@pencil-agent/nano-pencil 2.0.0-beta.8 → 2.0.0

package/dist/extensions/builtin/browser/agent-workspace/domain-skills/pubmed/scraping.md

@@ -1,421 +1,421 @@
-# PubMed / NCBI — Scraping & Data Extraction
-
-`https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov` — 37 M+ biomedical citations. **Never use the browser for PubMed.** All data is reachable via `http_get` using the NCBI E-utilities REST API. No API key required; a free key raises the rate limit from 3 to 10 req/s.
-
-## Do this first
-
-**ESearch → ESummary is the fastest pipeline for most tasks — two calls, JSON responses, no XML parsing.**
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-# Step 1: search → get PMIDs
-search = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
-    "?db=pubmed&term=deep+learning+radiology&retmax=10&retmode=json"
-))
-pmids = search['esearchresult']['idlist']   # e.g. ['41999029', '41998456', ...]
-count = search['esearchresult']['count']    # total hits across all pages
-
-# Step 2: fetch lightweight metadata for all PMIDs in one call
-summary = json.loads(http_get(
-    f"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi"
-    f"?db=pubmed&id={','.join(pmids)}&retmode=json"
-))
-result = summary['result']
-for uid in result['uids']:
-    art = result[uid]
-    print(uid, art['pubdate'], art['source'])
-    print("  ", art['title'][:80])
-    print("  authors:", [a['name'] for a in art['authors'][:3]])
-# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
-# 41999029 2026 Apr 18 Med Sci Monit
-#    Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Through Orbi
-#    authors: ['Kesimal U', 'Akkaya HE', 'Polat Ö']
-# 41998456 2026 Apr 17 Sci Rep
-#    ...
-```
-
-Use **EFetch XML** when you need: full abstract text, MeSH terms, complete author names (not just "Last I"), structured abstract labels, or the DOI from within the article record.
-
-## Common workflows
-
-### Search PubMed (ESearch)
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
-    "?db=pubmed"
-    "&term=large+language+models+clinical"
-    "&retmax=5"
-    "&retmode=json"
-    "&sort=pub+date"                          # newest first; default is relevance
-    "&datetype=pdat"                          # filter by publication date
-    "&mindate=2024/01/01&maxdate=2024/12/31"  # YYYY/MM/DD format
-))
-result = data['esearchresult']
-print("Total hits:", result['count'])         # '24160' — note: string, not int
-print("PMIDs:", result['idlist'])
-print("Query translation:", result['querytranslation'])
-# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
-# Total hits: 24160
-# PMIDs: ['41996895', '41996722', '41996006', '41995888', '41995759']
-# Query translation: "large language models"[MeSH Terms] OR ...
-```
-
-#### ESearch field tags (append to term)
-
-```
-machine learning[MeSH Terms]        MeSH controlled vocabulary
-Hinton GE[Author]                   author last + initials
-attention is all you need[Title]    title words
-Nature[Journal]                     journal name
-2024[pdat]                          publication year
-```
-
-Boolean operators: `AND`, `OR`, `NOT`. Phrase search: `"exact phrase"[Title]`.
-
-#### Sort options (`sort=`)
-
-| Value | Effect |
-|---|---|
-| *(omit)* | Relevance (default) |
-| `pub+date` | Most recent publication first |
-| `Author` | First author alphabetical |
-| `JournalName` | Journal alphabetical |
-
-### Lightweight metadata — ESummary (JSON, no XML)
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi"
-    "?db=pubmed&id=41999029,41998456,41997837&retmode=json"
-))
-result = data['result']
-for uid in result['uids']:
-    art = result[uid]
-    # Key fields available:
-    title         = art['title']            # full title string
-    source        = art['source']           # abbreviated journal name
-    fulljournalname = art['fulljournalname']
-    pubdate       = art['pubdate']          # e.g. '2026 Apr 18'
-    epubdate      = art['epubdate']         # e-pub ahead of print date (may be empty)
-    authors       = art['authors']          # list of {'name': 'Last I', 'authtype': ...}
-    volume        = art['volume']
-    issue         = art['issue']
-    pages         = art['pages']
-    pubtype       = art['pubtype']          # list: ['Journal Article', 'Review', ...]
-    # Extract DOI from elocationid or articleids:
-    doi_field     = art['elocationid']      # e.g. 'doi: 10.12659/MSM.951157'
-    article_ids   = {x['idtype']: x['value'] for x in art['articleids']}
-    doi           = article_ids.get('doi')
-    pmc_id        = article_ids.get('pmc')  # PMC ID if open access
-    print(uid, pubdate, source)
-    print(" ", title[:70])
-    print("  doi:", doi, "| pmc:", pmc_id)
-# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
-# 41999029 2026 Apr 18 Med Sci Monit
-#    Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Through Orbi
-#   doi: 10.12659/MSM.951157 | pmc: None
-```
-
-### Full article metadata — EFetch XML
-
-Use this for full abstracts, complete author names, MeSH terms, structured abstract sections.
-
-```python
-import json, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-from helpers import http_get
-
-raw = http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi"
-    "?db=pubmed&id=41999029,36328784&retmode=xml&rettype=abstract"
-)
-root = ET.fromstring(raw)
-
-for art in root.findall('.//PubmedArticle'):
-    mc      = art.find('MedlineCitation')
-    pmid    = mc.find('PMID').text
-    article = mc.find('Article')
-
-    # Title — use itertext() to handle embedded tags like <i>, <sub>
-    title   = ''.join(article.find('ArticleTitle').itertext()).strip()
-
-    # Abstract — plain or structured (BACKGROUND / METHODS / RESULTS / CONCLUSION)
-    abstract_el = article.find('Abstract')
-    if abstract_el is not None:
-        sections = []
-        for t in abstract_el.findall('AbstractText'):
-            label = t.get('Label', '')          # e.g. 'BACKGROUND', 'METHODS'
-            text  = ''.join(t.itertext()).strip()
-            sections.append(f"[{label}] {text}" if label else text)
-        abstract = ' '.join(sections)
-    else:
-        abstract = ''                           # ~15% of articles have no abstract
-
-    # Journal + year
-    journal  = article.find('Journal')
-    j_title  = journal.find('Title').text if journal is not None else ''
-    pub_date = journal.find('.//PubDate') if journal is not None else None
-    if pub_date is not None:
-        year_el    = pub_date.find('Year')
-        medline_el = pub_date.find('MedlineDate')   # fallback for old/seasonal dates
-        season_el  = pub_date.find('Season')        # e.g. 'Jul-Aug', 'Oct-Dec'
-        year = (year_el.text if year_el is not None
-                else medline_el.text[:4] if medline_el is not None else '')
-
-    # DOI
-    doi_el = next(
-        (e for e in article.findall('ELocationID') if e.get('EIdType') == 'doi'),
-        None
-    )
-    doi = doi_el.text if doi_el is not None else ''
-
-    # Authors — handle CollectiveName (consortium/group authors)
-    author_list = article.find('AuthorList')
-    authors = []
-    if author_list is not None:
-        for a in author_list.findall('Author'):
-            collective = a.find('CollectiveName')
-            last       = a.find('LastName')
-            fore       = a.find('ForeName')
-            initials   = a.find('Initials')
-            if collective is not None:
-                authors.append(collective.text)
-            elif last is not None:
-                full = last.text
-                if fore is not None:
-                    full += f", {fore.text}"
-                authors.append(full)
-
-    # MeSH controlled vocabulary terms
-    mesh_list = mc.find('MeshHeadingList')
-    mesh_terms = []
-    if mesh_list is not None:
-        mesh_terms = [
-            mh.find('DescriptorName').text
-            for mh in mesh_list.findall('MeshHeading')
-            if mh.find('DescriptorName') is not None
-        ]
-
-    print(f"PMID={pmid} ({year}) {j_title}")
-    print(f"  Title: {title[:70]}")
-    print(f"  Authors: {authors[:3]}")
-    print(f"  DOI: {doi}")
-    print(f"  MeSH: {mesh_terms[:4]}")
-    print(f"  Abstract: {abstract[:120]}")
-# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
-# PMID=41999029 (2026) Medical science monitor : international medical...
-#   Title: Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Thro
-#   Authors: ['Kesimal, Uğur', 'Akkaya, Habip Eser', 'Polat, Önder']
-#   DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951157
-#   MeSH: ['Humans', 'Deep Learning', 'Exophthalmos', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging']
-#   Abstract: BACKGROUND Proptosis is a common manifestation of orbital disease...
-# PMID=36328784 (...)
-#   Abstract: [OBJECTIVES] Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour...  ← structured
-```
-
-### Large result sets — usehistory + WebEnv
-
-When `count` exceeds `retmax` (max 10 000), use server-side history to paginate EFetch without re-running ESearch on every page.
-
-```python
-import json, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-from helpers import http_get
-
-# Step 1: ESearch with usehistory=y — NCBI holds result set on server
-search = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
-    "?db=pubmed&term=CRISPR+gene+editing&retmax=0&retmode=json&usehistory=y"
-))
-webenv    = search['esearchresult']['webenv']       # server-side session token
-query_key = search['esearchresult']['querykey']     # result set ID within session
-total     = int(search['esearchresult']['count'])
-print(f"Total: {total}, WebEnv: {webenv[:30]}..., query_key: {query_key}")
-# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
-# Total: 24160, WebEnv: MCID_69e4203757db89391008d6f1..., query_key: 1
-
-# Step 2: EFetch pages using WebEnv (no re-searching)
-batch_size = 200
-for start in range(0, min(total, 1000), batch_size):  # cap at 1000 for demo
-    raw = http_get(
-        f"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi"
-        f"?db=pubmed&query_key={query_key}&WebEnv={webenv}"
-        f"&retstart={start}&retmax={batch_size}&retmode=xml&rettype=abstract"
-    )
-    root = ET.fromstring(raw)
-    articles = root.findall('.//PubmedArticle')
-    print(f"  Fetched {len(articles)} articles (start={start})")
-    # process articles here...
-```
-
-### EInfo — list available NCBI databases
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi?retmode=json"
-))
-dbs = data['einforesult']['dblist']
-print(f"Total databases: {len(dbs)}")   # Confirmed: 39 (2026-04-18)
-print(dbs[:10])
-# ['pubmed', 'protein', 'nuccore', 'ipg', 'nucleotide', 'structure',
-#  'genome', 'annotinfo', 'assembly', 'bioproject']
-```
-
-Get PubMed-specific metadata (field list, link list):
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi?db=pubmed&retmode=json"
-))
-db_info = data['einforesult']['dbinfo'][0]
-print("DB name:", db_info['dbname'])
-print("Record count:", db_info['count'])    # total PubMed records
-link_names = [l['name'] for l in db_info.get('linklist', [])]
-print(f"Link types ({len(link_names)}):", link_names[:5])
-# Confirmed (2026-04-18):
-# DB name: pubmed
-# Record count: 37620453
-# Link types (48): ['pubmed_assembly', 'pubmed_bioproject', ...]
-```
-
-### ELink — cross-database linking
-
-ELink connects a PubMed record to associated data in other NCBI databases. The `pubmed_pubmed` "related articles" linkname relies on a similarity server that is intermittently unavailable (returns `"Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2, the address table is empty."`). Use the non-similarity links below instead.
-
-```python
-import json
-from helpers import http_get
-
-# Link a PMID to its free full-text in PMC (if open access)
-# linkname=pubmed_pmc — may also hit the server outage; check error field
-data = json.loads(http_get(
-    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi"
-    "?dbfrom=pubmed&id=38325330&linkname=pubmed_pmc&retmode=json"
-))
-error = data.get('ERROR', '')
-if error:
-    print("ELink error:", error)   # 'Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2...' — NCBI server issue
-else:
-    for ls in data.get('linksets', []):
-        for lsdb in ls.get('linksetdbs', []):
-            print(lsdb['linkname'], "→", lsdb['links'][:5])
-```
-
-Available ELink linknames from pubmed (48 total):
-
-| linkname | Target |
-|---|---|
-| `pubmed_pmc` | Free full text in PMC |
-| `pubmed_pubmed_citedin` | Articles citing this paper |
-| `pubmed_pubmed_refs` | References cited by this paper |
-| `pubmed_gene` | Related Gene records |
-| `pubmed_clinvar` | Clinical variants associated with publication |
-| `pubmed_gds` | Related GEO datasets |
-
-**Practical alternative**: If ELink is down, extract DOI from EFetch/ESummary and use `https://doi.org/{doi}` directly for the full-text link.
-
-## URL and parameter reference
-
-### E-utilities base URLs
-
-```
-https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi   # search → PMIDs
-https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi  # PMIDs → JSON summary
-https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi    # PMIDs → full XML
-https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi     # cross-db links
-https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi     # DB metadata
-```
-
-### ESearch parameters
-
-| Parameter | Values | Notes |
-|---|---|---|
-| `db` | `pubmed` | Always `pubmed` for PubMed |
-| `term` | query string | Supports field tags like `[Author]`, `[Title]`, `[MeSH Terms]` |
-| `retmax` | integer, max 10000 | Results returned per call |
-| `retmode` | `json` | JSON output |
-| `sort` | `pub+date`, `Author`, `JournalName` | Default is relevance |
-| `datetype` | `pdat` (pub), `edat` (entrez), `mdat` (modified) | |
-| `mindate`, `maxdate` | `YYYY/MM/DD` or `YYYY` | Requires `datetype` |
-| `usehistory` | `y` | Store results on server; returns `webenv` + `querykey` |
-
-### EFetch parameters
-
-| Parameter | Values | Notes |
-|---|---|---|
-| `db` | `pubmed` | |
-| `id` | `38000000,37999999` | Comma-separated PMIDs; max ~200 per call |
-| `query_key` + `WebEnv` | from ESearch `usehistory=y` | Alternative to `id` for large sets |
-| `retstart` | integer | Offset for pagination with WebEnv |
-| `retmax` | integer, max 10000 | Batch size |
-| `retmode` | `xml` | Use XML for EFetch (JSON not available for full records) |
-| `rettype` | `abstract` | Returns abstract + core metadata |
-
-### PubMed article URL construction
-
-```python
-pmid = "41999029"
-pubmed_url  = f"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/{pmid}/"
-doi         = "10.12659/MSM.951157"
-doi_url     = f"https://doi.org/{doi}"        # resolves to publisher page
-pmc_id      = "PMC9876543"                    # from ESummary articleids
-pmc_url     = f"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/{pmc_id}/"
-```
-
-## Gotchas
-
-- **`count` is a string, not int.** `search['esearchresult']['count']` returns `'24160'`, not `24160`. Always cast with `int()` before arithmetic.
-
-- **EFetch retmode must be `xml` for full records.** Unlike ESearch and ESummary, EFetch with `retmode=json` returns flat text (the MEDLINE citation text format), not structured JSON. Parse EFetch responses with `xml.etree.ElementTree`.
-
-- **`ArticleTitle` may contain embedded XML tags.** Titles with italics (`<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>`) or math (`<sub>2</sub>`) are mixed-content nodes. Always use `''.join(el.itertext())` instead of `el.text`, which silently drops everything after the first child tag.
-
-- **~15% of articles have no abstract.** `article.find('Abstract')` returns `None` for short communications, editorials, letters, and older records. Always guard with `if abstract_el is not None`.
-
-- **Author names vary in structure — always handle `CollectiveName`.** Consortium papers list a group name (`'GeKeR Study Group'`, `'Breast Cancer Association Consortium'`) under `<CollectiveName>` instead of `<LastName>/<ForeName>`. Individual authors have `<LastName>` + optionally `<ForeName>` and `<Initials>`. Check `CollectiveName` first; falling through to `LastName` without the check produces `None` errors.
-  - Confirmed real examples (2026-04-18): PMID 37586835 (`GeKeR Study Group`), PMID 36328784 (`Breast Cancer Association Consortium`)
-
-- **PubDate has three possible structures.** Most articles have `<Year>` + optional `<Month>` + optional `<Day>`. Seasonal journals use `<Season>` (e.g. `Jul-Aug`, `Oct-Dec`) instead of `<Month>`. A minority of older records use `<MedlineDate>` (e.g. `1995 Fall`) with no `<Year>`. Safe extraction pattern:
-  ```python
-  pub_date = journal.find('.//PubDate')
-  year_el    = pub_date.find('Year')    if pub_date is not None else None
-  medline_el = pub_date.find('MedlineDate') if pub_date is not None else None
-  year = (year_el.text if year_el is not None
-          else medline_el.text[:4] if medline_el is not None else '')
-  ```
-
-- **Batch EFetch: keep IDs to ~200 per call.** The API accepts comma-separated IDs in `id=`, but very large batches (500+) occasionally time out or return truncated XML. For >200 articles, iterate in chunks or use `usehistory` + `WebEnv`.
-
-- **ELink `pubmed_pubmed` (related articles) is intermittently broken.** The NCBI similarity server returns `"Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2, the address table is empty."` — this is a persistent server-side issue as of 2026-04-18, not a rate-limit error. Other linknames (`pubmed_gene`, `pubmed_pmc`, `pubmed_clinvar`) fail with the same error. Use the DOI as a fallback link to publisher full text.
-
-- **Rate limits: 3 req/s without API key, 10 req/s with free key.** Exceeding 3 req/s returns HTTP 429. Insert `time.sleep(0.34)` between sequential calls without a key. Get a free API key at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/ and append `&api_key=YOUR_KEY` to all URLs.
-
-- **`retmax` upper bound is 10 000 for ESearch.** To retrieve more than 10 000 PMIDs for a search, use `usehistory=y` and page through EFetch with `retstart` offsets. EFetch itself also accepts `retmax` up to 10 000 per call.
-
-- **`retmax=0` in ESearch returns only the count, not IDs — useful for counting.** Combine with `usehistory=y` to store the result for later paging without fetching IDs upfront:
-  ```python
-  search = json.loads(http_get(
-      "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
-      "?db=pubmed&term=cancer&retmax=0&retmode=json&usehistory=y"
-  ))
-  total  = int(search['esearchresult']['count'])   # e.g. 4800000
-  webenv = search['esearchresult']['webenv']
-  ```
-
-- **ESummary `authors` field uses abbreviated names (`Last I`), not full names.** Use EFetch XML to get `ForeName` (e.g. `'Kesimal, Uğur'` vs ESummary `'Kesimal U'`). For bulk tasks where full names are not needed, ESummary is faster.
-
-- **`querytranslation` shows how NCBI interpreted your term.** The ESearch response includes `esearchresult.querytranslation` — a MeSH-expanded version of your query. Inspect it to verify the search matched what you intended.
+# PubMed / NCBI — Scraping & Data Extraction
+
+`https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov` — 37 M+ biomedical citations. **Never use the browser for PubMed.** All data is reachable via `http_get` using the NCBI E-utilities REST API. No API key required; a free key raises the rate limit from 3 to 10 req/s.
+
+## Do this first
+
+**ESearch → ESummary is the fastest pipeline for most tasks — two calls, JSON responses, no XML parsing.**
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+# Step 1: search → get PMIDs
+search = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
+    "?db=pubmed&term=deep+learning+radiology&retmax=10&retmode=json"
+))
+pmids = search['esearchresult']['idlist']   # e.g. ['41999029', '41998456', ...]
+count = search['esearchresult']['count']    # total hits across all pages
+
+# Step 2: fetch lightweight metadata for all PMIDs in one call
+summary = json.loads(http_get(
+    f"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi"
+    f"?db=pubmed&id={','.join(pmids)}&retmode=json"
+))
+result = summary['result']
+for uid in result['uids']:
+    art = result[uid]
+    print(uid, art['pubdate'], art['source'])
+    print("  ", art['title'][:80])
+    print("  authors:", [a['name'] for a in art['authors'][:3]])
+# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
+# 41999029 2026 Apr 18 Med Sci Monit
+#    Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Through Orbi
+#    authors: ['Kesimal U', 'Akkaya HE', 'Polat Ö']
+# 41998456 2026 Apr 17 Sci Rep
+#    ...
+```
+
+Use **EFetch XML** when you need: full abstract text, MeSH terms, complete author names (not just "Last I"), structured abstract labels, or the DOI from within the article record.
+
+## Common workflows
+
+### Search PubMed (ESearch)
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
+    "?db=pubmed"
+    "&term=large+language+models+clinical"
+    "&retmax=5"
+    "&retmode=json"
+    "&sort=pub+date"                          # newest first; default is relevance
+    "&datetype=pdat"                          # filter by publication date
+    "&mindate=2024/01/01&maxdate=2024/12/31"  # YYYY/MM/DD format
+))
+result = data['esearchresult']
+print("Total hits:", result['count'])         # '24160' — note: string, not int
+print("PMIDs:", result['idlist'])
+print("Query translation:", result['querytranslation'])
+# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
+# Total hits: 24160
+# PMIDs: ['41996895', '41996722', '41996006', '41995888', '41995759']
+# Query translation: "large language models"[MeSH Terms] OR ...
+```
+
+#### ESearch field tags (append to term)
+
+```
+machine learning[MeSH Terms]        MeSH controlled vocabulary
+Hinton GE[Author]                   author last + initials
+attention is all you need[Title]    title words
+Nature[Journal]                     journal name
+2024[pdat]                          publication year
+```
+
+Boolean operators: `AND`, `OR`, `NOT`. Phrase search: `"exact phrase"[Title]`.
+
+#### Sort options (`sort=`)
+
+| Value | Effect |
+|---|---|
+| *(omit)* | Relevance (default) |
+| `pub+date` | Most recent publication first |
+| `Author` | First author alphabetical |
+| `JournalName` | Journal alphabetical |
+
+### Lightweight metadata — ESummary (JSON, no XML)
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi"
+    "?db=pubmed&id=41999029,41998456,41997837&retmode=json"
+))
+result = data['result']
+for uid in result['uids']:
+    art = result[uid]
+    # Key fields available:
+    title         = art['title']            # full title string
+    source        = art['source']           # abbreviated journal name
+    fulljournalname = art['fulljournalname']
+    pubdate       = art['pubdate']          # e.g. '2026 Apr 18'
+    epubdate      = art['epubdate']         # e-pub ahead of print date (may be empty)
+    authors       = art['authors']          # list of {'name': 'Last I', 'authtype': ...}
+    volume        = art['volume']
+    issue         = art['issue']
+    pages         = art['pages']
+    pubtype       = art['pubtype']          # list: ['Journal Article', 'Review', ...]
+    # Extract DOI from elocationid or articleids:
+    doi_field     = art['elocationid']      # e.g. 'doi: 10.12659/MSM.951157'
+    article_ids   = {x['idtype']: x['value'] for x in art['articleids']}
+    doi           = article_ids.get('doi')
+    pmc_id        = article_ids.get('pmc')  # PMC ID if open access
+    print(uid, pubdate, source)
+    print(" ", title[:70])
+    print("  doi:", doi, "| pmc:", pmc_id)
+# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
+# 41999029 2026 Apr 18 Med Sci Monit
+#    Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Through Orbi
+#   doi: 10.12659/MSM.951157 | pmc: None
+```
+
+### Full article metadata — EFetch XML
+
+Use this for full abstracts, complete author names, MeSH terms, structured abstract sections.
+
+```python
+import json, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from helpers import http_get
+
+raw = http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi"
+    "?db=pubmed&id=41999029,36328784&retmode=xml&rettype=abstract"
+)
+root = ET.fromstring(raw)
+
+for art in root.findall('.//PubmedArticle'):
+    mc      = art.find('MedlineCitation')
+    pmid    = mc.find('PMID').text
+    article = mc.find('Article')
+
+    # Title — use itertext() to handle embedded tags like <i>, <sub>
+    title   = ''.join(article.find('ArticleTitle').itertext()).strip()
+
+    # Abstract — plain or structured (BACKGROUND / METHODS / RESULTS / CONCLUSION)
+    abstract_el = article.find('Abstract')
+    if abstract_el is not None:
+        sections = []
+        for t in abstract_el.findall('AbstractText'):
+            label = t.get('Label', '')          # e.g. 'BACKGROUND', 'METHODS'
+            text  = ''.join(t.itertext()).strip()
+            sections.append(f"[{label}] {text}" if label else text)
+        abstract = ' '.join(sections)
+    else:
+        abstract = ''                           # ~15% of articles have no abstract
+
+    # Journal + year
+    journal  = article.find('Journal')
+    j_title  = journal.find('Title').text if journal is not None else ''
+    pub_date = journal.find('.//PubDate') if journal is not None else None
+    if pub_date is not None:
+        year_el    = pub_date.find('Year')
+        medline_el = pub_date.find('MedlineDate')   # fallback for old/seasonal dates
+        season_el  = pub_date.find('Season')        # e.g. 'Jul-Aug', 'Oct-Dec'
+        year = (year_el.text if year_el is not None
+                else medline_el.text[:4] if medline_el is not None else '')
+
+    # DOI
+    doi_el = next(
+        (e for e in article.findall('ELocationID') if e.get('EIdType') == 'doi'),
+        None
+    )
+    doi = doi_el.text if doi_el is not None else ''
+
+    # Authors — handle CollectiveName (consortium/group authors)
+    author_list = article.find('AuthorList')
+    authors = []
+    if author_list is not None:
+        for a in author_list.findall('Author'):
+            collective = a.find('CollectiveName')
+            last       = a.find('LastName')
+            fore       = a.find('ForeName')
+            initials   = a.find('Initials')
+            if collective is not None:
+                authors.append(collective.text)
+            elif last is not None:
+                full = last.text
+                if fore is not None:
+                    full += f", {fore.text}"
+                authors.append(full)
+
+    # MeSH controlled vocabulary terms
+    mesh_list = mc.find('MeshHeadingList')
+    mesh_terms = []
+    if mesh_list is not None:
+        mesh_terms = [
+            mh.find('DescriptorName').text
+            for mh in mesh_list.findall('MeshHeading')
+            if mh.find('DescriptorName') is not None
+        ]
+
+    print(f"PMID={pmid} ({year}) {j_title}")
+    print(f"  Title: {title[:70]}")
+    print(f"  Authors: {authors[:3]}")
+    print(f"  DOI: {doi}")
+    print(f"  MeSH: {mesh_terms[:4]}")
+    print(f"  Abstract: {abstract[:120]}")
+# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
+# PMID=41999029 (2026) Medical science monitor : international medical...
+#   Title: Use of Deep Learning Models in the Diagnosis of Proptosis Thro
+#   Authors: ['Kesimal, Uğur', 'Akkaya, Habip Eser', 'Polat, Önder']
+#   DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951157
+#   MeSH: ['Humans', 'Deep Learning', 'Exophthalmos', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging']
+#   Abstract: BACKGROUND Proptosis is a common manifestation of orbital disease...
+# PMID=36328784 (...)
+#   Abstract: [OBJECTIVES] Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour...  ← structured
+```
+
+### Large result sets — usehistory + WebEnv
+
+When `count` exceeds `retmax` (max 10 000), use server-side history to paginate EFetch without re-running ESearch on every page.
+
+```python
+import json, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from helpers import http_get
+
+# Step 1: ESearch with usehistory=y — NCBI holds result set on server
+search = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
+    "?db=pubmed&term=CRISPR+gene+editing&retmax=0&retmode=json&usehistory=y"
+))
+webenv    = search['esearchresult']['webenv']       # server-side session token
+query_key = search['esearchresult']['querykey']     # result set ID within session
+total     = int(search['esearchresult']['count'])
+print(f"Total: {total}, WebEnv: {webenv[:30]}..., query_key: {query_key}")
+# Confirmed output (2026-04-18):
+# Total: 24160, WebEnv: MCID_69e4203757db89391008d6f1..., query_key: 1
+
+# Step 2: EFetch pages using WebEnv (no re-searching)
+batch_size = 200
+for start in range(0, min(total, 1000), batch_size):  # cap at 1000 for demo
+    raw = http_get(
+        f"https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi"
+        f"?db=pubmed&query_key={query_key}&WebEnv={webenv}"
+        f"&retstart={start}&retmax={batch_size}&retmode=xml&rettype=abstract"
+    )
+    root = ET.fromstring(raw)
+    articles = root.findall('.//PubmedArticle')
+    print(f"  Fetched {len(articles)} articles (start={start})")
+    # process articles here...
+```
+
+### EInfo — list available NCBI databases
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi?retmode=json"
+))
+dbs = data['einforesult']['dblist']
+print(f"Total databases: {len(dbs)}")   # Confirmed: 39 (2026-04-18)
+print(dbs[:10])
+# ['pubmed', 'protein', 'nuccore', 'ipg', 'nucleotide', 'structure',
+#  'genome', 'annotinfo', 'assembly', 'bioproject']
+```
+
+Get PubMed-specific metadata (field list, link list):
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi?db=pubmed&retmode=json"
+))
+db_info = data['einforesult']['dbinfo'][0]
+print("DB name:", db_info['dbname'])
+print("Record count:", db_info['count'])    # total PubMed records
+link_names = [l['name'] for l in db_info.get('linklist', [])]
+print(f"Link types ({len(link_names)}):", link_names[:5])
+# Confirmed (2026-04-18):
+# DB name: pubmed
+# Record count: 37620453
+# Link types (48): ['pubmed_assembly', 'pubmed_bioproject', ...]
+```
+
+### ELink — cross-database linking
+
+ELink connects a PubMed record to associated data in other NCBI databases. The `pubmed_pubmed` "related articles" linkname relies on a similarity server that is intermittently unavailable (returns `"Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2, the address table is empty."`). Use the non-similarity links below instead.
+
+```python
+import json
+from helpers import http_get
+
+# Link a PMID to its free full-text in PMC (if open access)
+# linkname=pubmed_pmc — may also hit the server outage; check error field
+data = json.loads(http_get(
+    "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi"
+    "?dbfrom=pubmed&id=38325330&linkname=pubmed_pmc&retmode=json"
+))
+error = data.get('ERROR', '')
+if error:
+    print("ELink error:", error)   # 'Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2...' — NCBI server issue
+else:
+    for ls in data.get('linksets', []):
+        for lsdb in ls.get('linksetdbs', []):
+            print(lsdb['linkname'], "→", lsdb['links'][:5])
+```
+
+Available ELink linknames from pubmed (48 total):
+
+| linkname | Target |
+|---|---|
+| `pubmed_pmc` | Free full text in PMC |
+| `pubmed_pubmed_citedin` | Articles citing this paper |
+| `pubmed_pubmed_refs` | References cited by this paper |
+| `pubmed_gene` | Related Gene records |
+| `pubmed_clinvar` | Clinical variants associated with publication |
+| `pubmed_gds` | Related GEO datasets |
+
+**Practical alternative**: If ELink is down, extract DOI from EFetch/ESummary and use `https://doi.org/{doi}` directly for the full-text link.
+
+## URL and parameter reference
+
+### E-utilities base URLs
+
+```
+https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi   # search → PMIDs
+https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi  # PMIDs → JSON summary
+https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi    # PMIDs → full XML
+https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi     # cross-db links
+https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi     # DB metadata
+```
+
+### ESearch parameters
+
+| Parameter | Values | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `db` | `pubmed` | Always `pubmed` for PubMed |
+| `term` | query string | Supports field tags like `[Author]`, `[Title]`, `[MeSH Terms]` |
+| `retmax` | integer, max 10000 | Results returned per call |
+| `retmode` | `json` | JSON output |
+| `sort` | `pub+date`, `Author`, `JournalName` | Default is relevance |
+| `datetype` | `pdat` (pub), `edat` (entrez), `mdat` (modified) | |
+| `mindate`, `maxdate` | `YYYY/MM/DD` or `YYYY` | Requires `datetype` |
+| `usehistory` | `y` | Store results on server; returns `webenv` + `querykey` |
+
+### EFetch parameters
+
+| Parameter | Values | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `db` | `pubmed` | |
+| `id` | `38000000,37999999` | Comma-separated PMIDs; max ~200 per call |
+| `query_key` + `WebEnv` | from ESearch `usehistory=y` | Alternative to `id` for large sets |
+| `retstart` | integer | Offset for pagination with WebEnv |
+| `retmax` | integer, max 10000 | Batch size |
+| `retmode` | `xml` | Use XML for EFetch (JSON not available for full records) |
+| `rettype` | `abstract` | Returns abstract + core metadata |
+
+### PubMed article URL construction
+
+```python
+pmid = "41999029"
+pubmed_url  = f"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/{pmid}/"
+doi         = "10.12659/MSM.951157"
+doi_url     = f"https://doi.org/{doi}"        # resolves to publisher page
+pmc_id      = "PMC9876543"                    # from ESummary articleids
+pmc_url     = f"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/{pmc_id}/"
+```
+
+## Gotchas
+
+- **`count` is a string, not int.** `search['esearchresult']['count']` returns `'24160'`, not `24160`. Always cast with `int()` before arithmetic.
+
+- **EFetch retmode must be `xml` for full records.** Unlike ESearch and ESummary, EFetch with `retmode=json` returns flat text (the MEDLINE citation text format), not structured JSON. Parse EFetch responses with `xml.etree.ElementTree`.
+
+- **`ArticleTitle` may contain embedded XML tags.** Titles with italics (`<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>`) or math (`<sub>2</sub>`) are mixed-content nodes. Always use `''.join(el.itertext())` instead of `el.text`, which silently drops everything after the first child tag.
+
+- **~15% of articles have no abstract.** `article.find('Abstract')` returns `None` for short communications, editorials, letters, and older records. Always guard with `if abstract_el is not None`.
+
+- **Author names vary in structure — always handle `CollectiveName`.** Consortium papers list a group name (`'GeKeR Study Group'`, `'Breast Cancer Association Consortium'`) under `<CollectiveName>` instead of `<LastName>/<ForeName>`. Individual authors have `<LastName>` + optionally `<ForeName>` and `<Initials>`. Check `CollectiveName` first; falling through to `LastName` without the check produces `None` errors.
+  - Confirmed real examples (2026-04-18): PMID 37586835 (`GeKeR Study Group`), PMID 36328784 (`Breast Cancer Association Consortium`)
+
+- **PubDate has three possible structures.** Most articles have `<Year>` + optional `<Month>` + optional `<Day>`. Seasonal journals use `<Season>` (e.g. `Jul-Aug`, `Oct-Dec`) instead of `<Month>`. A minority of older records use `<MedlineDate>` (e.g. `1995 Fall`) with no `<Year>`. Safe extraction pattern:
+  ```python
+  pub_date = journal.find('.//PubDate')
+  year_el    = pub_date.find('Year')    if pub_date is not None else None
+  medline_el = pub_date.find('MedlineDate') if pub_date is not None else None
+  year = (year_el.text if year_el is not None
+          else medline_el.text[:4] if medline_el is not None else '')
+  ```
+
+- **Batch EFetch: keep IDs to ~200 per call.** The API accepts comma-separated IDs in `id=`, but very large batches (500+) occasionally time out or return truncated XML. For >200 articles, iterate in chunks or use `usehistory` + `WebEnv`.
+
+- **ELink `pubmed_pubmed` (related articles) is intermittently broken.** The NCBI similarity server returns `"Couldn't resolve #exLinkSrv2, the address table is empty."` — this is a persistent server-side issue as of 2026-04-18, not a rate-limit error. Other linknames (`pubmed_gene`, `pubmed_pmc`, `pubmed_clinvar`) fail with the same error. Use the DOI as a fallback link to publisher full text.
+
+- **Rate limits: 3 req/s without API key, 10 req/s with free key.** Exceeding 3 req/s returns HTTP 429. Insert `time.sleep(0.34)` between sequential calls without a key. Get a free API key at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/ and append `&api_key=YOUR_KEY` to all URLs.
+
+- **`retmax` upper bound is 10 000 for ESearch.** To retrieve more than 10 000 PMIDs for a search, use `usehistory=y` and page through EFetch with `retstart` offsets. EFetch itself also accepts `retmax` up to 10 000 per call.
+
+- **`retmax=0` in ESearch returns only the count, not IDs — useful for counting.** Combine with `usehistory=y` to store the result for later paging without fetching IDs upfront:
+  ```python
+  search = json.loads(http_get(
+      "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi"
+      "?db=pubmed&term=cancer&retmax=0&retmode=json&usehistory=y"
+  ))
+  total  = int(search['esearchresult']['count'])   # e.g. 4800000
+  webenv = search['esearchresult']['webenv']
+  ```
+
+- **ESummary `authors` field uses abbreviated names (`Last I`), not full names.** Use EFetch XML to get `ForeName` (e.g. `'Kesimal, Uğur'` vs ESummary `'Kesimal U'`). For bulk tasks where full names are not needed, ESummary is faster.
+
+- **`querytranslation` shows how NCBI interpreted your term.** The ESearch response includes `esearchresult.querytranslation` — a MeSH-expanded version of your query. Inspect it to verify the search matched what you intended.