@oneuptime/common 14.0.9 → 14.0.11

package/Tests/Types/MessageQueue/MessagingTelemetryResolver.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2966 @@
+import {
+  AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES,
+  AZURE_RESOURCE_PROVIDER_ATTRIBUTES,
+  hasMessagingTrigger,
+  isTemporaryMessagingDestination,
+  MESSAGE_QUEUE_DESTINATION_MAX_LENGTH,
+  MESSAGING_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_BROKER_SCOPE_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_CONSUMER_GROUP_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_DESTINATION_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_DIRECTION_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_PROTOCOL_NAME_ATTRIBUTE,
+  MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_SYSTEM_ATTRIBUTE,
+  MESSAGING_TEMPORARY_FLAG_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES,
+  MessagingAddressAttribute,
+  RABBITMQ_ROUTING_KEY_ATTRIBUTES,
+  ResolvedMessagingDestination,
+  resolveMessagingSpan,
+  RPC_SYSTEM_ATTRIBUTES,
+  SNS_TOPIC_ARN_ATTRIBUTES,
+  SQS_QUEUE_URL_ATTRIBUTES,
+} from "../../../Types/MessageQueue/MessagingTelemetryResolver";
+import {
+  MESSAGING_SYSTEMS,
+  MessagingSystemDescriptor,
+} from "../../../Types/MessageQueue/MessagingSystem";
+import { SpanKind } from "../../../Models/AnalyticsModels/Span";
+import {
+  CLIENT,
+  CONSUMER,
+  destinationOf,
+  FixtureAttributes,
+  INTERNAL,
+  NUMERIC_SPAN_KIND_CASES,
+  NumericSpanKindCase,
+  PRODUCER,
+  SERVER,
+  SPAN_FIXTURES,
+  SpanFixture,
+  toStoredColumns,
+  toStoredKind,
+} from "./MessagingTelemetryFixtures";
+import { describe, expect, test } from "@jest/globals";
+
+function resolveSpan(
+  attributes: FixtureAttributes,
+  kind: string | null = null,
+): ResolvedMessagingDestination | null {
+  return resolveMessagingSpan({
+    getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+      return attributes[key];
+    },
+    kind,
+  });
+}
+
+// Resolve, recording every attribute key the resolver reads.
+function resolveRecordingReads(
+  attributes: FixtureAttributes,
+  kind: string | null,
+  reads: Set<string>,
+): ResolvedMessagingDestination | null {
+  return resolveMessagingSpan({
+    getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+      reads.add(key);
+      return attributes[key];
+    },
+    kind,
+  });
+}
+
+function destinationFor(
+  system: string,
+  destination: string,
+  extra: FixtureAttributes = {},
+): string | null {
+  const resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = resolveSpan(
+    {
+      "messaging.system": system,
+      "messaging.destination.name": destination,
+      ...extra,
+    },
+    PRODUCER,
+  );
+  return resolved ? resolved.destination : null;
+}
+
+describe("span kinds are the stored SpanKind strings", () => {
+  test("the literals the resolver compares with are the Span model's enum values", () => {
+    expect(PRODUCER).toBe(SpanKind.Producer);
+    expect(CONSUMER).toBe(SpanKind.Consumer);
+    expect(CLIENT).toBe(SpanKind.Client);
+    expect(INTERNAL).toBe(SpanKind.Internal);
+    expect(SERVER).toBe(SpanKind.Server);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("attribute precedence lists", () => {
+  test("triggers", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.system",
+      "messaging.destination.name",
+      "messaging.destination",
+      "message_bus.destination",
+      "az.namespace",
+      "azure.resource_provider.namespace",
+      "aws.sqs.queue.url",
+      "aws.queue_url",
+      "aws.sns.topic.arn",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test("destination: template, name, the 1.17-1.20 source keys, pre-1.17, Azure legacy", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGING_DESTINATION_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.destination.template",
+      "messaging.destination.name",
+      "messaging.source.template",
+      "messaging.source.name",
+      "messaging.destination",
+      "message_bus.destination",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test("temporary flags never include the untrustworthy pre-1.17 key", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGING_TEMPORARY_FLAG_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.destination.temporary",
+      "messaging.destination.anonymous",
+      "messaging.source.temporary",
+      "messaging.source.anonymous",
+    ]);
+    expect(MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES).not.toContain(
+      "messaging.temp_destination",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("address: current, pre-1.21, 1.22+ peer, sockets, Azure legacy, messaging.url", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGING_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      { address: "server.address", port: "server.port" },
+      { address: "net.peer.name", port: "net.peer.port" },
+      { address: "network.peer.address", port: "network.peer.port" },
+      { address: "net.sock.peer.addr", port: null },
+      { address: "server.socket.address", port: null },
+      { address: "peer.address", port: null },
+      { address: "messaging.url", port: null },
+    ]);
+    expect(MESSAGING_BROKER_SCOPE_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "server.address",
+      "net.peer.name",
+      "peer.address",
+      "network.peer.address",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test("direction, consumer group and system-specific keys", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGING_DIRECTION_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.operation.type",
+      "messaging.operation",
+      "messaging.operation.name",
+      "rpc.method",
+    ]);
+    expect(MESSAGING_CONSUMER_GROUP_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.consumer.group.name",
+      "messaging.destination.subscription.name",
+      "messaging.kafka.consumer.group",
+      "messaging.kafka.consumer_group",
+      "messaging.rocketmq.client_group",
+      "messaging.eventhubs.consumer.group",
+      "messaging.servicebus.destination.subscription_name",
+      // azure-core-metrics-opentelemetry's name for subscriptionName.
+      "messaging.servicebus.subscription_name",
+    ]);
+    expect(RABBITMQ_ROUTING_KEY_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key",
+      "messaging.rabbitmq.routing_key",
+    ]);
+    expect(MESSAGING_PROTOCOL_NAME_ATTRIBUTE).toBe("network.protocol.name");
+    expect(SQS_QUEUE_URL_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "aws.sqs.queue.url",
+      "aws.queue_url",
+    ]);
+    expect(SNS_TOPIC_ARN_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual(["aws.sns.topic.arn"]);
+    expect(AZURE_RESOURCE_PROVIDER_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual([
+      "az.namespace",
+      "azure.resource_provider.namespace",
+    ]);
+    expect(RPC_SYSTEM_ATTRIBUTES).toEqual(["rpc.system", "rpc.system.name"]);
+    expect(MESSAGING_SYSTEM_ATTRIBUTE).toBe("messaging.system");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES", () => {
+  test("has no duplicates and no blank keys", () => {
+    expect(new Set(MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES).size).toBe(
+      MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES.length,
+    );
+    for (const key of MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      expect(key).toBe(key.trim());
+      expect(key.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("includes every precedence list", () => {
+    const addressKeys: Array<string> = [];
+    for (const attribute of MESSAGING_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      addressKeys.push(attribute.address);
+      if (attribute.port) {
+        addressKeys.push(attribute.port);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const key of [
+      ...MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...MESSAGING_DESTINATION_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...MESSAGING_TEMPORARY_FLAG_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...addressKeys,
+      ...MESSAGING_BROKER_SCOPE_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...MESSAGING_DIRECTION_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...MESSAGING_CONSUMER_GROUP_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...RABBITMQ_ROUTING_KEY_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...SQS_QUEUE_URL_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...SNS_TOPIC_ARN_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...AZURE_RESOURCE_PROVIDER_ATTRIBUTES,
+      ...RPC_SYSTEM_ATTRIBUTES,
+      MESSAGING_PROTOCOL_NAME_ATTRIBUTE,
+      "rpc.service",
+      "component",
+    ]) {
+      expect(MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES).toContain(key);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("never names a per-message or per-instance value (the cron groups by every key)", () => {
+    for (const forbidden of [
+      "messaging.message.id",
+      "messaging.message_id",
+      "messaging.message.conversation_id",
+      "messaging.conversation_id",
+      "messaging.message.body.size",
+      "messaging.message.envelope.size",
+      "messaging.batch.message_count",
+      "messaging.kafka.message.offset",
+      "messaging.kafka.offset",
+      "messaging.kafka.partition",
+      "messaging.kafka.destination.partition",
+      "messaging.destination.partition.id",
+      "messaging.consumer.id",
+      "messaging.consumer_id",
+      "messaging.client.id",
+      "messaging.client_id",
+      "messaging.kafka.client_id",
+      "messaging.rocketmq.message.id",
+      "messaging.rocketmq.queue_id",
+      "messaging.rocketmq.queue_offset",
+      "messaging.gcp_pubsub.message.id",
+      "messaging.gcp_pubsub.message.ack_id",
+      "messaging.servicebus.message.delivery_count",
+      "messaging.servicebus.message.enqueued_time",
+      "url.full",
+      "http.url",
+      "gcp.resource.name",
+      "service.instance.id",
+      "k8s.pod.name",
+      "host.name",
+      "container.id",
+    ]) {
+      expect(MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES).not.toContain(forbidden);
+    }
+    for (const key of MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      // Span attributes only: resource and scope keys never identify a queue.
+      expect(key.startsWith("resource.")).toBe(false);
+      expect(key.startsWith("scope.")).toBe(false);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("the resolver never reads a key outside the list, over every fixture and kind", () => {
+    const outside: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+    const allowed: Set<string> = new Set<string>(
+      MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES,
+    );
+    for (const fixture of SPAN_FIXTURES) {
+      for (const kind of [
+        fixture.kind,
+        PRODUCER,
+        CONSUMER,
+        CLIENT,
+        INTERNAL,
+        null,
+      ]) {
+        const reads: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+        resolveRecordingReads(fixture.attributes, kind, reads);
+        for (const key of reads) {
+          if (!allowed.has(key)) {
+            outside.add(`${fixture.name}: ${key}`);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    expect([...outside]).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  test("every listed key is read by some fixture (the list has no stale keys)", () => {
+    const read: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+    for (const fixture of SPAN_FIXTURES) {
+      resolveRecordingReads(fixture.attributes, fixture.kind, read);
+    }
+    /*
+     * The full-attribute probe: every key present, so each precedence list
+     * is walked to its end for at least one system.
+     */
+    const everything: FixtureAttributes = {};
+    for (const key of MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      everything[key] = "";
+    }
+    for (const system of ["aws_sqs", "aws.sns", "rabbitmq", "servicebus"]) {
+      resolveRecordingReads(
+        {
+          ...everything,
+          "messaging.system": system,
+          "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+          "rpc.service": "SQS",
+          component: "servicebus",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+        read,
+      );
+    }
+    expect(
+      MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES.filter((key: string): boolean => {
+        return !read.has(key);
+      }),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("resolveMessagingSpan — real instrumentations across semconv generations", () => {
+  test("the corpus is large and its names are unique", () => {
+    expect(SPAN_FIXTURES.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(100);
+    expect(
+      new Set(
+        SPAN_FIXTURES.map((fixture: SpanFixture): string => {
+          return fixture.name;
+        }),
+      ).size,
+    ).toBe(SPAN_FIXTURES.length);
+  });
+
+  test.each(
+    SPAN_FIXTURES.map((fixture: SpanFixture): [string, SpanFixture] => {
+      return [fixture.name, fixture];
+    }),
+  )("%s", (_name: string, fixture: SpanFixture) => {
+    expect(resolveSpan(fixture.attributes, fixture.kind)).toEqual(
+      fixture.expected,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test.each(
+    SPAN_FIXTURES.map((fixture: SpanFixture): [string, SpanFixture] => {
+      return [fixture.name, fixture];
+    }),
+  )(
+    "%s — resolves identically read back from ClickHouse (the discovery cron's view)",
+    (_name: string, fixture: SpanFixture) => {
+      /*
+       * The cron selects exactly MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES from the
+       * stored span — every value a string, a missing key '' — and hands
+       * the row to the same resolver: it must land on the same destination
+       * the ingest-time stamp used.
+       */
+      const row: Record<string, string> = toStoredColumns(
+        fixture.attributes,
+        MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES,
+      );
+      expect(
+        resolveMessagingSpan({
+          getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+            return row[key];
+          },
+          kind: fixture.kind,
+        }),
+      ).toEqual(resolveSpan(fixture.attributes, fixture.kind));
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+describe("span kind", () => {
+  const KAFKA_SEND: FixtureAttributes = {
+    "messaging.system": "kafka",
+    "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+  };
+
+  test.each([
+    [SERVER],
+    ["SPAN_KIND_SERVER"],
+    ["server"],
+    ["Server"],
+    [" SERVER "],
+  ])("a SERVER span (%j) never resolves", (kind: string) => {
+    expect(resolveSpan(KAFKA_SEND, kind)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("OTLP's integer 2 is SERVER too", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveMessagingSpan({
+        getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+          return KAFKA_SEND[key];
+        },
+        kind: 2 as unknown as string,
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    [PRODUCER, "publish"],
+    ["PRODUCER", "publish"],
+    ["producer", "publish"],
+    [CONSUMER, "consume"],
+    ["Consumer", "consume"],
+    [CLIENT, "unknown"],
+    [INTERNAL, "unknown"],
+    ["SPAN_KIND_UNSPECIFIED", "unknown"],
+    ["", "unknown"],
+    ["nonsense", "unknown"],
+  ])(
+    "every other kind (%j) resolves, and only decides the direction: %s",
+    (kind: string, direction: string) => {
+      expect(resolveSpan(KAFKA_SEND, kind)?.direction).toBe(direction);
+    },
+  );
+
+  test.each([
+    [1, "unknown"],
+    [3, "unknown"],
+    [4, "publish"],
+    [5, "consume"],
+    [0, "unknown"],
+    [9, "unknown"],
+  ])("OTLP integer kind %d → %s", (kind: number, direction: string) => {
+    expect(
+      resolveMessagingSpan({
+        getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+          return KAFKA_SEND[key];
+        },
+        kind: kind as unknown as string,
+      })?.direction,
+    ).toBe(direction);
+  });
+
+  test("no kind at all resolves", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveMessagingSpan({
+        getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+          return KAFKA_SEND[key];
+        },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual(destinationOf({ system: "kafka", destination: "orders" }));
+  });
+
+  /*
+   * Spans on which the kind changes the answer: a plain Kafka span's
+   * direction; a RabbitMQ joined name, which a consumer splits to its queue
+   * and anything else to its exchange; and confluent-kafka's legacy
+   * "receive" on its producer spans, which only a PRODUCER kind outranks.
+   */
+  const KIND_SENSITIVE_SPANS: ReadonlyArray<FixtureAttributes> = [
+    KAFKA_SEND,
+    {
+      "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+      "messaging.destination.name": "direct_logs:warning",
+      "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "warning",
+    },
+    {
+      "messaging.system": "kafka",
+      "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+      "messaging.operation": "receive",
+    },
+  ];
+
+  // Any value as the kind: a remapper's configuration is any JSON.
+  function resolveKindSensitiveSpans(
+    kind: unknown,
+  ): Array<ResolvedMessagingDestination | null> {
+    return KIND_SENSITIVE_SPANS.map(
+      (attributes: FixtureAttributes): ResolvedMessagingDestination | null => {
+        return resolveMessagingSpan({
+          getAttribute: (key: string): unknown => {
+            return attributes[key];
+          },
+          kind: kind as string | number | null | undefined,
+        });
+      },
+    );
+  }
+
+  test("those spans tell SERVER, PRODUCER, CONSUMER and every other kind apart", () => {
+    const answers: (kind: string | null) => string = (
+      kind: string | null,
+    ): string => {
+      return JSON.stringify(resolveKindSensitiveSpans(kind));
+    };
+    expect(
+      new Set<string>([SERVER, PRODUCER, CONSUMER, INTERNAL].map(answers)).size,
+    ).toBe(4);
+    // The resolver reads INTERNAL, CLIENT and no kind alike.
+    expect(answers(CLIENT)).toBe(answers(INTERNAL));
+    expect(answers(null)).toBe(answers(INTERNAL));
+    expect(resolveKindSensitiveSpans(SERVER)).toEqual([null, null, null]);
+  });
+
+  test("the numeric kind cases are unique, and name every OTLP kind as a number and as its digits", () => {
+    const seen: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+    for (const { kind } of NUMERIC_SPAN_KIND_CASES) {
+      const token: string = `${typeof kind}:${String(kind)}`;
+      expect(seen.has(token)).toBe(false);
+      seen.add(token);
+    }
+    for (let number: number = 1; number <= 5; number++) {
+      expect(seen.has(`number:${number}`)).toBe(true);
+      expect(seen.has(`string:${number}`)).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test.each(
+    NUMERIC_SPAN_KIND_CASES.map(
+      (entry: NumericSpanKindCase): [number | string, string | null] => {
+        return [entry.kind, entry.reads];
+      },
+    ),
+  )(
+    "a Span Kind Remapper's %j (a number, or a trimmed run of digits read as Number() reads it) resolves as %s does",
+    (kind: number | string, reads: string | null) => {
+      expect(resolveKindSensitiveSpans(kind)).toEqual(
+        resolveKindSensitiveSpans(reads),
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test('"2", " 2 " and "02" are SERVER exactly like 2: no queue', () => {
+    for (const kind of [2, "2", " 2 ", "02", "0000002"]) {
+      expect({ kind, resolved: resolveKindSensitiveSpans(kind) }).toEqual({
+        kind,
+        resolved: [null, null, null],
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("a kind resolves alike as the value ingest hands over and as the text ClickHouse keeps for it", () => {
+    const values: Array<unknown> = [
+      ...NUMERIC_SPAN_KIND_CASES.map((entry: NumericSpanKindCase): unknown => {
+        return entry.kind;
+      }),
+      SERVER,
+      PRODUCER,
+      CONSUMER,
+      CLIENT,
+      INTERNAL,
+      "SPAN_KIND_UNSPECIFIED",
+      "server",
+      " Producer ",
+      "",
+      "   ",
+      null,
+      undefined,
+      // Numbers JSON cannot write are stored NULL.
+      Number.NaN,
+      Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+      Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+      -0,
+      0.5,
+      4.000000000000001,
+      Number.MIN_VALUE,
+      Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+      2 ** 60,
+      true,
+      false,
+      [2],
+      ["SPAN_KIND_SERVER"],
+      {},
+      { kind: 2 },
+      // Whitespace trim() removes, around digits.
+      `2${String.fromCharCode(0xa0)}`,
+      `${String.fromCharCode(0xfeff)}4${String.fromCharCode(0x3000)}`,
+      "\t5\n",
+      // Digits of other scripts, and other numerals: names, and no kind's.
+      String.fromCharCode(0x662),
+      String.fromCharCode(0xff12),
+      "0x2",
+      "0b10",
+      "2n",
+      "2 2",
+      "Infinity",
+      "NaN",
+      `${"0".repeat(400)}2`,
+      "9".repeat(400),
+    ];
+
+    for (const value of values) {
+      expect({
+        value,
+        resolved: resolveKindSensitiveSpans(value),
+      }).toEqual({
+        value,
+        resolved: resolveKindSensitiveSpans(toStoredKind(value)),
+      });
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe("system precedence", () => {
+  test("messaging.system beats every other signal", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "az.namespace": "Microsoft.ServiceBus",
+          "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+          "rpc.service": "SQS",
+          "aws.sqs.queue.url": "https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/1/q",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.system,
+    ).toBe("rabbitmq");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["Microsoft.ServiceBus", "servicebus"],
+    ["microsoft.servicebus", "servicebus"],
+    ["MICROSOFT.SERVICEBUS", "servicebus"],
+    ["Microsoft.EventHub", "eventhubs"],
+    ["microsoft.eventhub", "eventhubs"],
+  ])("az.namespace %s means %s", (namespace: string, system: string) => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "az.namespace": namespace,
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.system,
+    ).toBe(system);
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "azure.resource_provider.namespace": namespace,
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.system,
+    ).toBe(system);
+  });
+
+  test("the Azure provider namespace beats the legacy component", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "az.namespace": "Microsoft.EventHub",
+          component: "servicebus",
+          "message_bus.destination": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.system,
+    ).toBe("eventhubs");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["servicebus", "message_bus.destination"],
+    ["ServiceBus", "peer.address"],
+    ["eventhubs", "message_bus.destination"],
+    ["EVENTHUBS", "peer.address"],
+  ])(
+    "component %s counts beside %s",
+    (component: string, companion: string) => {
+      const attributes: FixtureAttributes = {
+        component,
+        "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        [companion]:
+          companion === "peer.address"
+            ? "sb://ns1.servicebus.windows.net/"
+            : "orders",
+      };
+      expect(resolveSpan(attributes, PRODUCER)?.system).toBe(
+        component.toLowerCase(),
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("a component that is not an Azure messaging service is no evidence", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          component: "http",
+          "message_bus.destination": "orders",
+          "peer.address": "api.example.com",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["aws-api", "SQS", "aws_sqs"],
+    ["aws-api", "AmazonSQS", "aws_sqs"],
+    ["AWS-API", "sqs", "aws_sqs"],
+    ["aws-api", "Sqs", "aws_sqs"],
+    ["aws-api", "SNS", "aws.sns"],
+    ["aws-api", "AmazonSNS", "aws.sns"],
+    ["aws-api", "Sns", "aws.sns"],
+  ])(
+    "rpc.system %s + rpc.service %s → %s",
+    (rpcSystem: string, rpcService: string, system: string) => {
+      for (const systemKey of ["rpc.system", "rpc.system.name"]) {
+        expect(
+          resolveSpan(
+            {
+              [systemKey]: rpcSystem,
+              "rpc.service": rpcService,
+              "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+            },
+            PRODUCER,
+          )?.system,
+        ).toBe(system);
+      }
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("an AWS RPC span for another service is not messaging", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+          "rpc.service": "DynamoDB",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "rpc.system": "grpc",
+          "rpc.service": "SQS",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("the SQS queue URL and SNS topic ARN keys name their systems", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({ "aws.sqs.queue.url": "https://sqs.x/1/q" }, CLIENT),
+    ).toEqual(destinationOf({ system: "aws_sqs", destination: "q" }));
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({ "aws.queue_url": "https://sqs.x/1/q2" }, CLIENT)?.system,
+    ).toBe("aws_sqs");
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({ "aws.sns.topic.arn": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:1:t" }, CLIENT)
+        ?.system,
+    ).toBe("aws.sns");
+  });
+
+  test("an excluded messaging.system stops, whatever else the span says", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "spring_integration",
+          "az.namespace": "Microsoft.ServiceBus",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("a malformed messaging.system with no other evidence is no queue", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "Some Broker!",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("Celery (destination but no system) is not detected", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.destination": "celery",
+          "celery.action": "run",
+          "celery.task_name": "tasks.add",
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("destination precedence", () => {
+  const ALL: FixtureAttributes = {
+    "messaging.system": "kafka",
+    "messaging.destination.template": "t-template",
+    "messaging.destination.name": "t-name",
+    "messaging.source.template": "t-source-template",
+    "messaging.source.name": "t-source",
+    "messaging.destination": "t-legacy",
+    "message_bus.destination": "t-azure",
+  };
+
+  test("template > name > source.template > source.name > messaging.destination > message_bus.destination", () => {
+    const attributes: FixtureAttributes = { ...ALL };
+    const order: Array<string> = [];
+    for (const key of MESSAGING_DESTINATION_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      const resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = resolveSpan(
+        attributes,
+        PRODUCER,
+      );
+      order.push(resolved ? resolved.destination : "(none)");
+      delete attributes[key];
+    }
+    expect(order).toEqual([
+      "t-template",
+      "t-name",
+      "t-source-template",
+      "t-source",
+      "t-legacy",
+      "t-azure",
+    ]);
+    expect(resolveSpan(attributes, PRODUCER)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("empty and whitespace-only values are absent: the next key is used", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "", { "messaging.destination": "orders" }),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "   ", { "messaging.destination": "orders" }),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test("a placeholder in the first present key means no queue — never 'try the next key'", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "unknown", { "messaging.destination": "orders" }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("jms", "(temporary)", {
+        "messaging.destination": "orders",
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("values are trimmed and keep their casing", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "  Orders.Created  ")).toBe(
+      "Orders.Created",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("a number or boolean is read as the text ClickHouse stores", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", 42 as unknown as string)).toBe("42");
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", true as unknown as string)).toBe("true");
+  });
+
+  test("a destination naming several at once (a JSON list) is no queue", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", '["orders", "payments"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", ["orders", "payments"] as unknown as string),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("objects are not destinations; the next key is used", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", { name: "x" } as unknown as string, {
+        "messaging.destination": "orders",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test("span names are never parsed", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        { "messaging.system": "kafka", name: "orders publish" },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("per-system destination normalization", () => {
+  test.each([
+    ["https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/123456789012/orders", "orders"],
+    ["https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/123456789012/orders/", "orders"],
+    ["https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/123456789012/orders?x=1", "orders"],
+    ["https://us-east-1.queue.amazonaws.com/123456789012/legacy", "legacy"],
+    ["http://localhost:4566/000000000000/local-queue", "local-queue"],
+    ["http://localhost:9324/queue/elasticmq-queue", "elasticmq-queue"],
+    ["arn:aws:sqs:us-east-2:123456789012:my-queue", "my-queue"],
+    ["arn:aws-cn:sqs:cn-north-1:123456789012:cn-queue", "cn-queue"],
+    ["orders.fifo", "orders.fifo"],
+    ["orders", "orders"],
+  ])("SQS %s → %s", (raw: string, name: string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("aws_sqs", raw)).toBe(name);
+  });
+
+  test("an SQS URL with no queue in its path, or a truncated ARN, is no queue", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("aws_sqs", "https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("aws_sqs", "https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/"),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    // SQS names cannot contain ":": an ARN cut short names nothing.
+    for (const truncated of [
+      "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1",
+      "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1:123456789012",
+      "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1:123456789012:",
+      "ARN:aws:sqs",
+      "arn:",
+    ]) {
+      expect({
+        truncated,
+        queue: destinationFor("aws_sqs", truncated),
+      }).toEqual({ truncated, queue: null });
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("an SNS ARN cut short of its topic is no topic either", () => {
+    for (const truncated of [
+      "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1",
+      "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012",
+      "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:",
+      "arn:",
+    ]) {
+      expect({
+        truncated,
+        topic: destinationFor("aws.sns", truncated),
+      }).toEqual({ truncated, topic: null });
+    }
+    // The full ARN still names its topic.
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("aws.sns", "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:orders"),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:order-events", "order-events"],
+    ["arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:orders.fifo", "orders.fifo"],
+    // A subscription ARN names its topic.
+    [
+      "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:order-events:6b0e71bd-7e97-4d97-80ce-4a0994e55286",
+      "order-events",
+    ],
+    ["order-events", "order-events"],
+  ])("SNS %s → %s", (raw: string, name: string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("aws.sns", raw)).toBe(name);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:endpoint/GCM/app/5f2b7c1e"],
+    ["arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789012:app/APNS/my-app"],
+    /*
+     * The same, cut after the ARN's last ":" (Go otelaws'
+     * extractDestinationName, JS aws-sdk's messaging.destination): an SNS
+     * topic name never contains "/".
+     */
+    ["endpoint/GCM/billing-app/5e3e9847-3183-3f18-a7e8-671c3a57d4b3"],
+    ["endpoint/APNS/my-app/0f1e2d3c"],
+    ["app/APNS/my-app"],
+  ])(
+    "an SNS platform endpoint or application (%s) is no queue",
+    (raw: string) => {
+      expect(destinationFor("aws.sns", raw)).toBeNull();
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("only SNS reads a '/' as a push endpoint: other systems keep the name", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "endpoint/GCM/app/x")).toBe(
+      "endpoint/GCM/app/x",
+    );
+    expect(destinationFor("servicebus", "apps/orders")).toBe("apps/orders");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["projects/acme/topics/orders", "orders"],
+    ["projects/acme/subscriptions/billing-sub", "billing-sub"],
+    ["//pubsub.googleapis.com/projects/acme/topics/orders", "orders"],
+    ["orders", "orders"],
+    // Not a Pub/Sub resource name: kept.
+    ["projects/acme/datasets/x", "projects/acme/datasets/x"],
+  ])("Pub/Sub %s → %s", (raw: string, name: string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("gcp_pubsub", raw)).toBe(name);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["orders", "orders", null, false],
+    ["order-events/Subscriptions/billing", "order-events", "billing", false],
+    ["order-events/subscriptions/billing", "order-events", "billing", false],
+    ["ORDER-EVENTS/SUBSCRIPTIONS/Billing", "ORDER-EVENTS", "Billing", false],
+    ["orders/$DeadLetterQueue", "orders", null, true],
+    ["orders/$deadletterqueue", "orders", null, true],
+    ["orders/$Transfer/$DeadLetterQueue", "orders", null, true],
+    ["orders/$transfer/$deadletterqueue", "orders", null, true],
+    [
+      "order-events/Subscriptions/billing/$DeadLetterQueue",
+      "order-events",
+      "billing",
+      true,
+    ],
+    // Service Bus queue names may themselves contain "/".
+    ["apps/orders", "apps/orders", null, false],
+    ["apps/orders/$DeadLetterQueue", "apps/orders", null, true],
+  ])(
+    "Service Bus %s → %s (subscription %s, dead letter %s)",
+    (
+      raw: string,
+      destination: string,
+      consumerGroup: string | null,
+      isDeadLetter: boolean,
+    ) => {
+      const resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "servicebus",
+          "messaging.destination.name": raw,
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      );
+      expect(resolved).toMatchObject({
+        destination,
+        consumerGroup,
+        isDeadLetter,
+      });
+    },
+  );
+
+  test.each([
+    ["telemetry", "telemetry", null],
+    ["telemetry/ConsumerGroups/$Default", "telemetry", "$Default"],
+    [
+      "telemetry/consumergroups/analytics/Partitions/3",
+      "telemetry",
+      "analytics",
+    ],
+  ])(
+    "Event Hubs %s → %s (consumer group %s)",
+    (raw: string, destination: string, consumerGroup: string | null) => {
+      expect(
+        resolveSpan(
+          {
+            "messaging.system": "eventhubs",
+            "messaging.destination.name": raw,
+          },
+          CONSUMER,
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ destination, consumerGroup, isDeadLetter: false });
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("an entity path with nothing before its marker is no queue", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("servicebus", "/$DeadLetterQueue")).toBeNull();
+    expect(destinationFor("servicebus", "/Subscriptions/billing")).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    [
+      "persistent://public/default/orders-partition-0",
+      "persistent://public/default/orders",
+    ],
+    [
+      "persistent://public/default/orders-partition-12",
+      "persistent://public/default/orders",
+    ],
+    ["persistent://acme/ns/orders", "persistent://acme/ns/orders"],
+    ["orders", "persistent://public/default/orders"],
+    ["orders-partition-3", "persistent://public/default/orders"],
+    ["acme/ns/orders", "persistent://acme/ns/orders"],
+    // Not tenant/namespace/topic: left as given.
+    ["acme/orders", "acme/orders"],
+    ["a/b/c/d", "a/b/c/d"],
+    // Only a trailing partition suffix folds.
+    [
+      "persistent://p/d/orders-partition-x",
+      "persistent://p/d/orders-partition-x",
+    ],
+  ])("Pulsar %s → %s", (raw: string, name: string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("pulsar", raw)).toBe(name);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["activemq", "queue://orders", "orders"],
+    ["activemq", "topic://prices", "prices"],
+    ["activemq", "QUEUE://Orders", "Orders"],
+    ["jms", "queue://orders", "orders"],
+    ["jms", "orders", "orders"],
+    // Only ActiveMQ / JMS strip the prefix.
+    ["kafka", "queue://orders", "queue://orders"],
+  ])("%s %s → %s", (system: string, raw: string, name: string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor(system, raw)).toBe(name);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    // A PRODUCER span: [destination, routing key, queue]
+    ["direct_logs:warning", "warning", "direct_logs"],
+    /*
+     * A producer names no queue: semconv joins three parts on a consumer
+     * only, so a producer's three are one exchange name even when its
+     * routing key happens to be the middle one.
+     */
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", "warning", "direct_logs:warning:my_queue"],
+    /*
+     * Without its routing key, a producer span's name is ONE exchange name:
+     * semconv requires the routing-key attribute whenever the key is
+     * non-empty, so a joined {exchange}:{routing key} never comes without
+     * it, and it joins three parts on a consumer only. MassTransit names
+     * exchanges `Namespace:Type` — a generic message type's, a Fault<T>'s
+     * among them, with two colons (RabbitMqMessageNameFormatter) — and
+     * publishes to them with an empty routing key.
+     */
+    ["direct_logs:warning", null, "direct_logs:warning"],
+    ["MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted", null, "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted"],
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", null, "direct_logs:warning:my_queue"],
+    [
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      null,
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+    ],
+    [
+      "Sample.Contracts:EntityChanged--Sample.Domain:Customer--",
+      null,
+      "Sample.Contracts:EntityChanged--Sample.Domain:Customer--",
+    ],
+    ["amq.default:orders", "orders", "orders"],
+    ["<default>:orders", null, "orders"],
+    [":orders", null, "orders"],
+    ["amq.default", "orders", "orders"],
+    ["<default>", "orders", "orders"],
+    ["AMQ.DEFAULT", "orders", "orders"],
+    ["amq.default", null, null],
+    ["<default>", null, null],
+    // An empty queue part falls back to the two-part rule.
+    ["ex:rk:", "rk", "ex"],
+    ["ex:", "rk", "ex"],
+    // The routing key contradicts the split: the whole name stands.
+    ["Contracts:OrderSubmitted", "order.submitted", "Contracts:OrderSubmitted"],
+    ["a:b:c", "x", "a:b:c"],
+    // Four parts: not the semconv shape.
+    ["a:b:c:d", null, "a:b:c:d"],
+    // aio-pika's comma form.
+    ["orders,order.created", null, "orders"],
+    [",task_queue", null, "task_queue"],
+    ["a,b,c", null, "a,b,c"],
+    // Built-in exchanges are real destinations.
+    ["amq.topic", "sensors.#", "amq.topic"],
+    // An empty part names nothing: the default exchange's marker, its key.
+    ["amq.default:", "orders", "orders"],
+    [":", "orders", "orders"],
+    ["amq.default:", null, null],
+  ])(
+    "RabbitMQ %s (routing key %s) → %s",
+    (raw: string, routingKey: string | null, queue: string | null) => {
+      const extra: FixtureAttributes =
+        routingKey === null
+          ? {}
+          : { "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": routingKey };
+      expect(destinationFor("rabbitmq", raw, extra)).toBe(queue);
+    },
+  );
+
+  /*
+   * What a consumer's span says about its name: written to the conventions
+   * that join names (the Java agent's opt-in mode: 1.26+ operation keys), to
+   * RabbitMQ.Client for .NET's (1.26+ keys, network.protocol.name "amqp",
+   * the exchange alone), or to the older ones (the exchange alone, legacy
+   * messaging.operation).
+   */
+  const JOINING: FixtureAttributes = { "messaging.operation.type": "process" };
+  const DOTNET_CLIENT: FixtureAttributes = {
+    "messaging.operation.type": "process",
+    "network.protocol.name": "amqp",
+  };
+  const OLDER: FixtureAttributes = { "messaging.operation": "process" };
+
+  test.each([
+    /*
+     * A CONSUMER span: [destination, routing key, conventions, queue]
+     * Semconv 1.30: the queue after the exchange...
+     */
+    ["direct_logs:warning", "warning", JOINING, "warning"],
+    ["logs:logs-audit", null, JOINING, "logs-audit"],
+    // ...or after the routing key of a default-exchange delivery.
+    ["invoices:invoices-audit", "invoices", JOINING, "invoices-audit"],
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", "warning", JOINING, "my_queue"],
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", null, JOINING, "my_queue"],
+    /*
+     * An exchange named with a colon, its empty routing key left out: the
+     * Java agent's opt-in consumer of a MassTransit exchange.
+     */
+    ["MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted:billing", null, JOINING, "billing"],
+    /*
+     * Three parts, no routing key, and not the joining conventions: one
+     * exchange name, as the .NET client and the Java agent's default mode
+     * name a MassTransit Fault<T> exchange.
+     */
+    [
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      null,
+      DOTNET_CLIENT,
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+    ],
+    [
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      null,
+      OLDER,
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+    ],
+    [
+      "direct_logs:warning:my_queue",
+      null,
+      OLDER,
+      "direct_logs:warning:my_queue",
+    ],
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", null, {}, "direct_logs:warning:my_queue"],
+    // A routing key where the joined form cannot put it: one name.
+    [
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+      "order.submitted",
+      JOINING,
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+    ],
+    // A routing key where the joined form puts it: split, whoever wrote it.
+    ["direct_logs:warning", "warning", OLDER, "warning"],
+    // No routing key and no joining conventions: one exchange name.
+    [
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+      null,
+      DOTNET_CLIENT,
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+    ],
+    [
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+      null,
+      OLDER,
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+    ],
+    ["logs:logs-audit", null, {}, "logs:logs-audit"],
+    // A blank operation type is none.
+    [
+      "logs:logs-audit",
+      null,
+      { "messaging.operation.type": "  " },
+      "logs:logs-audit",
+    ],
+    // Any other protocol name leaves the joining conventions in place.
+    [
+      "logs:logs-audit",
+      null,
+      { ...JOINING, "network.protocol.name": "AMQPS" },
+      "logs-audit",
+    ],
+    [
+      "logs:logs-audit",
+      null,
+      { ...JOINING, "network.protocol.name": "AMQP" },
+      "logs:logs-audit",
+    ],
+    // The default exchange first always splits.
+    ["amq.default:orders", null, OLDER, "orders"],
+    ["<default>:orders", null, DOTNET_CLIENT, "orders"],
+    // aio-pika's comma form and a bare name are unchanged on a consumer.
+    ["orders,order.created", null, OLDER, "orders"],
+    ["orders", "orders", JOINING, "orders"],
+  ])(
+    "RabbitMQ consumer %s (routing key %s, %j) → %s",
+    (
+      raw: string,
+      routingKey: string | null,
+      conventions: FixtureAttributes,
+      queue: string | null,
+    ) => {
+      const resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.destination.name": raw,
+          ...(routingKey === null
+            ? {}
+            : { "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": routingKey }),
+          ...conventions,
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      );
+      expect(resolved?.destination ?? null).toBe(queue);
+      if (resolved) {
+        expect(resolved.direction).toBe("consume");
+      }
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("a settle span is on the consuming side: it names the queue too", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "logs:logs-audit",
+          "messaging.operation.type": "settle",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "ack",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(
+      destinationOf({
+        system: "rabbitmq",
+        destination: "logs-audit",
+        direction: "settle",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    // A PRODUCER span written to the joining conventions.
+    ["orders.topic:orders.eu.created", "orders.eu.created", "orders.topic"],
+    /*
+     * A joined producer name always carries its routing key: without one,
+     * the colon is the exchange's own (the Java agent publishing to a
+     * MassTransit exchange).
+     */
+    ["MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted", null, "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted"],
+    [
+      "orders.topic:orders.eu.created",
+      "other.key",
+      "orders.topic:orders.eu.created",
+    ],
+    // The routing key as the first part is no producer's joined name.
+    ["invoices:x", "invoices", "invoices:x"],
+    /*
+     * Three parts on a producer are one exchange name, whatever the
+     * conventions and wherever the routing key is: semconv joins three on
+     * a consumer only.
+     */
+    [
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      null,
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+    ],
+    ["direct_logs:warning:my_queue", "warning", "direct_logs:warning:my_queue"],
+    // An empty third part leaves the two-part rule: the exchange.
+    ["orders.topic:orders.eu.created:", "orders.eu.created", "orders.topic"],
+  ])(
+    "RabbitMQ joined producer %s (routing key %s) → %s",
+    (raw: string, routingKey: string | null, exchange: string) => {
+      expect(
+        destinationFor("rabbitmq", raw, {
+          "messaging.operation.type": "send",
+          ...(routingKey === null
+            ? {}
+            : { "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": routingKey }),
+        }),
+      ).toBe(exchange);
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("MassTransit: each message type's exchange keys its own queue, never the namespace", () => {
+    const destinations: Array<string | null> = [
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderCancelled",
+    ].map((exchange: string): string | null => {
+      return destinationFor("rabbitmq", exchange, {
+        "messaging.operation": "send",
+      });
+    });
+    expect(destinations).toEqual([
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted",
+      "MyApp.Contracts:OrderCancelled",
+    ]);
+    // A blank routing key (RabbitMQ.Client v7 always tags it) is none.
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("rabbitmq", "MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted", {
+        "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("MyApp.Contracts:OrderSubmitted");
+  });
+
+  /*
+   * RabbitMqMessageNameFormatter writes a generic type's arguments after
+   * "--" in their own `Namespace:Type`, so the exchange of Fault<T> — which
+   * MassTransit publishes on every consumer fault, by default — and of the
+   * job service's JobStarted<T> / JobCompleted<T> holds two colons. Each is
+   * one exchange: its last segment names no queue, and cutting it there
+   * would merge every message type sharing that segment.
+   */
+  test("MassTransit: a generic message type's exchange, a Fault<T>'s among them, is kept whole by every instrumentation", () => {
+    const exchanges: Array<string> = [
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Billing.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      "MassTransit:Fault--Sales.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      "MassTransit:Fault--MyApp.Jobs:ConvertVideo--",
+      "MassTransit.Contracts.JobService:JobStarted--MyApp.Jobs:ConvertVideo--",
+      "MassTransit.Contracts.JobService:JobCompleted--MyApp.Jobs:ConvertVideo--",
+    ];
+    const shapes: Array<[string, FixtureAttributes, string]> = [
+      // MassTransit's own send span (StartSendActivity): no empty key tag.
+      ["MassTransit send", { "messaging.operation": "send" }, PRODUCER],
+      [
+        "RabbitMQ.Client v7 publish",
+        {
+          "messaging.operation.type": "send",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "publish",
+          "network.protocol.name": "amqp",
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ],
+      [
+        "RabbitMQ.Client v7 deliver",
+        {
+          "messaging.operation.type": "process",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "deliver",
+          "network.protocol.name": "amqp",
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "",
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      ],
+      [
+        "Java agent default-mode process",
+        { "messaging.operation": "process" },
+        CONSUMER,
+      ],
+      // The Java agent's opt-in publish: the exchange alone, the key empty.
+      [
+        "Java agent opt-in publish",
+        {
+          "messaging.operation.type": "send",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "publish",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ],
+    ];
+    for (const [shape, conventions, kind] of shapes) {
+      const destinations: Array<string | null> = exchanges.map(
+        (exchange: string): string | null => {
+          return (
+            resolveSpan(
+              {
+                "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+                "messaging.destination.name": exchange,
+                ...conventions,
+              },
+              kind,
+            )?.destination ?? null
+          );
+        },
+      );
+      expect({ shape, destinations }).toEqual({
+        shape,
+        destinations: exchanges,
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("a three-part name on a span with no direction is one name", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({
+        "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+        "messaging.destination.name":
+          "MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--",
+      })?.destination,
+    ).toBe("MassTransit:Fault--Sample.Contracts:SubmitOrder--");
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({
+        "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+        "messaging.destination.name": "direct_logs:warning:my_queue",
+      })?.destination,
+    ).toBe("direct_logs:warning:my_queue");
+    // Its routing key as the middle part does not make it a consumer's.
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan({
+        "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+        "messaging.destination.name": "direct_logs:warning:my_queue",
+        "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "warning",
+      })?.destination,
+    ).toBe("direct_logs:warning:my_queue");
+  });
+
+  test("the pre-1.17 routing key key is read too", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("rabbitmq", "<default>", {
+        "messaging.rabbitmq.routing_key": "orders",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test("with no destination at all, a RabbitMQ span names the routing key (the default exchange)", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.destination,
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test("a bare routing key is a queue name: its colons are never split", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "tenant:orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      )?.destination,
+    ).toBe("tenant:orders");
+  });
+
+  test("other systems never fall back to a routing key", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "kafka",
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "orders",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["activemq", "ActiveMQ.DLQ", true],
+    ["activemq", "activemq.dlq", true],
+    ["jms", "DLQ.orders", true],
+    ["activemq", "orders", false],
+    ["rocketmq", "%DLQ%billing", true],
+    ["rocketmq", "%dlq%billing", true],
+    ["rocketmq", "orders", false],
+    // A DLQ-looking name elsewhere is just a name.
+    ["kafka", "DLQ.orders", false],
+    ["aws_sqs", "orders-dlq", false],
+  ])(
+    "%s %s is a dead-letter queue: %s",
+    (system: string, raw: string, isDeadLetter: boolean) => {
+      expect(
+        resolveSpan(
+          {
+            "messaging.system": system,
+            "messaging.destination.name": raw,
+          },
+          CONSUMER,
+        )?.isDeadLetter,
+      ).toBe(isDeadLetter);
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+describe("temporary, anonymous and placeholder destinations", () => {
+  test.each([
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", true],
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", "true"],
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", "TRUE"],
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", " True "],
+    ["messaging.destination.anonymous", true],
+    ["messaging.destination.anonymous", "true"],
+    ["messaging.source.temporary", true],
+    ["messaging.source.anonymous", "true"],
+  ])("%s = %j marks no queue", (key: string, value: boolean | string) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "orders", { [key]: value })).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", false],
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", "false"],
+    ["messaging.destination.anonymous", ""],
+    ["messaging.destination.anonymous", "yes"],
+    ["messaging.destination.temporary", 1],
+    // Pika and aio-pika set it on every publish: never trusted.
+    ["messaging.temp_destination", true],
+  ])("%s = %j is not a temporary mark", (key: string, value: unknown) => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "orders", { [key]: value })).toBe("orders");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["kafka", "(temporary)", true],
+    ["kafka", "(Anonymous)", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "<generated>", true],
+    ["kafka", "<default>", true],
+    ["kafka", "unknown", true],
+    ["kafka", "UNKNOWN", true],
+    ["aws_sqs", "aws:sqs", true],
+    ["aws.sns", "phone_number", true],
+    ["aws.sns", "phone_number:**", true],
+    ["aws.sns", "PHONE_NUMBER:**", true],
+    ["aws.sns", "+15555550100", true],
+    ["aws.sns", "+44 20 7946 0958", true],
+    ["servicebus", "-NamespaceOnlyMetric-", true],
+    ["kafka", "5f2b7c1e-8d3a-4b6f-9c0d-1e2f3a4b5c6d", true],
+    ["kafka", "5F2B7C1E-8D3A-4B6F-9C0D-1E2F3A4B5C6D", true],
+    ["jms", "temp-queue://ID:host-1-2-3:1:1", true],
+    ["activemq", "temp-topic://ID:host-1-2-3:1:1", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "amq.gen-JzTY20BRgKO-HjmUJj0wLg", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "spring.gen-u8IWOpPoQf2a8uJ4mZr1QQ", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "amq.rabbitmq.reply-to", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "amq.rabbitmq.reply-to.g1h2AA5yZXBseS10bw==", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "orders.anonymous.X8o1yfRBQXSp5Bdd09ls7w", true],
+    ["jms", "$TMP$.EMS.1", true],
+    ["activemq", "$tmp$.x", true],
+    ["jms", "ActiveMQ.Advisory.Connection", true],
+    ["activemq", "ActiveMQ.Advisory.Producer.Queue.orders", true],
+    ["nats", "_INBOX", true],
+    ["nats", "_INBOX.abc123", true],
+    ["nats", "_INBOX.", true],
+    ["nats", "$JS.ACK", true],
+    ["nats", "$JS.ACK.ORDERS.billing.1.2.3.4.0", true],
+    ["pulsar", "persistent://public/default/__change_events", true],
+    ["pulsar", "__change_events", true],
+    ["pulsar", "__transaction_log_1", true],
+    ["pulsar", "persistent://pulsar/system/__transaction_buffer", true],
+    // Real names.
+    ["kafka", "orders", false],
+    ["kafka", "unknown-orders", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "amq.topic", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "orders.anonymous.short", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "amq.gen", false],
+    ["nats", "_INBOXES", false],
+    ["nats", "orders._INBOX", false],
+    ["pulsar", "persistent://public/default/orders", false],
+    ["pulsar", "persistent://public/default/my__topic", false],
+    ["aws.sns", "order-events", false],
+    ["aws.sns", "+orders", false],
+    ["activemq", "ActiveMQ.DLQ", false],
+    ["servicebus", "orders", false],
+    // Rules are per system: another system's generated name is a name.
+    ["kafka", "amq.gen-JzTY20BRgKO-HjmUJj0wLg", false],
+    ["kafka", "_INBOX.abc", false],
+    ["kafka", "ActiveMQ.Advisory.Connection", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "$TMP$.x", false],
+    ["kafka", "__change_events", false],
+    ["kafka", "+15555550100", false],
+    /*
+     * The SMS placeholders are SNS's, and exact: real destinations of any
+     * system may start with "phone_number" (an SNS topic name cannot hold
+     * the ":" of the censored placeholder).
+     */
+    ["aws.sns", "phone_numbers", false],
+    ["aws.sns", "phone_number_verified", false],
+    ["kafka", "phone_number", false],
+    ["kafka", "phone_numbers", false],
+    ["kafka", "phone_number_verified", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "phone_number.changed", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "phone_number_verification", false],
+    ["aws_sqs", "phone_number_updates", false],
+    // What a scrubber leaves of a WHOLE value names nothing, for any system.
+    ["kafka", "[REDACTED]", true],
+    ["aws_sqs", "[redacted]", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "[HASHED:ab12cd34]", true],
+    ["servicebus", "[hashed:0F1E2D3C]", true],
+    ["kafka", "***", true],
+    ["jms", "*", true],
+    // A value scrubbed only in part still names its queue.
+    ["kafka", "orders-[REDACTED]", false],
+    ["kafka", "tenant-[HASHED:ab12cd34]-events", false],
+    ["kafka", "orders-***", false],
+    ["kafka", "[HASHED:not-hex]", false],
+  ])(
+    "isTemporaryMessagingDestination(%s, %s) = %s",
+    (system: string, destination: string, temporary: boolean) => {
+      expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination(system, destination)).toBe(
+        temporary,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("system aliases apply their system's rules", () => {
+    expect(
+      isTemporaryMessagingDestination("artemis", "ActiveMQ.Advisory.Topic"),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("jetstream", "_INBOX.x")).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test("a blank or non-string name is never a queue", () => {
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("kafka", "")).toBe(true);
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("kafka", "   ")).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      isTemporaryMessagingDestination("kafka", null as unknown as string),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      isTemporaryMessagingDestination("kafka", 42 as unknown as string),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test("an unknown or empty system gets only the general rules", () => {
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("ibmmq", "unknown")).toBe(true);
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("ibmmq", "DEV.QUEUE.1")).toBe(false);
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("", "(temporary)")).toBe(true);
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("", "orders")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("real destinations named phone_number… resolve on every system but SNS's placeholders", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "kafka",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "phone_numbers",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(
+      destinationOf({
+        system: "kafka",
+        destination: "phone_numbers",
+        direction: "publish",
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "phone_number_verified")).toBe(
+      "phone_number_verified",
+    );
+    expect(destinationFor("aws_sqs", "phone_number_updates")).toBe(
+      "phone_number_updates",
+    );
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("rabbitmq", "amq.default", {
+        "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key":
+          "phone_number_verification",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("phone_number_verification");
+    expect(destinationFor("aws.sns", "phone_numbers")).toBe("phone_numbers");
+    // Python botocore's SMS publish: destination "phone_number:**".
+    expect(destinationFor("aws.sns", "phone_number:**")).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+          "rpc.service": "SNS",
+          "messaging.destination": "phone_number:**",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "phone_number:**",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("a scrubbed destination is no queue on any system, whatever its normalizer does", () => {
+    for (const system of [
+      "kafka",
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "aws_sqs",
+      "aws.sns",
+      "gcp_pubsub",
+      "servicebus",
+      "pulsar",
+      "activemq",
+      "ibmmq",
+    ]) {
+      for (const scrubbed of ["[REDACTED]", "[HASHED:5e3e9847]", "***"]) {
+        expect({
+          system,
+          scrubbed,
+          queue: destinationFor(system, scrubbed),
+        }).toEqual({
+          system,
+          scrubbed,
+          queue: null,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    // Pulsar would otherwise expand it into persistent://public/default/….
+    expect(destinationFor("pulsar", "[REDACTED]")).toBeNull();
+    // Scrubbed in part, the rest still names the queue.
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "user-[REDACTED]-events")).toBe(
+      "user-[REDACTED]-events",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+/*
+ * MassTransit's per-process endpoints, named the way MassTransit names them:
+ * DefaultEndpointNameFormatter.GetTemporaryQueueName writes
+ * `{machine}_{process}_{tag}_{id}`, the machine and process names stripped
+ * to ASCII letters and digits (the machine cut to 14 characters when the
+ * whole would pass 72), and InstanceEndpointDefinition `Instance_{id}`; the
+ * {id} is a NewId in lowercase z-base-32 (these are ZBase32Formatter.Format
+ * of NewIds' formatter arrays).
+ */
+describe("MassTransit's per-process endpoints", () => {
+  // The pod ordersapi-7d9f8c6b5-xk2lq running OrdersApi: its bus endpoint.
+  const BUS_ENDPOINT: string =
+    "ordersapi7d9f8c6b5xk2lq_OrdersApi_bus_kd4oyqbeynuojexybdxt7414fx";
+  // The next pod of the same deployment: a new name.
+  const NEXT_POD_BUS_ENDPOINT: string =
+    "ordersapi7d9f8c6b5mnp4r_OrdersApi_bus_kawyb4raybmxtdeybdxt7hihry";
+  const INSTANCE_ENDPOINT: string = "Instance_axhob3yrynqhyacybdxt6jeg8m";
+
+  test.each([
+    ["rabbitmq", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["rabbitmq", NEXT_POD_BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    // TemporaryEndpointDefinition's default tag, on a Windows host.
+    [
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "BILLINGWORKER02_dotnet_endpoint_7d4yysgeydaos4hybdxt76a6rx",
+      true,
+    ],
+    // ConnectResponseEndpoint.
+    [
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "ordersapi7d9f8c6b5xk2lq_OrdersApi_response_3rfybnfaybu7a1yybdxt6yhynm",
+      true,
+    ],
+    // A SignalR hub's endpoint: its tag holds an underscore.
+    [
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "webfrontend6c8d9_WebFrontend_signalr_ChatHub_6x7ry6deyyr7c3hybdxt6n9b88",
+      true,
+    ],
+    // ip-10-0-12-34.eu-west-1.compute.internal, cut to 14 characters.
+    [
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "ip10012034euwe_ContosoBillingWorker_bus_68pobtdryda85beybdxt68ffbx",
+      true,
+    ],
+    // A service's instance endpoint, under each endpoint name formatter.
+    ["rabbitmq", INSTANCE_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "instance_axhob3yrynqhyacybdxt6jeg8m", true],
+    ["rabbitmq", "instance-axhob3yrynqhyacybdxt6jeg8m", true],
+    // Every broker MassTransit runs on, by any alias, in any case.
+    ["activemq", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["artemis", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["jms", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["servicebus", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["servicebus", BUS_ENDPOINT.toUpperCase(), true],
+    ["azure_servicebus", INSTANCE_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["aws_sqs", BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    ["amazonsqs", NEXT_POD_BUS_ENDPOINT, true],
+    // Real names, however close.
+    ["rabbitmq", "event_bus_orders", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "service_bus_topic", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "orders_endpoint_v2", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "submit-order", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "instance_settings", false],
+    ["rabbitmq", "orders_kd4oyqbeynuojexybdxt7414fx", false],
+    // An id is 26 z-base-32 characters (no l, v, 0 or 2): no more, no fewer.
+    ["rabbitmq", BUS_ENDPOINT.slice(0, -1), false],
+    ["rabbitmq", `${BUS_ENDPOINT}y`, false],
+    ["rabbitmq", `${BUS_ENDPOINT.slice(0, -1)}l`, false],
+    ["rabbitmq", `${BUS_ENDPOINT.slice(0, -1)}0`, false],
+    // MassTransit strips the machine name to letters and digits.
+    [
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "ordersapi-7d9f8c6b5-xk2lq_OrdersApi_bus_kd4oyqbeynuojexybdxt7414fx",
+      false,
+    ],
+    // Only on the brokers MassTransit runs on.
+    ["kafka", BUS_ENDPOINT, false],
+    ["eventhubs", BUS_ENDPOINT, false],
+    ["gcp_pubsub", BUS_ENDPOINT, false],
+    ["kafka", INSTANCE_ENDPOINT, false],
+  ])(
+    "isTemporaryMessagingDestination(%s, %s) = %s",
+    (system: string, destination: string, temporary: boolean) => {
+      expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination(system, destination)).toBe(
+        temporary,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("however a span names one, it is no queue; the service's own endpoints are", () => {
+    // RabbitMQ.Client v7: a responder answering on the requester's bus endpoint.
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "network.protocol.name": "amqp",
+          "messaging.operation.type": "send",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "publish",
+          "messaging.destination.name": BUS_ENDPOINT,
+          "messaging.rabbitmq.destination.routing_key": "",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    /*
+     * MassTransit's own send span folds only "_bus_", "_endpoint_",
+     * "_signalr_" and "Instance_" names: a response endpoint's is whole.
+     */
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.operation": "send",
+          "messaging.destination.name":
+            "ordersapi7d9f8c6b5xk2lq_OrdersApi_response_3rfybnfaybu7a1yybdxt6yhynm",
+        },
+        PRODUCER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "servicebus",
+          "messaging.destination.name": BUS_ENDPOINT,
+          "server.address": "shop-prod.servicebus.windows.net",
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "aws_sqs",
+          "aws.sqs.queue.url": `https://sqs.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/123456789012/${NEXT_POD_BUS_ENDPOINT}`,
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "rabbitmq",
+          "messaging.operation": "process",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "submit-order",
+        },
+        CONSUMER,
+      )?.destination,
+    ).toBe("submit-order");
+  });
+
+  test("a name longer than a queue name may be is never tested, and never a queue", () => {
+    const long: string = `a_b_${"x_".repeat(20000)}kd4oyqbeynuojexybdxt7414fx`;
+    expect(isTemporaryMessagingDestination("rabbitmq", long)).toBe(false);
+    expect(destinationFor("rabbitmq", long)).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("control characters", () => {
+  test.each([
+    ["NUL", "orders\u0000x"],
+    ["tab", "orders\tx"],
+    ["newline", "orders\nx"],
+    ["escape", "orders\u001bx"],
+    ["unit separator", "orders\u001fx"],
+    ["DEL", "orders\u007fx"],
+  ])(
+    "a destination holding %s is no queue (Postgres cannot store U+0000, and none belongs in a name)",
+    (_name: string, destination: string) => {
+      expect(destinationFor("kafka", destination)).toBeNull();
+      expect(destinationFor("rabbitmq", destination)).toBeNull();
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("surrounding whitespace is trimmed, never rejected; other characters are kept", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "\torders\n")).toBe("orders");
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "orders\u0085x")).toBe("orders\u0085x");
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "orders é ü")).toBe("orders é ü");
+  });
+
+  test("a display-only value holding one is dropped, not the queue", () => {
+    const resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = resolveSpan(
+      {
+        "messaging.system": "kafka",
+        "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        "server.address": "kafka-1\u0000evil",
+        "messaging.kafka.consumer.group": "billing\u0000x",
+      },
+      CONSUMER,
+    );
+    expect(resolved).toEqual(
+      destinationOf({
+        system: "kafka",
+        destination: "orders",
+        direction: "consume",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("blank values", () => {
+  test("the allocation-free trigger check treats exactly what String.prototype.trim removes as blank", () => {
+    const disagreements: Array<string> = [];
+    for (let code: number = 0; code <= 0xffff; code++) {
+      const character: string = String.fromCharCode(code);
+      const blank: boolean = character.trim() === "";
+      const trigger: boolean = hasMessagingTrigger({
+        "messaging.system": `${character}${character}`,
+      });
+      if (trigger === blank) {
+        disagreements.push(code.toString(16));
+      }
+    }
+    expect(disagreements).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("UUID templating and length", () => {
+  test("each UUID becomes {uuid}, so a per-request queue keys one queue", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("rabbitmq", "reply-5f2b7c1e-8d3a-4b6f-9c0d-1e2f3a4b5c6d"),
+    ).toBe("reply-{uuid}");
+    expect(
+      destinationFor(
+        "kafka",
+        "tenant-5F2B7C1E-8D3A-4B6F-9C0D-1E2F3A4B5C6D.orders.0f1e2d3c-4b5a-6978-8a9b-0c1d2e3f4a5b",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("tenant-{uuid}.orders.{uuid}");
+    // Different UUIDs land on the same destination.
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "jobs-11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555"),
+    ).toBe(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "jobs-66666666-7777-8888-9999-000000000000"),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("a bare UUID is generated, not templated", () => {
+    expect(
+      destinationFor("kafka", "5f2b7c1e-8d3a-4b6f-9c0d-1e2f3a4b5c6d"),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("something UUID-like but not canonical is kept", () => {
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "5f2b7c1e8d3a4b6f9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d")).toBe(
+      "5f2b7c1e8d3a4b6f9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d",
+    );
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "orders-2026-09-30")).toBe(
+      "orders-2026-09-30",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("a destination may be 255 characters, not 256", () => {
+    expect(MESSAGE_QUEUE_DESTINATION_MAX_LENGTH).toBe(255);
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "a".repeat(255))).toBe("a".repeat(255));
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", "a".repeat(256))).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("the length is checked after normalization and templating", () => {
+    // 36-character UUIDs shrink to 6 characters each.
+    const long: string = `${"q".repeat(200)}${"-5f2b7c1e-8d3a-4b6f-9c0d-1e2f3a4b5c6d".repeat(3)}`;
+    expect(long.length).toBeGreaterThan(255);
+    expect(destinationFor("kafka", long)).toBe(
+      `${"q".repeat(200)}-{uuid}-{uuid}-{uuid}`,
+    );
+    // An SQS URL longer than 255 whose queue name is short is fine.
+    expect(
+      destinationFor(
+        "aws_sqs",
+        `https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/${"1".repeat(300)}/orders`,
+      ),
+    ).toBe("orders");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("broker scope (Azure namespaces only)", () => {
+  function scopeOf(
+    system: string,
+    address: FixtureAttributes,
+  ): string | undefined {
+    return resolveSpan(
+      {
+        "messaging.system": system,
+        "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        ...address,
+      },
+      PRODUCER,
+    )?.brokerScope;
+  }
+
+  test.each([
+    ["server.address", "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net", "orders-prod"],
+    ["server.address", "ORDERS-PROD.ServiceBus.Windows.Net", "orders-prod"],
+    ["server.address", "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net.", "orders-prod"],
+    ["net.peer.name", "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net", "orders-prod"],
+    ["peer.address", "sb://orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net/", "orders-prod"],
+    [
+      "peer.address",
+      "amqps://orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net:5671",
+      "orders-prod",
+    ],
+    [
+      "network.peer.address",
+      "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net",
+      "orders-prod",
+    ],
+    ["server.address", "gov.servicebus.usgovcloudapi.net", "gov"],
+    ["server.address", "cn.servicebus.chinacloudapi.cn", "cn"],
+    ["server.address", "de.servicebus.cloudapi.de", "de"],
+    ["server.address", "localhost", ""],
+    ["server.address", "10.0.0.5", ""],
+    ["server.address", "servicebus.windows.net", ""],
+    ["server.address", "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net.evil.com", ""],
+    ["server.address", "orders.custom-domain.com", ""],
+  ])(
+    "a Service Bus span with %s = %s is scoped %j",
+    (key: string, value: string, scope: string) => {
+      expect(scopeOf("servicebus", { [key]: value })).toBe(scope);
+      expect(scopeOf("eventhubs", { [key]: value })).toBe(scope);
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("the first key naming a namespace wins, in precedence order", () => {
+    expect(
+      scopeOf("servicebus", {
+        "server.address": "10.0.0.5",
+        "net.peer.name": "second.servicebus.windows.net",
+        "peer.address": "sb://third.servicebus.windows.net/",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("second");
+    expect(
+      scopeOf("servicebus", {
+        "server.address": "first.servicebus.windows.net",
+        "net.peer.name": "second.servicebus.windows.net",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("first");
+  });
+
+  test("no address at all leaves the scope empty", () => {
+    expect(scopeOf("servicebus", {})).toBe("");
+  });
+
+  test("every other system has an empty scope, even on a namespace host", () => {
+    for (const system of ["kafka", "eventgrid", "rabbitmq", "aws_sqs"]) {
+      expect(
+        scopeOf(system, {
+          "server.address": "orders-prod.servicebus.windows.net",
+        }),
+      ).toBe("");
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe("broker address (display only)", () => {
+  function addressOf(attributes: FixtureAttributes): string | null | undefined {
+    return resolveSpan(
+      {
+        "messaging.system": "kafka",
+        "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        ...attributes,
+      },
+      PRODUCER,
+    )?.brokerAddress;
+  }
+
+  test.each([
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1" }, "kafka-1"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": 9092 }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": "9092" }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": "09092" }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1:9093", "server.port": 9092 }, "kafka-1:9093"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": "abc" }, "kafka-1"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": 70000 }, "kafka-1"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1", "server.port": 0 }, "kafka-1"],
+    [{ "server.address": "::1", "server.port": 9092 }, "[::1]:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "[::1]:9092" }, "[::1]:9092"],
+    [
+      { "server.address": "[2001:db8::1]", "server.port": 9092 },
+      "[2001:db8::1]:9092",
+    ],
+    [{ "server.address": "2001:db8::1" }, "2001:db8::1"],
+    [{ "server.address": "kafka-1:9092,kafka-2:9092" }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": '["kafka-1:9092", "kafka-2:9092"]' }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "['kafka-1:9092', 'kafka-2:9092']" }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": ["kafka-1:9092", "kafka-2:9092"] }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [{ "server.address": "[]" }, null],
+    [{ "server.address": "  " }, null],
+    [{ "net.peer.name": "kafka-1", "net.peer.port": 9092 }, "kafka-1:9092"],
+    [
+      { "network.peer.address": "10.0.0.7", "network.peer.port": 9092 },
+      "10.0.0.7:9092",
+    ],
+    [{ "net.sock.peer.addr": "10.0.0.8" }, "10.0.0.8"],
+    [{ "server.socket.address": "10.0.0.9" }, "10.0.0.9"],
+    [
+      { "peer.address": "sb://ns.servicebus.windows.net/" },
+      "ns.servicebus.windows.net",
+    ],
+    [
+      { "messaging.url": "amqp://guest:secret@rabbit.prod:5672/vhost" },
+      "rabbit.prod:5672",
+    ],
+    [{ "messaging.url": "amqps://user:p%40ss@rabbit.prod" }, "rabbit.prod"],
+    [{ "messaging.url": "user:secret@rabbit.prod:5672" }, "rabbit.prod:5672"],
+    [{ "messaging.url": "rabbit.prod:5672/vhost" }, "rabbit.prod:5672"],
+    [
+      { "messaging.url": "https://sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/1/q" },
+      "sqs.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+    ],
+    [
+      { "messaging.url": "https://host.example:8443/path?q=1#f" },
+      "host.example:8443",
+    ],
+  ])("%j → %j", (attributes: FixtureAttributes, address: string | null) => {
+    expect(addressOf(attributes)).toBe(address);
+  });
+
+  test("server.address wins over every other key; the port pairs with its own address key", () => {
+    expect(
+      addressOf({
+        "server.address": "a",
+        "net.peer.name": "b",
+        "net.peer.port": 1,
+        "network.peer.address": "c",
+        "messaging.url": "amqp://d",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("a");
+    expect(
+      addressOf({
+        "net.peer.name": "b",
+        "server.port": 9092,
+      }),
+    ).toBe("b");
+  });
+
+  test("an address is clamped to 255 characters", () => {
+    const address: string | null | undefined = addressOf({
+      "server.address": `${"h".repeat(300)}.example`,
+    });
+    expect(address?.length).toBe(255);
+  });
+
+  test("no address key leaves it null", () => {
+    expect(addressOf({})).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("direction precedence", () => {
+  function directionOf(
+    attributes: FixtureAttributes,
+    kind: string | null,
+    system: string = "kafka",
+  ): string | undefined {
+    return resolveSpan(
+      {
+        "messaging.system": system,
+        "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+        ...attributes,
+      },
+      kind,
+    )?.direction;
+  }
+
+  test.each([
+    ["send", "publish"],
+    ["publish", "publish"],
+    ["create", "publish"],
+    ["receive", "consume"],
+    ["process", "consume"],
+    ["deliver", "consume"],
+    ["settle", "settle"],
+    ["SEND", "publish"],
+    [" Process ", "consume"],
+  ])("messaging.operation.type %j → %s", (value: string, direction: string) => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation.type": value }, CLIENT)).toBe(
+      direction,
+    );
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation": value }, CLIENT)).toBe(
+      direction,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("messaging.operation.type beats the span kind", () => {
+    expect(
+      directionOf({ "messaging.operation.type": "settle" }, CONSUMER),
+    ).toBe("settle");
+    expect(
+      directionOf({ "messaging.operation.type": "receive" }, PRODUCER),
+    ).toBe("consume");
+  });
+
+  test("the span kind beats the legacy messaging.operation (confluent-kafka's 'receive' on producers)", () => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation": "receive" }, PRODUCER)).toBe(
+      "publish",
+    );
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation": "publish" }, CONSUMER)).toBe(
+      "consume",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("the legacy operation beats the operation name", () => {
+    expect(
+      directionOf(
+        {
+          "messaging.operation": "settle",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "send",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBe("settle");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    // The Google Cloud Pub/Sub clients' ack RPC spans (OpenTelemetryPubsubTracer).
+    ["ack", "settle"],
+    ["modack", "settle"],
+    ["nack", "settle"],
+    ["ACK", "settle"],
+    ["subscribe", "consume"],
+    ["poll", "consume"],
+    ["schedule", "publish"],
+  ])(
+    "an operation NAME in the legacy messaging.operation key (%s) → %s",
+    (operation: string, direction: string) => {
+      expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation": operation }, CLIENT)).toBe(
+        direction,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("the legacy key's operation name still yields to the span kind and the operation type", () => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation": "ack" }, PRODUCER)).toBe(
+      "publish",
+    );
+    expect(
+      directionOf(
+        {
+          "messaging.operation": "ack",
+          "messaging.operation.type": "receive",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBe("consume");
+    // ...and beats messaging.operation.name, as the legacy type does.
+    expect(
+      directionOf(
+        {
+          "messaging.operation": "ack",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "send",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBe("settle");
+  });
+
+  test("a Java Pub/Sub ack span settles its subscription, which is its consumer group", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveSpan(
+        {
+          "messaging.system": "gcp_pubsub",
+          "messaging.destination.name": "orders-billing",
+          "gcp.project_id": "shop-prod",
+          "code.function": "sendAckOperations",
+          "messaging.operation": "ack",
+          "messaging.batch.message_count": 3,
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(
+      destinationOf({
+        system: "gcp_pubsub",
+        destination: "orders-billing",
+        direction: "settle",
+        consumerGroup: "orders-billing",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["send", "publish"],
+    ["publish", "publish"],
+    ["schedule", "publish"],
+    ["publish_input", "publish"],
+    ["publish_batch_input", "publish"],
+    ["create", "publish"],
+    ["event", "publish"],
+    ["poll", "consume"],
+    ["receive", "consume"],
+    ["fetch", "consume"],
+    ["fetch (empty)", "consume"],
+    ["peek", "consume"],
+    ["receive_deferred", "consume"],
+    ["subscribe", "consume"],
+    ["deliver", "consume"],
+    ["consume", "consume"],
+    ["process", "consume"],
+    ["ack", "settle"],
+    ["nack", "settle"],
+    ["modack", "settle"],
+    ["reject", "settle"],
+    ["complete", "settle"],
+    ["abandon", "settle"],
+    ["defer", "settle"],
+    ["dead_letter", "settle"],
+    ["delete", "settle"],
+    ["commit", "settle"],
+    ["checkpoint", "settle"],
+    ["term", "settle"],
+    ["nak", "settle"],
+    ["in-progress", "settle"],
+    ["Checkpoint", "settle"],
+    ["renew_message_lock", "unknown"],
+    ["get_partition_properties", "unknown"],
+  ])("messaging.operation.name %j → %s", (value: string, direction: string) => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "messaging.operation.name": value }, CLIENT)).toBe(
+      direction,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("the operation name beats the AWS rpc.method", () => {
+    expect(
+      directionOf(
+        {
+          "messaging.operation.name": "receive",
+          "rpc.method": "SendMessage",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+        "aws_sqs",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("consume");
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["SendMessage", "publish"],
+    ["SendMessageBatch", "publish"],
+    ["Publish", "publish"],
+    ["PublishBatch", "publish"],
+    ["ReceiveMessage", "consume"],
+    ["DeleteMessage", "settle"],
+    ["DeleteMessageBatch", "settle"],
+    ["ChangeMessageVisibility", "settle"],
+    ["ChangeMessageVisibilityBatch", "settle"],
+    ["SQS/SendMessage", "publish"],
+    ["SNS/Publish", "publish"],
+    ["sqs/receivemessage", "consume"],
+    ["GetQueueAttributes", "unknown"],
+    ["ListQueues", "unknown"],
+  ])("AWS rpc.method %s → %s", (method: string, direction: string) => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "rpc.method": method }, CLIENT, "aws_sqs")).toBe(
+      direction,
+    );
+    expect(directionOf({ "rpc.method": method }, CLIENT, "aws.sns")).toBe(
+      direction,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("rpc.method means nothing outside SQS and SNS", () => {
+    expect(directionOf({ "rpc.method": "SendMessage" }, CLIENT)).toBe(
+      "unknown",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("an unknown value falls through to the next piece of evidence", () => {
+    expect(
+      directionOf(
+        {
+          "messaging.operation.type": "custom",
+          "messaging.operation": "whatever",
+          "messaging.operation.name": "ack",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+      ),
+    ).toBe("settle");
+    expect(
+      directionOf({ "messaging.operation.type": "custom" }, CONSUMER),
+    ).toBe("consume");
+  });
+
+  test("a CLIENT or INTERNAL span with no evidence is unknown", () => {
+    expect(directionOf({}, CLIENT)).toBe("unknown");
+    expect(directionOf({}, INTERNAL)).toBe("unknown");
+    expect(directionOf({}, null)).toBe("unknown");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("consumer group precedence (display only)", () => {
+  function groupOf(
+    attributes: FixtureAttributes,
+    system: string = "kafka",
+    kind: string = CONSUMER,
+    destination: string = "orders",
+  ): string | null | undefined {
+    return resolveSpan(
+      {
+        "messaging.system": system,
+        "messaging.destination.name": destination,
+        ...attributes,
+      },
+      kind,
+    )?.consumerGroup;
+  }
+
+  test("each key in order: 1.27+, Kafka 1.17-1.26, Kafka ≤1.16, RocketMQ, Event Hubs, Service Bus, the Azure Java SDK's metrics", () => {
+    const attributes: FixtureAttributes = {};
+    MESSAGING_CONSUMER_GROUP_ATTRIBUTES.forEach(
+      (key: string, index: number): void => {
+        attributes[key] = `g${index}`;
+      },
+    );
+    const seen: Array<string | null | undefined> = [];
+    for (const key of MESSAGING_CONSUMER_GROUP_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      seen.push(groupOf(attributes));
+      delete attributes[key];
+    }
+    expect(seen).toEqual(["g0", "g1", "g2", "g3", "g4", "g5", "g6", "g7"]);
+    expect(groupOf(attributes)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("an attribute beats the Service Bus entity path", () => {
+    expect(
+      groupOf(
+        { "messaging.destination.subscription.name": "from-attribute" },
+        "servicebus",
+        CONSUMER,
+        "order-events/Subscriptions/from-path",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("from-attribute");
+    expect(
+      groupOf(
+        {},
+        "servicebus",
+        CONSUMER,
+        "order-events/Subscriptions/from-path",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("from-path");
+  });
+
+  test("a Pub/Sub consumer's destination is its subscription; a publisher has none", () => {
+    expect(groupOf({}, "gcp_pubsub", CONSUMER, "billing-sub")).toBe(
+      "billing-sub",
+    );
+    expect(
+      groupOf(
+        { "messaging.operation.name": "modack" },
+        "gcp_pubsub",
+        CLIENT,
+        "billing-sub",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("billing-sub");
+    expect(groupOf({}, "gcp_pubsub", PRODUCER, "orders")).toBeNull();
+    expect(groupOf({}, "gcp_pubsub", CLIENT, "orders")).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("the per-instance consumer id is never read", () => {
+    expect(
+      groupOf({
+        "messaging.consumer_id": "billing - consumer-1",
+        "messaging.consumer.id": "billing - consumer-1",
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("a consumer group is trimmed and clamped to 255 characters", () => {
+    expect(groupOf({ "messaging.consumer.group.name": "  billing  " })).toBe(
+      "billing",
+    );
+    expect(
+      groupOf({ "messaging.consumer.group.name": "g".repeat(300) })?.length,
+    ).toBe(255);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("hasMessagingTrigger", () => {
+  const AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS: ReadonlyArray<string> = [
+    "az.namespace",
+    "azure.resource_provider.namespace",
+  ];
+
+  test.each(
+    MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES.map((key: string): [string, string] => {
+      return [
+        key,
+        AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS.includes(key) ? "Microsoft.ServiceBus" : "x",
+      ];
+    }),
+  )("%s alone (%j) makes a candidate", (key: string, value: string) => {
+    expect(hasMessagingTrigger({ [key]: value })).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test.each(
+    AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS.flatMap(
+      (key: string): Array<[string, unknown, boolean]> => {
+        return [
+          [key, "Microsoft.ServiceBus", true],
+          [key, "Microsoft.EventHub", true],
+          [key, " microsoft.eventhub ", true],
+          [key, "MICROSOFT.SERVICEBUS", true],
+          [
+            key,
+            `${" ".repeat(200)}Microsoft.ServiceBus${"\t".repeat(50)}`,
+            true,
+          ],
+          // Every other Azure SDK client stamps its own provider: no candidate.
+          [key, "Microsoft.Storage", false],
+          [key, "Microsoft.DocumentDB", false],
+          [key, "Microsoft.KeyVault", false],
+          [key, "Microsoft.EventGrid", false],
+          [key, "Microsoft.ServiceBus.Extra", false],
+          [key, "x", false],
+          [key, "", false],
+          [key, 42, false],
+          [key, true, false],
+          [key, ["Microsoft.ServiceBus"], false],
+          [key, "m".repeat(100_000), false],
+        ];
+      },
+    ),
+  )(
+    "the Azure provider key %s with %j is a trigger: %s",
+    (key: string, value: unknown, expected: boolean) => {
+      expect(hasMessagingTrigger({ [key]: value })).toBe(expected);
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES: Service Bus's and Event Hubs' namespaces, lowercase and sorted, each resolving to its system", () => {
+    expect(AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES).toEqual([
+      "microsoft.eventhub",
+      "microsoft.servicebus",
+    ]);
+    const systems: Record<string, string> = {
+      "microsoft.eventhub": "eventhubs",
+      "microsoft.servicebus": "servicebus",
+    };
+
+    for (const namespace of AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES) {
+      expect(namespace).toBe(namespace.trim().toLowerCase());
+      for (const key of AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS) {
+        for (const spelling of [
+          namespace,
+          namespace.toUpperCase(),
+          ` ${namespace}\t`,
+        ]) {
+          expect(hasMessagingTrigger({ [key]: spelling })).toBe(true);
+          expect(
+            resolveSpan(
+              { [key]: spelling, "messaging.destination.name": "orders" },
+              PRODUCER,
+            )?.system,
+          ).toBe(systems[namespace]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("an Azure provider value is a trigger exactly when its trimmed, lowercased text is in AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES", () => {
+    const padding: string = `${String.fromCharCode(0xa0)}${String.fromCharCode(
+      0xfeff,
+    )}${String.fromCharCode(0x3000)}`;
+    const names: Array<string> = [
+      // Every name the messaging catalog knows, aliases included.
+      ...MESSAGING_SYSTEMS.flatMap(
+        (descriptor: MessagingSystemDescriptor): Array<string> => {
+          return [descriptor.system, ...descriptor.aliases];
+        },
+      ),
+      "Microsoft.ServiceBus",
+      "Microsoft.EventHub",
+      // Other Azure SDK clients, and near misses.
+      "Microsoft.Storage",
+      "Microsoft.KeyVault",
+      "Microsoft.DocumentDB",
+      "Microsoft.EventGrid",
+      "Microsoft.EventHubs",
+      "Microsoft.ServiceBus/namespaces",
+      "Microsoft.Service Bus",
+      "xMicrosoft.EventHub",
+      "Microsoft",
+      "",
+    ];
+    const probes: Array<string> = names.flatMap(
+      (name: string): Array<string> => {
+        return [name, name.toUpperCase(), `${padding}${name}${padding}`];
+      },
+    );
+
+    let admitted: number = 0;
+    for (const key of AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS) {
+      for (const probe of probes) {
+        const listed: boolean = AZURE_MESSAGING_PROVIDER_NAMESPACES.includes(
+          probe.trim().toLowerCase(),
+        );
+        admitted += listed ? 1 : 0;
+        expect({
+          key,
+          probe,
+          trigger: hasMessagingTrigger({ [key]: probe }),
+        }).toEqual({ key, probe, trigger: listed });
+      }
+    }
+    // The probe reaches both namespaces through both keys: not vacuous.
+    expect(admitted).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2 * AZURE_PROVIDER_KEYS.length * 3);
+  });
+
+  test("an Azure SDK span of a non-messaging client never resolves, and the gate refuses it", () => {
+    for (const provider of [
+      "Microsoft.Storage",
+      "Microsoft.DocumentDB",
+      "Microsoft.KeyVault",
+    ]) {
+      const attributes: Record<string, unknown> = {
+        "az.namespace": provider,
+        "azure.resource_provider.namespace": provider,
+        "server.address": "account.blob.core.windows.net",
+        "http.request.method": "PUT",
+      };
+      expect({ provider, trigger: hasMessagingTrigger(attributes) }).toEqual({
+        provider,
+        trigger: false,
+      });
+      expect({
+        provider,
+        resolved: resolveSpan(attributes, "SPAN_KIND_CLIENT"),
+      }).toEqual({ provider, resolved: null });
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("no trigger key, no candidate", () => {
+    expect(
+      hasMessagingTrigger({
+        "http.request.method": "GET",
+        "server.address": "api.example.com",
+        "messaging.operation": "publish",
+        "messaging.destination.template": "orders.{id}",
+        "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+        "resource.messaging.system": "kafka",
+      }),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(hasMessagingTrigger({})).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["", false],
+    ["   ", false],
+    ["\t\n", false],
+    ["kafka", true],
+    [" kafka ", true],
+    [0, true],
+    [42, true],
+    [Number.NaN, false],
+    [Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, false],
+    [true, true],
+    [false, true],
+    [[], true],
+    [["kafka"], true],
+    [null, false],
+    [undefined, false],
+    [{ nested: "kafka" }, false],
+  ])(
+    "a messaging.system value of %j is a trigger: %s",
+    (value: unknown, expected: boolean) => {
+      expect(hasMessagingTrigger({ "messaging.system": value })).toBe(expected);
+    },
+  );
+
+  test.each([[null], [undefined], ["messaging.system"], [42], [true]])(
+    "a non-object (%j) is never a candidate",
+    (value: unknown) => {
+      expect(hasMessagingTrigger(value as Record<string, unknown> | null)).toBe(
+        false,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  test("only own keys count", () => {
+    const inherited: Record<string, unknown> = Object.create({
+      "messaging.system": "kafka",
+    }) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    expect(hasMessagingTrigger(inherited)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test("it agrees with the resolver's own gate on every fixture", () => {
+    for (const fixture of SPAN_FIXTURES) {
+      if (!hasMessagingTrigger(fixture.attributes)) {
+        expect({
+          name: fixture.name,
+          resolved: resolveSpan(fixture.attributes, fixture.kind),
+        }).toEqual({ name: fixture.name, resolved: null });
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("it never enumerates the map, touches only trigger keys, and stops at the first hit", () => {
+    const ownKeysCalls: Array<string> = [];
+    const touched: Array<string> = [];
+    const target: Record<string, unknown> = {
+      "messaging.destination.name": "orders",
+      "messaging.system": "kafka",
+      "http.request.method": "GET",
+    };
+    const proxy: Record<string, unknown> = new Proxy(target, {
+      ownKeys: (object: Record<string, unknown>): Array<string | symbol> => {
+        ownKeysCalls.push("ownKeys");
+        return Reflect.ownKeys(object);
+      },
+      get: (object: Record<string, unknown>, key: string | symbol): unknown => {
+        touched.push(String(key));
+        return Reflect.get(object, key);
+      },
+      getOwnPropertyDescriptor: (
+        object: Record<string, unknown>,
+        key: string | symbol,
+      ): PropertyDescriptor | undefined => {
+        touched.push(String(key));
+        return Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, key);
+      },
+      has: (object: Record<string, unknown>, key: string | symbol): boolean => {
+        touched.push(String(key));
+        return Reflect.has(object, key);
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(hasMessagingTrigger(proxy)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ownKeysCalls).toEqual([]);
+    for (const key of touched) {
+      expect(MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES).toContain(key);
+    }
+    // messaging.system is checked first, and it is a hit.
+    expect(new Set(touched)).toEqual(new Set<string>(["messaging.system"]));
+  });
+
+  test("a row with thousands of unrelated keys is still a handful of lookups", () => {
+    const row: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+    for (let index: number = 0; index < 5000; index++) {
+      row[`attribute.${index}`] = `value-${index}`;
+    }
+    let lookups: number = 0;
+    const proxy: Record<string, unknown> = new Proxy(row, {
+      getOwnPropertyDescriptor: (
+        object: Record<string, unknown>,
+        key: string | symbol,
+      ): PropertyDescriptor | undefined => {
+        lookups++;
+        return Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(object, key);
+      },
+    });
+    expect(hasMessagingTrigger(proxy)).toBe(false);
+    expect(lookups).toBe(MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES.length);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("the resolver reads cheaply and never throws", () => {
+  test("a span with no trigger is rejected after reading only the trigger keys", () => {
+    const reads: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+    expect(
+      resolveRecordingReads(
+        {
+          "http.request.method": "GET",
+          "server.address": "api.example.com",
+          "rpc.system": "aws-api",
+          "rpc.service": "SQS",
+        },
+        CLIENT,
+        reads,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect([...reads]).toEqual([...MESSAGING_TRIGGER_ATTRIBUTES]);
+  });
+
+  test("a SERVER span is rejected before any attribute is read", () => {
+    const reads: Set<string> = new Set<string>();
+    expect(
+      resolveRecordingReads(
+        { "messaging.system": "kafka", "messaging.destination.name": "x" },
+        SERVER,
+        reads,
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(reads.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  test("bad input is null, never an exception", () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveMessagingSpan(
+        null as unknown as { getAttribute: (key: string) => unknown },
+      ),
+    ).toBeNull();
+    expect(
+      resolveMessagingSpan({
+        getAttribute: "nope" as unknown as (key: string) => unknown,
+      }),
+    ).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("any mix of attribute values resolves or is null, without throwing", () => {
+    // A deterministic pseudo-random walk over every input key.
+    let seed: number = 20260930;
+    const next: () => number = (): number => {
+      seed = (seed * 1103515245 + 12345) % 2147483648;
+      return seed / 2147483648;
+    };
+    const values: Array<unknown> = [
+      "",
+      " ",
+      "kafka",
+      "servicebus",
+      "aws_sqs",
+      "rabbitmq",
+      "<default>",
+      "amq.default",
+      "orders",
+      "a:b:c",
+      ",x",
+      "[",
+      "[]",
+      '["a"]',
+      "https://",
+      "https://x/1/q",
+      "arn:",
+      "arn:aws:sns:::",
+      "sb://",
+      "@",
+      ":",
+      "::",
+      "[::",
+      "true",
+      "Microsoft.ServiceBus",
+      "aws-api",
+      "SQS",
+      0,
+      -1,
+      Number.NaN,
+      true,
+      false,
+      null,
+      undefined,
+      [],
+      ["a", 1],
+      {},
+      Symbol("s"),
+      (): string => {
+        return "fn";
+      },
+    ];
+    const kinds: Array<string | null> = [
+      PRODUCER,
+      CONSUMER,
+      CLIENT,
+      INTERNAL,
+      null,
+    ];
+    for (let round: number = 0; round < 2000; round++) {
+      const attributes: FixtureAttributes = {};
+      for (const key of MESSAGING_RESOLVER_INPUT_ATTRIBUTES) {
+        if (next() < 0.3) {
+          attributes[key] = values[Math.floor(next() * values.length)];
+        }
+      }
+      const kind: string | null =
+        kinds[Math.floor(next() * kinds.length)] ?? null;
+      let threw: boolean = false;
+      let resolved: ResolvedMessagingDestination | null = null;
+      try {
+        resolved = resolveSpan(attributes, kind);
+      } catch {
+        threw = true;
+      }
+      expect({ round, threw }).toEqual({ round, threw: false });
+      if (resolved !== null) {
+        const destination: ResolvedMessagingDestination = resolved;
+        expect(destination.destination.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+        expect(destination.destination.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
+          MESSAGE_QUEUE_DESTINATION_MAX_LENGTH,
+        );
+        expect(destination.destination).toBe(destination.destination.trim());
+        expect(["publish", "consume", "settle", "unknown"]).toContain(
+          destination.direction,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe("MESSAGING_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES shape", () => {
+  test("every port key pairs with its own address generation", () => {
+    for (const attribute of MESSAGING_ADDRESS_ATTRIBUTES) {
+      const pair: MessagingAddressAttribute = attribute;
+      if (pair.port) {
+        expect(pair.port.split(".").slice(0, -1).join(".")).toBe(
+          pair.address.split(".").slice(0, -1).join("."),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  });
+});