts(rawState);
+                            if (!locals) {
+                                if (!rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name)) {
+                                    rawState.variableAttributes ??= new Map();
+                                    rawState.variableAttributes.set(item.name, "");
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if (isNewLocal && rawState.variableAttributes?.has(item.name)) {
+                                rawState.variableAttributes.delete(item.name);
                             }
                             rawState.lastArgument = item.lastArg;
                         }
@@ -11243,7 +11965,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         }
                     }
                     else {
-                        elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                         store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                     }
                     rawState.status = 0;
@@ -11269,8 +11991,6 @@ export class Runtime {
                     if (fastArg.length > 0 && fastArg.length <= 15 && /^-?[0-9]+$/.test(fastArg)) {
                         const retStatus = ((Number(fastArg) % 256) + 256) % 256;
                         const statusStr = retStatus === 0 ? "0" : retStatus === 1 ? "1" : String(retStatus);
-                        if (existing && elem0.text.bytes !== statusStr.length)
-                            return undefined;
                         const prevStatus = rawState.status;
                         const restEpoch = monitor.chargeInternal(syncRestorationCharge, syncRestorationTickets).epoch;
                         this.budget.tick();
@@ -11285,7 +12005,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                         }
                         else {
-                            elem0.text.shellValue = statusStr;
+                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, statusStr);
                             store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                         }
                         rawState.status = retStatus;
@@ -11339,10 +12059,14 @@ export class Runtime {
                         else {
                             const savedPos = rawState.positional;
                             rawState.positional = fnArgs;
+                            rawState.locals.push(new Map());
+                            rawState.functionDepth++;
                             try {
                                 canSyncFn = this.canSyncScriptCompound(fnBody.body, rawState, 1);
                             }
                             finally {
+                                rawState.functionDepth--;
+                                rawState.locals.pop();
                                 rawState.positional = savedPos;
                             }
                         }
@@ -11434,11 +12158,15 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 rawState.locals.pop();
                                 rawState.functionNames?.shift();
                                 for (const [k, previous] of locals) {
-                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched && !syncLocalArrayVariables.has(previous) && !previous.heldValue && !previous.attributes && !previous.exported && !previous.readOnly && k !== "OPTIND") {
+                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched && !syncLocalArrayVariables.has(previous) && !previous.heldValue && !previous.attributes && !previous.exported && !previous.readOnly) {
                                         if (previous.value === undefined)
                                             delete rawState.variables[k];
                                         else
                                             rawState.variables[k] = shellValueText(previous.value);
+                                        if (k === "OPTIND" && previous.getopts) {
+                                            rawState.getopts = { integer: previous.getopts.integer, cursor: cloneGetoptsState(previous.getopts.cursor) };
+                                        }
+                                        rawState.variableAttributes?.delete(k);
                                         this._syncArithTouched.add(k);
                                     }
                                     else
@@ -11459,8 +12187,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                             }
                         }
-                        else if (activeExisting.values.get(0).text.bytes === statusStr.length) {
-                            activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = statusStr;
+                        else {
+                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, statusStr);
                             activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                         }
                         rawState.status = exitStatus;
@@ -11531,7 +12259,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                     }
                                 }
                                 else {
-                                    activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = "0";
+                                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, "0");
                                     activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                                 }
                                 rawState.status = 0;
@@ -11565,7 +12293,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 rawState.depth++;
                                 let evalStatus;
                                 try {
-                                    evalStatus = this.trySyncScript(cachedUnit.script, state, io, Boolean(ignored));
+                                    evalStatus = this.trySyncScript(cachedUnit.script, state, { ...io, diagnosticOffset: (diagnosticLine ?? 1) - 1, functionCommandLines: undefined, assignmentDiagnosticContext: { name: "eval" } }, Boolean(ignored));
                                 }
                                 finally {
                                     rawState.depth--;
@@ -11585,7 +12313,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                             }
                                         }
                                         else {
-                                            activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = "0";
+                                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, "0");
                                             activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                                         }
                                     }
@@ -11669,7 +12397,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             }
                     }
                     else {
-                        elem0.text.shellValue = statusChar;
+                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, statusChar);
                         store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                     }
                     const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? Number(fastPred === 0) : fastPred;
@@ -11734,7 +12462,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 else {
                                     const idxNum = /^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]{0,8})$/.test(subExpr) ? Number(subExpr) : resolveSimpleArithOperand(subExpr, rawState, monitor, arrStore, this._syncArithRawWriteOnly ? this._syncArithTouched : undefined);
                                     if (idxNum !== undefined && idxNum >= 0 && idxNum <= 2147483647) {
-                                        if (!curB && rawState.variables[arrName] === undefined && !arrStore.watches.has(arrName) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrName)) {
+                                        if (!curB && !hasUnpreparedLocal(rawState, arrName) && rawState.variables[arrName] === undefined && !arrStore.watches.has(arrName) && !monitor.hasOverlay(arrName)) {
                                             const created = IndexedBinding.create(arrStore.owner, false);
                                             const prepared = arrStore.prepareExistingName(arrName, shellValueByteLength(arrName), arrStore.owner, this.signal);
                                             if (prepared) {
@@ -11780,7 +12508,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 }
                             }
                             else {
-                                activeExisting.values.get(0).text.shellValue = "0";
+                                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(activeExisting, "0");
                                 activeStore.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                             }
                             const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -11866,7 +12594,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                             monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                         }
                         else {
-                            elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                            this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                             store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                         }
                         const finalStatus = pipeline.negate ? 1 : 0;
@@ -11921,7 +12649,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         return false;
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (part.prefixNames || part.specialParameter || part.transform || part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "LINENO" || part.name === "_" || part.name === "FUNCNAME" || !isShellIdentifier(part.name)) {
+                if (part.prefixNames || part.specialParameter || part.transform || part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "LINENO" || part.name === "_" || part.name === "FUNCNAME" || part.name === "DIRSTACK" || !isShellIdentifier(part.name)) {
                     return false;
                 }
                 if (part.indirect) {
@@ -11998,9 +12726,11 @@ export class Runtime {
                         if (part.alternate && part.alternate.parts.length > 0)
                             return false;
                     }
-                    else if (part.operator === "-" || part.operator === ":-" || part.operator === "+" || part.operator === ":+") {
+                    else if (part.operator === "-" || part.operator === ":-" || part.operator === "+" || part.operator === ":+" || part.operator === "=" || part.operator === ":=") {
                         if (!part.alternate || !part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.kind === "text" || p.kind === "arithmetic" || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring)))
                             return false;
+                        if ((part.operator === "=" || part.operator === ":=") && (!isShellIdentifier(part.name) || part.name === "OPTIND" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "_" || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(part.name) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(part.name) || stateMonitor(rawState)?.store?.get(part.name)))
+                            return false;
                     }
                     else if (part.operator === "#" || part.operator === "##" || part.operator === "%" || part.operator === "%%") {
                         if (!part.alternate || part.alternate.parts.length === 0)
@@ -12036,8 +12766,18 @@ export class Runtime {
                     if (rawState.nounset)
                         return false;
                     const em = SIMPLE_EXPANDED_ARITH_RE.exec(part.source);
-                    if (!em || ((em[2] === "/" || em[2] === "%") && !(em[3] && /^[1-9][0-9]*$/.test(em[3]))))
-                        return false;
+                    if (!em || ((em[2] === "/" || em[2] === "%") && !(em[3] && /^[1-9][0-9]*$/.test(em[3])))) {
+                        if (part.source.includes("<<") || part.source.includes(">>") || part.source.includes("**") || /[/%](?!\s*[1-9][0-9]*\b)/.test(part.source))
+                            return false;
+                        try {
+                            const expW = parseArithmeticExpansion(part.source, this.budget.parsing, false, 0, undefined, rawState.extensions?.syntax);
+                            if (!this.isPureSyncValueWord(expW, rawState))
+                                return false;
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 continue;
             }
@@ -12406,7 +13146,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                 monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
             }
             else {
-                elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                 store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
             }
         }
@@ -12769,7 +13509,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                     }
                     else {
-                        elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                        this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                         store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                     }
                 }
@@ -12994,7 +13734,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets);
                 }
                 else {
-                    elem0.text.shellValue = "0";
+                    this.setSyncPipeStatusCell(existing, "0");
                     store.changed(monitor.chargeInternal(syncPipeStatusCharge, syncPipeStatusTickets), "PIPESTATUS");
                 }
             }
@@ -15626,7 +16366,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     previous.set(assignment.name, saved);
                     const existingArray = arrayStore(state)?.get(assignment.name);
                     const canSkipTypedScalarOverlay = !existingArray && words[0] === "read" && !state.functions.has("read") && !state.extensions?.builtins.has("read") && !words.some(w => w.startsWith("-a") || (w.startsWith("-") && !w.startsWith("--") && w.includes("a")));
-                    if (words.length && !canSkipTypedScalarOverlay && (guestArrays(state) || (assignment.name === "PIPESTATUS" && existingArray))) {
+                    if (words.length && !canSkipTypedScalarOverlay && (guestArrays(state) || existingArray)) {
                         const store = requireArrays(state);
                         await this.prepareVariable(state, assignment.name, saved, !existingArray);
                         if (existingArray) {
@@ -15651,7 +16391,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             }
             if (inlineInput || (state.profile === "sh" || !words.length) && assignments.some(assignment => state.readonlyVariables?.has(assignment.name)))
                 await assign();
-            if (inlineInput && functionCommand && previous?.size) {
+            if (inlineInput && previous?.size) {
                 if (stateMonitor(state)?.lazyPipeStatus !== undefined)
                     stateMonitor(state).activate(true);
                 const redirectState = tryCloneStateSync(state) ?? await cloneState(state, this.signal);
@@ -15659,10 +16399,26 @@ export class Runtime {
                 const redirectAssignments = new Map();
                 for (const [name, saved] of previous) {
                     redirectAssignments.set(name, stateMonitor(state).values.get(name, state.variables[name]));
+                    if (saved.exported)
+                        redirectState.exported.add(name);
+                    else
+                        redirectState.exported.delete(name);
                     if (saved.value === undefined)
                         delete variables[name];
                     else
                         publishVariable(redirectState, name, saved.heldValue?.value ?? saved.value);
+                    const binding = typedSavedVariables.get(saved)?.binding;
+                    if (binding) {
+                        const store = requireArrays(redirectState);
+                        const prepared = await store.prepareName(name, store.owner, this.signal);
+                        const tickets = store.tickets(name);
+                        try {
+                            await store.publish(name, binding.retain(), tickets, prepared);
+                        }
+                        finally {
+                            tickets.release();
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 redirectState.redirectAssignments = redirectAssignments;
                 const savedIndex = previous.get("OPTIND");
@@ -15680,7 +16436,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     }
                 const epoch = stateMonitor(state)?.epoch;
                 try {
-                    io = await this.redirect(command.redirects, redirectState, io, inputs, outputs, false, true, false, command.line ?? 1);
+                    io = await this.redirect(command.redirects, redirectState, io, inputs, outputs, isolatedInlineInput, !isolatedInlineInput, false, command.line ?? 1);
                     if (parentStore && stateMonitor(state).epoch !== epoch)
                         throw new ArrayFailure("stale state snapshot");
                 }
@@ -15703,6 +16459,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                                     publishVariable(state, name, stateMonitor(redirectState).values.get(name, value));
                             }
                             for (const [name, saved] of previous) {
+                                const typed = typedSavedVariables.get(saved);
+                                const binding = arrayStore(redirectState)?.get(name);
+                                if (typed && binding !== typed.binding) {
+                                    typedSavedVariables.set(saved, { ...typed, binding: binding?.retain() });
+                                    await typed.binding?.release();
+                                }
                                 saved.value = variables[name];
                                 const value = stateMonitor(redirectState).values.get(name, saved.value ?? "");
                                 const held = saved.value === undefined ? undefined : stateMonitor(state).values.scope.hold(value);
@@ -19897,6 +20659,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                 seen.add(name);
                 names.push(name);
             };
+            await consider("DIRSTACK", true);
+            if (state.functionNames?.length)
+                await consider("FUNCNAME", true);
             for (const name in state.variables)
                 if (Object.hasOwn(state.variables, name))
                     await consider(name, state.variables[name] !== undefined);
@@ -19977,7 +20742,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             setArraySelector(resolved, { kind: "element", index: { decimal: shellValueText(value), word: { offset: word.offset, parts: [{ kind: "text", value: shellValueText(value), quoted: true, ...(typeof value === "string" ? {} : { byteValue: value }) }] } } });
             return resolved;
         }
-        const maximum = binding?.maximum ?? (state.variables[part.name] === undefined ? -1 : 0);
+        const maximum = binding?.maximum ?? (part.name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined ? (state.functionNames?.length ?? 0) - 1 : state.variables[part.name] === undefined ? -1 : 0);
         const index = await this.arrayIndex(binding, selector.index, state, io, store.owner, false, maximum);
         const resolved = { ...part };
         copyArraySelector(part, resolved);
@@ -20049,8 +20814,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             const selector = getArraySelector(part);
             if (selector?.kind === "members" || part.name === "@" || part.name === "*") {
                 const members = selector ? await this.arrayMembers(part.name, state, io, part.keys) : this.positionalValues(state);
-                const ifs = state.variables.IFS ?? " ";
-                const separator = selector?.kind === "members" && !split && (selector.separator === "@" || !part.quoted) ? " " : ifs.length ? String.fromCodePoint(ifs.codePointAt(0)) : "";
+                const separator = !split && (selector?.kind === "members" ? selector.separator === "@" : part.name === "@") ? " " : this.ifsSeparator(state, io);
                 const fragments = [];
                 let bytes = 0;
                 for (const member of members) {
@@ -20490,7 +21254,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             if (part.length)
                 return String(binding?.values.size ?? (part.name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined ? state.functionNames?.length ?? 0 : state.variables[part.name] === undefined ? 0 : 1));
             const values = await this.arrayMembers(part.name, state, io, selector.kind === "keys" || part.keys === true, part.substring);
-            const space = (selector.kind === "keys" || part.keys === true) && state.extensions?.syntax?.arrayKeys ? Boolean(hereDocument || (selector.separator === "@" ? !part.quoted && !split || state.variables.IFS === "" : !part.quoted && split && state.variables.IFS === "")) : (!split && (selector.separator === "@" || !part.quoted));
+            const space = (selector.kind === "keys" || part.keys === true) ? Boolean(hereDocument || (selector.separator === "@" ? !part.quoted && !split || state.variables.IFS === "" : !part.quoted && split && state.variables.IFS === "")) : (!split && selector.separator === "@");
             return this.arrayJoin(store.owner, values, space ? " " : this.ifsSeparator(state, io));
         }
         if (part.substring && (part.name === "@" || part.name === "*")) {
@@ -20504,7 +21268,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                 : part.name === "?" ? String(state.status)
                     : part.name === "-" ? `${state.allexport ? "a" : ""}${state.errexit ? "e" : ""}${state.noglob ? "f" : ""}${state.noexec ? "n" : ""}${state.nounset ? "u" : ""}${state.braceexpand !== false ? "B" : ""}${state.noclobber ? "C" : ""}`
                         : part.name === "#" ? String(state.positional.length)
-                            : part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" ? state.positional.join(hereString && (part.name === "@" || !part.quoted) ? " " : Array.from(state.variables.IFS ?? " ")[0] ?? "")
+                            : part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" ? state.positional.join(part.name === "@" && !split || hereString && (part.name === "@" || !part.quoted) ? " " : Array.from(state.variables.IFS ?? " ")[0] ?? "")
                                 : /^0+$/u.test(part.name) ? state.arg0 ?? "virtual-bash"
                                     : /^\d+$/u.test(part.name) ? state.positional[Number(part.name) - 1]
                                         : part.name === "LINENO" ? (state.extensions ? String(io.diagnosticLine ?? part.line ?? 1) : state.variables.LINENO ?? String(io.diagnosticLine ?? part.line ?? 1)) : this.variable(state, part.name);
@@ -20521,7 +21285,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             else if (/^[0-9]+$/u.test(part.name))
                 retained = stateMonitor(state)?.positionals.get(String(Number(part.name) - 1), value) ?? value;
             else if (part.name === "@" || part.name === "*") {
-                const separator = hereString && (part.name === "@" || !part.quoted) ? " " : this.ifsSeparator(state, io);
+                const separator = part.name === "@" && !split || hereString && (part.name === "@" || !part.quoted) ? " " : this.ifsSeparator(state, io);
                 const values = this.positionalValues(state);
                 retained = concatShellValues(values.flatMap((entry, index) => index ? [separator, entry] : [entry]), io[valueScope]);
             }
@@ -20906,7 +21670,7 @@ export class Runtime {
     fastValueWord(word, state, io, split, pattern, hereDocument, braces, assignmentStart, overrideDiagnosticLine) {
         const monitor = stateMonitor(state);
         const rawState = monitor ? monitor.raw : state;
-        if (pattern || word.parts.length === 0 || (rawState.depth + (io.parameterDepth ?? 0)) >= 32 || hasActiveVariableAttributes(rawState))
+        if (pattern || word.parts.length === 0 || (rawState.depth + (io.parameterDepth ?? 0)) >= 32 || hasNonNamerefAttributes(rawState))
             return undefined;
         if (guestArrays(state) && word.parts.some(part => part.kind === "arithmetic" && !part.expression.error && !isSafeSmiProgram(part.expression)))
             return undefined;
@@ -20915,7 +21679,7 @@ export class Runtime {
         this.signal.throwIfAborted();
         let out = "";
         for (let i = 0; i < word.parts.length; i++) {
-            const part = word.parts[i];
+            let part = word.parts[i];
             if (part.kind === "text") {
                 if (part.byteValue || invokedValues.has(part))
                     return undefined;
@@ -20933,8 +21697,17 @@ export class Runtime {
                 out += part.value;
             }
             else if (part.kind === "variable") {
-                if (rawState.variableAttributes?.get(part.name)?.includes("n"))
-                    return undefined;
+                if (rawState.variableAttributes?.get(part.name)?.includes("n")) {
+                    if (part.indirect)
+                        return undefined;
+                    const resolvedName = resolveSyncNameref(rawState, part.name);
+                    if (resolvedName === part.name)
+                        return undefined;
+                    const origSel = getArraySelector(part);
+                    part = { ...part, name: resolvedName };
+                    if (origSel)
+                        setArraySelector(part, origSel);
+                }
                 if (split && !part.quoted && (rawVars.IFS !== undefined && rawVars.IFS !== " \t\n"))
                     return undefined;
                 if (!part.indirect && !part.prefixNames && !part.length && !part.substring && !part.transform && part.operator === undefined && getArraySelector(part) === undefined && (part.name === "?" || part.name === "#" || (part.name.length === 1 && part.name >= "1" && part.name <= "9"))) {
@@ -20964,7 +21737,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                     const refName = refRaw === undefined ? undefined : (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(part.name) ? refRaw : (monitor?.values.get(part.name, refRaw) ?? refRaw));
                     if (typeof refName !== "string" || !isShellIdentifier(refName))
                         return undefined;
-                    if (activeArrayStore?.get(refName) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(refName) || refName === "PIPESTATUS" || refName === "LINENO" || refName === "_" || refName === "FUNCNAME") {
+                    if (activeArrayStore?.get(refName) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(refName) || refName === "PIPESTATUS" || refName === "LINENO" || refName === "_" || refName === "FUNCNAME" || refName === "DIRSTACK") {
                         return undefined;
                     }
                     const targetRaw = rawVars[refName];
@@ -20980,7 +21753,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                 }
                 if (part.indirect || part.prefixNames || part.specialParameter || part.transform)
                     return undefined;
-                if (part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "LINENO" || part.name === "_" || part.name === "FUNCNAME")
+                if (part.name === "@" || part.name === "*" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "LINENO" || part.name === "_" || part.name === "FUNCNAME" || part.name === "DIRSTACK")
                     return undefined;
                 if (!isShellIdentifier(part.name))
                     return undefined;
@@ -21061,11 +21834,12 @@ export class Runtime {
                             }
                             const ifsVal = monitor?.values.get("IFS", rawVars.IFS ?? " ") ?? rawVars.IFS ?? " ";
                             if (validElemOp && typeof ifsVal === "string" && (ifsVal.length === 0 || ifsVal.charCodeAt(0) < 128)) {
-                                const sep = selector.separator === "@" ? " " : ifsVal.length > 0 ? ifsVal[0] : "";
+                                const sep = selector.separator === "@" && (!isKeys || ifsVal.length === 0) ? " " : ifsVal.length > 0 ? ifsVal[0] : "";
+                                const parameterLine = part.line ?? overrideDiagnosticLine;
                                 const evalSliceInt = (w) => {
                                     if (w.parts.length === 0)
                                         return 0;
-                                    const expanded = this.fastValueWord(w, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, part.line ?? overrideDiagnosticLine);
+                                    const expanded = this.fastValueWord(w, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, parameterLine);
                                     if (typeof expanded !== "string")
                                         return undefined;
                                     const trimmed = expanded.trim();
@@ -21316,10 +22090,11 @@ export class Runtime {
                     if (part.length || part.operator !== undefined || this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes !== Infinity || rawState.depth + (io.parameterDepth ?? 0) >= 60 || !part.substring.offset.parts.every(p => p.kind === "text" || p.kind === "arithmetic" || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring)) || (part.substring.length && !part.substring.length.parts.every(p => p.kind === "text" || p.kind === "arithmetic" || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring))) || ValueScope.prototype.reserve !== defaultValueScopeReserve || String.prototype.codePointAt !== defaultStringCodePointAt || globalThis.Float64Array !== defaultFloat64Array || (!part.substring.offset.parts.length && !part.substring.length)) {
                         return undefined;
                     }
+                    const parameterLine = part.line ?? overrideDiagnosticLine;
                     const evalSubInt = (w) => {
                         if (w.parts.length === 0)
                             return 0;
-                        const expanded = this.fastValueWord(w, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, part.line ?? overrideDiagnosticLine);
+                        const expanded = this.fastValueWord(w, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, parameterLine);
                         if (typeof expanded !== "string")
                             return undefined;
                         const trimmed = expanded.trim();
@@ -21393,7 +22168,8 @@ export class Runtime {
                 if (part.operator !== undefined) {
                     if (this.budget.limits.maxExpansionBytes !== Infinity || rawState.depth + (io.parameterDepth ?? 0) >= 60 || ValueScope.prototype.reserve !== defaultValueScopeReserve || String.prototype.codePointAt !== defaultStringCodePointAt || globalThis.Float64Array !== defaultFloat64Array)
                         return undefined;
-                    if (!rawState.nocasematch && (part.operator === "/" || part.operator === "//" || part.operator === "/#" || part.operator === "/%") && part.alternate && part.alternate.parts.length >= 1 && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.quoted === part.alternate.parts[0].quoted && ((p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name)))) && (!part.replacement || part.replacement.parts.length === 0 || part.replacement.parts.every(p => (p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name))))) {
+                    const patternQuoted = part.alternate?.parts[0]?.quoted;
+                    if (!rawState.nocasematch && (part.operator === "/" || part.operator === "//" || part.operator === "/#" || part.operator === "/%") && part.alternate && part.alternate.parts.length >= 1 && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.quoted === patternQuoted && ((p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name)))) && (!part.replacement || part.replacement.parts.length === 0 || part.replacement.parts.every(p => (p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name))))) {
                         const patQuoted = part.alternate.parts[0].quoted;
                         const pat = (part.alternate.parts.length === 1 && part.alternate.parts[0].kind === "text")
                             ? part.alternate.parts[0].value
@@ -21467,7 +22243,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         out += replaced;
                         continue;
                     }
-                    if ((part.operator === "#" || part.operator === "##" || part.operator === "%" || part.operator === "%%") && part.alternate && part.alternate.parts.length >= 1 && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.quoted === part.alternate.parts[0].quoted && ((p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name))))) {
+                    if ((part.operator === "#" || part.operator === "##" || part.operator === "%" || part.operator === "%%") && part.alternate && part.alternate.parts.length >= 1 && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.quoted === patternQuoted && ((p.kind === "text" && !p.byteValue) || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring && !p.length && !p.indirect && !p.prefixNames && !p.specialParameter && !p.transform && getArraySelector(p) === undefined && isShellIdentifier(p.name))))) {
                         const patQuoted = part.alternate.parts[0].quoted;
                         const pat = (part.alternate.parts.length === 1 && part.alternate.parts[0].kind === "text")
                             ? part.alternate.parts[0].value
@@ -21574,7 +22350,10 @@ export class Runtime {
                         out += converted;
                         continue;
                     }
-                    if ((part.operator === "-" || part.operator === ":-" || part.operator === "+" || part.operator === ":+") && part.alternate && !rawState.nounset && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.kind === "text" || p.kind === "arithmetic" || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring))) {
+                    if ((part.operator === "-" || part.operator === ":-" || part.operator === "+" || part.operator === ":+" || part.operator === "=" || part.operator === ":=") && part.alternate && !rawState.nounset && part.alternate.parts.every(p => p.kind === "text" || p.kind === "arithmetic" || (p.kind === "variable" && !p.operator && !p.substring))) {
+                        const isAssignOp = part.operator === "=" || part.operator === ":=";
+                        if (isAssignOp && (!isShellIdentifier(part.name) || part.name === "OPTIND" || part.name === "PIPESTATUS" || part.name === "_" || rawState.readonlyVariables?.has(part.name) || rawState.variableAttributes?.get(part.name) || activeArrayStore?.get(part.name) || monitor?.hasOverlay(part.name) || (i < word.parts.length - 1 && !this.isPureSyncValueWord({ offset: 0, parts: word.parts.slice(i + 1) }, rawState, false))))
+                            return undefined;
                         const raw = rawVars[part.name];
                         const cur = raw === undefined ? undefined : (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched?.has(part.name) ? raw : (monitor?.values.get(part.name, raw) ?? raw));
                         if (cur !== undefined && typeof cur !== "string")
@@ -21592,11 +22371,25 @@ export class Runtime {
                                 resolvedScalar = "";
                         }
                         else {
-                            const isMissing = cur === undefined || (part.operator === ":-" && cur === "");
+                            const isMissing = cur === undefined || ((part.operator === ":-" || part.operator === ":=") && cur === "");
                             if (isMissing) {
                                 const altVal = this.fastValueWord(part.alternate, rawState, io, false, false, false, false, undefined, part.line ?? overrideDiagnosticLine);
                                 if (typeof altVal !== "string")
                                     return undefined;
+                                if (isAssignOp) {
+                                    if (this._syncArithRawWriteOnly && this._syncArithTouched) {
+                                        rawState.variables[part.name] = altVal;
+                                        this._syncArithTouched.add(part.name);
+                                    }
+                                    else if (monitor) {
+                                        monitor.publishStringVariable(part.name, altVal);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        rawState.variables[part.name] = altVal;
+                                    }
+                                    if (rawState.allexport)
+                                        (monitor ? monitor.proxy.exported : rawState.exported).add(part.name);
+                                }
                                 resolvedScalar = altVal;
                             }
                             else
@@ -21721,7 +22514,7 @@ export class Runtime {
                         return false;
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (p.prefixNames || p.specialParameter || p.transform || p.name === "@" || p.name === "*" || p.name === "PIPESTATUS" || p.name === "LINENO" || p.name === "_" || p.name === "FUNCNAME" || !isShellIdentifier(p.name)) {
+                if (p.prefixNames || p.specialParameter || p.transform || p.name === "@" || p.name === "*" || p.name === "PIPESTATUS" || p.name === "LINENO" || p.name === "_" || p.name === "FUNCNAME" || p.name === "DIRSTACK" || !isShellIdentifier(p.name)) {
                     return false;
                 }
                 if (p.operator !== undefined && (p.operator === "=" || p.operator === ":=" || p.operator === "?" || p.operator === ":?"))
@@ -22827,7 +23620,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                             : numericIndex(selector.index, 4294967295);
                         if (index === undefined && !binding?.associative)
                             throw new ArrayFailure("index outside 0..4294967295");
-                        value = binding ? index === undefined ? undefined : binding.getValue(index) : index === 0 ? value : undefined;
+                        value = binding ? index === undefined ? undefined : binding.getValue(index)
+                            : part.name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined ? (index === undefined ? undefined : state.functionNames?.[index])
+                                : index === 0 ? value : undefined;
                     }
                     const missing = value === undefined || (part.operator.startsWith(":") && shellValueByteLength(value) === 0);
                     if (part.operator.endsWith("+") ? !missing : missing) {
@@ -23178,8 +23973,9 @@ export class Runtime {
                     return this.arithmeticValue(prepareArithmetic(source || "0", this.budget.parsing), state, io);
                 };
                 offset = await evaluate(substring.offset);
+                const maximum = binding?.maximum ?? (name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined ? (state.functionNames?.length ?? 0) - 1 : state.variables[name] === undefined ? -1 : 0);
                 if (offset < 0n)
-                    offset += BigInt((binding?.maximum ?? (state.variables[name] === undefined ? -1 : 0)) + 1);
+                    offset += BigInt(maximum + 1);
                 if (substring.length) {
                     count = await evaluate(substring.length);
                     if (count < 0n)
@@ -23192,7 +23988,7 @@ export class Runtime {
             if (!binding) {
                 if (name === "FUNCNAME" && state.variables.FUNCNAME === undefined) {
                     const stack = state.functionNames ?? [];
-                    const start = offset < 0n ? Math.max(0, stack.length + Number(offset)) : Number(offset);
+                    const start = Number(offset);
                     const end = count === undefined ? stack.length : start + Number(count);
                     const sliced = stack.slice(start, end);
                     return keys ? sliced.map((_v, idx) => String(start + idx)) : sliced;