@openclaw/diagnostics-otel 2026.7.2-beta.7 → 2026.7.34

package/dist/.setup/runtime-api-C0WLBnTD.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,2594 @@
+import { isValidDiagnosticSpanId, isValidDiagnosticTraceFlags, isValidDiagnosticTraceId, redactSensitiveText } from "../api.js";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import nodePath from "node:path";
+import { SpanKind, SpanStatusCode, TraceFlags, context, metrics, trace } from "@opentelemetry/api";
+import { OTLPLogExporter } from "@opentelemetry/exporter-logs-otlp-proto";
+import { OTLPMetricExporter } from "@opentelemetry/exporter-metrics-otlp-proto";
+import { OTLPTraceExporter } from "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-proto";
+import { resourceFromAttributes } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
+import { BatchLogRecordProcessor, LoggerProvider } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs";
+import { PeriodicExportingMetricReader } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics";
+import { NodeSDK } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-node";
+import { BatchSpanProcessor, ParentBasedSampler, TraceIdRatioBasedSampler } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
+import { ATTR_SERVICE_NAME } from "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions";
+import { ATTR_GEN_AI_INPUT_MESSAGES, ATTR_GEN_AI_OUTPUT_MESSAGES, ATTR_GEN_AI_SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS, ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_ARGUMENTS, ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_ID, ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_RESULT, ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_DEFINITIONS, GEN_AI_OPERATION_NAME_VALUE_EXECUTE_TOOL } from "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions/incubating";
+import { waitForDiagnosticEventsDrained } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/diagnostic-runtime";
+import { createNodeProxyAgent } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/fetch-runtime";
+import { registerUnhandledRejectionHandler } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
+import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/string-coerce-runtime";
+import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-utility-runtime";
+//#region extensions/diagnostics-otel/src/service.ts
+const DEFAULT_SERVICE_NAME = "openclaw";
+const DROPPED_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+	"openclaw.callId",
+	"openclaw.call_id",
+	"openclaw.chatId",
+	"openclaw.chat_id",
+	"openclaw.messageId",
+	"openclaw.message_id",
+	"openclaw.parentSpanId",
+	"openclaw.parent_span_id",
+	"openclaw.runId",
+	"openclaw.run_id",
+	"openclaw.sessionId",
+	"openclaw.session_id",
+	"openclaw.sessionKey",
+	"openclaw.session_key",
+	"openclaw.spanId",
+	"openclaw.span_id",
+	"openclaw.toolCallId",
+	"openclaw.tool_call_id",
+	"openclaw.traceId",
+	"openclaw.trace_id"
+]);
+const LOW_CARDINALITY_VALUE_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_.:-]{1,120}$/u;
+const SECURITY_TARGET_NAME_VALUE_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9@/_.:-]{1,256}$/u;
+const MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS = 131072;
+const MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS = 200;
+const MAX_OTEL_LOG_BODY_CHARS = 4096;
+const MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT = 64;
+const MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_CHARS = 4096;
+const MAX_OTEL_ERROR_MESSAGE_CHARS = 4096;
+const LOG_RECORD_EXPORT_FAILURE_REPORT_INTERVAL_MS = 6e4;
+const OTEL_LOG_RAW_ATTRIBUTE_KEY_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_.:-]{1,64}$/u;
+const OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEY_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_.:-]{1,96}$/u;
+const BLOCKED_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+	"__proto__",
+	"prototype",
+	"constructor"
+]);
+const PRELOADED_OTEL_SDK_ENV = "OPENCLAW_OTEL_PRELOADED";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_METRICS_ENDPOINT_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_METRICS_ENDPOINT";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_LOGS_ENDPOINT_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_LOGS_ENDPOINT";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CERTIFICATE_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CERTIFICATE";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE";
+const OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_KEY_ENV = "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_KEY";
+const OTEL_SEMCONV_STABILITY_OPT_IN_ENV = "OTEL_SEMCONV_STABILITY_OPT_IN";
+const GEN_AI_LATEST_EXPERIMENTAL_OPT_IN = "gen_ai_latest_experimental";
+const GEN_AI_TOKEN_USAGE_BUCKETS = [
+	1,
+	4,
+	16,
+	64,
+	256,
+	1024,
+	4096,
+	16384,
+	65536,
+	262144,
+	1048576,
+	4194304,
+	16777216,
+	67108864
+];
+const GEN_AI_OPERATION_DURATION_BUCKETS = [
+	.01,
+	.02,
+	.04,
+	.08,
+	.16,
+	.32,
+	.64,
+	1.28,
+	2.56,
+	5.12,
+	10.24,
+	20.48,
+	40.96,
+	81.92
+];
+const OTEL_DEFAULT_HISTOGRAM_BUCKETS = [
+	0,
+	5,
+	10,
+	25,
+	50,
+	75,
+	100,
+	250,
+	500,
+	750,
+	1e3,
+	2500,
+	5e3,
+	7500,
+	1e4
+];
+const AGENT_DURATION_MS_BUCKETS = [
+	...OTEL_DEFAULT_HISTOGRAM_BUCKETS,
+	15e3,
+	2e4,
+	3e4,
+	45e3,
+	6e4,
+	12e4,
+	18e4,
+	24e4,
+	3e5,
+	6e5,
+	9e5,
+	18e5,
+	36e5
+];
+const CONTEXT_TOKENS_BUCKETS = [
+	...OTEL_DEFAULT_HISTOGRAM_BUCKETS,
+	16e3,
+	32e3,
+	64e3,
+	128e3,
+	2e5,
+	4e5,
+	1e6,
+	2e6
+];
+const MAX_RETAINED_TRUSTED_SPAN_CONTEXTS = 1024;
+const RETAINED_TRUSTED_SPAN_CONTEXT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5e3;
+const NO_CONTENT_CAPTURE = {
+	inputMessages: false,
+	outputMessages: false,
+	toolInputs: false,
+	toolOutputs: false,
+	systemPrompt: false,
+	toolDefinitions: false,
+	logBodies: false
+};
+function normalizeEndpoint(endpoint) {
+	const trimmed = endpoint?.trim();
+	return trimmed ? trimmed.replace(/\/+$/, "") : void 0;
+}
+function resolveOtelUrl(endpoint, path) {
+	if (!endpoint) return;
+	const endpointWithoutQueryOrFragment = endpoint.split(/[?#]/, 1)[0] ?? endpoint;
+	if (/\/v1\/(?:traces|metrics|logs)$/i.test(endpointWithoutQueryOrFragment)) return endpoint;
+	if (/[?#]/u.test(endpoint)) try {
+		const url = new URL(endpoint);
+		url.pathname = `${url.pathname.replace(/\/+$/u, "")}/${path}`;
+		return url.toString();
+	} catch {}
+	return `${endpoint}/${path}`;
+}
+function resolveSignalOtelUrl(params) {
+	return resolveOtelUrl(normalizeEndpoint(params.signalEndpoint ?? params.signalEnvEndpoint) ?? params.endpoint, params.path);
+}
+function readOtelEnvFile(params) {
+	const signalEnvName = `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_${params.signalIdentifier}_${params.signalSuffix}`;
+	const filePath = normalizeOtelEnvValue(process.env[signalEnvName]) ?? normalizeOtelEnvValue(process.env[params.sharedEnvName]);
+	if (!filePath) return;
+	try {
+		return readFileSync(nodePath.resolve(process.cwd(), filePath));
+	} catch {
+		params.logger.warn(`diagnostics-otel: ${params.warning}`);
+		return;
+	}
+}
+function normalizeOtelEnvValue(value) {
+	const trimmed = value?.trim();
+	return trimmed ? trimmed : void 0;
+}
+function resolveOtelHttpAgentOptions(params) {
+	const { url, signalIdentifier, logger } = params;
+	if (!url) return;
+	const ca = readOtelEnvFile({
+		signalIdentifier,
+		signalSuffix: "CERTIFICATE",
+		sharedEnvName: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CERTIFICATE_ENV,
+		logger,
+		warning: "failed to read root certificate file"
+	});
+	const cert = readOtelEnvFile({
+		signalIdentifier,
+		signalSuffix: "CLIENT_CERTIFICATE",
+		sharedEnvName: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_ENV,
+		logger,
+		warning: "failed to read client certificate chain file"
+	});
+	const key = readOtelEnvFile({
+		signalIdentifier,
+		signalSuffix: "CLIENT_KEY",
+		sharedEnvName: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_CLIENT_KEY_ENV,
+		logger,
+		warning: "failed to read client certificate private key file"
+	});
+	const agentOptions = {
+		keepAlive: true,
+		...ca !== void 0 ? { ca } : {},
+		...cert !== void 0 ? { cert } : {},
+		...key !== void 0 ? { key } : {}
+	};
+	try {
+		const agent = createNodeProxyAgent({
+			mode: "env",
+			targetUrl: url,
+			agentOptions
+		});
+		return agent ? () => agent : void 0;
+	} catch {
+		logger.warn(`diagnostics-otel: env proxy agent unavailable for OTLP ${signalIdentifier.toLowerCase()} exporter; falling back to default Node agent`);
+		return;
+	}
+}
+function resolveSampleRate(value) {
+	if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value)) return;
+	if (value < 0 || value > 1) return;
+	return value;
+}
+function formatError(err) {
+	if (err instanceof Error) return err.stack ?? err.message;
+	if (typeof err === "string") return err;
+	try {
+		return JSON.stringify(err);
+	} catch {
+		return String(err);
+	}
+}
+function errorCategory(err) {
+	try {
+		if (err instanceof Error && typeof err.name === "string" && err.name.trim()) return lowCardinalityAttr(err.name, "Error");
+		return lowCardinalityAttr(typeof err, "unknown");
+	} catch {
+		return "unknown";
+	}
+}
+function collectNestedErrorCandidates(err) {
+	const queue = [err];
+	const seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+	const candidates = [];
+	while (queue.length > 0) {
+		const current = queue.shift();
+		if (current == null || seen.has(current)) continue;
+		seen.add(current);
+		candidates.push(current);
+		if (Array.isArray(current)) {
+			for (const item of current) if (item != null && !seen.has(item)) queue.push(item);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (typeof current !== "object") continue;
+		const record = current;
+		for (const nested of [
+			record.cause,
+			record.reason,
+			record.original,
+			record.error
+		]) if (nested != null && !seen.has(nested)) queue.push(nested);
+		if (Array.isArray(record.errors)) {
+			for (const nested of record.errors) if (nested != null && !seen.has(nested)) queue.push(nested);
+		}
+	}
+	return candidates;
+}
+function readErrorName(err) {
+	if (!err || typeof err !== "object") return;
+	const name = err.name;
+	return typeof name === "string" && name.trim() ? name : void 0;
+}
+function readErrorCode(err) {
+	if (!err || typeof err !== "object") return;
+	const code = err.code;
+	return typeof code === "string" || typeof code === "number" ? code : void 0;
+}
+function findOtlpExporterError(reason) {
+	for (const candidate of collectNestedErrorCandidates(reason)) if (readErrorName(candidate) === "OTLPExporterError" && candidate && typeof candidate === "object") return candidate;
+}
+function redactOtelAttributes(attributes) {
+	const redactedAttributes = {};
+	for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
+		if (DROPPED_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS.has(key)) continue;
+		redactedAttributes[key] = typeof value === "string" ? redactSensitiveText(value) : value;
+	}
+	return redactedAttributes;
+}
+function lowCardinalityAttr(value, fallback = "unknown") {
+	if (!value) return fallback;
+	const redacted = redactSensitiveText(value.trim());
+	const redactedLower = redacted.toLowerCase();
+	if (redactedLower.startsWith("agent:") || redactedLower.includes(":agent:")) return fallback;
+	return LOW_CARDINALITY_VALUE_RE.test(redacted) ? redacted : fallback;
+}
+function securityTargetNameAttr(value, fallback = "unknown") {
+	if (!value) return fallback;
+	const redacted = redactSensitiveText(value.trim());
+	const redactedLower = redacted.toLowerCase();
+	if (redactedLower.startsWith("agent:") || redactedLower.includes(":agent:")) return fallback;
+	return SECURITY_TARGET_NAME_VALUE_RE.test(redacted) ? redacted : fallback;
+}
+function lowCardinalityQueueLaneAttr(value, fallback = "unknown") {
+	if (!value) return fallback;
+	const redacted = redactSensitiveText(value.trim());
+	if (redacted.toLowerCase().startsWith("agent:")) return fallback;
+	const scopedLaneIndex = redacted.indexOf(":");
+	const lane = scopedLaneIndex >= 0 ? redacted.slice(0, scopedLaneIndex) : redacted;
+	return LOW_CARDINALITY_VALUE_RE.test(lane) ? lane : fallback;
+}
+function shouldCaptureOtelLogBody(policy) {
+	return policy.logBodies;
+}
+function otelLogTimestampIso(timestamp) {
+	if (timestamp instanceof Date) return timestamp.toISOString();
+	if (typeof timestamp === "number" && Number.isFinite(timestamp)) return new Date(timestamp).toISOString();
+	if (Array.isArray(timestamp)) {
+		const [seconds, nanoseconds] = timestamp;
+		if (Number.isFinite(seconds) && Number.isFinite(nanoseconds)) return new Date(seconds * 1e3 + Math.trunc(nanoseconds / 1e6)).toISOString();
+	}
+	return (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString();
+}
+function writeStdoutDiagnosticLogRecord(params) {
+	const { logRecord, serviceName, traceContext } = params;
+	const line = {
+		ts: otelLogTimestampIso(logRecord.timestamp),
+		signal: "openclaw.diagnostic.log",
+		"service.name": serviceName,
+		severityText: logRecord.severityText,
+		severityNumber: logRecord.severityNumber,
+		body: logRecord.body,
+		attributes: logRecord.attributes ?? {},
+		...traceContext?.traceId ? { trace_id: traceContext.traceId } : {},
+		...traceContext?.spanId ? { span_id: traceContext.spanId } : {},
+		...traceContext?.traceFlags ? { trace_flags: traceContext.traceFlags } : {}
+	};
+	process.stdout.write(`${JSON.stringify(line)}\n`);
+}
+function hasOtelSemconvOptIn(value, optIn) {
+	return value?.split(",").map((part) => part.trim()).includes(optIn) ?? false;
+}
+function emitLatestGenAiSemconv() {
+	return hasOtelSemconvOptIn(process.env[OTEL_SEMCONV_STABILITY_OPT_IN_ENV], GEN_AI_LATEST_EXPERIMENTAL_OPT_IN);
+}
+function genAiOperationName(api) {
+	const normalized = api?.trim().toLowerCase();
+	if (!normalized) return "chat";
+	if (normalized === "completions" || normalized.endsWith("-completions")) return "text_completion";
+	if (normalized === "generate_content" || normalized.includes("generative-ai")) return "generate_content";
+	return "chat";
+}
+function positiveFiniteNumber(value) {
+	return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0 ? value : void 0;
+}
+function assignPositiveNumberAttr(attrs, key, value) {
+	const normalized = positiveFiniteNumber(value);
+	if (normalized !== void 0) attrs[key] = normalized;
+}
+function assignModelCallSizeTimingAttrs(attrs, evt) {
+	assignPositiveNumberAttr(attrs, "openclaw.model_call.request_bytes", evt.requestPayloadBytes);
+	assignPositiveNumberAttr(attrs, "openclaw.model_call.response_bytes", evt.responseStreamBytes);
+	assignPositiveNumberAttr(attrs, "openclaw.model_call.time_to_first_byte_ms", evt.timeToFirstByteMs);
+}
+function assignNumberAttr(attrs, key, value) {
+	if (typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)) attrs[key] = value;
+}
+function modelCallPromptTokens(usage) {
+	if (typeof usage.promptTokens === "number" && Number.isFinite(usage.promptTokens)) return usage.promptTokens;
+	const input = usage.input ?? 0;
+	const cacheRead = usage.cacheRead ?? 0;
+	const cacheWrite = usage.cacheWrite ?? 0;
+	const total = input + cacheRead + cacheWrite;
+	return total > 0 ? total : void 0;
+}
+function assignModelCallPromptStatsAttrs(attrs, evt) {
+	const stats = evt.promptStats;
+	if (!stats) return;
+	for (const [key, value] of [
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.input_messages_count", stats.inputMessagesCount],
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.input_messages_chars", stats.inputMessagesChars],
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.system_prompt_chars", stats.systemPromptChars],
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.tool_definitions_count", stats.toolDefinitionsCount],
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.tool_definitions_chars", stats.toolDefinitionsChars],
+		["openclaw.model_call.prompt.total_chars", stats.totalChars]
+	]) assignNumberAttr(attrs, key, value);
+}
+function assignModelCallUsageAttrs(attrs, evt) {
+	const usage = evt.usage;
+	if (!usage) return;
+	const promptTokens = modelCallPromptTokens(usage);
+	for (const [key, value] of [
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.input_tokens", usage.input],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.output_tokens", usage.output],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.cache_read_input_tokens", usage.cacheRead],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.cache_creation_input_tokens", usage.cacheWrite],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.reasoning_output_tokens", usage.reasoningTokens],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.prompt_tokens", promptTokens],
+		["openclaw.model_call.usage.total_tokens", usage.total],
+		["gen_ai.usage.input_tokens", promptTokens],
+		["gen_ai.usage.output_tokens", usage.output],
+		["gen_ai.usage.cache_read.input_tokens", usage.cacheRead],
+		["gen_ai.usage.cache_creation.input_tokens", usage.cacheWrite]
+	]) assignPositiveNumberAttr(attrs, key, value);
+}
+function assignGenAiSpanIdentityAttrs(attrs, input) {
+	if (emitLatestGenAiSemconv()) attrs["gen_ai.provider.name"] = lowCardinalityAttr(input.provider);
+	else attrs["gen_ai.system"] = lowCardinalityAttr(input.provider);
+	if (input.model) attrs["gen_ai.request.model"] = redactSensitiveText(input.model.trim());
+	attrs["gen_ai.operation.name"] = genAiOperationName(input.api);
+}
+function assignGenAiModelCallAttrs(attrs, evt) {
+	assignGenAiSpanIdentityAttrs(attrs, evt);
+}
+function modelCallSpanName(evt) {
+	if (!emitLatestGenAiSemconv()) return "openclaw.model.call";
+	return `${genAiOperationName(evt.api)} ${lowCardinalityAttr(evt.model)}`;
+}
+function modelCallSpanKind() {
+	return emitLatestGenAiSemconv() ? SpanKind.CLIENT : void 0;
+}
+function addUpstreamRequestIdSpanEvent(span, upstreamRequestIdHash) {
+	if (!upstreamRequestIdHash) return;
+	const boundedHash = lowCardinalityAttr(upstreamRequestIdHash);
+	if (boundedHash === "unknown") return;
+	span.addEvent?.("openclaw.provider.request", { "openclaw.upstreamRequestIdHash": boundedHash });
+}
+function clampOtelLogText(value, maxChars) {
+	return value.length > maxChars ? `${truncateUtf16Safe(value, maxChars)}...(truncated)` : value;
+}
+function normalizeOtelLogString(value, maxChars) {
+	return clampOtelLogText(redactSensitiveText(value), maxChars);
+}
+function normalizeOtelErrorMessage(value) {
+	if (!value) return;
+	return normalizeOtelLogString(value.trim(), MAX_OTEL_ERROR_MESSAGE_CHARS) || void 0;
+}
+function resolveContentCapturePolicy(value) {
+	if (value === true) return {
+		inputMessages: true,
+		outputMessages: true,
+		toolInputs: true,
+		toolOutputs: true,
+		systemPrompt: false,
+		toolDefinitions: true,
+		logBodies: true
+	};
+	if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) return NO_CONTENT_CAPTURE;
+	const config = value;
+	if (config.enabled !== true) return NO_CONTENT_CAPTURE;
+	return {
+		inputMessages: config.inputMessages === true,
+		outputMessages: config.outputMessages === true,
+		toolInputs: config.toolInputs === true,
+		toolOutputs: config.toolOutputs === true,
+		systemPrompt: config.systemPrompt === true,
+		toolDefinitions: config.toolDefinitions === true,
+		logBodies: false
+	};
+}
+function hasPreloadedOtelSdk() {
+	return process.env[PRELOADED_OTEL_SDK_ENV] === "1";
+}
+function normalizeOtelContentValue(value) {
+	if (typeof value === "string") return normalizeOtelLogString(value, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS);
+	if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+		const items = [];
+		for (const item of value.slice(0, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS)) if (typeof item === "string") items.push(item);
+		if (items.length > 0) return normalizeOtelLogString(items.join("\n"), MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS);
+	}
+	const json = safeJsonString(value, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS);
+	if (json) return json;
+}
+const TRUNCATED_JSON_TEXT_SUFFIX = "...(truncated)";
+const JSON_TRUNCATION_STRING_BUDGETS = [
+	8192,
+	4096,
+	2048,
+	1024,
+	512,
+	256,
+	128,
+	64,
+	32
+];
+const JSON_TRUNCATION_ARRAY_ITEM_BUDGETS = [
+	MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS,
+	100,
+	50,
+	25,
+	10,
+	5,
+	1
+];
+const JSON_TRUNCATION_MAX_OBJECT_FIELDS = 64;
+const JSON_TRUNCATION_MAX_DEPTH = 8;
+function safeJsonString(value, maxChars) {
+	if (value === void 0 || typeof value === "function" || typeof value === "symbol") return;
+	const exact = stringifyJsonForOtelAttribute(value);
+	if (exact && exact.length <= maxChars) return exact;
+	for (const maxArrayItems of JSON_TRUNCATION_ARRAY_ITEM_BUDGETS) for (const maxStringChars of JSON_TRUNCATION_STRING_BUDGETS) {
+		const json = stringifyJsonForOtelAttribute(truncateJsonValueForOtelAttribute(value, {
+			maxArrayItems,
+			maxDepth: JSON_TRUNCATION_MAX_DEPTH,
+			maxObjectFields: JSON_TRUNCATION_MAX_OBJECT_FIELDS,
+			maxStringChars,
+			seen: /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakSet()
+		}));
+		if (json && json.length <= maxChars) return json;
+	}
+	const summary = stringifyJsonForOtelAttribute({
+		truncated: true,
+		reason: exact ? "max_attribute_size" : "unserializable_value",
+		type: describeJsonValue(value)
+	});
+	return summary && summary.length <= maxChars ? summary : void 0;
+}
+function stringifyJsonForOtelAttribute(value) {
+	try {
+		const json = JSON.stringify(value);
+		if (!json) return;
+		return redactSensitiveText(json);
+	} catch {
+		return;
+	}
+}
+function truncateJsonValueForOtelAttribute(value, options) {
+	if (typeof value === "string") return truncateJsonTextForOtelAttribute(value, options.maxStringChars);
+	if (typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "boolean" || value === null) return value;
+	if (typeof value === "bigint") return truncateJsonTextForOtelAttribute(String(value), options.maxStringChars);
+	if (value === void 0 || typeof value === "function" || typeof value === "symbol") return;
+	if (options.maxDepth <= 0) return {
+		truncated: true,
+		reason: "max_depth"
+	};
+	if (Array.isArray(value)) return truncateJsonArrayForOtelAttribute(value, options);
+	if (typeof value === "object") return truncateJsonObjectForOtelAttribute(value, options);
+}
+function truncateJsonArrayForOtelAttribute(value, options) {
+	if (options.seen.has(value)) return [{
+		truncated: true,
+		reason: "circular_reference"
+	}];
+	options.seen.add(value);
+	const nextOptions = {
+		...options,
+		maxDepth: options.maxDepth - 1
+	};
+	const items = value.slice(0, options.maxArrayItems).map((item) => truncateJsonValueForOtelAttribute(item, nextOptions));
+	if (value.length > items.length) items.push({
+		truncated: true,
+		omittedItems: value.length - items.length
+	});
+	options.seen.delete(value);
+	return items;
+}
+function truncateJsonObjectForOtelAttribute(value, options) {
+	if (options.seen.has(value)) return {
+		truncated: true,
+		reason: "circular_reference"
+	};
+	options.seen.add(value);
+	const nextOptions = {
+		...options,
+		maxDepth: options.maxDepth - 1
+	};
+	const result = {};
+	const entries = Object.entries(value).filter(([, field]) => field !== void 0 && typeof field !== "function" && typeof field !== "symbol");
+	for (const [key, field] of entries.slice(0, options.maxObjectFields)) result[key] = truncateJsonValueForOtelAttribute(field, nextOptions);
+	if (entries.length > options.maxObjectFields) {
+		result.truncated = true;
+		result.omittedFields = entries.length - options.maxObjectFields;
+	}
+	options.seen.delete(value);
+	return result;
+}
+function truncateJsonTextForOtelAttribute(value, maxChars) {
+	const redacted = redactSensitiveText(value);
+	if (redacted.length <= maxChars) return redacted;
+	const suffixBudget = Math.min(14, maxChars);
+	const prefixBudget = Math.max(0, maxChars - suffixBudget);
+	return `${redacted.slice(0, prefixBudget)}${TRUNCATED_JSON_TEXT_SUFFIX.slice(14 - suffixBudget)}`;
+}
+function describeJsonValue(value) {
+	if (Array.isArray(value)) return "array";
+	if (value === null) return "null";
+	return typeof value;
+}
+function textPart(content) {
+	return {
+		type: "text",
+		content
+	};
+}
+function textPartContent(part) {
+	if (part.type !== "text") return;
+	if (typeof part.text === "string") return part.text;
+	return typeof part.content === "string" ? part.content : void 0;
+}
+function toolCallResponseValue(value) {
+	if (!Array.isArray(value)) return value;
+	const textItems = [];
+	for (const item of value) {
+		const text = typeof item === "string" ? item : isRecord(item) ? textPartContent(item) : void 0;
+		if (typeof text !== "string") return value;
+		textItems.push(text);
+	}
+	const kept = textItems.slice(0, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS);
+	const joined = kept.filter((text) => text.length > 0).join("\n");
+	if (joined.length === 0) return value;
+	const omitted = textItems.length - kept.length;
+	return omitted > 0 ? `${joined}\n...(${omitted} more text parts omitted)` : joined;
+}
+function toolCallResponsePart(part) {
+	return {
+		type: "tool_call_response",
+		...typeof part.id === "string" ? { id: part.id } : {},
+		response: toolCallResponseValue(part.response ?? part.result ?? part.content ?? part.details ?? "")
+	};
+}
+function contentParts(value) {
+	if (typeof value === "string") return value.length > 0 ? [textPart(value)] : [];
+	if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+		if (value === void 0 || value === null) return [];
+		if (typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "boolean" || typeof value === "bigint") return [textPart(String(value))];
+		const json = safeJsonString(value, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS);
+		return json ? [textPart(json)] : [];
+	}
+	const parts = [];
+	for (const part of value) {
+		if (typeof part === "string") {
+			if (part.length > 0) parts.push(textPart(part));
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (!isRecord(part)) continue;
+		const text = textPartContent(part);
+		if (text !== void 0) parts.push(textPart(text));
+		else if (part.type === "thinking" && typeof part.thinking === "string") parts.push({
+			type: "reasoning",
+			content: part.thinking
+		});
+		else if (part.type === "toolCall" && typeof part.name === "string") parts.push({
+			type: "tool_call",
+			name: part.name,
+			...typeof part.id === "string" ? { id: part.id } : {},
+			...part.arguments !== void 0 ? { arguments: part.arguments } : {}
+		});
+		else if (part.type === "tool_call" && typeof part.name === "string") parts.push({
+			type: "tool_call",
+			name: part.name,
+			...typeof part.id === "string" ? { id: part.id } : {},
+			...part.arguments !== void 0 ? { arguments: part.arguments } : {}
+		});
+		else if (part.type === "tool_call_response") parts.push(toolCallResponsePart(part));
+		else if (part.type === "image") {
+			const data = typeof part.data === "string" ? part.data : void 0;
+			parts.push({
+				type: "blob",
+				modality: "image",
+				...typeof part.mimeType === "string" ? { mime_type: part.mimeType } : {},
+				...typeof part.mime_type === "string" ? { mime_type: part.mime_type } : {},
+				...data ? { content: data } : {}
+			});
+		}
+	}
+	return parts;
+}
+function normalizeGenAiMessage(value, fallbackRole = "user") {
+	if (typeof value === "string") return {
+		role: fallbackRole,
+		parts: [textPart(value)]
+	};
+	if (!isRecord(value)) return;
+	const rawRole = typeof value.role === "string" ? value.role : fallbackRole;
+	const role = rawRole === "toolResult" ? "tool" : rawRole;
+	let parts;
+	if (role === "tool") {
+		const explicitParts = contentParts(value.parts);
+		parts = explicitParts.length > 0 ? explicitParts : [toolCallResponsePart({
+			id: value.toolCallId,
+			response: value.content ?? value.details ?? ""
+		})];
+	} else parts = contentParts(value.parts ?? value.content);
+	if (parts.length === 0) return;
+	return {
+		role,
+		parts,
+		...typeof value.name === "string" ? { name: value.name } : {},
+		...typeof value.finish_reason === "string" ? { finish_reason: value.finish_reason } : {},
+		...typeof value.stopReason === "string" ? { finish_reason: value.stopReason } : {}
+	};
+}
+function normalizeGenAiMessages(value, fallbackRole) {
+	const source = Array.isArray(value) ? value : value === void 0 ? [] : [value];
+	const messages = [];
+	for (const item of source.slice(0, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS)) {
+		const message = normalizeGenAiMessage(item, fallbackRole);
+		if (message) messages.push(message);
+	}
+	return messages;
+}
+function normalizeGenAiToolDefinition(value) {
+	if (!isRecord(value) || typeof value.name !== "string" || value.name.trim().length === 0) return;
+	return {
+		type: typeof value.type === "string" ? value.type : "function",
+		name: value.name,
+		...typeof value.description === "string" ? { description: value.description } : {},
+		...value.parameters !== void 0 ? { parameters: value.parameters } : {}
+	};
+}
+function normalizeGenAiToolDefinitions(value) {
+	if (!Array.isArray(value)) return [];
+	const definitions = [];
+	for (const item of value.slice(0, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ARRAY_ITEMS)) {
+		const definition = normalizeGenAiToolDefinition(item);
+		if (definition) definitions.push(definition);
+	}
+	return definitions;
+}
+function assignJsonAttribute(attributes, key, value) {
+	const json = safeJsonString(value, MAX_OTEL_CONTENT_ATTRIBUTE_CHARS);
+	if (json) attributes[key] = json;
+}
+function assignGenAiModelContentAttributes(attributes, content, policy) {
+	if (policy.systemPrompt && typeof content?.systemPrompt === "string") {
+		const systemInstructions = [textPart(content.systemPrompt)];
+		assignJsonAttribute(attributes, ATTR_GEN_AI_SYSTEM_INSTRUCTIONS, systemInstructions);
+	}
+	if (policy.inputMessages) {
+		const inputMessages = normalizeGenAiMessages(content?.inputMessages, "user");
+		if (inputMessages.length > 0) {
+			assignJsonAttribute(attributes, ATTR_GEN_AI_INPUT_MESSAGES, inputMessages);
+			assignJsonAttribute(attributes, "input.value", inputMessages);
+			attributes["input.mime_type"] = "application/json";
+		}
+	}
+	if (policy.toolDefinitions) {
+		const toolDefinitions = normalizeGenAiToolDefinitions(content?.toolDefinitions);
+		if (toolDefinitions.length > 0) assignJsonAttribute(attributes, ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_DEFINITIONS, toolDefinitions);
+	}
+	if (policy.outputMessages) {
+		const outputMessages = normalizeGenAiMessages(content?.outputMessages, "assistant");
+		if (outputMessages.length > 0) {
+			assignJsonAttribute(attributes, ATTR_GEN_AI_OUTPUT_MESSAGES, outputMessages);
+			assignJsonAttribute(attributes, "output.value", outputMessages);
+			attributes["output.mime_type"] = "application/json";
+		}
+	}
+}
+function assignOtelContentAttribute(attributes, key, value) {
+	const normalized = normalizeOtelContentValue(value);
+	if (normalized) attributes[key] = normalized;
+}
+function assignOtelToolIdentityAttributes(attributes, evt) {
+	attributes["gen_ai.operation.name"] = GEN_AI_OPERATION_NAME_VALUE_EXECUTE_TOOL;
+	const toolCallId = evt.toolCallId?.trim();
+	if (toolCallId) attributes[ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_ID] = toolCallId;
+}
+function assignOtelModelContentAttributes(attributes, content, policy) {
+	assignGenAiModelContentAttributes(attributes, content, policy);
+	if (policy.inputMessages) assignOtelContentAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.content.input_messages", content?.inputMessages);
+	if (policy.toolDefinitions) assignOtelContentAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.content.tool_definitions", content?.toolDefinitions);
+	if (policy.outputMessages) assignOtelContentAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.content.output_messages", content?.outputMessages);
+	if (policy.systemPrompt) assignOtelContentAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.content.system_prompt", content?.systemPrompt);
+}
+function assignOtelToolContentAttributes(attributes, content, policy) {
+	if (policy.toolInputs) {
+		const toolInput = normalizeOtelContentValue(content?.toolInput);
+		if (toolInput) {
+			attributes[ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_ARGUMENTS] = toolInput;
+			attributes["openclaw.content.tool_input"] = toolInput;
+		}
+	}
+	if (policy.toolOutputs) {
+		const toolOutput = normalizeOtelContentValue(content?.toolOutput);
+		if (toolOutput) {
+			attributes[ATTR_GEN_AI_TOOL_CALL_RESULT] = toolOutput;
+			attributes["openclaw.content.tool_output"] = toolOutput;
+		}
+	}
+}
+function assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, key, value) {
+	if (Object.keys(attributes).length >= MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT) return;
+	if (BLOCKED_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS.has(key)) return;
+	if (redactSensitiveText(key) !== key) return;
+	if (!OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEY_RE.test(key)) return;
+	if (typeof value === "string") {
+		attributes[key] = normalizeOtelLogString(value, MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_CHARS);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)) {
+		attributes[key] = value;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (typeof value === "boolean") attributes[key] = value;
+}
+function normalizeTraceContext(value) {
+	if (!value || typeof value !== "object" || Array.isArray(value)) return;
+	const candidate = value;
+	if (!isValidDiagnosticTraceId(candidate.traceId)) return;
+	if (candidate.spanId !== void 0 && !isValidDiagnosticSpanId(candidate.spanId)) return;
+	if (candidate.parentSpanId !== void 0 && !isValidDiagnosticSpanId(candidate.parentSpanId)) return;
+	if (candidate.traceFlags !== void 0 && !isValidDiagnosticTraceFlags(candidate.traceFlags)) return;
+	return {
+		traceId: candidate.traceId,
+		...candidate.spanId ? { spanId: candidate.spanId } : {},
+		...candidate.parentSpanId ? { parentSpanId: candidate.parentSpanId } : {},
+		...candidate.traceFlags ? { traceFlags: candidate.traceFlags } : {}
+	};
+}
+function assignOtelLogEventAttributes(attributes, eventAttributes) {
+	if (!eventAttributes) return;
+	for (const rawKey in eventAttributes) {
+		if (Object.keys(attributes).length >= MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT) break;
+		if (!Object.hasOwn(eventAttributes, rawKey)) continue;
+		const key = rawKey.trim();
+		if (BLOCKED_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS.has(key)) continue;
+		if (redactSensitiveText(key) !== key) continue;
+		if (!OTEL_LOG_RAW_ATTRIBUTE_KEY_RE.test(key)) continue;
+		assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, `openclaw.${key}`, eventAttributes[rawKey]);
+	}
+}
+function assignOtelSecurityEventAttributes(attributes, eventAttributes) {
+	if (!eventAttributes) return;
+	for (const rawKey in eventAttributes) {
+		if (Object.keys(attributes).length >= MAX_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT) break;
+		if (!Object.hasOwn(eventAttributes, rawKey)) continue;
+		const key = rawKey.trim();
+		if (BLOCKED_OTEL_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYS.has(key)) continue;
+		if (redactSensitiveText(key) !== key) continue;
+		if (!OTEL_LOG_RAW_ATTRIBUTE_KEY_RE.test(key)) continue;
+		const value = eventAttributes[rawKey];
+		assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, `openclaw.security.attribute.${key}`, typeof value === "string" ? lowCardinalityAttr(value) : value);
+	}
+}
+function securitySeverityText(severity) {
+	switch (severity) {
+		case "critical": return "FATAL";
+		case "high": return "ERROR";
+		case "medium": return "WARN";
+		case "info":
+		case "low": return "INFO";
+	}
+	return severity;
+}
+function assignOtelSecurityAttributes(attributes, evt) {
+	assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.event_id", evt.eventId);
+	assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.category", evt.category);
+	assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.action", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.action));
+	assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.outcome", evt.outcome);
+	assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.severity", evt.severity);
+	if (evt.reason) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.reason", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason));
+	if (evt.actor) {
+		assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.kind", evt.actor.kind);
+		if (evt.actor.idHash) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.id_hash", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.actor.idHash));
+		if (evt.actor.deviceIdHash) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.device_id_hash", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.actor.deviceIdHash));
+		if (evt.actor.channel) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.channel", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.actor.channel));
+		if (evt.actor.role) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.role", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.actor.role));
+		if (evt.actor.scopes?.length) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.actor.scopes", evt.actor.scopes.map((scope) => lowCardinalityAttr(scope)).join(","));
+	}
+	if (evt.target) {
+		assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.target.kind", evt.target.kind);
+		if (evt.target.idHash) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.target.id_hash", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.target.idHash));
+		if (evt.target.name) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.target.name", securityTargetNameAttr(evt.target.name));
+		if (evt.target.owner) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.target.owner", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.target.owner));
+	}
+	if (evt.policy) {
+		if (evt.policy.id) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.policy.id", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.policy.id));
+		if (evt.policy.decision) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.policy.decision", evt.policy.decision);
+		if (evt.policy.reason) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.policy.reason", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.policy.reason));
+	}
+	if (evt.control) {
+		if (evt.control.id) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.control.id", lowCardinalityAttr(evt.control.id));
+		if (evt.control.family) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.security.control.family", evt.control.family);
+	}
+	assignOtelSecurityEventAttributes(attributes, evt.attributes);
+}
+function traceFlagsToOtel(traceFlags) {
+	return (Number.parseInt(traceFlags ?? "00", 16) & TraceFlags.SAMPLED) !== 0 ? TraceFlags.SAMPLED : TraceFlags.NONE;
+}
+function contextForTraceContext(traceContext) {
+	const normalized = normalizeTraceContext(traceContext);
+	if (!normalized?.spanId) return;
+	return trace.setSpanContext(context.active(), {
+		traceId: normalized.traceId,
+		spanId: normalized.spanId,
+		traceFlags: traceFlagsToOtel(normalized.traceFlags),
+		isRemote: true
+	});
+}
+function contextForTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata) {
+	return metadata.trusted || metadata.trustedTraceContext === true ? contextForTraceContext(evt.trace) : void 0;
+}
+function normalizedTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata) {
+	return metadata.trusted || metadata.trustedTraceContext === true ? normalizeTraceContext(evt.trace) : void 0;
+}
+function addTraceAttributes(attributes, traceContext) {
+	const normalized = normalizeTraceContext(traceContext);
+	if (!normalized) return;
+	attributes["openclaw.traceId"] = normalized.traceId;
+	if (normalized.spanId) attributes["openclaw.spanId"] = normalized.spanId;
+	if (normalized.parentSpanId) attributes["openclaw.parentSpanId"] = normalized.parentSpanId;
+	if (normalized.traceFlags) attributes["openclaw.traceFlags"] = normalized.traceFlags;
+}
+function createDiagnosticsOtelService() {
+	let sdk = null;
+	let logProvider = null;
+	let unsubscribe = null;
+	let stopActiveTrustedSpans = null;
+	let unregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler = null;
+	const stopStarted = async () => {
+		const currentUnsubscribe = unsubscribe;
+		const currentLogProvider = logProvider;
+		const currentSdk = sdk;
+		const currentStopActiveTrustedSpans = stopActiveTrustedSpans;
+		const currentUnregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler = unregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler;
+		unsubscribe = null;
+		logProvider = null;
+		sdk = null;
+		stopActiveTrustedSpans = null;
+		unregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler = null;
+		currentUnregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler?.();
+		currentUnsubscribe?.();
+		currentStopActiveTrustedSpans?.();
+		if (currentLogProvider) await currentLogProvider.shutdown().catch(() => void 0);
+		if (currentSdk) await currentSdk.shutdown().catch(() => void 0);
+	};
+	return {
+		id: "diagnostics-otel",
+		async start(ctx) {
+			await stopStarted();
+			const cfg = ctx.config.diagnostics;
+			const otel = cfg?.otel;
+			if (!cfg || cfg.enabled === false || !otel?.enabled) return;
+			const emitExporterEvent = (event) => {
+				try {
+					ctx.internalDiagnostics?.emit({
+						type: "telemetry.exporter",
+						...event
+					});
+				} catch {}
+			};
+			const emitForSignals = (signals, event) => {
+				for (const signal of signals) emitExporterEvent({
+					signal,
+					...event
+				});
+			};
+			const tracesEnabled = otel.traces !== false;
+			const metricsEnabled = otel.metrics !== false;
+			const logsEnabled = otel.logs === true;
+			const logsExporter = otel.logsExporter ?? "otlp";
+			const logsToOtlp = logsEnabled && (logsExporter === "otlp" || logsExporter === "both");
+			const logsToStdout = logsEnabled && (logsExporter === "stdout" || logsExporter === "both");
+			const otlpSignals = [
+				...tracesEnabled ? ["traces"] : [],
+				...metricsEnabled ? ["metrics"] : [],
+				...logsToOtlp ? ["logs"] : []
+			];
+			const enabledSignals = [
+				...tracesEnabled ? ["traces"] : [],
+				...metricsEnabled ? ["metrics"] : [],
+				...logsEnabled ? ["logs"] : []
+			];
+			if (enabledSignals.length === 0) return;
+			const protocol = otel.protocol ?? process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL ?? "http/protobuf";
+			if (otlpSignals.length > 0 && protocol !== "http/protobuf") {
+				emitForSignals(otlpSignals, {
+					exporter: "diagnostics-otel",
+					status: "failure",
+					reason: "unsupported_protocol"
+				});
+				ctx.logger.warn(`diagnostics-otel: unsupported protocol ${protocol}`);
+				return;
+			}
+			const endpoint = normalizeEndpoint(otel.endpoint ?? process.env[OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT_ENV]);
+			const headers = otel.headers ?? void 0;
+			const serviceName = otel.serviceName?.trim() || process.env.OTEL_SERVICE_NAME || DEFAULT_SERVICE_NAME;
+			const sampleRate = resolveSampleRate(otel.sampleRate);
+			const contentCapturePolicy = resolveContentCapturePolicy(otel.captureContent);
+			const sdkPreloaded = hasPreloadedOtelSdk();
+			const resource = resourceFromAttributes({ [ATTR_SERVICE_NAME]: serviceName });
+			const logUrl = resolveSignalOtelUrl({
+				signalEndpoint: otel.logsEndpoint,
+				signalEnvEndpoint: process.env[OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_LOGS_ENDPOINT_ENV],
+				endpoint,
+				path: "v1/logs"
+			});
+			if (!sdkPreloaded && (tracesEnabled || metricsEnabled)) {
+				const traceUrl = resolveSignalOtelUrl({
+					signalEndpoint: otel.tracesEndpoint,
+					signalEnvEndpoint: process.env[OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT_ENV],
+					endpoint,
+					path: "v1/traces"
+				});
+				const metricUrl = resolveSignalOtelUrl({
+					signalEndpoint: otel.metricsEndpoint,
+					signalEnvEndpoint: process.env[OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_METRICS_ENDPOINT_ENV],
+					endpoint,
+					path: "v1/metrics"
+				});
+				const traceHttpAgentOptions = resolveOtelHttpAgentOptions({
+					url: traceUrl,
+					signalIdentifier: "TRACES",
+					logger: ctx.logger
+				});
+				const metricHttpAgentOptions = resolveOtelHttpAgentOptions({
+					url: metricUrl,
+					signalIdentifier: "METRICS",
+					logger: ctx.logger
+				});
+				const traceExporter = tracesEnabled ? new OTLPTraceExporter({
+					...traceUrl ? { url: traceUrl } : {},
+					...headers ? { headers } : {},
+					...traceHttpAgentOptions ? { httpAgentOptions: traceHttpAgentOptions } : {}
+				}) : void 0;
+				const spanProcessors = traceExporter && typeof otel.flushIntervalMs === "number" ? [new BatchSpanProcessor(traceExporter, { scheduledDelayMillis: Math.max(1e3, otel.flushIntervalMs) })] : void 0;
+				const metricExporter = metricsEnabled ? new OTLPMetricExporter({
+					...metricUrl ? { url: metricUrl } : {},
+					...headers ? { headers } : {},
+					...metricHttpAgentOptions ? { httpAgentOptions: metricHttpAgentOptions } : {}
+				}) : void 0;
+				const metricReader = metricExporter ? new PeriodicExportingMetricReader({
+					exporter: metricExporter,
+					...typeof otel.flushIntervalMs === "number" ? { exportIntervalMillis: Math.max(1e3, otel.flushIntervalMs) } : {}
+				}) : void 0;
+				sdk = new NodeSDK({
+					resource,
+					...spanProcessors ? { spanProcessors } : traceExporter ? { traceExporter } : {},
+					...metricReader ? { metricReader } : {},
+					...sampleRate !== void 0 ? { sampler: new ParentBasedSampler({ root: new TraceIdRatioBasedSampler(sampleRate) }) } : {}
+				});
+				try {
+					sdk.start();
+				} catch (err) {
+					emitForSignals([...tracesEnabled ? ["traces"] : [], ...metricsEnabled ? ["metrics"] : []], {
+						exporter: "diagnostics-otel",
+						status: "failure",
+						reason: "start_failed",
+						errorCategory: errorCategory(err)
+					});
+					await stopStarted();
+					ctx.logger.error(`diagnostics-otel: failed to start SDK: ${formatError(err)}`);
+					throw err;
+				}
+			} else if (sdkPreloaded && (tracesEnabled || metricsEnabled)) ctx.logger.info("diagnostics-otel: using preloaded OpenTelemetry SDK");
+			const logSeverityMap = {
+				TRACE: 1,
+				DEBUG: 5,
+				INFO: 9,
+				WARN: 13,
+				ERROR: 17,
+				FATAL: 21
+			};
+			const meter = metrics.getMeter("openclaw");
+			const tracer = trace.getTracer("openclaw");
+			const activeTrustedSpans = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+			const activeTrustedSpanAliases = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+			const retainedTrustedSpanContexts = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+			const retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+			stopActiveTrustedSpans = () => {
+				const stopAt = Date.now();
+				for (const handle of retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers) clearTimeout(handle);
+				retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.clear();
+				retainedTrustedSpanContexts.clear();
+				for (const span of /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([...activeTrustedSpans.values(), ...Array.from(activeTrustedSpanAliases.values(), (entry) => entry.span)])) span.end(stopAt);
+				activeTrustedSpans.clear();
+				activeTrustedSpanAliases.clear();
+			};
+			const tokensCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.tokens", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Token usage by type"
+			});
+			const genAiTokenUsageHistogram = meter.createHistogram("gen_ai.client.token.usage", {
+				unit: "{token}",
+				description: "Number of input and output tokens used by GenAI client operations",
+				advice: { explicitBucketBoundaries: GEN_AI_TOKEN_USAGE_BUCKETS }
+			});
+			const genAiOperationDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("gen_ai.client.operation.duration", {
+				unit: "s",
+				description: "GenAI client operation duration",
+				advice: { explicitBucketBoundaries: GEN_AI_OPERATION_DURATION_BUCKETS }
+			});
+			const costCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.cost.usd", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Estimated model cost (USD)"
+			});
+			const durationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.run.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Agent run duration",
+				advice: { explicitBucketBoundaries: AGENT_DURATION_MS_BUCKETS }
+			});
+			const harnessDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.harness.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Agent harness lifecycle duration",
+				advice: { explicitBucketBoundaries: AGENT_DURATION_MS_BUCKETS }
+			});
+			const contextHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.context.tokens", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Context window size and usage",
+				advice: { explicitBucketBoundaries: CONTEXT_TOKENS_BUCKETS }
+			});
+			const webhookReceivedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.webhook.received", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Webhook requests received"
+			});
+			const webhookErrorCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.webhook.error", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Webhook processing errors"
+			});
+			const webhookDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.webhook.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Webhook processing duration"
+			});
+			const messageQueuedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.queued", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Messages queued for processing"
+			});
+			const messageReceivedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.received", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Inbound messages received"
+			});
+			const messageDispatchStartedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.dispatch.started", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Inbound message dispatch attempts started"
+			});
+			const messageDispatchCompletedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.dispatch.completed", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Inbound message dispatch attempts completed"
+			});
+			const messageDispatchDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.message.dispatch.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Inbound message dispatch duration"
+			});
+			const messageProcessedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.processed", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Messages processed by outcome"
+			});
+			const messageDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.message.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Message processing duration"
+			});
+			const messageDeliveryStartedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.message.delivery.started", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Outbound message delivery attempts started"
+			});
+			const messageDeliveryDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.message.delivery.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Outbound message delivery duration"
+			});
+			const queueDepthHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.queue.depth", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Queue depth on enqueue/dequeue"
+			});
+			const queueWaitHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.queue.wait_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Queue wait time before execution"
+			});
+			const laneEnqueueCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.queue.lane.enqueue", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Command queue lane enqueue events"
+			});
+			const laneDequeueCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.queue.lane.dequeue", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Command queue lane dequeue events"
+			});
+			const sessionStateCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.session.state", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Session state transitions"
+			});
+			const sessionTurnCreatedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.session.turn.created", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Agent session turns created"
+			});
+			const sessionStuckCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.session.stuck", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Sessions stuck in processing"
+			});
+			const sessionStuckAgeHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.session.stuck_age_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Age of stuck sessions"
+			});
+			const sessionRecoveryRequestedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.session.recovery.requested", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Session recovery attempts requested"
+			});
+			const sessionRecoveryCompletedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.session.recovery.completed", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Session recovery attempts completed"
+			});
+			const sessionRecoveryAgeHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.session.recovery.age_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Age of sessions selected for recovery"
+			});
+			const talkEventCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.talk.event", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Talk events emitted by type"
+			});
+			const talkEventDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.talk.event.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Talk event duration when reported"
+			});
+			const talkAudioBytesHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.talk.audio.bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "Talk audio frame byte lengths"
+			});
+			const runAttemptCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.run.attempt", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Run attempts"
+			});
+			const toolLoopCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.tool.loop", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Detected repetitive tool-call loop events"
+			});
+			const skillUsedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.skill.used", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Skills used by agent runs"
+			});
+			const modelCallDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.model_call.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Model call duration"
+			});
+			const modelCallRequestBytesHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.model_call.request_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "UTF-8 byte size of sanitized model request payloads"
+			});
+			const modelCallResponseBytesHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.model_call.response_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "UTF-8 byte size of bounded streamed model response payloads"
+			});
+			const modelCallTimeToFirstByteHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.model_call.time_to_first_byte_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Elapsed time before the first streamed model response event"
+			});
+			const modelFailoverCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.model.failover", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Model failovers by source, destination, lane, and reason"
+			});
+			const toolExecutionDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.tool.execution.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Tool execution duration"
+			});
+			const toolExecutionBlockedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.tool.execution.blocked", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Tool executions blocked by policy or sandbox diagnostics"
+			});
+			const execProcessDurationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.exec.duration_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Exec process duration"
+			});
+			const memoryRssHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.memory.rss_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "Resident set size reported by diagnostic memory samples"
+			});
+			const memoryHeapUsedHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.memory.heap_used_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "Heap used bytes reported by diagnostic memory samples"
+			});
+			const memoryHeapTotalHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.memory.heap_total_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "Heap total bytes reported by diagnostic memory samples"
+			});
+			const memoryExternalHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.memory.external_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "External memory bytes reported by diagnostic memory samples"
+			});
+			const memoryArrayBuffersHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.memory.array_buffers_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "ArrayBuffer bytes reported by diagnostic memory samples"
+			});
+			const memoryPressureCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.memory.pressure", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Diagnostic memory pressure events"
+			});
+			const asyncQueueDroppedCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.diagnostic.async_queue.dropped", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Async diagnostic queue drops by dropped event class"
+			});
+			const payloadLargeCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.payload.large", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Oversized payload diagnostics by surface and action"
+			});
+			const payloadLargeBytesHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.payload.large_bytes", {
+				unit: "By",
+				description: "Oversized payload byte sizes by surface and action"
+			});
+			const livenessWarningCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.liveness.warning", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Diagnostic liveness warning events"
+			});
+			const livenessEventLoopDelayP99Histogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.liveness.event_loop_delay_p99_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "P99 event-loop delay reported by diagnostic liveness warnings"
+			});
+			const livenessEventLoopDelayMaxHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.liveness.event_loop_delay_max_ms", {
+				unit: "ms",
+				description: "Maximum event-loop delay reported by diagnostic liveness warnings"
+			});
+			const livenessEventLoopUtilizationHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.liveness.event_loop_utilization", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Event-loop utilization reported by diagnostic liveness warnings"
+			});
+			const livenessCpuCoreRatioHistogram = meter.createHistogram("openclaw.liveness.cpu_core_ratio", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "CPU core ratio reported by diagnostic liveness warnings"
+			});
+			const telemetryExporterCounter = meter.createCounter("openclaw.telemetry.exporter.events", {
+				unit: "1",
+				description: "Diagnostic telemetry exporter lifecycle and failure events"
+			});
+			let recordLogRecord;
+			let recordSecurityEvent;
+			if (logsEnabled) {
+				let logRecordExportFailureLastReportedAt = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+				let otelLogger;
+				if (logsToOtlp) {
+					const logHttpAgentOptions = resolveOtelHttpAgentOptions({
+						url: logUrl,
+						signalIdentifier: "LOGS",
+						logger: ctx.logger
+					});
+					const logExporter = new OTLPLogExporter({
+						...logUrl ? { url: logUrl } : {},
+						...headers ? { headers } : {},
+						...logHttpAgentOptions ? { httpAgentOptions: logHttpAgentOptions } : {}
+					});
+					const logProcessor = new BatchLogRecordProcessor(logExporter, typeof otel.flushIntervalMs === "number" ? { scheduledDelayMillis: Math.max(1e3, otel.flushIntervalMs) } : {});
+					logProvider = new LoggerProvider({
+						resource,
+						processors: [logProcessor]
+					});
+					otelLogger = logProvider.getLogger("openclaw");
+				}
+				const reportLogExportFailure = (err, label) => {
+					emitExporterEvent({
+						exporter: "diagnostics-otel",
+						signal: "logs",
+						status: "failure",
+						reason: "emit_failed",
+						errorCategory: errorCategory(err)
+					});
+					const now = Date.now();
+					if (now - logRecordExportFailureLastReportedAt >= LOG_RECORD_EXPORT_FAILURE_REPORT_INTERVAL_MS) {
+						logRecordExportFailureLastReportedAt = now;
+						ctx.logger.error(`diagnostics-otel: ${label} export failed: ${formatError(err)}`);
+					}
+				};
+				const emitLogRecord = ({ logRecord, traceContext }) => {
+					if (logsToOtlp) otelLogger?.emit(logRecord);
+					if (logsToStdout) writeStdoutDiagnosticLogRecord({
+						logRecord,
+						serviceName,
+						...traceContext ? { traceContext } : {}
+					});
+				};
+				const buildDiagnosticLogRecord = (evt, metadata) => {
+					const logLevelName = evt.level || "INFO";
+					const severityNumber = logSeverityMap[logLevelName] ?? 9;
+					const body = shouldCaptureOtelLogBody(contentCapturePolicy) ? normalizeOtelLogString(evt.message || "log", MAX_OTEL_LOG_BODY_CHARS) : "log";
+					const attributes = Object.create(null);
+					assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.log.level", logLevelName);
+					if (evt.loggerName) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.logger", evt.loggerName);
+					if (evt.loggerParents?.length) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "openclaw.logger.parents", evt.loggerParents.join("."));
+					assignOtelLogEventAttributes(attributes, evt.attributes);
+					if (evt.code?.line) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "code.lineno", evt.code.line);
+					if (evt.code?.functionName) assignOtelLogAttribute(attributes, "code.function", evt.code.functionName);
+					const traceContext = normalizedTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+					addTraceAttributes(attributes, traceContext);
+					const logRecord = {
+						body,
+						severityText: logLevelName,
+						severityNumber,
+						attributes: redactOtelAttributes(attributes),
+						timestamp: evt.ts
+					};
+					const logContext = contextForTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+					if (logContext) logRecord.context = logContext;
+					return {
+						logRecord,
+						...traceContext ? { traceContext } : {}
+					};
+				};
+				const buildSecurityLogRecord = (evt, metadata) => {
+					const severityText = securitySeverityText(evt.severity);
+					const attributes = Object.create(null);
+					assignOtelSecurityAttributes(attributes, evt);
+					const traceContext = normalizedTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+					const logRecord = {
+						body: "openclaw.security.event",
+						severityText,
+						severityNumber: logSeverityMap[severityText] ?? 9,
+						attributes: redactOtelAttributes(attributes),
+						timestamp: evt.ts
+					};
+					const logContext = contextForTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+					if (logContext) logRecord.context = logContext;
+					return {
+						logRecord,
+						...traceContext ? { traceContext } : {}
+					};
+				};
+				recordLogRecord = (evt, metadata) => {
+					try {
+						emitLogRecord(buildDiagnosticLogRecord(evt, metadata));
+					} catch (err) {
+						reportLogExportFailure(err, "log record");
+					}
+				};
+				recordSecurityEvent = (evt, metadata) => {
+					if (!metadata.trusted) return;
+					try {
+						emitLogRecord(buildSecurityLogRecord(evt, metadata));
+					} catch (err) {
+						reportLogExportFailure(err, "security event");
+					}
+				};
+			}
+			const spanWithDuration = (name, attributes, durationMs, options = {}) => {
+				const endTimeMs = options.endTimeMs ?? Date.now();
+				const startTime = typeof options.startTimeMs === "number" ? options.startTimeMs : typeof durationMs === "number" && durationMs >= 0 ? endTimeMs - durationMs : void 0;
+				const parentContext = "parentContext" in options ? options.parentContext ?? void 0 : void 0;
+				return tracer.startSpan(name, {
+					attributes: redactOtelAttributes(attributes),
+					...options.kind !== void 0 ? { kind: options.kind } : {},
+					...startTime !== void 0 ? { startTime } : {}
+				}, parentContext);
+			};
+			const trustedTraceContext = (evt, metadata) => metadata.trusted ? normalizeTraceContext(evt.trace) : void 0;
+			const internalOrTrustedTraceContext = (evt, metadata) => metadata.trusted || metadata.internal ? normalizeTraceContext(evt.trace) : void 0;
+			const trustedSpanAliasOwner = (evt) => {
+				if ("runId" in evt && evt.runId) return {
+					kind: "run",
+					id: evt.runId
+				};
+			};
+			const sameTrustedSpanAliasOwner = (left, right) => Boolean(left && right && left.kind === right.kind && left.id === right.id);
+			const trustedSpanAliasKey = (spanId, owner) => `${spanId}:${owner.kind}:${owner.id}`;
+			const retainedTrustedSpanContextKey = (traceId, spanId, owner) => `${traceId}:${owner ? trustedSpanAliasKey(spanId, owner) : spanId}`;
+			const retainedTrustedSpanContext = (traceContext, spanId, owner) => {
+				if (!traceContext?.traceId || !spanId) return;
+				const retained = (owner ? retainedTrustedSpanContexts.get(retainedTrustedSpanContextKey(traceContext.traceId, spanId, owner)) : void 0) ?? retainedTrustedSpanContexts.get(retainedTrustedSpanContextKey(traceContext.traceId, spanId));
+				if (retained?.spanContext.traceId !== traceContext.traceId) return;
+				if (retained.owner && !sameTrustedSpanAliasOwner(retained.owner, owner)) return;
+				return retained.spanContext;
+			};
+			const activeTrustedSpanAlias = (spanId, owner) => {
+				if (!owner) return;
+				const alias = activeTrustedSpanAliases.get(trustedSpanAliasKey(spanId, owner));
+				if (!alias || !sameTrustedSpanAliasOwner(alias.owner, owner)) return;
+				return alias.span;
+			};
+			const internalOrTrustedParentContext = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const traceContext = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				const parentSpanId = traceContext?.parentSpanId ?? traceContext?.spanId;
+				if (!traceContext || !parentSpanId) return;
+				return contextForTraceContext({
+					...traceContext,
+					spanId: parentSpanId
+				});
+			};
+			const internalOrTrustedExplicitParentContext = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const traceContext = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				if (!traceContext?.parentSpanId) return;
+				return contextForTraceContext({
+					...traceContext,
+					spanId: traceContext.parentSpanId
+				});
+			};
+			const activeTrustedParentContext = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const traceContext = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				const parentSpanId = traceContext?.parentSpanId;
+				if (!parentSpanId) return;
+				const owner = trustedSpanAliasOwner(evt);
+				const spanContext = (activeTrustedSpans.get(parentSpanId) ?? activeTrustedSpanAlias(parentSpanId, owner))?.spanContext() ?? retainedTrustedSpanContext(traceContext, parentSpanId, owner);
+				if (!spanContext) return;
+				return trace.setSpanContext(context.active(), spanContext);
+			};
+			const activeInternalOrTrustedContext = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const traceContext = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				if (!traceContext) return;
+				const owner = trustedSpanAliasOwner(evt);
+				const activeSpan = (traceContext.spanId ? activeTrustedSpans.get(traceContext.spanId) ?? activeTrustedSpanAlias(traceContext.spanId, owner) : void 0) ?? (traceContext.parentSpanId ? activeTrustedSpans.get(traceContext.parentSpanId) ?? activeTrustedSpanAlias(traceContext.parentSpanId, owner) : void 0);
+				if (activeSpan) return trace.setSpanContext(context.active(), activeSpan.spanContext());
+				const retainedSpanContext = retainedTrustedSpanContext(traceContext, traceContext.spanId, owner) ?? retainedTrustedSpanContext(traceContext, traceContext.parentSpanId, owner);
+				if (retainedSpanContext) return trace.setSpanContext(context.active(), retainedSpanContext);
+				return internalOrTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata);
+			};
+			const trackTrustedSpan = (evt, metadata, span) => {
+				const spanId = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata)?.spanId;
+				if (spanId) activeTrustedSpans.set(spanId, span);
+				return span;
+			};
+			const trackInternalOrTrustedSpan = (evt, metadata, span) => {
+				const spanId = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata)?.spanId;
+				if (spanId) activeTrustedSpans.set(spanId, span);
+				return span;
+			};
+			const takeTrackedTrustedSpan = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const spanId = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata)?.spanId;
+				if (!spanId) return;
+				const span = activeTrustedSpans.get(spanId);
+				if (span) activeTrustedSpans.delete(spanId);
+				return span;
+			};
+			const getTrackedInternalOrTrustedSpan = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const spanId = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata)?.spanId;
+				if (!spanId) return;
+				return activeTrustedSpans.get(spanId);
+			};
+			const setSpanAttrs = (span, attributes) => {
+				span.setAttributes?.(redactOtelAttributes(attributes));
+			};
+			const retainTrustedSpanContext = (traceId, spanId, spanContext, token, owner) => {
+				retainedTrustedSpanContexts.set(retainedTrustedSpanContextKey(traceId, spanId, owner), {
+					spanContext,
+					token,
+					...owner ? { owner } : {}
+				});
+				while (retainedTrustedSpanContexts.size > MAX_RETAINED_TRUSTED_SPAN_CONTEXTS) {
+					const oldestKey = retainedTrustedSpanContexts.keys().next().value;
+					if (!oldestKey) break;
+					retainedTrustedSpanContexts.delete(oldestKey);
+				}
+			};
+			const scheduleRetainedTrustedSpanContextCleanup = (token) => {
+				let drainHandle;
+				let timeoutHandle;
+				const cleanup = () => {
+					if (drainHandle) {
+						clearTimeout(drainHandle);
+						retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.delete(drainHandle);
+						drainHandle = void 0;
+					}
+					if (timeoutHandle) {
+						clearTimeout(timeoutHandle);
+						retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.delete(timeoutHandle);
+						timeoutHandle = void 0;
+					}
+					for (const [key, retained] of retainedTrustedSpanContexts) if (retained.token === token) retainedTrustedSpanContexts.delete(key);
+				};
+				drainHandle = setTimeout(() => {
+					if (drainHandle) {
+						retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.delete(drainHandle);
+						drainHandle = void 0;
+					}
+					waitForDiagnosticEventsDrained().then(cleanup, cleanup);
+				}, 0);
+				drainHandle.unref?.();
+				retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.add(drainHandle);
+				timeoutHandle = setTimeout(cleanup, RETAINED_TRUSTED_SPAN_CONTEXT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+				timeoutHandle.unref?.();
+				retainedTrustedSpanContextCleanupTimers.add(timeoutHandle);
+			};
+			const completeTrackedLifecycleSpan = (spanId, span, endTimeMs) => {
+				const spanContext = span.spanContext();
+				const retainedKeys = [{ spanId }];
+				const retainedAliasKeys = [];
+				for (const [aliasKey, alias] of activeTrustedSpanAliases) if (alias.span === span) {
+					retainedKeys.push({
+						spanId: alias.spanId,
+						owner: alias.owner
+					});
+					retainedAliasKeys.push(aliasKey);
+				}
+				if (activeTrustedSpans.get(spanId) === span) activeTrustedSpans.delete(spanId);
+				for (const aliasKey of retainedAliasKeys) if (activeTrustedSpanAliases.get(aliasKey)?.span === span) activeTrustedSpanAliases.delete(aliasKey);
+				span.end(endTimeMs);
+				const token = Symbol("retainedTrustedSpanContext");
+				for (const retainedKey of retainedKeys) retainTrustedSpanContext(spanContext.traceId, retainedKey.spanId, spanContext, token, retainedKey.owner);
+				scheduleRetainedTrustedSpanContextCleanup(token);
+			};
+			const addRunAttrs = (spanAttrs, evt) => {
+				if (evt.provider) spanAttrs["openclaw.provider"] = evt.provider;
+				if (evt.model) spanAttrs["openclaw.model"] = evt.model;
+				if (evt.channel) spanAttrs["openclaw.channel"] = evt.channel;
+				if (evt.trigger) spanAttrs["openclaw.trigger"] = evt.trigger;
+			};
+			const paramsSummaryAttrs = (summary) => {
+				if (!summary) return {};
+				return {
+					"openclaw.tool.params.kind": summary.kind,
+					..."length" in summary ? { "openclaw.tool.params.length": summary.length } : {}
+				};
+			};
+			const recordModelUsage = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": evt.channel ?? "unknown",
+					"openclaw.agent": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.agentId),
+					"openclaw.provider": evt.provider ?? "unknown",
+					"openclaw.model": evt.model ?? "unknown"
+				};
+				const genAiAttrs = {
+					"gen_ai.operation.name": "chat",
+					"gen_ai.provider.name": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.provider),
+					"gen_ai.request.model": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.model)
+				};
+				const usage = evt.usage;
+				if (usage.input) {
+					tokensCounter.add(usage.input, {
+						...attrs,
+						"openclaw.token": "input"
+					});
+					genAiTokenUsageHistogram.record(usage.input, {
+						...genAiAttrs,
+						"gen_ai.token.type": "input"
+					});
+				}
+				if (usage.output) {
+					tokensCounter.add(usage.output, {
+						...attrs,
+						"openclaw.token": "output"
+					});
+					genAiTokenUsageHistogram.record(usage.output, {
+						...genAiAttrs,
+						"gen_ai.token.type": "output"
+					});
+				}
+				if (usage.cacheRead) tokensCounter.add(usage.cacheRead, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.token": "cache_read"
+				});
+				if (usage.cacheWrite) tokensCounter.add(usage.cacheWrite, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.token": "cache_write"
+				});
+				if (usage.promptTokens) tokensCounter.add(usage.promptTokens, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.token": "prompt"
+				});
+				if (usage.total) tokensCounter.add(usage.total, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.token": "total"
+				});
+				if (evt.costUsd) costCounter.add(evt.costUsd, attrs);
+				if (evt.durationMs) durationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (evt.context?.limit) contextHistogram.record(evt.context.limit, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.context": "limit"
+				});
+				if (evt.context?.used) contextHistogram.record(evt.context.used, {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.context": "used"
+				});
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const genAiInputTokens = usage.promptTokens ?? (usage.input ?? 0) + (usage.cacheRead ?? 0) + (usage.cacheWrite ?? 0);
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.tokens.input": usage.input ?? 0,
+					"openclaw.tokens.output": usage.output ?? 0,
+					"openclaw.tokens.cache_read": usage.cacheRead ?? 0,
+					"openclaw.tokens.cache_write": usage.cacheWrite ?? 0,
+					"openclaw.tokens.total": usage.total ?? 0
+				};
+				assignGenAiSpanIdentityAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignPositiveNumberAttr(spanAttrs, "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens", genAiInputTokens);
+				assignPositiveNumberAttr(spanAttrs, "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens", usage.output);
+				assignPositiveNumberAttr(spanAttrs, "gen_ai.usage.cache_read.input_tokens", usage.cacheRead);
+				assignPositiveNumberAttr(spanAttrs, "gen_ai.usage.cache_creation.input_tokens", usage.cacheWrite);
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.model.usage", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}).end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordWebhookReceived = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": evt.channel ?? "unknown",
+					"openclaw.webhook": evt.updateType ?? "unknown"
+				};
+				webhookReceivedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordWebhookProcessed = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.webhook": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.updateType)
+				};
+				if (typeof evt.durationMs === "number") webhookDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.webhook.processed", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs).end();
+			};
+			const recordWebhookError = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.webhook": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.updateType)
+				};
+				webhookErrorCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const redactedError = redactSensitiveText(evt.error);
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.error": redactedError
+				};
+				const span = tracer.startSpan("openclaw.webhook.error", { attributes: spanAttrs });
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactedError
+				});
+				span.end();
+			};
+			const recordMessageQueued = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.source)
+				};
+				messageQueuedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.queueDepth === "number") queueDepthHistogram.record(evt.queueDepth, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordMessageReceived = (evt) => {
+				messageReceivedCounter.add(1, {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.source)
+				});
+			};
+			const recordMessageDispatchStarted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.source)
+				};
+				messageDispatchStartedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const traceContext = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				if (!traceContext?.spanId || activeTrustedSpans.has(traceContext.spanId)) return;
+				trackInternalOrTrustedSpan(evt, metadata, spanWithDuration("openclaw.message.processed", attrs, void 0, {
+					parentContext: internalOrTrustedExplicitParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					startTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}));
+			};
+			const recordMessageDispatchCompleted = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.outcome": evt.outcome,
+					"openclaw.reason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason, "none"),
+					"openclaw.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.source)
+				};
+				messageDispatchCompletedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				messageDispatchDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordMessageProcessed = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+					"openclaw.outcome": evt.outcome ?? "unknown"
+				};
+				messageProcessedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.durationMs === "number") messageDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				if (evt.reason) spanAttrs["openclaw.reason"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason, "unknown");
+				const trackedSpan = getTrackedInternalOrTrustedSpan(evt, metadata);
+				const span = trackedSpan ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.message.processed", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: internalOrTrustedExplicitParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				if (evt.outcome === "error" && evt.error) span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactSensitiveText(evt.error)
+				});
+				const traceContext = internalOrTrustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				if (trackedSpan && traceContext?.spanId) {
+					completeTrackedLifecycleSpan(traceContext.spanId, trackedSpan, evt.ts);
+					return;
+				}
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const messageDeliveryAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel),
+				"openclaw.delivery.kind": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.deliveryKind, "other")
+			});
+			const recordMessageDeliveryStarted = (evt) => {
+				messageDeliveryStartedCounter.add(1, messageDeliveryAttrs(evt));
+			};
+			const recordMessageDeliveryCompleted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					...messageDeliveryAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.outcome": "completed"
+				};
+				messageDeliveryDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.message.delivery", {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.delivery.result_count": evt.resultCount
+				}, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeInternalOrTrustedContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}).end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordMessageDeliveryError = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					...messageDeliveryAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.outcome": "error",
+					"openclaw.errorCategory": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other")
+				};
+				messageDeliveryDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.message.delivery", attrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeInternalOrTrustedContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactSensitiveText(evt.errorCategory)
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordRunStarted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled || !metadata.trusted) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {};
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				const span = trackTrustedSpan(evt, metadata, spanWithDuration("openclaw.run", spanAttrs, void 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					startTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}));
+				const parentSpanId = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata)?.parentSpanId;
+				if (parentSpanId && !activeTrustedSpans.has(parentSpanId)) {
+					const owner = {
+						kind: "run",
+						id: evt.runId
+					};
+					activeTrustedSpanAliases.set(trustedSpanAliasKey(parentSpanId, owner), {
+						span,
+						spanId: parentSpanId,
+						owner
+					});
+				}
+			};
+			const recordLaneEnqueue = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.lane": lowCardinalityQueueLaneAttr(evt.lane) };
+				laneEnqueueCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				queueDepthHistogram.record(evt.queueSize, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordLaneDequeue = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.lane": lowCardinalityQueueLaneAttr(evt.lane) };
+				laneDequeueCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				queueDepthHistogram.record(evt.queueSize, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.waitMs === "number") queueWaitHistogram.record(evt.waitMs, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordSessionState = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.state": evt.state };
+				if (evt.reason) attrs["openclaw.reason"] = redactSensitiveText(evt.reason);
+				sessionStateCounter.add(1, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordSessionTurnCreated = (evt) => {
+				sessionTurnCreatedCounter.add(1, {
+					"openclaw.agent": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.agentId, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.trigger": evt.trigger
+				});
+			};
+			const recordSessionStuck = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.state": evt.state };
+				sessionStuckCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.ageMs === "number") sessionStuckAgeHistogram.record(evt.ageMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				spanAttrs["openclaw.queueDepth"] = evt.queueDepth ?? 0;
+				spanAttrs["openclaw.ageMs"] = evt.ageMs;
+				const span = tracer.startSpan("openclaw.session.stuck", { attributes: spanAttrs });
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: "session stuck"
+				});
+				span.end();
+			};
+			const sessionRecoveryAttrs = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.state": evt.state };
+				if (evt.reason) attrs["openclaw.reason"] = redactSensitiveText(evt.reason);
+				if (evt.activeWorkKind) attrs["openclaw.active_work_kind"] = evt.activeWorkKind;
+				return attrs;
+			};
+			const recordSessionRecoveryRequested = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = sessionRecoveryAttrs(evt);
+				attrs["openclaw.action"] = evt.allowActiveAbort ? "abort" : "recover";
+				sessionRecoveryRequestedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				sessionRecoveryAgeHistogram.record(evt.ageMs, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordSessionRecoveryCompleted = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = sessionRecoveryAttrs(evt);
+				attrs["openclaw.status"] = evt.status;
+				attrs["openclaw.action"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.action, "unknown");
+				if (evt.outcomeReason) attrs["openclaw.reason"] = redactSensitiveText(evt.outcomeReason);
+				sessionRecoveryCompletedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				sessionRecoveryAgeHistogram.record(evt.ageMs, attrs);
+			};
+			const talkEventAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.talk.brain": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.brain),
+				"openclaw.talk.event_type": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.talkEventType),
+				"openclaw.talk.mode": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.mode),
+				"openclaw.talk.provider": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.provider),
+				"openclaw.talk.transport": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.transport)
+			});
+			const recordTalkEvent = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!metadata.trusted) return;
+				const attrs = talkEventAttrs(evt);
+				talkEventCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.durationMs === "number") talkEventDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (typeof evt.byteLength === "number") talkAudioBytesHistogram.record(evt.byteLength, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordRunAttempt = (evt) => {
+				runAttemptCounter.add(1, { "openclaw.attempt": evt.attempt });
+			};
+			const toolLoopAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.toolName": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toolName, "tool"),
+				"openclaw.loop.level": evt.level,
+				"openclaw.loop.action": evt.action,
+				"openclaw.loop.detector": evt.detector,
+				"openclaw.loop.count": evt.count,
+				...evt.pairedToolName ? { "openclaw.loop.paired_tool": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.pairedToolName, "tool") } : {}
+			});
+			const recordToolLoop = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = toolLoopAttrs(evt);
+				toolLoopCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.tool.loop", attrs, 0, { endTimeMs: evt.ts });
+				if (evt.level === "critical" || evt.action === "block") span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: `${evt.detector}:${evt.action}`
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordMemoryUsageMetrics = (evt, attrs = {}) => {
+				memoryRssHistogram.record(evt.memory.rssBytes, attrs);
+				memoryHeapUsedHistogram.record(evt.memory.heapUsedBytes, attrs);
+				memoryHeapTotalHistogram.record(evt.memory.heapTotalBytes, attrs);
+				memoryExternalHistogram.record(evt.memory.externalBytes, attrs);
+				memoryArrayBuffersHistogram.record(evt.memory.arrayBuffersBytes, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordMemorySample = (evt) => {
+				recordMemoryUsageMetrics(evt);
+			};
+			const recordMemoryPressure = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.memory.level": evt.level,
+					"openclaw.memory.reason": evt.reason
+				};
+				memoryPressureCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				recordMemoryUsageMetrics(evt, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.memory.rss_bytes": evt.memory.rssBytes,
+					"openclaw.memory.heap_used_bytes": evt.memory.heapUsedBytes,
+					"openclaw.memory.heap_total_bytes": evt.memory.heapTotalBytes,
+					"openclaw.memory.external_bytes": evt.memory.externalBytes,
+					"openclaw.memory.array_buffers_bytes": evt.memory.arrayBuffersBytes,
+					...evt.thresholdBytes !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.memory.threshold_bytes": evt.thresholdBytes } : {},
+					...evt.rssGrowthBytes !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.memory.rss_growth_bytes": evt.rssGrowthBytes } : {},
+					...evt.windowMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.memory.window_ms": evt.windowMs } : {}
+				};
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.memory.pressure", spanAttrs, 0, { endTimeMs: evt.ts });
+				if (evt.level === "critical") span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: evt.reason
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordAsyncQueueDropped = (evt) => {
+				asyncQueueDroppedCounter.add(evt.droppedEvents, { "openclaw.diagnostic.async_queue.drop_class": "total" });
+				if (evt.droppedTrustedEvents !== void 0) asyncQueueDroppedCounter.add(evt.droppedTrustedEvents, { "openclaw.diagnostic.async_queue.drop_class": "trusted" });
+				if (evt.droppedUntrustedEvents !== void 0) asyncQueueDroppedCounter.add(evt.droppedUntrustedEvents, { "openclaw.diagnostic.async_queue.drop_class": "untrusted" });
+				if (evt.droppedPriorityEvents !== void 0) asyncQueueDroppedCounter.add(evt.droppedPriorityEvents, { "openclaw.diagnostic.async_queue.drop_class": "priority" });
+			};
+			const recordRunCompleted = (evt, metadata, privateData) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.outcome": evt.outcome,
+					"openclaw.provider": evt.provider ?? "unknown",
+					"openclaw.model": evt.model ?? "unknown"
+				};
+				if (evt.channel) attrs["openclaw.channel"] = evt.channel;
+				if (evt.blockedBy) attrs["openclaw.blocked_by"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.blockedBy, "unknown");
+				durationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { "openclaw.outcome": evt.outcome };
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.blockedBy) spanAttrs["openclaw.blocked_by"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.blockedBy, "unknown");
+				if (evt.errorCategory) spanAttrs["openclaw.errorCategory"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other");
+				const redactedError = normalizeOtelErrorMessage(privateData.errorMessage);
+				if (redactedError) spanAttrs["openclaw.error"] = redactedError;
+				const trustedTrace = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				const trackedSpan = trustedTrace?.spanId ? activeTrustedSpans.get(trustedTrace.spanId) : void 0;
+				const span = trackedSpan ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.run", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				if (evt.outcome === "error") {
+					const message = redactedError ?? (evt.errorCategory ? redactSensitiveText(evt.errorCategory) : void 0);
+					span.setStatus({
+						code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+						...message ? { message } : {}
+					});
+				}
+				if (trackedSpan && trustedTrace?.spanId) {
+					completeTrackedLifecycleSpan(trustedTrace.spanId, trackedSpan, evt.ts);
+					return;
+				}
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const harnessRunMetricAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.harness.id": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.harnessId, "unknown"),
+				"openclaw.harness.plugin": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.pluginId),
+				...evt.type === "harness.run.started" ? {} : { "openclaw.outcome": evt.type === "harness.run.error" ? "error" : evt.outcome },
+				"openclaw.provider": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.provider, "unknown"),
+				"openclaw.model": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.model, "unknown"),
+				...evt.channel ? { "openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel) } : {}
+			});
+			const recordHarnessRunStarted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled || !metadata.trusted) return;
+				trackTrustedSpan(evt, metadata, spanWithDuration("openclaw.harness.run", harnessRunMetricAttrs(evt), void 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					startTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}));
+			};
+			const recordHarnessRunCompleted = (evt, metadata, privateData) => {
+				harnessDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, harnessRunMetricAttrs(evt));
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...harnessRunMetricAttrs(evt) };
+				if (evt.resultClassification) spanAttrs["openclaw.harness.result_classification"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.resultClassification);
+				if (typeof evt.yieldDetected === "boolean") spanAttrs["openclaw.harness.yield_detected"] = evt.yieldDetected;
+				if (evt.itemLifecycle) {
+					spanAttrs["openclaw.harness.items.started"] = evt.itemLifecycle.startedCount;
+					spanAttrs["openclaw.harness.items.completed"] = evt.itemLifecycle.completedCount;
+					spanAttrs["openclaw.harness.items.active"] = evt.itemLifecycle.activeCount;
+				}
+				const redactedError = normalizeOtelErrorMessage(privateData.errorMessage);
+				if (redactedError) spanAttrs["openclaw.error"] = redactedError;
+				const trustedTrace = trustedTraceContext(evt, metadata);
+				const trackedSpan = trustedTrace?.spanId ? activeTrustedSpans.get(trustedTrace.spanId) : void 0;
+				const span = trackedSpan ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.harness.run", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				if (evt.outcome === "error") span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactedError ?? "error"
+				});
+				if (trackedSpan && trustedTrace?.spanId) {
+					completeTrackedLifecycleSpan(trustedTrace.spanId, trackedSpan, evt.ts);
+					return;
+				}
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordHarnessRunError = (evt, metadata, privateData) => {
+				const errorType = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other");
+				const attrs = {
+					...harnessRunMetricAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.harness.phase": evt.phase,
+					"openclaw.errorCategory": errorType
+				};
+				harnessDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const redactedError = normalizeOtelErrorMessage(privateData.errorMessage);
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"error.type": errorType,
+					...redactedError ? { "openclaw.error": redactedError } : {},
+					...evt.cleanupFailed ? { "openclaw.harness.cleanup_failed": true } : {}
+				};
+				const span = takeTrackedTrustedSpan(evt, metadata) ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.harness.run", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactedError ?? errorType
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordContextAssembled = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.context.message_count": evt.messageCount,
+					"openclaw.context.history_text_chars": evt.historyTextChars,
+					"openclaw.context.history_image_blocks": evt.historyImageBlocks,
+					"openclaw.context.max_message_text_chars": evt.maxMessageTextChars,
+					"openclaw.context.system_prompt_chars": evt.systemPromptChars,
+					"openclaw.context.prompt_chars": evt.promptChars,
+					"openclaw.context.prompt_images": evt.promptImages
+				};
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.contextTokenBudget !== void 0) spanAttrs["openclaw.context.token_budget"] = evt.contextTokenBudget;
+				if (evt.reserveTokens !== void 0) spanAttrs["openclaw.context.reserve_tokens"] = evt.reserveTokens;
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.context.assembled", spanAttrs, 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}).end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordModelFailover = (evt, metadata) => {
+				const metricAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.failover.reason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.failover.suspended": evt.suspended === void 0 ? "unknown" : String(evt.suspended),
+					"openclaw.lane": lowCardinalityQueueLaneAttr(evt.lane, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.model": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.fromModel),
+					"openclaw.provider": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.fromProvider),
+					"openclaw.failover.to_model": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toModel),
+					"openclaw.failover.to_provider": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toProvider)
+				};
+				modelFailoverCounter.add(1, metricAttrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { "openclaw.failover.reason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason, "unknown") };
+				if (evt.fromProvider) spanAttrs["openclaw.provider"] = evt.fromProvider;
+				if (evt.fromModel) spanAttrs["openclaw.model"] = evt.fromModel;
+				if (evt.toProvider) spanAttrs["openclaw.failover.to_provider"] = evt.toProvider;
+				if (evt.toModel) spanAttrs["openclaw.failover.to_model"] = evt.toModel;
+				if (evt.lane) spanAttrs["openclaw.lane"] = lowCardinalityQueueLaneAttr(evt.lane, "unknown");
+				if (evt.suspended !== void 0) spanAttrs["openclaw.failover.suspended"] = evt.suspended;
+				if (evt.cascadeDepth !== void 0) spanAttrs["openclaw.failover.cascade_depth"] = evt.cascadeDepth;
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.model.failover", spanAttrs, 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}).end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const modelCallMetricAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.provider": evt.provider,
+				"openclaw.model": evt.model,
+				"openclaw.api": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.api),
+				"openclaw.transport": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.transport)
+			});
+			const genAiModelCallMetricAttrs = (evt, errorType) => ({
+				"gen_ai.operation.name": genAiOperationName(evt.api),
+				"gen_ai.provider.name": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.provider),
+				"gen_ai.request.model": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.model),
+				...errorType ? { "error.type": errorType } : {}
+			});
+			const recordModelCallSizeTimingMetrics = (evt, attrs) => {
+				const requestPayloadBytes = positiveFiniteNumber(evt.requestPayloadBytes);
+				if (requestPayloadBytes !== void 0) modelCallRequestBytesHistogram.record(requestPayloadBytes, attrs);
+				const responseStreamBytes = positiveFiniteNumber(evt.responseStreamBytes);
+				if (responseStreamBytes !== void 0) modelCallResponseBytesHistogram.record(responseStreamBytes, attrs);
+				const timeToFirstByteMs = positiveFiniteNumber(evt.timeToFirstByteMs);
+				if (timeToFirstByteMs !== void 0) modelCallTimeToFirstByteHistogram.record(timeToFirstByteMs, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordModelCallStarted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled || !metadata.trusted) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.provider": evt.provider,
+					"openclaw.model": evt.model
+				};
+				assignGenAiModelCallAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.api) spanAttrs["openclaw.api"] = evt.api;
+				if (evt.transport) spanAttrs["openclaw.transport"] = evt.transport;
+				assignModelCallPromptStatsAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				trackTrustedSpan(evt, metadata, spanWithDuration(modelCallSpanName(evt), spanAttrs, void 0, {
+					kind: modelCallSpanKind(),
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					startTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}));
+			};
+			const recordModelCallCompleted = (evt, metadata, modelContent) => {
+				const metricAttrs = modelCallMetricAttrs(evt);
+				modelCallDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, metricAttrs);
+				recordModelCallSizeTimingMetrics(evt, metricAttrs);
+				genAiOperationDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs / 1e3, genAiModelCallMetricAttrs(evt));
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.provider": evt.provider,
+					"openclaw.model": evt.model
+				};
+				assignGenAiModelCallAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.api) spanAttrs["openclaw.api"] = evt.api;
+				if (evt.transport) spanAttrs["openclaw.transport"] = evt.transport;
+				assignModelCallSizeTimingAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignModelCallPromptStatsAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignModelCallUsageAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelModelContentAttributes(spanAttrs, modelContent, contentCapturePolicy);
+				const span = takeTrackedTrustedSpan(evt, metadata) ?? spanWithDuration(modelCallSpanName(evt), spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					kind: modelCallSpanKind(),
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				addUpstreamRequestIdSpanEvent(span, evt.upstreamRequestIdHash);
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordModelCallError = (evt, metadata, modelContent) => {
+				const errorType = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other");
+				const metricAttrs = {
+					...modelCallMetricAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.errorCategory": errorType,
+					...evt.failureKind ? { "openclaw.failureKind": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.failureKind, "other") } : {}
+				};
+				modelCallDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, metricAttrs);
+				recordModelCallSizeTimingMetrics(evt, metricAttrs);
+				genAiOperationDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs / 1e3, genAiModelCallMetricAttrs(evt, errorType));
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.provider": evt.provider,
+					"openclaw.model": evt.model,
+					"openclaw.errorCategory": errorType,
+					"error.type": errorType
+				};
+				if (evt.failureKind) spanAttrs["openclaw.failureKind"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.failureKind, "other");
+				assignGenAiModelCallAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.api) spanAttrs["openclaw.api"] = evt.api;
+				if (evt.transport) spanAttrs["openclaw.transport"] = evt.transport;
+				assignModelCallSizeTimingAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignModelCallPromptStatsAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignModelCallUsageAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelModelContentAttributes(spanAttrs, modelContent, contentCapturePolicy);
+				const span = takeTrackedTrustedSpan(evt, metadata) ?? spanWithDuration(modelCallSpanName(evt), spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					kind: modelCallSpanKind(),
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				addUpstreamRequestIdSpanEvent(span, evt.upstreamRequestIdHash);
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactSensitiveText(evt.errorCategory)
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const toolExecutionBaseAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.toolName": evt.toolName,
+				"openclaw.tool.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toolSource, "core"),
+				"gen_ai.tool.name": evt.toolName,
+				...evt.toolOwner ? { "openclaw.tool.owner": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toolOwner) } : {},
+				...paramsSummaryAttrs(evt.paramsSummary)
+			});
+			const skillUsedAttrs = (evt) => ({
+				"openclaw.skill.name": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.skillName, "skill"),
+				"openclaw.skill.source": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.skillSource),
+				"openclaw.skill.activation": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.activation),
+				...evt.agentId ? { "openclaw.agent": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.agentId) } : {},
+				...evt.toolName ? { "openclaw.toolName": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.toolName, "tool") } : {}
+			});
+			const recordSkillUsed = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!metadata.trusted) return;
+				const attrs = skillUsedAttrs(evt);
+				skillUsedCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.skill.used", spanAttrs, 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordToolExecutionStarted = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled || !metadata.trusted) return;
+				const spanAttrs = toolExecutionBaseAttrs(evt);
+				assignOtelToolIdentityAttributes(spanAttrs, evt);
+				trackTrustedSpan(evt, metadata, spanWithDuration("openclaw.tool.execution", spanAttrs, void 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					startTimeMs: evt.ts
+				}));
+			};
+			const recordToolExecutionCompleted = (evt, metadata, toolContent) => {
+				const attrs = toolExecutionBaseAttrs(evt);
+				toolExecutionDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelToolIdentityAttributes(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelToolContentAttributes(spanAttrs, toolContent, contentCapturePolicy);
+				const span = takeTrackedTrustedSpan(evt, metadata) ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.tool.execution", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordToolExecutionError = (evt, metadata, toolContent) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					...toolExecutionBaseAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.errorCategory": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other")
+				};
+				toolExecutionDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = { ...attrs };
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelToolIdentityAttributes(spanAttrs, evt);
+				if (evt.errorCode) spanAttrs["openclaw.errorCode"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCode, "other");
+				assignOtelToolContentAttributes(spanAttrs, toolContent, contentCapturePolicy);
+				const span = takeTrackedTrustedSpan(evt, metadata) ?? spanWithDuration("openclaw.tool.execution", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: redactSensitiveText(evt.errorCategory)
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordToolExecutionBlocked = (evt, metadata) => {
+				toolExecutionBlockedCounter.add(1, {
+					...toolExecutionBaseAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.deniedReason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.deniedReason, "other")
+				});
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...toolExecutionBaseAttrs(evt),
+					"openclaw.outcome": "blocked",
+					"openclaw.deniedReason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.deniedReason, "other")
+				};
+				addRunAttrs(spanAttrs, evt);
+				assignOtelToolIdentityAttributes(spanAttrs, evt);
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.tool.execution", spanAttrs, 0, {
+					parentContext: activeTrustedParentContext(evt, metadata),
+					endTimeMs: evt.ts
+				});
+				setSpanAttrs(span, spanAttrs);
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordPayloadLarge = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.payload.action": evt.action,
+					"openclaw.payload.surface": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.surface, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.channel": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.channel, "none"),
+					"openclaw.plugin": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.pluginId, "none"),
+					"openclaw.reason": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.reason, "none")
+				};
+				payloadLargeCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				const bytes = positiveFiniteNumber(evt.bytes);
+				if (bytes !== void 0) payloadLargeBytesHistogram.record(bytes, attrs);
+			};
+			const recordExecProcessCompleted = (evt) => {
+				const attrs = {
+					"openclaw.exec.target": evt.target,
+					"openclaw.exec.mode": evt.mode,
+					"openclaw.outcome": evt.outcome
+				};
+				if (evt.failureKind) attrs["openclaw.failureKind"] = evt.failureKind;
+				execProcessDurationHistogram.record(evt.durationMs, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.exec.command_length": evt.commandLength
+				};
+				if (typeof evt.exitCode === "number") spanAttrs["openclaw.exec.exit_code"] = evt.exitCode;
+				if (evt.exitSignal) spanAttrs["openclaw.exec.exit_signal"] = lowCardinalityAttr(evt.exitSignal, "other");
+				if (evt.timedOut !== void 0) spanAttrs["openclaw.exec.timed_out"] = evt.timedOut;
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.exec", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, { endTimeMs: evt.ts });
+				if (evt.outcome === "failed") span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					...evt.failureKind ? { message: evt.failureKind } : {}
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordHeartbeat = (evt) => {
+				queueDepthHistogram.record(evt.queued, { "openclaw.channel": "heartbeat" });
+			};
+			const recordLivenessWarning = (evt) => {
+				const reason = evt.reasons.join(":");
+				const attrs = { "openclaw.liveness.reason": lowCardinalityAttr(reason, "unknown") };
+				livenessWarningCounter.add(1, attrs);
+				queueDepthHistogram.record(evt.queued, { "openclaw.channel": "liveness" });
+				if (evt.eventLoopDelayP99Ms !== void 0) livenessEventLoopDelayP99Histogram.record(evt.eventLoopDelayP99Ms, attrs);
+				if (evt.eventLoopDelayMaxMs !== void 0) livenessEventLoopDelayMaxHistogram.record(evt.eventLoopDelayMaxMs, attrs);
+				if (evt.eventLoopUtilization !== void 0) livenessEventLoopUtilizationHistogram.record(evt.eventLoopUtilization, attrs);
+				if (evt.cpuCoreRatio !== void 0) livenessCpuCoreRatioHistogram.record(evt.cpuCoreRatio, attrs);
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					...attrs,
+					"openclaw.liveness.active": evt.active,
+					"openclaw.liveness.waiting": evt.waiting,
+					"openclaw.liveness.queued": evt.queued,
+					"openclaw.liveness.interval_ms": evt.intervalMs,
+					...evt.eventLoopDelayP99Ms !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.event_loop_delay_p99_ms": evt.eventLoopDelayP99Ms } : {},
+					...evt.eventLoopDelayMaxMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.event_loop_delay_max_ms": evt.eventLoopDelayMaxMs } : {},
+					...evt.eventLoopUtilization !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.event_loop_utilization": evt.eventLoopUtilization } : {},
+					...evt.cpuUserMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.cpu_user_ms": evt.cpuUserMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuSystemMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.cpu_system_ms": evt.cpuSystemMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuTotalMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.cpu_total_ms": evt.cpuTotalMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuCoreRatio !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.liveness.cpu_core_ratio": evt.cpuCoreRatio } : {}
+				};
+				const span = spanWithDuration("openclaw.liveness.warning", spanAttrs, 0, { endTimeMs: evt.ts });
+				span.setStatus({
+					code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+					message: reason
+				});
+				span.end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordDiagnosticPhaseCompleted = (evt) => {
+				if (!tracesEnabled) return;
+				const spanAttrs = {
+					"openclaw.phase": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.name, "unknown"),
+					...evt.cpuUserMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.phase.cpu_user_ms": evt.cpuUserMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuSystemMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.phase.cpu_system_ms": evt.cpuSystemMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuTotalMs !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.phase.cpu_total_ms": evt.cpuTotalMs } : {},
+					...evt.cpuCoreRatio !== void 0 ? { "openclaw.phase.cpu_core_ratio": evt.cpuCoreRatio } : {}
+				};
+				for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(evt.details ?? {})) spanAttrs[`openclaw.phase.detail.${key}`] = typeof value === "boolean" ? String(value) : value;
+				spanWithDuration("openclaw.diagnostic.phase", spanAttrs, evt.durationMs, { endTimeMs: evt.ts }).end(evt.ts);
+			};
+			const recordTelemetryExporter = (evt, metadata) => {
+				if (!metadata.trusted) return;
+				telemetryExporterCounter.add(1, {
+					"openclaw.exporter": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.exporter, "unknown"),
+					"openclaw.signal": evt.signal,
+					"openclaw.status": evt.status,
+					...evt.reason ? { "openclaw.reason": evt.reason } : {},
+					...evt.errorCategory ? { "openclaw.errorCategory": lowCardinalityAttr(evt.errorCategory, "other") } : {}
+				});
+			};
+			const subscribe = ctx.internalDiagnostics?.onEvent;
+			if (!subscribe) {
+				ctx.logger.error("diagnostics-otel: internal diagnostics capability unavailable");
+				return;
+			}
+			unsubscribe = subscribe((evt, metadata, privateData) => {
+				try {
+					switch (evt.type) {
+						case "model.usage":
+							recordModelUsage(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "webhook.received":
+							recordWebhookReceived(evt);
+							return;
+						case "webhook.processed":
+							recordWebhookProcessed(evt);
+							return;
+						case "webhook.error":
+							recordWebhookError(evt);
+							return;
+						case "message.queued":
+							recordMessageQueued(evt);
+							return;
+						case "message.received":
+							recordMessageReceived(evt);
+							return;
+						case "message.dispatch.started":
+							recordMessageDispatchStarted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "message.dispatch.completed":
+							recordMessageDispatchCompleted(evt);
+							return;
+						case "message.processed":
+							recordMessageProcessed(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "message.delivery.started":
+							recordMessageDeliveryStarted(evt);
+							return;
+						case "message.delivery.completed":
+							recordMessageDeliveryCompleted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "message.delivery.error":
+							recordMessageDeliveryError(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "talk.event":
+							recordTalkEvent(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "queue.lane.enqueue":
+							recordLaneEnqueue(evt);
+							return;
+						case "queue.lane.dequeue":
+							recordLaneDequeue(evt);
+							return;
+						case "session.state":
+							recordSessionState(evt);
+							return;
+						case "session.long_running":
+						case "session.stalled": return;
+						case "session.turn.created":
+							recordSessionTurnCreated(evt);
+							return;
+						case "session.stuck":
+							recordSessionStuck(evt);
+							return;
+						case "session.recovery.requested":
+							recordSessionRecoveryRequested(evt);
+							return;
+						case "session.recovery.completed":
+							recordSessionRecoveryCompleted(evt);
+							return;
+						case "run.attempt":
+							recordRunAttempt(evt);
+							return;
+						case "run.progress": return;
+						case "diagnostic.heartbeat":
+							recordHeartbeat(evt);
+							return;
+						case "diagnostic.liveness.warning":
+							recordLivenessWarning(evt);
+							return;
+						case "diagnostic.phase.completed":
+							recordDiagnosticPhaseCompleted(evt);
+							return;
+						case "run.started":
+							recordRunStarted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "run.completed":
+							recordRunCompleted(evt, metadata, privateData);
+							return;
+						case "harness.run.started":
+							recordHarnessRunStarted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "harness.run.completed":
+							recordHarnessRunCompleted(evt, metadata, privateData);
+							return;
+						case "harness.run.error":
+							recordHarnessRunError(evt, metadata, privateData);
+							return;
+						case "context.assembled":
+							recordContextAssembled(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "model.call.started":
+							recordModelCallStarted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "model.call.completed":
+							recordModelCallCompleted(evt, metadata, privateData.modelContent);
+							return;
+						case "model.call.error":
+							recordModelCallError(evt, metadata, privateData.modelContent);
+							return;
+						case "tool.execution.started":
+							recordToolExecutionStarted(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "tool.execution.completed":
+							recordToolExecutionCompleted(evt, metadata, privateData.toolContent);
+							return;
+						case "tool.execution.error":
+							recordToolExecutionError(evt, metadata, privateData.toolContent);
+							return;
+						case "tool.execution.blocked":
+							recordToolExecutionBlocked(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "skill.used":
+							recordSkillUsed(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "exec.process.completed":
+							recordExecProcessCompleted(evt);
+							return;
+						case "exec.approval.followup_suppressed": return;
+						case "log.record":
+							recordLogRecord?.(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "security.event":
+							recordSecurityEvent?.(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "tool.loop":
+							recordToolLoop(evt);
+							return;
+						case "diagnostic.memory.sample":
+							recordMemorySample(evt);
+							return;
+						case "diagnostic.memory.pressure":
+							recordMemoryPressure(evt);
+							return;
+						case "diagnostic.async_queue.dropped":
+							recordAsyncQueueDropped(evt);
+							return;
+						case "telemetry.exporter":
+							recordTelemetryExporter(evt, metadata);
+							return;
+						case "payload.large":
+							recordPayloadLarge(evt);
+							return;
+						case "model.failover": recordModelFailover(evt, metadata);
+					}
+				} catch (err) {
+					ctx.logger.error(`diagnostics-otel: event handler failed (${evt.type}): ${formatError(err)}`);
+				}
+			});
+			unregisterUnhandledRejectionHandler = registerUnhandledRejectionHandler((reason) => {
+				const otlpError = findOtlpExporterError(reason);
+				if (!otlpError) return false;
+				const code = readErrorCode(otlpError) ?? "unknown";
+				ctx.logger.warn(`diagnostics-otel: suppressed OTLP exporter unhandled rejection (code=${String(code)})`);
+				return true;
+			});
+			emitForSignals(enabledSignals, {
+				exporter: "diagnostics-otel",
+				status: "started",
+				reason: "configured"
+			});
+			if (logsEnabled) {
+				const label = logsExporter === "both" ? "OTLP/Protobuf + stdout JSONL" : logsExporter === "stdout" ? "stdout JSONL" : "OTLP/Protobuf";
+				ctx.logger.info(`diagnostics-otel: logs exporter enabled (${label})`);
+			}
+		},
+		async stop() {
+			await stopStarted();
+		}
+	};
+}
+//#endregion
+export { createDiagnosticsOtelService as t };