@pkmn/engine 0.1.0-dev.84cc1a02 → 0.1.0-dev.86ae1278

package/src/lib/gen1/calc.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,959 @@
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const pkmn = @import("../pkmn.zig");
+
+const common = @import("../common/data.zig");
+const DEBUG = @import("../common/debug.zig").print;
+const optional = @import("../common/optional.zig");
+const protocol = @import("../common/protocol.zig");
+const rational = @import("../common/rational.zig");
+const util = @import("../common/util.zig");
+
+const chance = @import("chance.zig");
+const data = @import("data.zig");
+const helpers = @import("helpers.zig");
+
+const assert = std.debug.assert;
+
+const expect = std.testing.expect;
+const expectEqual = std.testing.expectEqual;
+const expectEqualSlices = std.testing.expectEqualSlices;
+
+const enabled = pkmn.options.calc;
+
+const Player = common.Player;
+const Result = common.Result;
+const Choice = common.Choice;
+
+const Optional = optional.Optional;
+
+const Rational = rational.Rational;
+
+const PointerType = util.PointerType;
+const isPointerTo = util.isPointerTo;
+
+const Actions = chance.Actions;
+const Action = chance.Action;
+const Chance = chance.Chance;
+const Confusion = chance.Confusion;
+const Duration = chance.Duration;
+const Durations = chance.Durations;
+const Observation = chance.Observation;
+const Sleeps = chance.Sleeps;
+
+const tty = true; // DEBUG
+const summary = false; // DEBUG
+
+const Int = if (@hasField(std.builtin.Type, "int")) .int else .Int;
+const Enum = if (@hasField(std.builtin.Type, "enum")) .@"enum" else .Enum;
+
+/// Information relevant to damage calculation that occured during a Generation I battle `update`.
+pub const Summaries = extern struct {
+    /// Relevant information for Player 1.
+    p1: Summary = .{},
+    /// Relevant information for Player 2.
+    p2: Summary = .{},
+
+    comptime {
+        assert(@sizeOf(Summaries) == 12);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `Summary` for the given `player`.
+    pub fn get(self: anytype, player: Player) PointerType(@TypeOf(self), Summary) {
+        assert(isPointerTo(self, Summaries));
+        return if (player == .P1) &self.p1 else &self.p2;
+    }
+};
+
+/// Information relevant to damage calculation that occured during a Generation I battle `update`
+/// for a single player.
+pub const Summary = extern struct {
+    /// The computed raw damage values.
+    damage: Damage = .{},
+
+    /// Intermediate raw damage values computed during a calculation.
+    pub const Damage = extern struct {
+        /// The base computed damage before the damage roll is applied.
+        base: u16 = 0,
+        /// The final computed damage that gets applied to the Pokémon. May exceed the target's HP
+        // (to determine the *actual* damage done compare the target's stored HP before and after).
+        final: u16 = 0,
+        /// Whether higher direct damage will saturate / result in the same outcome (e.g. additional
+        /// direct damage gets ignored due to it already breaking a Substitute or causing the target
+        /// to faint). Note that this field does not get set in scenarios where the target would
+        /// only be guaranteed to faint due to some sort of subsequent recoil or residual damage.
+        capped: bool = false,
+
+        // NOTE: 15 bits padding
+
+        comptime {
+            assert(@sizeOf(Damage) == 6);
+        }
+    };
+
+    comptime {
+        assert(@sizeOf(Summary) == 6);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Allows for forcing the value of specific RNG events during a Generation I battle `update` via
+/// `overrides` and tracks `summaries` of information relevant to damage calculation.
+pub const Calc = struct {
+    /// Overrides the normal behavior of the RNG during an `update` to force specific outcomes.
+    overrides: Actions = .{},
+    /// Information relevant to damage calculation.
+    summaries: Summaries = .{},
+
+    pub fn overridden(
+        self: Calc,
+        player: Player,
+        comptime field: Action.Field,
+    ) ?std.meta.FieldType(Action, field) {
+        if (!enabled) return null;
+
+        const val = @field(self.overrides.get(player), @tagName(field));
+        return if (switch (@typeInfo(@TypeOf(val))) {
+            Enum => val != .None,
+            Int => val != 0,
+            else => unreachable,
+        }) val else null;
+    }
+
+    pub fn base(self: *Calc, player: Player, val: u16) void {
+        if (!enabled) return;
+
+        self.summaries.get(player).damage.base = val;
+    }
+
+    pub fn final(self: *Calc, player: Player, val: u16) void {
+        if (!enabled) return;
+
+        self.summaries.get(player).damage.final = val;
+    }
+
+    pub fn capped(self: *Calc, player: Player) void {
+        if (!enabled) return;
+
+        self.summaries.get(player).damage.capped = true;
+    }
+};
+
+/// Null object pattern implementation of Generation I `Calc` which does nothing, though damage
+/// calculator support should additionally be turned off entirely via `options.calc`.
+pub const NULL: Null = .{};
+
+const Null = struct {
+    pub fn overridden(
+        self: Null,
+        player: Player,
+        comptime field: Action.Field,
+    ) ?std.meta.FieldType(Action, field) {
+        _ = .{ self, player };
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    pub fn base(self: Null, player: Player, val: u16) void {
+        _ = .{ self, player, val };
+    }
+
+    pub fn final(self: Null, player: Player, val: u16) void {
+        _ = .{ self, player, val };
+    }
+
+    pub fn capped(self: Null, player: Player) void {
+        _ = .{ self, player };
+    }
+};
+
+pub const Stats = struct {
+    frontier: usize = 0,
+    updates: usize = 0,
+    seen: usize = 0,
+    saved: usize = 0,
+};
+
+pub const Options = struct {
+    durations: Durations,
+    seed: ?u64 = null,
+    cap: bool = false,
+    metronome: bool = false,
+};
+
+pub const MAX_FRONTIER = 49;
+
+pub fn transitions(
+    battle: anytype,
+    c1: Choice,
+    c2: Choice,
+    allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
+    writer: anytype,
+    options: Options,
+) !?Stats {
+    var stats: Stats = .{};
+
+    const cap = options.cap;
+
+    var seen = std.AutoHashMap(Actions, void).init(allocator);
+    defer seen.deinit();
+    var frontier = std.ArrayList(Actions).init(allocator);
+    defer frontier.deinit();
+
+    const durations = options.durations;
+
+    var opts = pkmn.battle.options(
+        protocol.NULL,
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations },
+        Calc{},
+    );
+
+    var b = battle;
+    _ = try b.update(c1, c2, &opts);
+    stats.updates += 1;
+
+    const p1 = b.side(.P1);
+    const p2 = b.side(.P2);
+
+    var p: Rational(u128) = .{ .p = 0, .q = 1 };
+    try frontier.append(opts.chance.actions);
+
+    // zig fmt: off
+    for (Rolls.metronome(frontier.items[0].p1)) |p1_move| {
+    for (Rolls.metronome(frontier.items[0].p2)) |p2_move| {
+
+    if (!options.metronome and (p1_move != .None or p2_move != .None)) return null;
+
+    var i: usize = 0;
+    assert(frontier.items.len == 1);
+    while (i < frontier.items.len) : (i += 1) {
+        const f = frontier.items[i];
+        const saved = stats.saved;
+
+        try debug(writer, f, .{
+            .shape = true,
+            .color = i,
+            .bold = true,
+            .background = true,
+            .indent = false,
+        });
+
+        var a: Actions = .{
+            .p1 = .{ .metronome = p1_move, .pp = f.p1.pp, .duration = f.p1.duration },
+            .p2 = .{ .metronome = p2_move, .pp = f.p2.pp, .duration = f.p2.duration },
+        };
+
+        for (Rolls.speedTie(f.p1)) |tie| { a.p1.speed_tie = tie; a.p2.speed_tie = tie;
+        for (Rolls.sleep(f.p1, durations.p1)) |p1_slp| { a.p1.sleep = p1_slp;
+        for (Rolls.sleep(f.p2, durations.p2)) |p2_slp| { a.p2.sleep = p2_slp;
+        for (Rolls.disable(f.p1, durations.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_dis| { a.p1.disable = p1_dis;
+        for (Rolls.disable(f.p2, durations.p2, p2_slp)) |p2_dis| { a.p2.disable = p2_dis;
+        for (Rolls.confusion(f.p1, durations.p1, p1_slp)) |p1_cfz| { a.p1.confusion = p1_cfz;
+        for (Rolls.confusion(f.p2, durations.p2, p2_slp)) |p2_cfz| { a.p2.confusion = p2_cfz;
+        for (Rolls.confused(f.p1, p1_cfz)) |p1_cfzd| { a.p1.confused = p1_cfzd;
+        for (Rolls.confused(f.p2, p2_cfz)) |p2_cfzd| { a.p2.confused = p2_cfzd;
+        for (Rolls.paralyzed(f.p1, p1_cfzd)) |p1_par| { a.p1.paralyzed = p1_par;
+        for (Rolls.paralyzed(f.p2, p2_cfzd)) |p2_par| { a.p2.paralyzed = p2_par;
+        for (Rolls.attacking(f.p1, durations.p1, p1_par)) |p1_atk| { a.p1.attacking = p1_atk;
+        for (Rolls.attacking(f.p2, durations.p2, p2_par)) |p2_atk| { a.p2.attacking = p2_atk;
+        for (Rolls.binding(f.p1, durations.p1, p1_par)) |p1_bind| { a.p1.binding = p1_bind;
+        for (Rolls.binding(f.p2, durations.p2, p2_par)) |p2_bind| { a.p2.binding = p2_bind;
+        for (Rolls.hit(f.p1, p1_par)) |p1_hit| { a.p1.hit = p1_hit;
+        for (Rolls.hit(f.p2, p2_par)) |p2_hit| { a.p2.hit = p2_hit;
+        for (Rolls.psywave(f.p1, p1, p1_hit)) |p1_psywave| { a.p1.psywave = p1_psywave;
+        for (Rolls.psywave(f.p2, p2, p2_hit)) |p2_psywave| { a.p2.psywave = p2_psywave;
+        for (Rolls.moveSlot(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_slot| { a.p1.move_slot = p1_slot;
+        for (Rolls.moveSlot(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_slot| { a.p2.move_slot = p2_slot;
+        for (Rolls.multiHit(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_multi| { a.p1.multi_hit = p1_multi;
+        for (Rolls.multiHit(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_multi| { a.p2.multi_hit = p2_multi;
+        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_sec| { a.p1.secondary_chance = p1_sec;
+        for (Rolls.secondaryChance(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_sec| { a.p2.secondary_chance = p2_sec;
+        for (Rolls.criticalHit(f.p1, p1_hit)) |p1_crit| { a.p1.critical_hit = p1_crit;
+        for (Rolls.criticalHit(f.p2, p2_hit)) |p2_crit| { a.p2.critical_hit = p2_crit;
+
+        var p1_dmg = Rolls.damage(f.p1, p1_hit);
+        while (p1_dmg.min < p1_dmg.max) : (p1_dmg.min += 1) {
+            a.p1.damage = @intCast(p1_dmg.min);
+
+            var p2_dmg = Rolls.damage(f.p2, p2_hit);
+
+            const p1_min: u9 = p1_dmg.min;
+            const p2_min: u9 = p2_dmg.min;
+
+            while (p2_dmg.min < p2_dmg.max) : (p2_dmg.min += 1) {
+                a.p2.damage = @intCast(p2_dmg.min);
+
+                opts.calc.overrides = a;
+                opts.calc.summaries = .{};
+                opts.chance = .{ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations };
+                const q = &opts.chance.probability;
+
+                b = battle;
+                _ = try b.update(c1, c2, &opts);
+
+                stats.updates += 1;
+
+                const summaries = &opts.calc.summaries;
+                const p1_max: u9 = if (p2_dmg.min != p2_min)
+                    p1_dmg.min
+                else
+                    try Rolls.coalesce(.P1, @as(u8, @intCast(p1_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
+                const p2_max: u9 =
+                    try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, @as(u8, @intCast(p2_dmg.min)), summaries, cap);
+
+                if (opts.chance.actions.matches(f)) {
+                    if (!map(opts.chance.actions).eql(a)) {
+                        if (!summary) {
+                            try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
+                                .p1_max = p1_max,
+                                .p2_max = p2_max,
+                                .color = i,
+                                .dim = true,
+                            });
+                        }
+
+                        p1_dmg.min = p1_max;
+                        p2_dmg.min = p2_max;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!summary) {
+                        try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
+                            .p1_max = p1_max,
+                            .p2_max = p2_max,
+                            .color = i,
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    for (p1_min..p1_max + 1) |p1d| {
+                        for (p2_dmg.min..p2_max + 1) |p2d| {
+                            var acts = opts.chance.actions;
+                            acts.p1.damage = @intCast(p1d);
+                            acts.p2.damage = @intCast(p2d);
+                            if ((try seen.getOrPut(acts)).found_existing) {
+                                err("already seen {}", .{acts}, options.seed);
+                                return error.TestUnexpectedResult;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (p1_max != p1_min) try q.update(p1_max - p1_min + 1, 1);
+                    if (p2_max != p2_dmg.min) try q.update(p2_max - p2_dmg.min + 1, 1);
+                    try p.add(q);
+                    stats.saved += 1;
+
+                    if (p.q < p.p) {
+                        err("improper fraction {}", .{p}, options.seed);
+                        return error.TestUnexpectedResult;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (!matches(opts.chance.actions, i, frontier.items)) {
+                        try frontier.append(opts.chance.actions);
+
+                        try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
+                            .p1_max = p1_max,
+                            .p2_max = p2_max,
+                            .dim = true,
+                            .newline = false,
+                        });
+                        try writer.writeAll(" → ");
+                        try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
+                            .shape = true,
+                            .color = frontier.items.len - 1,
+                            .dim = true,
+                            .background = true,
+                            .indent = false,
+                        });
+                    } else if (!summary) {
+                        try debug(writer, opts.chance.actions, .{
+                            .p1_max = p1_max,
+                            .p2_max = p2_max,
+                            .dim = true,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                p1_dmg.min = p1_max;
+                p2_dmg.min = p2_max;
+            }
+
+        }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
+
+        assert(stats.saved > saved);
+        const old = @hasDecl(std.fmt, "formatFloatDecimal");
+        if (!old and @TypeOf(writer) != @TypeOf(std.io.null_writer)) {
+            p.reduce();
+            try writer.print(
+                "  = {s} ({d:.2}%)\n\n",
+                .{p, 100 * @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.p)) / @as(f128, @floatFromInt(p.q))},
+            );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    assert(frontier.items.len == i);
+    stats.frontier = @max(stats.frontier, i);
+    frontier.shrinkRetainingCapacity(1);
+
+    }}
+    // zig fmt: on
+
+    stats.seen = seen.count();
+
+    p.reduce();
+    if (p.p != 1 or p.q != 1) {
+        err("expected 1, found {}", .{p}, options.seed);
+        return error.TestExpectedEqual;
+    }
+
+    return stats;
+}
+
+pub fn update(
+    battle: anytype,
+    c1: Choice,
+    c2: Choice,
+    options: anytype,
+    allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
+    writer: anytype,
+    transition: bool,
+) !Result {
+    const durations = options.chance.durations;
+    options.chance.reset();
+
+    if (!pkmn.options.chance or !pkmn.options.calc) return battle.update(c1, c2, options);
+
+    const original = battle.*;
+
+    // Perfom the actual update
+    const result = battle.update(c1, c2, options);
+    var overrides = options.chance.actions;
+    const updated = options.chance.durations;
+
+    if (@TypeOf(battle.rng) == data.PRNG) {
+        // Ensure we can encode the diffs in less than MAX_DIFFS bytes.
+        var buf: [helpers.MAX_DIFFS]u8 = undefined;
+        var stream: protocol.ByteStream = .{ .buffer = &buf };
+        const n = try helpers.diff(&original, battle, stream.writer());
+
+        // Applying the diff to the battle should take us back to the original copy
+        // of the battle (ignoring the RNG).
+        var patched = battle.*;
+        patched.rng = original.rng;
+        helpers.patch(&patched, buf[0..n]);
+        try expectEqual(original, patched);
+    }
+
+    if (transition) {
+        // Ensure we can generate all transitions from the same original state
+        // (we must change the battle's RNG from a FixedRNG to a PRNG because
+        // the transitions function relies on RNG for discovery of states)
+        if (try transitions(unfix(original), c1, c2, allocator, writer, .{
+            .durations = durations,
+            .cap = true,
+        })) |stats| try expect(stats.frontier <= MAX_FRONTIER);
+    }
+
+    // Demonstrate that we can produce the same state by forcing the RNG to behave the
+    // same as we observed.
+    var override = pkmn.battle.options(
+        protocol.NULL,
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations },
+        Calc{ .overrides = overrides },
+    );
+    var copy = original;
+    var overridden = copy.update(c1, c2, &override);
+    try expectEqual(result, overridden);
+    try expectEqualActions(overrides, override.chance.actions);
+    try expectEqual(updated, override.chance.durations);
+
+    // The actual battle excluding its RNG field should match a copy updated with
+    // overridden RNG (the copy RNG may have advanced because of no-ops)
+    copy.rng = battle.rng;
+    try expectEqual(battle.*, copy);
+
+    // Demonstrate that even with the duration rolls changed, the duration
+    // fields on their own are sufficient to achieve the same outcomes
+    // NB: The actual battle bytes will differ because the durations won't match
+    overrides.p1.duration = if (overrides.p1.duration > 0) 2 else 0;
+    overrides.p2.duration = if (overrides.p2.duration > 0) 2 else 0;
+
+    override = pkmn.battle.options(
+        protocol.NULL,
+        Chance(Rational(u128)){ .probability = .{}, .durations = durations },
+        Calc{ .overrides = overrides },
+    );
+    copy = original;
+    overridden = copy.update(c1, c2, &override);
+    try expectEqual(result, overridden);
+    try expectEqualActions(overrides, override.chance.actions);
+    try expectEqual(updated, override.chance.durations);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+fn expectEqualActions(expected: Actions, actual: Actions) !void {
+    return expectEqual(expected, actual) catch |e| switch (e) {
+        error.TestExpectedEqual => {
+            std.debug.print("expected {}, found {}\n", .{ expected, actual });
+            return e;
+        },
+        else => return e,
+    };
+}
+
+fn unfix(actual: anytype) data.Battle(data.PRNG) {
+    return .{
+        .sides = actual.sides,
+        .turn = actual.turn,
+        .last_damage = actual.last_damage,
+        .last_moves = actual.last_moves,
+        .rng = .{ .src = .{
+            .seed = if (pkmn.options.showdown)
+                0x12345678
+            else
+                .{ 123, 234, 56, 78, 9, 101, 112, 131, 4 },
+        } },
+    };
+}
+
+fn map(actions: Actions) Actions {
+    if (!pkmn.options.overwrite) return actions;
+    var a = actions;
+    if (a.p1.confusion == .overwritten) a.p1.confusion = .continuing;
+    if (a.p2.confusion == .overwritten) a.p2.confusion = .continuing;
+    return a;
+}
+
+fn matches(actions: Actions, i: usize, frontier: []Actions) bool {
+    for (frontier, 0..) |f, j| {
+        // TODO: is skipping this redundant check worth it?
+        if (i == j) continue;
+        if (f.matches(actions)) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+fn err(comptime fmt: []const u8, v: anytype, seed: ?u64) void {
+    const w = std.io.getStdErr().writer();
+    w.print(fmt, v) catch return;
+    if (seed) |s| return w.print("{}\n", .{s}) catch return;
+    return w.writeByte('\n') catch return;
+}
+
+const Style = struct {
+    shape: bool = false,
+    p1_max: u9 = 0,
+    p2_max: u9 = 0,
+    color: ?usize = null,
+    bold: bool = false,
+    background: bool = false,
+    dim: bool = false,
+    newline: bool = true,
+    indent: bool = true,
+};
+
+fn debug(writer: anytype, actions: Actions, style: Style) !void {
+    if (style.indent) try writer.writeAll("  ");
+    if (tty) {
+        const mod: usize = if (style.dim) 2 else 1;
+        const background: usize = if (style.background) 4 else 3;
+        const color: usize = if (style.color) |c| (c % 6) + 1 else 7;
+
+        if (style.dim or style.bold) try writer.print("\x1b[{d}m", .{mod});
+        try writer.print("\x1b[{d}{d}m", .{ background, color });
+        const p1 = if (style.p1_max != 0 and style.p1_max != actions.p1.damage) style.p1_max else 0;
+        const p2 = if (style.p2_max != 0 and style.p2_max != actions.p2.damage) style.p2_max else 0;
+        if (p1 != 0 or p2 != 0) {
+            assert(!style.shape);
+            try format(writer, actions, p1, p2);
+        } else {
+            try actions.fmt(writer, style.shape);
+        }
+        try writer.writeAll("\x1b[0m");
+    } else {
+        if (style.dim) try writer.writeAll("  ");
+        try actions.fmt(writer, style.shape);
+    }
+    if (style.newline) try writer.writeByte('\n');
+}
+
+fn format(writer: anytype, actions: Actions, p1: u9, p2: u9) !void {
+    var input: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var output: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+
+    var stream = std.io.fixedBufferStream(&input);
+    try actions.fmt(&stream.writer(), false);
+    var len = stream.getWritten().len;
+    @memcpy(output[0..len], input[0..len]);
+
+    var find: [16]u8 = undefined;
+    var repl: [22]u8 = undefined;
+    if (p1 != 0 and actions.p1.damage != 0) {
+        const n = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&find, "P1 = (damage:{d}", .{actions.p1.damage});
+        const r = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&repl, "P1 = (damage:{d}…{d}", .{ actions.p1.damage, p1 });
+        assert(std.mem.replace(u8, input[0..len], n, r, output[0 .. len + 6]) == 1);
+        @memcpy(input[0 .. len + 6], output[0 .. len + 6]);
+        len += 6;
+    }
+    if (p2 != 0 and actions.p2.damage != 0) {
+        const n = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&find, "P2 = (damage:{d}", .{actions.p2.damage});
+        const r = try std.fmt.bufPrint(&repl, "P2 = (damage:{d}…{d}", .{ actions.p2.damage, p2 });
+        assert(std.mem.replace(u8, input[0..len], n, r, output[0 .. len + 6]) == 1);
+        len += 6;
+    }
+
+    try writer.writeAll(output[0..len]);
+}
+
+/// Helper functions that efficiently return valid ranges for various RNG events based on the
+/// state of an `Action` and other events to be used to construct a "transitions" function.
+pub const Rolls = struct {
+    const PLAYER_NONE = [_]Optional(Player){.None};
+    const PLAYERS = [_]Optional(Player){ .P1, .P2 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for speed ties given the `action` state.
+    pub fn speedTie(action: Action) []const Optional(Player) {
+        return if (action.speed_tie == .None) &PLAYER_NONE else &PLAYERS;
+    }
+
+    const OBS_NONE = [_]Optional(Observation){.None};
+    const OBS_STARTED = [_]Optional(Observation){.started};
+    const OBS_CONTINUING = [_]Optional(Observation){.continuing};
+    const OBS_ENDED = [_]Optional(Observation){.ended};
+    const OBS_ALL = [_]Optional(Observation){ .started, .continuing, .ended };
+    const OBS = [_]Optional(Observation){ .continuing, .ended };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for sleep given the `action` state and observed
+    /// `durations`.
+    pub fn sleep(action: Action, duration: Duration) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (action.sleep == .None) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return if (Sleeps.get(duration.sleeps, 0) == 0 and action.speed_tie != .None)
+            &OBS_ALL
+        else switch (action.sleep) {
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (Sleeps.get(duration.sleeps, 0) >= 7) &OBS_ENDED else &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for disable given the `action`, observed `durations`,
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (observation of the player's Pokémon sleep status).
+    pub fn disable(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(Observation),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (action.disable == .None) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return if (duration.disable == 0 and action.speed_tie != .None)
+            &OBS_ALL
+        else switch (action.disable) {
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.disable >= 8)
+                &OBS_ENDED
+            else if (parent != .None and parent != .started)
+                &OBS_CONTINUING
+            else
+                &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    const CFZ_NONE = [_]Optional(Confusion){.None};
+    const CFZ_STARTED = [_]Optional(Confusion){.started};
+    const CFZ_CONTINUING = [_]Optional(Confusion){.continuing};
+    const CFZ_ENDED = [_]Optional(Confusion){.ended};
+    const CFZ = [_]Optional(Confusion){ .continuing, .ended };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for confusion given the `action`, observed `durations`,
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (observation of the player's Pokémon sleep status).
+    pub fn confusion(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(Observation),
+    ) []const Optional(Confusion) {
+        return switch (action.confusion) {
+            .None => &CFZ_NONE,
+            .started => &CFZ_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.confusion >= 5)
+                &CFZ_ENDED
+            else if ((parent != .None and parent != .started) or duration.confusion < 2)
+                &CFZ_CONTINUING
+            else
+                &CFZ,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for attacking given the `action`, observed
+    /// `durations`, and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was fully
+    /// paralyzed).
+    pub fn attacking(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(bool),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return switch (action.attacking) {
+            .None => &OBS_NONE,
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.attacking >= 3)
+                &OBS_ENDED
+            else if (duration.attacking < 2)
+                &OBS_CONTINUING
+            else
+                &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for binding given the `action`, observed `durations`,
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was fully paralyzed).
+    pub fn binding(
+        action: Action,
+        duration: Duration,
+        parent: Optional(bool),
+    ) []const Optional(Observation) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &OBS_NONE;
+        return switch (action.binding) {
+            .None => &OBS_NONE,
+            .started => &OBS_STARTED,
+            else => if (duration.binding >= 4) &OBS_ENDED else &OBS,
+        };
+    }
+
+    const BOOL_NONE = [_]Optional(bool){.None};
+    const BOOLS = [_]Optional(bool){ .false, .true };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for hits given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was fully paralyzed).
+    pub fn hit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.hit == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for critical hits given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn criticalHit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (pkmn.options.showdown and parent == .false) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.critical_hit == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for secondary chances hits given the
+    /// `action` state and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn secondaryChance(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .false) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (@field(action, "secondary_chance") == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// The min and max bounds on iteration over damage rolls.
+    pub const Range = struct { min: u9, max: u9 };
+
+    /// Returns the range bounding damage rolls given the `action` state and the state of
+    /// the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn damage(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) Range {
+        return if (parent == .false or action.damage == 0)
+            .{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }
+        else
+            .{ .min = 217, .max = 256 };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the max damage roll which will produce the same damage as `roll`
+    /// given the base damage in `summaries`.
+    pub fn coalesce(player: Player, roll: u8, summaries: *Summaries, cap: bool) !u8 {
+        if (roll == 0) return roll;
+
+        const dmg = summaries.get(player.foe()).damage;
+        if (dmg.base == 0 or (cap and dmg.capped)) return 255;
+
+        // Closed form solution for max damage roll provided by Orion Taylor (taylorott)
+        return @min(255, roll + ((254 - ((@as(u32, dmg.base) * roll) % 255)) / dmg.base));
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for confused given the `action` state and
+    /// the state of the `parent` (observation of the player's Pokémon confusion status).
+    pub fn confused(action: Action, parent: Optional(Confusion)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        const done = parent == .None or parent == .ended;
+        return if (done or action.confused == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for paralysis given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon was confused).
+    pub fn paralyzed(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const Optional(bool) {
+        if (parent == .true) return &BOOL_NONE;
+        return if (action.paralyzed == .None) &BOOL_NONE else &BOOLS;
+    }
+
+    const SLOT_NONE = [_]u4{0};
+    const SLOT = [_]u4{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with a range of values for move slots given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    ///
+    /// These slots may or **may not be valid** as slots may be unset / have 0 PP.
+    pub fn moveSlot(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const u4 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &SLOT_NONE;
+        return if (action.move_slot == 0) &SLOT_NONE else &SLOT;
+    }
+
+    const MULTI_NONE = [_]u4{0};
+    const MULTI = [_]u4{ 2, 3, 4, 5 };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for multi hit given the `action` state
+    /// and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn multiHit(action: Action, parent: Optional(bool)) []const u4 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &MULTI_NONE;
+        return if (action.multi_hit == 0) &MULTI_NONE else &MULTI;
+    }
+
+    const PSYWAVE_NONE = [_]u8{0};
+    const PSYWAVE = init: {
+        var rolls: [150]u8 = undefined;
+        for (0..150) |i| rolls[i] = i + 1;
+        break :init rolls;
+    };
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for psywave given the `action` state,
+    /// the `side`, and the state of the `parent` (whether the player's Pokémon's move hit).
+    pub fn psywave(
+        action: Action,
+        side: *data.Side,
+        parent: Optional(bool),
+    ) []const u8 {
+        if (parent == .false) return &PSYWAVE_NONE;
+        return if (action.psywave == 0)
+            &PSYWAVE_NONE
+        else
+            PSYWAVE[0 .. @as(u16, side.stored().level) * 3 / 2];
+    }
+
+    const MOVE_NONE = [_]data.Move{.None};
+
+    /// Returns a slice with the correct range of values for metronome given the `action` state.
+    pub fn metronome(action: Action) []const data.Move {
+        return if (action.metronome == .None) &MOVE_NONE else &data.Move.METRONOME;
+    }
+};
+
+test "Rolls.speedTie" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .speed_tie = .P2 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(Player), &.{ .P1, .P2 }, Rolls.speedTie(actions.p1));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(Player), &.{.None}, Rolls.speedTie(actions.p2));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.sleep" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.disable" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.confusion" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.atacking" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.binding" {
+    return error.SkipZigTest; // TODO
+}
+
+test "Rolls.damage" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .damage = 221 } };
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 217, .max = 256 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqual(Rolls.Range{ .min = 0, .max = 1 }, Rolls.damage(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.coalesce" {
+    var summaries = Summaries{ .p1 = .{ .damage = .{ .base = 74, .final = 69, .capped = true } } };
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 0), try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 0, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 241), try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 238, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 255), try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 238, &summaries, true));
+    summaries.p1.damage.final = 74;
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 217), try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 217, &summaries, false));
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 255), try Rolls.coalesce(.P2, 217, &summaries, true));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.hit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .hit = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.hit(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .true));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.hit(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.secondaryChance" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .secondary_chance = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p1, .None),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p1, .false));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.secondaryChance(actions.p2, .None));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.criticalHit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p1 = .{ .critical_hit = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p1, .None),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(
+        Optional(bool),
+        if (pkmn.options.showdown) &.{.None} else &.{ .false, .true },
+        Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p1, .false),
+    );
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.criticalHit(actions.p2, .None));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.confused" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .confused = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.confused(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.confused(actions.p2, .continuing));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.confused(actions.p2, .ended));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.paralyzed" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .paralyzed = .true } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{ .false, .true }, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .false));
+    try expectEqualSlices(Optional(bool), &.{.None}, Rolls.paralyzed(actions.p2, .true));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.moveSlot" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .move_slot = 3 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{ 1, 2, 3, 4 }, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.moveSlot(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.multiHit" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .multi_hit = 3 } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p1, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{ 2, 3, 4, 5 }, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p2, .None));
+    try expectEqualSlices(u4, &.{0}, Rolls.multiHit(actions.p2, .false));
+}
+
+test "Rolls.metronome" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .metronome = .Surf } };
+    try expectEqualSlices(data.Move, &.{.None}, Rolls.metronome(actions.p1));
+    try expectEqual(@as(data.Move, @enumFromInt(24)), Rolls.metronome(actions.p2)[23]);
+}
+
+test "Rolls.psywave" {
+    const actions: Actions = .{ .p2 = .{ .psywave = 79 } };
+    var side = helpers.Side.init(&[_]helpers.Pokemon{.{
+        .species = .Bulbasaur,
+        .level = 100,
+        .moves = &[_]data.Move{.Tackle},
+    }});
+
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{0}, Rolls.psywave(actions.p1, &side, .None));
+    var rolls = Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .None);
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 150), rolls[rolls.len - 1]);
+    side.stored().level = 81;
+    rolls = Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .None);
+    try expectEqual(@as(u8, 121), rolls[rolls.len - 1]);
+    try expectEqualSlices(u8, &.{0}, Rolls.psywave(actions.p2, &side, .false));
+}