@novastera-oss/llamarn 0.0.1-alpha.4

package/cpp/llama.cpp/src/llama-kv-cache.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2486 @@
+#include "llama-kv-cache.h"
+
+#include "llama-impl.h"
+#include "llama-batch.h"
+#include "llama-cparams.h"
+#include "llama-model.h"
+#include "llama-context.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <limits>
+#include <map>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+//
+// llama_kv_cache_unified
+//
+
+uint32_t llama_kv_cache_unified::get_padding(const llama_cparams & cparams) {
+    // the FA kernels require padding to avoid extra runtime boundary checks
+    return cparams.flash_attn ? 256u : 32u;
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache_unified::llama_kv_cache_unified(
+        const llama_model & model,
+                ggml_type   type_k,
+                ggml_type   type_v,
+                     bool   v_trans,
+                     bool   offload,
+                 uint32_t   kv_size,
+                 uint32_t   padding) : model(model), hparams(model.hparams), v_trans(v_trans), padding(padding) {
+    const int32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    has_shift = false;
+    can_shift = true;
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: kv_size = %d, type_k = '%s', type_v = '%s', n_layer = %d, can_shift = %d, padding = %d\n",
+            __func__, kv_size, ggml_type_name(type_k), ggml_type_name(type_v), n_layer, can_shift, padding);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(kv_size % padding == 0 && "kv_size must be a multiple of padding");
+
+    head = 0;
+    size = kv_size;
+    used = 0;
+
+    this->type_k = type_k;
+    this->type_v = type_v;
+
+    cells.clear();
+    cells.resize(kv_size);
+
+    // create a context for each buffer type
+    std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, ggml_context *> ctx_map;
+    auto ctx_for_buft = [&](ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) -> ggml_context * {
+        auto it = ctx_map.find(buft);
+        if (it == ctx_map.end()) {
+            ggml_init_params params = {
+                /*.mem_size   =*/ size_t(2u*n_layer*ggml_tensor_overhead()),
+                /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+                /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+            };
+
+            ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
+            if (!ctx) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            ctx_map[buft] = ctx;
+            ctxs.emplace_back(ctx);
+
+            return ctx;
+        }
+
+        return it->second;
+    };
+
+    k_l.reserve(n_layer);
+    v_l.reserve(n_layer);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; i++) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+        const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+        const char * dev_name = "CPU";
+
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type();
+
+        if (offload) {
+            auto * dev = model.dev_layer(i);
+            buft = ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(dev);
+
+            dev_name = ggml_backend_dev_name(dev);
+        }
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: layer %3d: dev = %s\n", __func__, i, dev_name);
+
+        ggml_context * ctx = ctx_for_buft(buft);
+        if (!ctx) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create ggml context for kv cache");
+        }
+
+        ggml_tensor * k = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, type_k, n_embd_k_gqa*kv_size);
+        ggml_tensor * v = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, type_v, n_embd_v_gqa*kv_size);
+        ggml_format_name(k, "cache_k_l%d", i);
+        ggml_format_name(v, "cache_v_l%d", i);
+        k_l.push_back(k);
+        v_l.push_back(v);
+    }
+
+    // allocate tensors and initialize the buffers to avoid NaNs in the padding
+    for (auto it : ctx_map) {
+        auto * buft = it.first;
+        auto * ctx  = it.second;
+
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors_from_buft(ctx, buft);
+        if (!buf) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer for kv cache");
+        }
+        ggml_backend_buffer_clear(buf, 0);
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %10s KV buffer size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__, ggml_backend_buffer_name(buf), ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf)/1024.0/1024.0);
+        bufs.emplace_back(buf);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const size_t memory_size_k = size_k_bytes();
+        const size_t memory_size_v = size_v_bytes();
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: KV self size  = %7.2f MiB, K (%s): %7.2f MiB, V (%s): %7.2f MiB\n", __func__,
+                (float)(memory_size_k + memory_size_v) / (1024.0f * 1024.0f),
+                ggml_type_name(type_k), (float)memory_size_k / (1024.0f * 1024.0f),
+                ggml_type_name(type_v), (float)memory_size_v / (1024.0f * 1024.0f));
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::clear() {
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < (int32_t) size; ++i) {
+        cells[i].pos = -1;
+        cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+    }
+    head = 0;
+    used = 0;
+
+    for (auto & buf : bufs) {
+        ggml_backend_buffer_clear(buf.get(), 0);
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_rm(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].pos >= p0 && cells[i].pos < p1) {
+            if (seq_id < 0) {
+                cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+            } else if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+                cells[i].seq_id.erase(seq_id);
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (cells[i].is_empty()) {
+                // keep count of the number of used cells
+                if (cells[i].pos >= 0) {
+                    used--;
+                }
+
+                cells[i].pos = -1;
+
+                if (new_head == size) {
+                    new_head = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we freed up a slot, set head to it so searching can start there.
+    if (new_head != size && new_head < head) {
+        head = new_head;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_dst, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    if (seq_id_src == seq_id_dst) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // otherwise, this is the KV of a Transformer-like model
+    head = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id_src) && cells[i].pos >= p0 && cells[i].pos < p1) {
+            cells[i].seq_id.insert(seq_id_dst);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_keep(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (!cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            if (cells[i].pos >= 0) {
+                used--;
+            }
+
+            cells[i].pos = -1;
+            cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+
+            if (new_head == size){
+                new_head = i;
+            }
+        } else {
+            cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+            cells[i].seq_id.insert(seq_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we freed up a slot, set head to it so searching can start there.
+    if (new_head != size && new_head < head) {
+        head = new_head;
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_add(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, llama_pos delta) {
+    if (delta == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // If there is no range then return early to avoid looping over the
+    if (p0 == p1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id) && cells[i].pos >= p0 && cells[i].pos < p1) {
+            has_shift = true;
+            cells[i].pos   += delta;
+            cells[i].delta += delta;
+
+            if (cells[i].pos < 0) {
+                if (!cells[i].is_empty()) {
+                    used--;
+                }
+                cells[i].pos = -1;
+                cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+                if (new_head == size) {
+                    new_head = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we freed up a slot, set head to it so searching can start there.
+    // Otherwise we just start the next search from the beginning.
+    head = new_head != size ? new_head : 0;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_div(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, int d) {
+    if (d == 1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // If there is no range then return early to avoid looping over the cache.
+    if (p0 == p1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id) && cells[i].pos >= p0 && cells[i].pos < p1) {
+            has_shift = true;
+
+            {
+                llama_pos p_old = cells[i].pos;
+                cells[i].pos   /= d;
+                cells[i].delta += cells[i].pos - p_old;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_unified::seq_pos_max(llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    llama_pos result = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            result = std::max(result, cells[i].pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::restore() {
+    if (pending.ranges.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    for (auto & range : pending.ranges) {
+        for (uint32_t i = range.c0; i < range.c1; ++i) {
+            cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+
+            // keep count of the number of used cells
+            if (cells[i].pos >= 0) {
+                used--;
+            }
+
+            cells[i].pos = -1;
+        }
+
+        new_head = std::min(new_head, range.c0);
+    }
+
+    if (new_head != size && new_head < head) {
+        head = new_head;
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::commit() {
+    if (pending.ranges.empty()) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: no pending KV cache updates to commit - might indicate a bug (ref: %s)\n",
+                __func__, "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/12695");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    pending.ranges.clear();
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::update(llama_context & lctx) {
+    bool need_reserve = false;
+
+    auto * sched = lctx.get_sched();
+
+    if (has_shift) {
+        if (!get_can_shift()) {
+            GGML_ABORT("The current KV cache / model configuration does not support K-shift");
+        }
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: applying K-shift\n", __func__);
+
+        // apply K-shift if needed
+        if (hparams.rope_type != LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE) {
+            ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
+
+            auto * gf = lctx.graph_init();
+
+            auto res = build_graph_shift(lctx.get_cparams(), lctx.get_ctx_compute(), gf);
+
+            ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched, gf);
+
+            res->set_inputs(nullptr);
+
+            lctx.graph_compute(gf, false);
+
+            need_reserve = true;
+        }
+
+        {
+            has_shift = false;
+
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                cells[i].delta = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (do_defrag) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: defragmenting KV cache\n", __func__);
+
+        if (defrag_prepare(lctx.graph_max_nodes())) {
+            ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
+
+            auto * gf = lctx.graph_init();
+
+            auto res = build_graph_defrag(lctx.get_cparams(), lctx.get_ctx_compute(), gf);
+
+            ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched, gf);
+
+            res->set_inputs(nullptr);
+
+            lctx.graph_compute(gf, false);
+
+            need_reserve = true;
+        }
+
+        do_defrag = false;
+    }
+
+    return need_reserve;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::defrag_sched(float thold) {
+    // - do not defrag small contexts (i.e. < 2048 tokens)
+    // - count the padding towards the number of used tokens
+    const float fragmentation = n >= 2048 ? std::max(0.0f, 1.0f - (float(used + padding)/n)) : 0.0f;
+
+    // queue defragmentation for next llama_kv_cache_update
+    if (fragmentation > thold) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: fragmentation: %.2f - requesting defrag\n", __func__, fragmentation);
+
+        do_defrag = true;
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::set_full() {
+    n = size;
+}
+
+llama_sbatch llama_kv_cache_unified::sbatch_init(
+        const llama_batch & batch,
+        bool logits_all) {
+    return llama_sbatch(batch, hparams.n_embd, true, logits_all);
+}
+
+llama_ubatch llama_kv_cache_unified::ubatch_next(
+        llama_sbatch & sbatch,
+        uint32_t n_ubatch,
+        bool embd_pooled) const {
+    GGML_UNUSED(embd_pooled);
+    return sbatch.split_simple(n_ubatch);
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::find_slot(
+       const llama_ubatch & ubatch) {
+    const uint32_t n_tokens = ubatch.n_tokens;
+    const uint32_t n_seqs   = ubatch.n_seqs;
+    const uint32_t n_seq_tokens = ubatch.n_seq_tokens;
+
+    // if we have enough unused cells before the current head ->
+    //   better to start searching from the beginning of the cache, hoping to fill it
+    if (head > used + 2*ubatch.n_tokens) {
+        head = 0;
+    }
+
+    // otherwise, one cell per token.
+
+    if (n_tokens > size) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_tokens = %d > size = %d\n", __func__, n_tokens, size);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t n_tested = 0;
+
+    while (true) {
+        if (head + n_tokens > size) {
+            n_tested += size - head;
+            head = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        bool found = true;
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; i++) {
+            if (cells[head + i].pos >= 0) {
+                found = false;
+                head     += i + 1;
+                n_tested += i + 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (found) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (n_tested >= size) {
+            //LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to find a slot for %d tokens\n", __func__, n_tokens);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_seqs; s++) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_seq_tokens; ++i) {
+            uint32_t k = s*n_seq_tokens + i;
+            cells[head + k].pos = ubatch.pos[k];
+
+            for (int32_t j = 0; j < ubatch.n_seq_id[s]; j++) {
+                cells[head + k].seq_id.insert(ubatch.seq_id[s][j]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    used += n_tokens;
+
+    pending.ranges.push_back({head, head + n_tokens});
+
+    // a heuristic, to avoid attending the full cache if it is not yet utilized
+    // after enough generations, the benefit from this heuristic disappears
+    // if we start defragmenting the cache, the benefit from this will be more important
+    n = std::min(size, std::max(padding, GGML_PAD(cell_max(), padding)));
+
+    //printf("n = %5d, used = %5d, head = %5d\n", n, used, head);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_kv_cache_unified::get_n_tokens() const {
+    int32_t result = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        result += cells[i].seq_id.size();
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_kv_cache_unified::get_used_cells() const {
+    return used;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::get_can_shift() const {
+    return can_shift;
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_unified::get_pos_max() const {
+    llama_pos pos_max = -1;
+    for (const auto & cell : cells) {
+        pos_max = std::max(pos_max, cell.pos);
+    }
+
+    return pos_max;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_unified::total_size() const {
+    size_t size = 0;
+    for (const auto & buf : bufs) {
+        size += ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf.get());
+    }
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_unified::size_k_bytes() const {
+    size_t size_k_bytes = 0;
+
+    for (const auto & k : k_l) {
+        size_k_bytes += ggml_nbytes(k);
+    }
+
+    return size_k_bytes;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_unified::size_v_bytes() const {
+    size_t size_v_bytes = 0;
+
+    for (const auto & v : v_l) {
+        size_v_bytes += ggml_nbytes(v);
+    }
+
+    return size_v_bytes;
+}
+
+ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_unified::build_rope_shift(
+        const llama_cparams & cparams,
+               ggml_context * ctx,
+                ggml_tensor * cur,
+                ggml_tensor * shift,
+                ggml_tensor * factors,
+                      float   freq_base,
+                      float   freq_scale) const {
+    const auto & n_ctx_orig = cparams.n_ctx_orig_yarn;
+
+    const auto & yarn_ext_factor = cparams.yarn_ext_factor;
+    const auto & yarn_beta_fast  = cparams.yarn_beta_fast;
+    const auto & yarn_beta_slow  = cparams.yarn_beta_slow;
+
+    const auto & n_rot     = hparams.n_rot;
+    const auto & rope_type = hparams.rope_type;
+
+    // See llm_build_deepseek2() for why attn_factor has to be scaled for YaRN RoPE to work correctly.
+    // See https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/7416 for detailed explanation.
+    const float yarn_attn_factor = model.arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2 ? 1.0f / (1.0f + 0.1f * logf(1.0f / freq_scale)) : cparams.yarn_attn_factor;
+
+    ggml_tensor * tmp;
+
+    if (ggml_is_quantized(cur->type)) {
+        // dequantize to f32 -> RoPE -> quantize back
+        tmp = ggml_cast(ctx, cur, GGML_TYPE_F32);
+
+        tmp = ggml_rope_ext(ctx, tmp,
+                shift, factors, n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+                yarn_ext_factor, yarn_attn_factor, yarn_beta_fast, yarn_beta_slow);
+
+        tmp = ggml_cpy(ctx, tmp, cur);
+    } else {
+        // we rotate only the first n_rot dimensions
+        tmp = ggml_rope_ext_inplace(ctx, cur,
+                shift, factors, n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+                yarn_ext_factor, yarn_attn_factor, yarn_beta_fast, yarn_beta_slow);
+    }
+
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+class llm_graph_input_k_shift : public llm_graph_input_i {
+public:
+    llm_graph_input_k_shift(const llama_kv_cache_unified * kv_self) : kv_self(kv_self) {}
+    virtual ~llm_graph_input_k_shift() = default;
+
+    void set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) override;
+
+    ggml_tensor * k_shift; // I32 [kv_size]
+
+    const llama_kv_cache_unified * kv_self;
+};
+
+void llm_graph_input_k_shift::set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(ubatch);
+
+    if (k_shift) {
+        assert(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(k_shift->buffer));
+
+        int32_t * data = (int32_t *) k_shift->data;
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kv_self->size; ++i) {
+            data[i] = kv_self->cells[i].delta;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+llm_graph_result_ptr llama_kv_cache_unified::build_graph_shift(
+        const llama_cparams & cparams,
+               ggml_context * ctx,
+                ggml_cgraph * gf) const {
+    auto res = std::make_unique<llm_graph_result>();
+
+    const auto & n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    const auto & n_embd_head_k = hparams.n_embd_head_k;
+  //const auto & n_embd_head_v = hparams.n_embd_head_v;
+
+    const uint32_t n_ctx_per_seq = cparams.n_ctx / cparams.n_seq_max;
+
+    //GGML_ASSERT(kv_self->size == n_ctx);
+
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_k_shift>(this);
+
+    inp->k_shift = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, cparams.n_ctx);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->k_shift);
+
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const int64_t n_head_kv    = hparams.n_head_kv(il);
+        const int64_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il);
+
+        const bool is_swa = hparams.is_swa(il);
+
+        // note: the swa rope params could become part of the cparams in the future
+        //       if we decide to make them configurable, like the non-sliding ones
+        const float freq_base_l  = is_swa ? hparams.rope_freq_base_train_swa  : cparams.rope_freq_base;
+        const float freq_scale_l = is_swa ? hparams.rope_freq_scale_train_swa : cparams.rope_freq_scale;
+
+        ggml_tensor * rope_factors = model.get_rope_factors(n_ctx_per_seq, il);
+
+        ggml_tensor * k =
+            ggml_view_3d(ctx, k_l[il],
+                n_embd_head_k, n_head_kv, size,
+                ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_head_k),
+                ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa),
+                0);
+
+        ggml_tensor * cur = build_rope_shift(cparams, ctx, k, inp->k_shift, rope_factors, freq_base_l, freq_scale_l);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+    }
+
+    res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+llm_graph_result_ptr llama_kv_cache_unified::build_graph_defrag(
+        const llama_cparams & cparams,
+               ggml_context * ctx,
+                ggml_cgraph * gf) const {
+    auto res = std::make_unique<llm_graph_result>();
+
+    const auto & ids = defrag_info.ids;
+
+#if 0
+    // CPU defrag
+    //
+    // TODO: optimizations are possible:
+    //       - multiple threads
+    //       - avoid copying to the host memory when already there
+    //
+    // likely not worth the effort, as we have ggml_graph based defrag
+    //
+
+    const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa();
+    const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa();
+
+    const uint32_t kv_size = size;
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buf_k;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buf_v;
+
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const size_t k_size_row = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa);
+        const size_t k_size     = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa*kv_size);
+
+        const size_t v_size_el = ggml_type_size(v_l[il]->type);
+        const size_t v_size    = ggml_row_size (v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa*kv_size);
+
+        buf_k.resize(k_size);
+        buf_v.resize(v_size);
+
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(k_l[il], buf_k.data(), 0, buf_k.size());
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(v_l[il], buf_v.data(), 0, buf_v.size());
+
+        // batch move [i, i+nm) to [id, id+nm)
+        // note: cells can move only to a lower index
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_kv; ++i) {
+            const uint32_t id = ids[i];
+
+            if (i == id || id == n_kv) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            uint32_t nm = 1;
+
+            while (i + nm < n_kv && ids[i + nm] == id + nm) {
+                nm++;
+            }
+
+            // move keys
+            {
+                const int64_t os =  i*k_size_row;
+                const int64_t od = id*k_size_row;
+
+                memcpy(buf_k.data() + od, buf_k.data() + os, nm*k_size_row);
+            }
+
+            // move values (note: they are transposed)
+            {
+                const int64_t os =  i;
+                const int64_t od = id;
+
+                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_embd_v_gqa; ++j) {
+                    memcpy(buf_v.data() + (od + j*kv_size)*v_size_el, buf_v.data() + (os + j*kv_size)*v_size_el, nm*v_size_el);
+                }
+            }
+
+            i += nm - 1;
+        }
+
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(k_l[il], buf_k.data(), 0, buf_k.size());
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(v_l[il], buf_v.data(), 0, buf_v.size());
+    }
+#else
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ids.size(); ++i) {
+        const uint32_t id = ids[i];
+
+        if (i == id || id == ids.size()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t nm = 1;
+
+        while (i + nm < ids.size() && ids[i + nm] == id + nm) {
+            nm++;
+        }
+
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer; ++il) { // NOLINT
+            const int64_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il);
+            const int64_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il);
+
+            ggml_tensor * view_k_src = ggml_view_2d(ctx, k_l[il],
+                    n_embd_k_gqa, nm,
+                    ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa),
+                    ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa*i));
+
+            ggml_tensor * view_k_dst = ggml_view_2d(ctx, k_l[il],
+                    n_embd_k_gqa, nm,
+                    ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa),
+                    ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa*id));
+
+            ggml_tensor * view_v_src;
+            ggml_tensor * view_v_dst;
+
+            if (cparams.flash_attn) {
+                // NOTE: the V cache is not transposed when using flash attention
+                view_v_src = ggml_view_2d(ctx, v_l[il],
+                        n_embd_v_gqa, nm,
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa),
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa*i));
+
+                view_v_dst = ggml_view_2d(ctx, v_l[il],
+                        n_embd_v_gqa, nm,
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa),
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa*id));
+            } else {
+                view_v_src = ggml_view_2d(ctx, v_l[il],
+                        nm, n_embd_v_gqa,
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, size),
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, i));
+
+                view_v_dst = ggml_view_2d(ctx, v_l[il],
+                        nm, n_embd_v_gqa,
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, size),
+                        ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, id));
+            }
+
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, ggml_cpy(ctx, view_k_src, view_k_dst));
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, ggml_cpy(ctx, view_v_src, view_v_dst));
+        }
+
+        i += nm - 1;
+    }
+
+    //LLAMA_LOG_INFO("gf->n_nodes = %d\n", gf->n_nodes);
+#endif
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::defrag_prepare(int32_t n_max_nodes) {
+    const uint32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    const uint32_t n_kv   = cell_max();
+    const uint32_t n_used = used;
+
+    assert(n_used <= n_kv);
+
+    //const int64_t t_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+    // number of cells moved
+    uint32_t n_moves = 0;
+
+    // each move requires 6*n_layer tensors (see graph_build_kv_self_defrag)
+    //   - source view, destination view, copy operation
+    //   - x2 for keys and values
+    //const uint32_t max_moves = max_nodes()/(6*n_layer);
+    // TODO: tmp fix https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues/6685#issuecomment-2057579516
+    const uint32_t max_moves = (n_max_nodes - 2*n_layer)/(6*n_layer);
+
+    // determine which KV cells to move where
+    //
+    //  cell i moves to ids[i]
+    //
+    //  if ids[i] == i || ids[i] == n_kv, then cell i is not moved
+    //
+    auto & ids = defrag_info.ids;
+
+    ids.clear();
+    ids.resize(n_kv, n_kv);
+
+    for (uint32_t i0 = 0; i0 < n_used; ++i0) {
+        const auto & cell0 = cells[i0];
+
+        if (!cell0.is_empty()) {
+            ids[i0] = i0;
+
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // found a hole - fill it with data from the end of the cache
+
+        uint32_t nh = 1;
+
+        // determine the size of the hole
+        while (i0 + nh < n_used && cells[i0 + nh].is_empty()) {
+            nh++;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t nf = 0;
+        uint32_t is = n_kv - 1;
+
+        // starting from the end, find nh non-empty cells
+        for (; is > i0; --is) {
+            const auto & cell1 = cells[is];
+
+            if (cell1.is_empty() || ids[is] != n_kv) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // non-empty cell which is not yet moved
+            nf++;
+
+            if (nf == nh) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // this can only happen if `n_used` is not accurate, which would be a bug
+        GGML_ASSERT(nf == nh && "KV defrag bug: nf != nh");
+
+        nf = 0;
+
+        uint32_t i1 = is;
+
+        // are we moving a continuous block of memory?
+        bool cont = false;
+
+        // should we stop searching for the next move?
+        bool stop = false;
+
+        // go back and move the nf cells to the hole
+        for (; i1 < n_kv; ++i1) {
+            auto & cell1 = cells[i1];
+
+            if (cell1.is_empty() || ids[i1] != n_kv) {
+                if (n_moves == max_moves) {
+                    stop = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                cont = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // this cell goes to (i0 + nf)
+            ids[i1] = i0 + nf;
+
+            // move the cell meta data
+            cells[i0 + nf] = cell1;
+
+            // clear the old cell and move the head there
+            cell1 = kv_cell();
+            head = n_used;
+
+            if (!cont) {
+                n_moves++;
+                cont = true;
+            }
+
+            nf++;
+
+            if (nf == nh) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (stop || n_moves == max_moves) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        //LLAMA_LOG_INFO("(tmp log) KV defrag: move [%u, %u) to [%u, %u)\n", is, i1 + 1, i0, i0 + nh);
+
+        i0 += nh - 1;
+    }
+
+    if (n_moves == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: (tmp log) KV defrag cell moves: %u\n", __func__, n_moves);
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: expected gf nodes: %u\n", __func__, 6*n_moves*n_layer);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_kv_cache_unified::cell_max() const {
+    for (uint32_t i = size; i > 0; --i) {
+        const kv_cell & cell = cells[i - 1];
+
+        if (cell.pos >= 0 && !cell.is_empty()) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> cell_ranges; // ranges, from inclusive, to exclusive
+    uint32_t cell_count = 0;
+
+    // Count the number of cells with the specified seq_id
+    // Find all the ranges of cells with this seq id (or all, when -1)
+    uint32_t cell_range_begin = size;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        const auto & cell = cells[i];
+        if ((seq_id == -1 && !cell.is_empty()) || cell.has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            ++cell_count;
+            if (cell_range_begin == size) {
+                cell_range_begin = i;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (cell_range_begin != size) {
+                cell_ranges.emplace_back(cell_range_begin, i);
+                cell_range_begin = size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (cell_range_begin != size) {
+        cell_ranges.emplace_back(cell_range_begin, size);
+    }
+
+    // DEBUG CHECK: Sum of cell counts in ranges should equal the total cell count
+    uint32_t cell_count_check = 0;
+    for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+        cell_count_check += range.second - range.first;
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(cell_count == cell_count_check);
+
+    io.write(&cell_count, sizeof(cell_count));
+
+    state_write_meta(io, cell_ranges, seq_id);
+    state_write_data(io, cell_ranges);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    uint32_t cell_count;
+    io.read_to(&cell_count, sizeof(cell_count));
+
+    bool res = true;
+    res = res && state_read_meta(io, cell_count, seq_id);
+    res = res && state_read_data(io, cell_count);
+
+    if (!res) {
+        if (seq_id == -1) {
+            clear();
+        } else {
+            seq_rm(seq_id, -1, -1);
+        }
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to restore kv cache");
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::state_write_meta(llama_io_write_i & io, const std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> & cell_ranges, llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+        for (uint32_t i = range.first; i < range.second; ++i) {
+            const auto & cell = cells[i];
+            const llama_pos pos      = cell.pos;
+            const uint32_t  n_seq_id = seq_id == -1 ? cell.seq_id.size() : 0;
+
+            io.write(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.write(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            if (n_seq_id) {
+                for (auto seq_id : cell.seq_id) {
+                    io.write(&seq_id, sizeof(seq_id));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_unified::state_write_data(llama_io_write_i & io, const std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> & cell_ranges) const {
+    const uint32_t v_trans = this->v_trans ? 1 : 0;
+    const uint32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    io.write(&v_trans, sizeof(v_trans));
+    io.write(&n_layer, sizeof(n_layer));
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> tmp_buf;
+
+    // Iterate and write all the keys first, each row is a cell
+    // Get whole range at a time
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+
+        // Write key type
+        const int32_t k_type_i = (int32_t)k_l[il]->type;
+        io.write(&k_type_i, sizeof(k_type_i));
+
+        // Write row size of key
+        const uint64_t k_size_row = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa);
+        io.write(&k_size_row, sizeof(k_size_row));
+
+        // Read each range of cells of k_size length each into tmp_buf and write out
+        for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+            const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+            const size_t buf_size = range_size * k_size_row;
+            io.write_tensor(k_l[il], range.first * k_size_row, buf_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!v_trans) {
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Write value type
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            io.write(&v_type_i, sizeof(v_type_i));
+
+            // Write row size of value
+            const uint64_t v_size_row = ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa);
+            io.write(&v_size_row, sizeof(v_size_row));
+
+            // Read each range of cells of v_size length each into tmp_buf and write out
+            for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+                const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+                const size_t buf_size = range_size * v_size_row;
+                io.write_tensor(v_l[il], range.first * v_size_row, buf_size);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // When v is transposed, we also need the element size and get the element ranges from each row
+        const uint32_t kv_size = size;
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Write value type
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            io.write(&v_type_i, sizeof(v_type_i));
+
+            // Write element size
+            const uint32_t v_size_el = ggml_type_size(v_l[il]->type);
+            io.write(&v_size_el, sizeof(v_size_el));
+
+            // Write GQA embedding size
+            io.write(&n_embd_v_gqa, sizeof(n_embd_v_gqa));
+
+            // For each row, we get the element values of each cell
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_embd_v_gqa; ++j) {
+                // Read each range of cells of v_size_el length each into tmp_buf and write out
+                for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+                    const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+                    const size_t src_offset = (range.first + j * kv_size) * v_size_el;
+                    const size_t buf_size = range_size * v_size_el;
+                    io.write_tensor(v_l[il], src_offset, buf_size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::state_read_meta(llama_io_read_i & io, uint32_t cell_count, llama_seq_id dest_seq_id) {
+    if (dest_seq_id != -1) {
+        // single sequence
+
+        seq_rm(dest_seq_id, -1, -1);
+
+        llama_sbatch sbatch;
+        llama_ubatch batch = sbatch.reserve_ubatch(cell_count, /* has_embd */ false);
+
+        batch.n_tokens = cell_count;
+        batch.n_seq_tokens = cell_count;
+        batch.n_seqs = 1;
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
+            llama_pos pos;
+            uint32_t n_seq_id;
+
+            io.read_to(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.read_to(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            if (n_seq_id != 0) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id-agnostic kv cell\n", __func__);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            batch.pos[i] = pos;
+        }
+        batch.n_seq_id[0] = 1;
+        batch.seq_id[0] = &dest_seq_id;
+        if (!find_slot(batch)) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to find available cells in kv cache\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+        commit();
+
+        // DEBUG CHECK: kv.head should be our first cell, kv.head + cell_count - 1 should be our last cell (verify seq_id and pos values)
+        // Assume that this is one contiguous block of cells
+        GGML_ASSERT(head + cell_count <= size);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head].pos == batch.pos[0]);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head + cell_count - 1].pos == batch.pos[cell_count - 1]);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head].has_seq_id(dest_seq_id));
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head + cell_count - 1].has_seq_id(dest_seq_id));
+    } else {
+        // whole KV cache restore
+
+        if (cell_count > size) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: not enough cells in kv cache\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        clear();
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[i];
+
+            llama_pos pos;
+            uint32_t  n_seq_id;
+
+            io.read_to(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.read_to(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            cell.pos = pos;
+
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_seq_id; ++j) {
+                llama_seq_id seq_id;
+                io.read_to(&seq_id, sizeof(seq_id));
+
+                // TODO: llama_kv_cache_unified should have a notion of max sequences
+                //if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= llama_n_seq_max(ctx)) {
+                if (seq_id < 0) {
+                    //LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id, %d is out of range [0, %u)\n", __func__, seq_id, llama_n_seq_max(ctx));
+                    LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id, %d is out of range [0, inf)\n", __func__, seq_id);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                cell.seq_id.insert(seq_id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        head = 0;
+        used = cell_count;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_unified::state_read_data(llama_io_read_i & io, uint32_t cell_count) {
+    uint32_t v_trans;
+    uint32_t n_layer;
+    io.read_to(&v_trans, sizeof(v_trans));
+    io.read_to(&n_layer, sizeof(n_layer));
+
+    if (n_layer != hparams.n_layer) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched layer count (%u instead of %u)\n", __func__, n_layer, hparams.n_layer);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (cell_count > size) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: not enough cells in kv cache to restore state (%u > %u)\n", __func__, cell_count, size);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (this->v_trans != (bool) v_trans) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: incompatible V transposition\n", __func__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // For each layer, read the keys for each cell, one row is one cell, read as one contiguous block
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+
+        // Read type of key
+        int32_t k_type_i_ref;
+        io.read_to(&k_type_i_ref, sizeof(k_type_i_ref));
+        const int32_t k_type_i = (int32_t) k_l[il]->type;
+        if (k_type_i != k_type_i_ref) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched key type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, k_type_i, k_type_i_ref, il);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read row size of key
+        uint64_t k_size_row_ref;
+        io.read_to(&k_size_row_ref, sizeof(k_size_row_ref));
+        const size_t k_size_row = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa);
+        if (k_size_row != k_size_row_ref) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched key row size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, k_size_row, (size_t) k_size_row_ref, il);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (cell_count) {
+            // Read and set the keys for the whole cell range
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(k_l[il], io.read(cell_count * k_size_row), head * k_size_row, cell_count * k_size_row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!this->v_trans) {
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Read type of value
+            int32_t v_type_i_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_type_i_ref, sizeof(v_type_i_ref));
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            if (v_type_i != v_type_i_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_type_i, v_type_i_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read row size of value
+            uint64_t v_size_row_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_size_row_ref, sizeof(v_size_row_ref));
+            const size_t v_size_row = ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa);
+            if (v_size_row != v_size_row_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value row size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_size_row, (size_t) v_size_row_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cell_count) {
+                // Read and set the values for the whole cell range
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(v_l[il], io.read(cell_count * v_size_row), head * v_size_row, cell_count * v_size_row);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // For each layer, read the values for each cell (transposed)
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Read type of value
+            int32_t v_type_i_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_type_i_ref, sizeof(v_type_i_ref));
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            if (v_type_i != v_type_i_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_type_i, v_type_i_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read element size of value
+            uint32_t v_size_el_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_size_el_ref, sizeof(v_size_el_ref));
+            const size_t v_size_el = ggml_type_size(v_l[il]->type);
+            if (v_size_el != v_size_el_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value element size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_size_el, (size_t) v_size_el_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read GQA embedding size
+            uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa_ref;
+            io.read_to(&n_embd_v_gqa_ref, sizeof(n_embd_v_gqa_ref));
+            if (n_embd_v_gqa != n_embd_v_gqa_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched GQA embedding size (%u != %u, layer %d)\n", __func__, n_embd_v_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cell_count) {
+                // For each row in the transposed matrix, read the values for the whole cell range
+                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_embd_v_gqa; ++j) {
+                    const size_t dst_offset = (head + j * size) * v_size_el;
+                    ggml_backend_tensor_set(v_l[il], io.read(cell_count * v_size_el), dst_offset, cell_count * v_size_el);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+//
+// llama_kv_cache_recurrent
+//
+
+llama_kv_cache_recurrent::llama_kv_cache_recurrent(
+        const llama_model & model,
+                ggml_type   type_k,
+                ggml_type   type_v,
+                     bool   offload,
+                 uint32_t   kv_size) : hparams(model.hparams) {
+    const int32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: kv_size = %d, type_k = '%s', type_v = '%s', n_layer = %d\n",
+            __func__, kv_size, ggml_type_name(type_k), ggml_type_name(type_v), n_layer);
+
+    head = 0;
+    size = kv_size;
+    used = 0;
+
+    this->type_k = type_k;
+    this->type_v = type_v;
+
+    cells.clear();
+    cells.resize(kv_size);
+
+    // create a context for each buffer type
+    std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, ggml_context *> ctx_map;
+    auto ctx_for_buft = [&](ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) -> ggml_context * {
+        auto it = ctx_map.find(buft);
+        if (it == ctx_map.end()) {
+            ggml_init_params params = {
+                /*.mem_size   =*/ size_t(2u*n_layer*ggml_tensor_overhead()),
+                /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+                /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+            };
+
+            ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
+            if (!ctx) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+
+            ctx_map[buft] = ctx;
+            ctxs.emplace_back(ctx);
+
+            return ctx;
+        }
+
+        return it->second;
+    };
+
+    k_l.reserve(n_layer);
+    v_l.reserve(n_layer);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; i++) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+        const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+        const char * dev_name = "CPU";
+
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type();
+
+        if (offload) {
+            auto * dev = model.dev_layer(i);
+            buft = ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(dev);
+
+            dev_name = ggml_backend_dev_name(dev);
+        }
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s, layer %3d: dev = %s\n", __func__, i, dev_name);
+
+        ggml_context * ctx = ctx_for_buft(buft);
+        if (!ctx) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create ggml context for kv cache");
+        }
+
+        ggml_tensor * k = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, type_k, n_embd_k_gqa*kv_size);
+        ggml_tensor * v = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, type_v, n_embd_v_gqa*kv_size);
+        ggml_format_name(k, "cache_k_l%d", i);
+        ggml_format_name(v, "cache_v_l%d", i);
+        k_l.push_back(k);
+        v_l.push_back(v);
+    }
+
+    // allocate tensors and initialize the buffers to avoid NaNs in the padding
+    for (auto it : ctx_map) {
+        auto * buft = it.first;
+        auto * ctx  = it.second;
+
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors_from_buft(ctx, buft);
+        if (!buf) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer for kv cache");
+        }
+        ggml_backend_buffer_clear(buf, 0);
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %10s KV buffer size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__, ggml_backend_buffer_name(buf), ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf)/1024.0/1024.0);
+        bufs.emplace_back(buf);
+    }
+
+    {
+        const size_t memory_size_k = size_k_bytes();
+        const size_t memory_size_v = size_v_bytes();
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: KV self size  = %7.2f MiB, K (%s): %7.2f MiB, V (%s): %7.2f MiB\n", __func__,
+                (float)(memory_size_k + memory_size_v) / (1024.0f * 1024.0f),
+                ggml_type_name(type_k), (float)memory_size_k / (1024.0f * 1024.0f),
+                ggml_type_name(type_v), (float)memory_size_v / (1024.0f * 1024.0f));
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::clear() {
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < (int32_t) size; ++i) {
+        cells[i].pos = -1;
+        cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+        cells[i].src = -1;
+        cells[i].tail = -1;
+    }
+    head = 0;
+    used = 0;
+
+    for (auto & buf : bufs) {
+        ggml_backend_buffer_clear(buf.get(), 0);
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_rm(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // models like Mamba or RWKV can't have a state partially erased
+    if (seq_id >= (int64_t) size) {
+        // could be fatal
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (0 <= seq_id) {
+        int32_t & tail_id = cells[seq_id].tail;
+        if (tail_id >= 0) {
+            const kv_cell & cell = cells[tail_id];
+            // partial intersection is invalid
+            if ((0 < p0 && p0 <= cell.pos) || (0 < p1 && p1 <= cell.pos)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // invalidate tails which will be cleared
+            if (p0 <= cell.pos && cell.pos < p1) {
+                tail_id = -1;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // seq_id is negative, then the range should include everything or nothing
+        if (p0 != p1 && (p0 != 0 || p1 != std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].pos >= p0 && cells[i].pos < p1) {
+            if (seq_id < 0) {
+                cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+            } else if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+                cells[i].seq_id.erase(seq_id);
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (cells[i].is_empty()) {
+                // keep count of the number of used cells
+                if (cells[i].pos >= 0) {
+                    used--;
+                }
+                cells[i].pos = -1;
+                cells[i].src = -1;
+                if (new_head == size) {
+                    new_head = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we freed up a slot, set head to it so searching can start there.
+    if (new_head != size && new_head < head) {
+        head = new_head;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_dst, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    if (seq_id_src == seq_id_dst) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    if ((uint32_t) seq_id_dst < size && (uint32_t) seq_id_src < size) {
+        kv_cell & tail_src = cells[seq_id_src];
+        kv_cell & tail_dst = cells[seq_id_dst];
+        if (tail_dst.tail >= 0) {
+            // clear destination seq_id if it wasn't empty
+            kv_cell & cell_dst = cells[tail_dst.tail];
+
+            cell_dst.seq_id.erase(seq_id_dst);
+            tail_dst.tail = -1;
+            if (cell_dst.seq_id.empty()) {
+                cell_dst.pos = -1;
+                cell_dst.src = -1;
+                used -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (tail_src.tail >= 0) {
+            kv_cell & cell_src = cells[tail_src.tail];
+
+            cell_src.seq_id.insert(seq_id_dst);
+            tail_dst.tail = tail_src.tail;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_keep(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    uint32_t new_head = size;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if ((llama_seq_id) i != seq_id) {
+            cells[i].tail = -1;
+        }
+
+        if (!cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            if (cells[i].pos >= 0) {
+                used--;
+            }
+
+            cells[i].pos = -1;
+            cells[i].src = -1;
+            cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+
+            if (new_head == size){
+                new_head = i;
+            }
+        } else {
+            cells[i].seq_id.clear();
+            cells[i].seq_id.insert(seq_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we freed up a slot, set head to it so searching can start there.
+    if (new_head != size && new_head < head) {
+        head = new_head;
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_add(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, llama_pos delta) {
+    if (delta == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // If there is no range then return early to avoid looping over the
+    if (p0 == p1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // for Mamba-like or RWKV models, only the pos needs to be shifted
+    if (0 <= seq_id && seq_id < (int64_t) size) {
+        const int32_t tail_id = cells[seq_id].tail;
+        if (tail_id >= 0) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[tail_id];
+            if (cell.has_seq_id(seq_id) && p0 <= cell.pos && cell.pos < p1) {
+                cell.pos += delta;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_div(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, int d) {
+    if (d == 1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (p0 < 0) {
+        p0 = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (p1 < 0) {
+        p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
+    }
+
+    // If there is no range then return early to avoid looping over the cache.
+    if (p0 == p1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // for Mamba-like or RWKV models, only the pos needs to be changed
+    if (0 <= seq_id && seq_id < (int64_t) size) {
+        const int32_t tail_id = cells[seq_id].tail;
+        if (tail_id >= 0) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[tail_id];
+            if (cell.has_seq_id(seq_id) && p0 <= cell.pos && cell.pos < p1) {
+                cell.pos /= d;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_recurrent::seq_pos_max(llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    llama_pos result = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (cells[i].has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            result = std::max(result, cells[i].pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::restore() {
+    if (pending.ranges.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    seq_rm(-1, -1, -1);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::commit() {
+    pending.ranges.clear();
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::update(llama_context & lctx) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(lctx);
+    return false;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::defrag_sched(float thold) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(thold);
+    // noop
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::set_full() {
+    n = size;
+}
+
+llama_sbatch llama_kv_cache_recurrent::sbatch_init(
+        const llama_batch & batch,
+        bool logits_all) {
+    return llama_sbatch(batch, hparams.n_embd, false, logits_all);
+}
+
+llama_ubatch llama_kv_cache_recurrent::ubatch_next(llama_sbatch & sbatch, uint32_t n_ubatch, bool embd_pooled) const {
+    if (embd_pooled) {
+        // Pooled embeddings cannot be split across ubatches (yet)
+        return sbatch.split_seq(n_ubatch);
+    }
+
+    return sbatch.split_equal(n_ubatch);
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::find_slot(
+       const llama_ubatch & ubatch) {
+    const uint32_t n_tokens = ubatch.n_tokens;
+    const uint32_t n_seqs   = ubatch.n_seqs;
+
+    const uint32_t n_seq_tokens = ubatch.n_seq_tokens;
+
+    // if we have enough unused cells before the current head ->
+    //   better to start searching from the beginning of the cache, hoping to fill it
+    if (head > used + 2*n_tokens) {
+        head = 0;
+    }
+
+    // For recurrent state architectures (like Mamba or RWKV),
+    // each cache cell can store the state for a whole sequence.
+    // A slot should be always be contiguous.
+
+    // can only process batches with an equal number of new tokens in each sequence
+    GGML_ASSERT(ubatch.equal_seqs);
+
+    int32_t min = size - 1;
+    int32_t max = 0;
+
+    // everything should fit if all seq_ids are smaller than the max
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_seqs; ++s) {
+        const uint32_t n_seq_id = ubatch.n_seq_id[s];
+        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_seq_id; ++j) {
+            const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][j];
+
+            if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= size) {
+                // too big seq_id
+                // TODO: would it be possible to resize the cache instead?
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: seq_id=%d >= n_seq_max=%d Try using a bigger --parallel value\n", __func__, seq_id, size);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (j > 0) {
+                kv_cell & seq = cells[seq_id];
+                if (seq.tail >= 0) {
+                    kv_cell & cell = cells[seq.tail];
+                    // clear cells from seq_ids that become shared
+                    // (should not normally happen, but let's handle it anyway)
+                    cell.seq_id.erase(seq_id);
+                    seq.tail = -1;
+                    if (cell.seq_id.empty()) {
+                        cell.pos = -1;
+                        cell.src = -1;
+                        used -= 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    {
+        std::vector<int32_t> tails_verif;
+        tails_verif.assign(size, -1);
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[i];
+            for (llama_seq_id seq_id : cell.seq_id) {
+                if (tails_verif[seq_id] != -1) {
+                    LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: duplicate tail for seq_id %d in cell %d and %d\n", __func__, seq_id, i, tails_verif[seq_id]);
+                }
+                tails_verif[seq_id] = i;
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            if (tails_verif[i] != cells[i].tail) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: wrong tail for seq_id %d, (%d instead of %d)\n", __func__, i, cells[i].tail, tails_verif[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // find next empty cell
+    uint32_t next_empty_cell = head;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        if (next_empty_cell >= size) { next_empty_cell -= size; }
+        kv_cell & cell = cells[next_empty_cell];
+        if (cell.is_empty()) { break; }
+        next_empty_cell += 1;
+    }
+
+    // find usable cell range
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_seqs; ++s) {
+        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][0];
+        kv_cell & seq_meta = cells[seq_id];
+        bool has_cell = false;
+        if (seq_meta.tail >= 0) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[seq_meta.tail];
+            GGML_ASSERT(cell.has_seq_id(seq_id));
+            // does this seq_id "own" the cell?
+            if (cell.seq_id.size() == 1) { has_cell = true; }
+        }
+        if (!has_cell) {
+            kv_cell & empty_cell = cells[next_empty_cell];
+            GGML_ASSERT(empty_cell.is_empty());
+            // copy old tail into the empty cell
+            if (seq_meta.tail >= 0) {
+                kv_cell & orig_cell = cells[seq_meta.tail];
+                empty_cell.pos = orig_cell.pos;
+                empty_cell.src = orig_cell.src;
+                orig_cell.seq_id.erase(seq_id);
+                empty_cell.seq_id.insert(seq_id); // will be overwritten
+            }
+            seq_meta.tail = next_empty_cell;
+            // find next empty cell
+            if (s + 1 < n_seqs) {
+                next_empty_cell += 1;
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                    if (next_empty_cell >= size) { next_empty_cell -= size; }
+                    kv_cell & cell = cells[next_empty_cell];
+                    if (cell.is_empty()) { break; }
+                    next_empty_cell += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (min > seq_meta.tail) { min = seq_meta.tail; }
+        if (max < seq_meta.tail) { max = seq_meta.tail; }
+    }
+
+    // gather and re-order
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_seqs; ++s) {
+        int32_t dst_id = s + min;
+        int32_t src_id = cells[ubatch.seq_id[s][0]].tail;
+        if (dst_id != src_id) {
+            kv_cell & dst_cell = cells[dst_id];
+            kv_cell & src_cell = cells[src_id];
+
+            std::swap(dst_cell.pos, src_cell.pos);
+            std::swap(dst_cell.src, src_cell.src);
+            std::swap(dst_cell.seq_id, src_cell.seq_id);
+
+            // swap tails (assuming they NEVER overlap)
+            for (const llama_seq_id seq_id : src_cell.seq_id) {
+                cells[seq_id].tail = src_id;
+            }
+            for (const llama_seq_id seq_id : dst_cell.seq_id) {
+                cells[seq_id].tail = dst_id;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // update the pos of the used seqs
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_seqs; ++s) {
+        const llama_pos last_pos = ubatch.pos[n_seq_tokens * s + n_seq_tokens - 1];
+        int32_t cell_id = s + min;
+        kv_cell & cell = cells[cell_id];
+
+        if (cell.pos >= 0 && last_pos != cell.pos + (llama_pos) n_seq_tokens) {
+            // What should happen when the pos backtracks or skips a value?
+            // Clearing the state mid-batch would require special-casing which isn't done.
+            LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: non-consecutive token position %d after %d for sequence %d with %u new tokens\n",
+                __func__, last_pos, cell.pos, ubatch.seq_id[s][0], n_seq_tokens);
+        }
+        cell.pos = last_pos;
+        cell.seq_id.clear();
+        for (int32_t j = 0; j < ubatch.n_seq_id[s]; ++j) {
+            const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][j];
+            cell.seq_id.insert(seq_id);
+            cells[seq_id].tail = cell_id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // allow getting the range of used cells, from head to head + n
+    head = min;
+    n    = max - min + 1;
+    used = std::count_if(cells.begin(), cells.end(),
+        [](const kv_cell & cell){ return !cell.is_empty(); });
+
+    // sanity check
+    return n >= n_seqs;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::get_n_tokens() const {
+    int32_t result = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        result += cells[i].seq_id.size();
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::get_used_cells() const {
+    return used;
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_recurrent::get_pos_max() const {
+    llama_pos pos_max = -1;
+    for (const auto & cell : cells) {
+        pos_max = std::max(pos_max, cell.pos);
+    }
+
+    return pos_max;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::get_can_shift() const {
+    return false;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::s_copy(int i) const {
+    const uint32_t cell_id = i + head;
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // TODO: this should not mutate the KV cache !
+    kv_cell & cell = const_cast<kv_cell &>(cells[cell_id]);
+
+    // prevent out-of-bound sources
+    if (cell.src < 0 || (uint32_t) cell.src >= size) {
+        cell.src = cell_id;
+    }
+
+    int32_t res = cell.src;
+
+    // TODO: do not mutate the KV cache
+    // ensure copy only happens once
+    if (cell.src != (int32_t) cell_id) {
+        cell.src = cell_id;
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+float llama_kv_cache_recurrent::s_mask(int i) const {
+    const uint32_t cell_id = i + head;
+
+    //////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // TODO: this should not mutate the KV cache !
+    kv_cell & cell = const_cast<kv_cell &>(cells[cell_id]);
+
+    float res = (float) (cell.src >= 0);
+
+    // only clear once
+    if (cell.src < 0) {
+        cell.src = cell_id;
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::cell_max() const {
+    for (uint32_t i = size; i > 0; --i) {
+        const kv_cell & cell = cells[i - 1];
+
+        if (cell.pos >= 0 && !cell.is_empty()) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::total_size() const {
+    size_t size = 0;
+    for (const auto & buf : bufs) {
+        size += ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf.get());
+    }
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::size_k_bytes() const {
+    size_t size_k_bytes = 0;
+
+    for (const auto & k : k_l) {
+        size_k_bytes += ggml_nbytes(k);
+    }
+
+    return size_k_bytes;
+}
+
+size_t llama_kv_cache_recurrent::size_v_bytes() const {
+    size_t size_v_bytes = 0;
+
+    for (const auto & v : v_l) {
+        size_v_bytes += ggml_nbytes(v);
+    }
+
+    return size_v_bytes;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> cell_ranges; // ranges, from inclusive, to exclusive
+    uint32_t cell_count = 0;
+
+    // Count the number of cells with the specified seq_id
+    // Find all the ranges of cells with this seq id (or all, when -1)
+    uint32_t cell_range_begin = size;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        const auto & cell = cells[i];
+        if ((seq_id == -1 && !cell.is_empty()) || cell.has_seq_id(seq_id)) {
+            ++cell_count;
+            if (cell_range_begin == size) {
+                cell_range_begin = i;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (cell_range_begin != size) {
+                cell_ranges.emplace_back(cell_range_begin, i);
+                cell_range_begin = size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (cell_range_begin != size) {
+        cell_ranges.emplace_back(cell_range_begin, size);
+    }
+
+    // DEBUG CHECK: Sum of cell counts in ranges should equal the total cell count
+    uint32_t cell_count_check = 0;
+    for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+        cell_count_check += range.second - range.first;
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(cell_count == cell_count_check);
+
+    io.write(&cell_count, sizeof(cell_count));
+
+    state_write_meta(io, cell_ranges, seq_id);
+    state_write_data(io, cell_ranges);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    uint32_t cell_count;
+    io.read_to(&cell_count, sizeof(cell_count));
+
+    bool res = true;
+    res = res && state_read_meta(io, cell_count, seq_id);
+    res = res && state_read_data(io, cell_count);
+
+    if (!res) {
+        if (seq_id == -1) {
+            clear();
+        } else {
+            seq_rm(seq_id, -1, -1);
+        }
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to restore kv cache");
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_write_meta(llama_io_write_i & io, const std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> & cell_ranges, llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+        for (uint32_t i = range.first; i < range.second; ++i) {
+            const auto & cell = cells[i];
+            const llama_pos pos      = cell.pos;
+            const uint32_t  n_seq_id = seq_id == -1 ? cell.seq_id.size() : 0;
+
+            io.write(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.write(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            if (n_seq_id) {
+                for (auto seq_id : cell.seq_id) {
+                    io.write(&seq_id, sizeof(seq_id));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_write_data(llama_io_write_i & io, const std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> & cell_ranges) const {
+    const uint32_t v_trans = 0;
+    const uint32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    io.write(&v_trans, sizeof(v_trans));
+    io.write(&n_layer, sizeof(n_layer));
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> tmp_buf;
+
+    // Iterate and write all the keys first, each row is a cell
+    // Get whole range at a time
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+
+        // Write key type
+        const int32_t k_type_i = (int32_t)k_l[il]->type;
+        io.write(&k_type_i, sizeof(k_type_i));
+
+        // Write row size of key
+        const uint64_t k_size_row = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa);
+        io.write(&k_size_row, sizeof(k_size_row));
+
+        // Read each range of cells of k_size length each into tmp_buf and write out
+        for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+            const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+            const size_t buf_size = range_size * k_size_row;
+            io.write_tensor(k_l[il], range.first * k_size_row, buf_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!v_trans) {
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Write value type
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            io.write(&v_type_i, sizeof(v_type_i));
+
+            // Write row size of value
+            const uint64_t v_size_row = ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa);
+            io.write(&v_size_row, sizeof(v_size_row));
+
+            // Read each range of cells of v_size length each into tmp_buf and write out
+            for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+                const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+                const size_t buf_size = range_size * v_size_row;
+                io.write_tensor(v_l[il], range.first * v_size_row, buf_size);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // When v is transposed, we also need the element size and get the element ranges from each row
+        const uint32_t kv_size = size;
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Write value type
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            io.write(&v_type_i, sizeof(v_type_i));
+
+            // Write element size
+            const uint32_t v_size_el = ggml_type_size(v_l[il]->type);
+            io.write(&v_size_el, sizeof(v_size_el));
+
+            // Write GQA embedding size
+            io.write(&n_embd_v_gqa, sizeof(n_embd_v_gqa));
+
+            // For each row, we get the element values of each cell
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_embd_v_gqa; ++j) {
+                // Read each range of cells of v_size_el length each into tmp_buf and write out
+                for (const auto & range : cell_ranges) {
+                    const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
+                    const size_t src_offset = (range.first + j * kv_size) * v_size_el;
+                    const size_t buf_size = range_size * v_size_el;
+                    io.write_tensor(v_l[il], src_offset, buf_size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_read_meta(llama_io_read_i & io, uint32_t cell_count, llama_seq_id dest_seq_id) {
+    if (dest_seq_id != -1) {
+        // single sequence
+
+        seq_rm(dest_seq_id, -1, -1);
+
+        llama_sbatch sbatch;
+        llama_ubatch batch = sbatch.reserve_ubatch(cell_count, /* has_embd */ false);
+
+        batch.n_tokens = cell_count;
+        batch.n_seq_tokens = cell_count;
+        batch.n_seqs = 1;
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
+            llama_pos pos;
+            uint32_t n_seq_id;
+
+            io.read_to(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.read_to(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            if (n_seq_id != 0) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id-agnostic kv cell\n", __func__);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            batch.pos[i] = pos;
+        }
+        batch.n_seq_id[0] = 1;
+        batch.seq_id[0] = &dest_seq_id;
+        if (!find_slot(batch)) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to find available cells in kv cache\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+        commit();
+
+        // DEBUG CHECK: kv.head should be our first cell, kv.head + cell_count - 1 should be our last cell (verify seq_id and pos values)
+        // Assume that this is one contiguous block of cells
+        GGML_ASSERT(head + cell_count <= size);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head].pos == batch.pos[0]);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head + cell_count - 1].pos == batch.pos[cell_count - 1]);
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head].has_seq_id(dest_seq_id));
+        GGML_ASSERT(cells[head + cell_count - 1].has_seq_id(dest_seq_id));
+    } else {
+        // whole KV cache restore
+
+        if (cell_count > size) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: not enough cells in kv cache\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        clear();
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
+            kv_cell & cell = cells[i];
+
+            llama_pos pos;
+            uint32_t  n_seq_id;
+
+            io.read_to(&pos,      sizeof(pos));
+            io.read_to(&n_seq_id, sizeof(n_seq_id));
+
+            cell.pos = pos;
+
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_seq_id; ++j) {
+                llama_seq_id seq_id;
+                io.read_to(&seq_id, sizeof(seq_id));
+
+                // TODO: llama_kv_cache_recurrent should have a notion of max sequences
+                //if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= llama_n_seq_max(ctx)) {
+                if (seq_id < 0) {
+                    //LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id, %d is out of range [0, %u)\n", __func__, seq_id, llama_n_seq_max(ctx));
+                    LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id, %d is out of range [0, inf)\n", __func__, seq_id);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                cell.seq_id.insert(seq_id);
+
+                int32_t & tail = cells[seq_id].tail;
+                if (tail != -1) {
+                    LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: duplicate tail for seq_id %d in cell %d and %d\n", __func__, seq_id, i, tail);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                tail = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        head = 0;
+        used = cell_count;
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
+        uint32_t cell_id = head + i;
+        // make sure the recurrent states will keep their restored state
+        cells[cell_id].src = cell_id;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_recurrent::state_read_data(llama_io_read_i & io, uint32_t cell_count) {
+    uint32_t v_trans;
+    uint32_t n_layer;
+    io.read_to(&v_trans, sizeof(v_trans));
+    io.read_to(&n_layer, sizeof(n_layer));
+
+    if (n_layer != hparams.n_layer) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched layer count (%u instead of %u)\n", __func__, n_layer, hparams.n_layer);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (cell_count > size) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: not enough cells in kv cache to restore state (%u > %u)\n", __func__, cell_count, size);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (false != (bool) v_trans) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: incompatible V transposition\n", __func__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // For each layer, read the keys for each cell, one row is one cell, read as one contiguous block
+    for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
+
+        // Read type of key
+        int32_t k_type_i_ref;
+        io.read_to(&k_type_i_ref, sizeof(k_type_i_ref));
+        const int32_t k_type_i = (int32_t) k_l[il]->type;
+        if (k_type_i != k_type_i_ref) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched key type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, k_type_i, k_type_i_ref, il);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read row size of key
+        uint64_t k_size_row_ref;
+        io.read_to(&k_size_row_ref, sizeof(k_size_row_ref));
+        const size_t k_size_row = ggml_row_size(k_l[il]->type, n_embd_k_gqa);
+        if (k_size_row != k_size_row_ref) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched key row size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, k_size_row, (size_t) k_size_row_ref, il);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (cell_count) {
+            // Read and set the keys for the whole cell range
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(k_l[il], io.read(cell_count * k_size_row), head * k_size_row, cell_count * k_size_row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!v_trans) {
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Read type of value
+            int32_t v_type_i_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_type_i_ref, sizeof(v_type_i_ref));
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            if (v_type_i != v_type_i_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_type_i, v_type_i_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read row size of value
+            uint64_t v_size_row_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_size_row_ref, sizeof(v_size_row_ref));
+            const size_t v_size_row = ggml_row_size(v_l[il]->type, n_embd_v_gqa);
+            if (v_size_row != v_size_row_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value row size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_size_row, (size_t) v_size_row_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cell_count) {
+                // Read and set the values for the whole cell range
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(v_l[il], io.read(cell_count * v_size_row), head * v_size_row, cell_count * v_size_row);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // For each layer, read the values for each cell (transposed)
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(il) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
+
+            // Read type of value
+            int32_t v_type_i_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_type_i_ref, sizeof(v_type_i_ref));
+            const int32_t v_type_i = (int32_t)v_l[il]->type;
+            if (v_type_i != v_type_i_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value type (%d != %d, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_type_i, v_type_i_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read element size of value
+            uint32_t v_size_el_ref;
+            io.read_to(&v_size_el_ref, sizeof(v_size_el_ref));
+            const size_t v_size_el = ggml_type_size(v_l[il]->type);
+            if (v_size_el != v_size_el_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched value element size (%zu != %zu, layer %d)\n", __func__, v_size_el, (size_t) v_size_el_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Read GQA embedding size
+            uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa_ref;
+            io.read_to(&n_embd_v_gqa_ref, sizeof(n_embd_v_gqa_ref));
+            if (n_embd_v_gqa != n_embd_v_gqa_ref) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: mismatched GQA embedding size (%u != %u, layer %d)\n", __func__, n_embd_v_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa_ref, il);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cell_count) {
+                // For each row in the transposed matrix, read the values for the whole cell range
+                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_embd_v_gqa; ++j) {
+                    const size_t dst_offset = (head + j * size) * v_size_el;
+                    ggml_backend_tensor_set(v_l[il], io.read(cell_count * v_size_el), dst_offset, cell_count * v_size_el);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+//
+// kv cache view
+//
+
+llama_kv_cache_view llama_kv_cache_view_init(const llama_kv_cache & kv, int32_t n_seq_max) {
+    llama_kv_cache_view result = {
+        /*.n_cells            = */ 0,
+        /*.n_seq_max          = */ n_seq_max,
+        /*.token_count        = */ 0,
+        /*.used_cells         = */ kv.get_used_cells(),
+        /*.max_contiguous     = */ 0,
+        /*.max_contiguous_idx = */ -1,
+        /*.cells              = */ nullptr,
+        /*.cells_sequences    = */ nullptr,
+    };
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_view_free(llama_kv_cache_view * view) {
+    if (view->cells != nullptr) {
+        free(view->cells);
+        view->cells = nullptr;
+    }
+    if (view->cells_sequences != nullptr) {
+        free(view->cells_sequences);
+        view->cells_sequences = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_view_update(llama_kv_cache_view * view, const llama_kv_cache * kv) {
+    // TODO: rework this in the future, for now quick hack
+    const llama_kv_cache_unified * kvu = dynamic_cast<const llama_kv_cache_unified *>(kv);
+    if (kvu == nullptr) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: the kv_cache_view currently works only with llama_kv_cache_unified\n", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (uint32_t(view->n_cells) < kvu->size || view->cells == nullptr) {
+        view->n_cells = int32_t(kvu->size);
+        void * p = realloc(view->cells, sizeof(llama_kv_cache_view_cell) * view->n_cells);
+        GGML_ASSERT(p != nullptr && "Failed to alloc kv_cache_view cells");
+        view->cells = (llama_kv_cache_view_cell *)p;
+        p = realloc(view->cells_sequences, sizeof(llama_seq_id) * view->n_seq_max * view->n_cells);
+        GGML_ASSERT(p != nullptr && "Failed to alloc kv_cache_view cells sequences");
+        view->cells_sequences = (llama_seq_id *)p;
+    }
+
+    const std::vector<llama_kv_cache_unified::kv_cell> & kv_cells = kvu->cells;
+    llama_kv_cache_view_cell * c_curr = view->cells;
+    llama_seq_id * cs_curr = view->cells_sequences;
+    int32_t used_cells = 0;
+    int32_t token_count = 0;
+    int32_t curr_contig_idx = -1;
+    uint32_t max_contig = 0;
+    int32_t max_contig_idx = -1;
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < int32_t(kvu->size); i++, c_curr++, cs_curr += view->n_seq_max) {
+        const size_t curr_size = kv_cells[i].seq_id.size();
+        token_count += curr_size;
+        c_curr->pos = kv_cells[i].pos + kv_cells[i].delta;
+
+        if (curr_size > 0) {
+            if (curr_contig_idx >= 0 && uint32_t(i - curr_contig_idx) > max_contig) {
+                max_contig = i - curr_contig_idx;
+                max_contig_idx = curr_contig_idx;
+            }
+            curr_contig_idx = -1;
+        } else if (curr_contig_idx < 0) {
+            curr_contig_idx = i;
+        }
+
+        int seq_idx = 0;
+        for (const llama_seq_id it : kv_cells[i].seq_id) {
+            if (seq_idx >= view->n_seq_max) {
+                break;
+            }
+            cs_curr[seq_idx] = it;
+            seq_idx++;
+        }
+        if (seq_idx != 0) {
+            used_cells++;
+        }
+        for (; seq_idx < view->n_seq_max; seq_idx++) {
+            cs_curr[seq_idx] = -1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (curr_contig_idx >= 0 && kv_cells.size() - curr_contig_idx > max_contig) {
+        max_contig_idx = curr_contig_idx;
+        max_contig = kv_cells.size() - curr_contig_idx;
+    }
+    view->max_contiguous = max_contig;
+    view->max_contiguous_idx = max_contig_idx;
+    view->token_count = token_count;
+    view->used_cells = used_cells;
+    if (uint32_t(used_cells) != kvu->used) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: used cells mismatch. kv_cache says %d but we calculated %d\n",
+            __func__, kvu->used, used_cells);
+    }
+}