@ngxtm/devkit 3.0.3 → 3.2.0

package/skills/fp-ts-errors/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+---
+name: fp-ts-errors
+description: Handle errors as values using fp-ts Either and TaskEither for cleaner, more predictable TypeScript code. Use when implementing error handling patterns with fp-ts.
+risk: safe
+source: https://github.com/whatiskadudoing/fp-ts-skills
+---
+
+# Practical Error Handling with fp-ts
+
+This skill teaches you how to handle errors without try/catch spaghetti. No academic jargon - just practical patterns for real problems.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+- When you want type-safe error handling in TypeScript
+- When replacing try/catch with Either and TaskEither patterns
+- When building APIs or services that need explicit error types
+- When accumulating multiple validation errors
+
+The core idea: **Errors are just data**. Instead of throwing them into the void and hoping someone catches them, return them as values that TypeScript can track.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Stop Throwing Everywhere
+
+### The Problem with Exceptions
+
+Exceptions are invisible in your types. They break the contract between functions.
+
+```typescript
+// What this function signature promises:
+function getUser(id: string): User
+
+// What it actually does:
+function getUser(id: string): User {
+  if (!id) throw new Error('ID required')
+  const user = db.find(id)
+  if (!user) throw new Error('User not found')
+  return user
+}
+
+// The caller has no idea this can fail
+const user = getUser(id) // Might explode!
+```
+
+You end up with code like this:
+
+```typescript
+// MESSY: try/catch everywhere
+function processOrder(orderId: string) {
+  let order
+  try {
+    order = getOrder(orderId)
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.error('Failed to get order')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let user
+  try {
+    user = getUser(order.userId)
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.error('Failed to get user')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let payment
+  try {
+    payment = chargeCard(user.cardId, order.total)
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.error('Payment failed')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { order, user, payment }
+}
+```
+
+### The Solution: Return Errors as Values
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+// Now TypeScript KNOWS this can fail
+function getUser(id: string): E.Either<string, User> {
+  if (!id) return E.left('ID required')
+  const user = db.find(id)
+  if (!user) return E.left('User not found')
+  return E.right(user)
+}
+
+// The caller is forced to handle both cases
+const result = getUser(id)
+// result is Either<string, User> - error OR success, never both
+```
+
+---
+
+## 2. The Result Pattern (Either)
+
+`Either<E, A>` is simple: it holds either an error (`E`) or a value (`A`).
+
+- `Left` = error case
+- `Right` = success case (think "right" as in "correct")
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+
+// Creating values
+const success = E.right(42)           // Right(42)
+const failure = E.left('Oops')        // Left('Oops')
+
+// Checking what you have
+if (E.isRight(result)) {
+  console.log(result.right) // The success value
+} else {
+  console.log(result.left)  // The error
+}
+
+// Better: pattern match with fold
+const message = pipe(
+  result,
+  E.fold(
+    (error) => `Failed: ${error}`,
+    (value) => `Got: ${value}`
+  )
+)
+```
+
+### Converting Throwing Code to Either
+
+```typescript
+// Wrap any throwing function with tryCatch
+const parseJSON = (json: string): E.Either<Error, unknown> =>
+  E.tryCatch(
+    () => JSON.parse(json),
+    (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
+  )
+
+parseJSON('{"valid": true}')  // Right({ valid: true })
+parseJSON('not json')          // Left(SyntaxError: ...)
+
+// For functions you'll reuse, use tryCatchK
+const safeParseJSON = E.tryCatchK(
+  JSON.parse,
+  (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
+)
+```
+
+### Common Either Operations
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+// Transform the success value
+const doubled = pipe(
+  E.right(21),
+  E.map(n => n * 2)
+) // Right(42)
+
+// Transform the error
+const betterError = pipe(
+  E.left('bad'),
+  E.mapLeft(e => `Error: ${e}`)
+) // Left('Error: bad')
+
+// Provide a default for errors
+const value = pipe(
+  E.left('failed'),
+  E.getOrElse(() => 0)
+) // 0
+
+// Convert nullable to Either
+const fromNullable = E.fromNullable('not found')
+fromNullable(user)  // Right(user) if exists, Left('not found') if null/undefined
+```
+
+---
+
+## 3. Chaining Operations That Might Fail
+
+The real power comes from chaining. Each step can fail, but you write it as a clean pipeline.
+
+### Before: Nested Try/Catch Hell
+
+```typescript
+// MESSY: Each step can fail, nested try/catch everywhere
+function processUserOrder(userId: string, productId: string): Result | null {
+  let user
+  try {
+    user = getUser(userId)
+  } catch (e) {
+    logError('User fetch failed', e)
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (!user.isActive) {
+    logError('User not active')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let product
+  try {
+    product = getProduct(productId)
+  } catch (e) {
+    logError('Product fetch failed', e)
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (product.stock < 1) {
+    logError('Out of stock')
+    return null
+  }
+
+  let order
+  try {
+    order = createOrder(user, product)
+  } catch (e) {
+    logError('Order creation failed', e)
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return order
+}
+```
+
+### After: Clean Chain with Either
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+// Each function returns Either<Error, T>
+const getUser = (id: string): E.Either<string, User> => { ... }
+const getProduct = (id: string): E.Either<string, Product> => { ... }
+const createOrder = (user: User, product: Product): E.Either<string, Order> => { ... }
+
+// Chain them together - first error stops the chain
+const processUserOrder = (userId: string, productId: string): E.Either<string, Order> =>
+  pipe(
+    getUser(userId),
+    E.filterOrElse(
+      user => user.isActive,
+      () => 'User not active'
+    ),
+    E.chain(user =>
+      pipe(
+        getProduct(productId),
+        E.filterOrElse(
+          product => product.stock >= 1,
+          () => 'Out of stock'
+        ),
+        E.chain(product => createOrder(user, product))
+      )
+    )
+  )
+
+// Or use Do notation for cleaner access to intermediate values
+const processUserOrder = (userId: string, productId: string): E.Either<string, Order> =>
+  pipe(
+    E.Do,
+    E.bind('user', () => getUser(userId)),
+    E.filterOrElse(
+      ({ user }) => user.isActive,
+      () => 'User not active'
+    ),
+    E.bind('product', () => getProduct(productId)),
+    E.filterOrElse(
+      ({ product }) => product.stock >= 1,
+      () => 'Out of stock'
+    ),
+    E.chain(({ user, product }) => createOrder(user, product))
+  )
+```
+
+### Different Error Types? Use chainW
+
+```typescript
+type ValidationError = { type: 'validation'; message: string }
+type DbError = { type: 'db'; message: string }
+
+const validateInput = (id: string): E.Either<ValidationError, string> => { ... }
+const fetchFromDb = (id: string): E.Either<DbError, User> => { ... }
+
+// chainW (W = "wider") automatically unions the error types
+const process = (id: string): E.Either<ValidationError | DbError, User> =>
+  pipe(
+    validateInput(id),
+    E.chainW(validId => fetchFromDb(validId))
+  )
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Collecting Multiple Errors
+
+Sometimes you want ALL errors, not just the first one. Form validation is the classic example.
+
+### Before: Collecting Errors Manually
+
+```typescript
+// MESSY: Manual error accumulation
+function validateForm(form: FormData): { valid: boolean; errors: string[] } {
+  const errors: string[] = []
+
+  if (!form.email) {
+    errors.push('Email required')
+  } else if (!form.email.includes('@')) {
+    errors.push('Invalid email')
+  }
+
+  if (!form.password) {
+    errors.push('Password required')
+  } else if (form.password.length < 8) {
+    errors.push('Password too short')
+  }
+
+  if (!form.age) {
+    errors.push('Age required')
+  } else if (form.age < 18) {
+    errors.push('Must be 18+')
+  }
+
+  return { valid: errors.length === 0, errors }
+}
+```
+
+### After: Validation with Error Accumulation
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import * as NEA from 'fp-ts/NonEmptyArray'
+import { sequenceS } from 'fp-ts/Apply'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+// Errors as a NonEmptyArray (always at least one)
+type Errors = NEA.NonEmptyArray<string>
+
+// Create the applicative that accumulates errors
+const validation = E.getApplicativeValidation(NEA.getSemigroup<string>())
+
+// Validators that return Either<Errors, T>
+const validateEmail = (email: string): E.Either<Errors, string> =>
+  !email ? E.left(NEA.of('Email required'))
+  : !email.includes('@') ? E.left(NEA.of('Invalid email'))
+  : E.right(email)
+
+const validatePassword = (password: string): E.Either<Errors, string> =>
+  !password ? E.left(NEA.of('Password required'))
+  : password.length < 8 ? E.left(NEA.of('Password too short'))
+  : E.right(password)
+
+const validateAge = (age: number | undefined): E.Either<Errors, number> =>
+  age === undefined ? E.left(NEA.of('Age required'))
+  : age < 18 ? E.left(NEA.of('Must be 18+'))
+  : E.right(age)
+
+// Combine all validations - collects ALL errors
+const validateForm = (form: FormData) =>
+  sequenceS(validation)({
+    email: validateEmail(form.email),
+    password: validatePassword(form.password),
+    age: validateAge(form.age)
+  })
+
+// Usage
+validateForm({ email: '', password: '123', age: 15 })
+// Left(['Email required', 'Password too short', 'Must be 18+'])
+
+validateForm({ email: 'a@b.com', password: 'longpassword', age: 25 })
+// Right({ email: 'a@b.com', password: 'longpassword', age: 25 })
+```
+
+### Field-Level Errors for Forms
+
+```typescript
+interface FieldError {
+  field: string
+  message: string
+}
+
+type FormErrors = NEA.NonEmptyArray<FieldError>
+
+const fieldError = (field: string, message: string): FormErrors =>
+  NEA.of({ field, message })
+
+const formValidation = E.getApplicativeValidation(NEA.getSemigroup<FieldError>())
+
+// Now errors know which field they belong to
+const validateEmail = (email: string): E.Either<FormErrors, string> =>
+  !email ? E.left(fieldError('email', 'Required'))
+  : !email.includes('@') ? E.left(fieldError('email', 'Invalid format'))
+  : E.right(email)
+
+// Easy to display in UI
+const getFieldError = (errors: FormErrors, field: string): string | undefined =>
+  errors.find(e => e.field === field)?.message
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Async Operations (TaskEither)
+
+For async operations that can fail, use `TaskEither`. It's like `Either` but for promises.
+
+- `TaskEither<E, A>` = a function that returns `Promise<Either<E, A>>`
+- Lazy: nothing runs until you execute it
+
+```typescript
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+// Wrap any async operation
+const fetchUser = (id: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, User> =>
+  TE.tryCatch(
+    () => fetch(`/api/users/${id}`).then(r => r.json()),
+    (e) => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)))
+  )
+
+// Chain async operations - just like Either
+const getUserPosts = (userId: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, Post[]> =>
+  pipe(
+    fetchUser(userId),
+    TE.chain(user => fetchPosts(user.id))
+  )
+
+// Execute when ready
+const result = await getUserPosts('123')() // Returns Either<Error, Post[]>
+```
+
+### Before: Promise Chain with Error Handling
+
+```typescript
+// MESSY: try/catch mixed with promise chains
+async function loadDashboard(userId: string) {
+  try {
+    const user = await fetchUser(userId)
+    if (!user) throw new Error('User not found')
+
+    let posts, notifications, settings
+    try {
+      [posts, notifications, settings] = await Promise.all([
+        fetchPosts(user.id),
+        fetchNotifications(user.id),
+        fetchSettings(user.id)
+      ])
+    } catch (e) {
+      // Which one failed? Who knows!
+      console.error('Failed to load data', e)
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return { user, posts, notifications, settings }
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.error('Failed to load user', e)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### After: Clean TaskEither Pipeline
+
+```typescript
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+import { sequenceS } from 'fp-ts/Apply'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+const loadDashboard = (userId: string) =>
+  pipe(
+    fetchUser(userId),
+    TE.chain(user =>
+      pipe(
+        // Parallel fetch with sequenceS
+        sequenceS(TE.ApplyPar)({
+          posts: fetchPosts(user.id),
+          notifications: fetchNotifications(user.id),
+          settings: fetchSettings(user.id)
+        }),
+        TE.map(data => ({ user, ...data }))
+      )
+    )
+  )
+
+// Execute and handle both cases
+pipe(
+  loadDashboard('123'),
+  TE.fold(
+    (error) => T.of(renderError(error)),
+    (data) => T.of(renderDashboard(data))
+  )
+)()
+```
+
+### Retry Failed Operations
+
+```typescript
+import * as T from 'fp-ts/Task'
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+const retry = <E, A>(
+  task: TE.TaskEither<E, A>,
+  attempts: number,
+  delayMs: number
+): TE.TaskEither<E, A> =>
+  pipe(
+    task,
+    TE.orElse((error) =>
+      attempts > 1
+        ? pipe(
+            T.delay(delayMs)(T.of(undefined)),
+            T.chain(() => retry(task, attempts - 1, delayMs * 2))
+          )
+        : TE.left(error)
+    )
+  )
+
+// Retry up to 3 times with exponential backoff
+const fetchWithRetry = retry(fetchUser('123'), 3, 1000)
+```
+
+### Fallback to Alternative
+
+```typescript
+// Try cache first, fall back to API
+const getUserData = (id: string) =>
+  pipe(
+    fetchFromCache(id),
+    TE.orElse(() => fetchFromApi(id)),
+    TE.orElse(() => TE.right(defaultUser)) // Last resort default
+  )
+```
+
+---
+
+## 6. Converting Between Patterns
+
+Real codebases have throwing functions, nullable values, and promises. Here's how to work with them.
+
+### From Nullable to Either
+
+```typescript
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import * as O from 'fp-ts/Option'
+
+// Direct conversion
+const user = users.find(u => u.id === id) // User | undefined
+const result = E.fromNullable('User not found')(user)
+
+// From Option
+const maybeUser: O.Option<User> = O.fromNullable(user)
+const eitherUser = pipe(
+  maybeUser,
+  E.fromOption(() => 'User not found')
+)
+```
+
+### From Throwing Function to Either
+
+```typescript
+// Wrap at the boundary
+const safeParse = <T>(schema: ZodSchema<T>) => (data: unknown): E.Either<ZodError, T> =>
+  E.tryCatch(
+    () => schema.parse(data),
+    (e) => e as ZodError
+  )
+
+// Use throughout your code
+const parseUser = safeParse(UserSchema)
+const result = parseUser(rawData) // Either<ZodError, User>
+```
+
+### From Promise to TaskEither
+
+```typescript
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+
+// Wrap external async functions
+const fetchJson = <T>(url: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, T> =>
+  TE.tryCatch(
+    () => fetch(url).then(r => r.json()),
+    (e) => new Error(`Fetch failed: ${e}`)
+  )
+
+// Wrap axios, prisma, any async library
+const getUserFromDb = (id: string): TE.TaskEither<DbError, User> =>
+  TE.tryCatch(
+    () => prisma.user.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id } }),
+    (e) => ({ code: 'DB_ERROR', cause: e })
+  )
+```
+
+### Back to Promise (Escape Hatch)
+
+Sometimes you need a plain Promise for external APIs.
+
+```typescript
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+
+const myTaskEither: TE.TaskEither<Error, User> = fetchUser('123')
+
+// Option 1: Get the Either (preserves both cases)
+const either: E.Either<Error, User> = await myTaskEither()
+
+// Option 2: Throw on error (for legacy code)
+const toThrowingPromise = <E, A>(te: TE.TaskEither<E, A>): Promise<A> =>
+  te().then(E.fold(
+    (error) => Promise.reject(error),
+    (value) => Promise.resolve(value)
+  ))
+
+const user = await toThrowingPromise(fetchUser('123')) // Throws if Left
+
+// Option 3: Default on error
+const user = await pipe(
+  fetchUser('123'),
+  TE.getOrElse(() => T.of(defaultUser))
+)()
+```
+
+---
+
+## Real Scenarios
+
+### Parse User Input Safely
+
+```typescript
+interface ParsedInput {
+  id: number
+  name: string
+  tags: string[]
+}
+
+const parseInput = (raw: unknown): E.Either<string, ParsedInput> =>
+  pipe(
+    E.Do,
+    E.bind('obj', () =>
+      typeof raw === 'object' && raw !== null
+        ? E.right(raw as Record<string, unknown>)
+        : E.left('Input must be an object')
+    ),
+    E.bind('id', ({ obj }) =>
+      typeof obj.id === 'number'
+        ? E.right(obj.id)
+        : E.left('id must be a number')
+    ),
+    E.bind('name', ({ obj }) =>
+      typeof obj.name === 'string' && obj.name.length > 0
+        ? E.right(obj.name)
+        : E.left('name must be a non-empty string')
+    ),
+    E.bind('tags', ({ obj }) =>
+      Array.isArray(obj.tags) && obj.tags.every(t => typeof t === 'string')
+        ? E.right(obj.tags as string[])
+        : E.left('tags must be an array of strings')
+    ),
+    E.map(({ id, name, tags }) => ({ id, name, tags }))
+  )
+
+// Usage
+parseInput({ id: 1, name: 'test', tags: ['a', 'b'] })
+// Right({ id: 1, name: 'test', tags: ['a', 'b'] })
+
+parseInput({ id: 'wrong', name: '', tags: null })
+// Left('id must be a number')
+```
+
+### API Call with Full Error Handling
+
+```typescript
+interface ApiError {
+  code: string
+  message: string
+  status?: number
+}
+
+const createApiError = (message: string, code = 'UNKNOWN', status?: number): ApiError =>
+  ({ code, message, status })
+
+const fetchWithErrorHandling = <T>(url: string): TE.TaskEither<ApiError, T> =>
+  pipe(
+    TE.tryCatch(
+      () => fetch(url),
+      () => createApiError('Network error', 'NETWORK')
+    ),
+    TE.chain(response =>
+      response.ok
+        ? TE.tryCatch(
+            () => response.json() as Promise<T>,
+            () => createApiError('Invalid JSON', 'PARSE')
+          )
+        : TE.left(createApiError(
+            `HTTP ${response.status}`,
+            response.status === 404 ? 'NOT_FOUND' : 'HTTP_ERROR',
+            response.status
+          ))
+    )
+  )
+
+// Usage with pattern matching on error codes
+const handleUserFetch = (userId: string) =>
+  pipe(
+    fetchWithErrorHandling<User>(`/api/users/${userId}`),
+    TE.fold(
+      (error) => {
+        switch (error.code) {
+          case 'NOT_FOUND': return T.of(showNotFoundPage())
+          case 'NETWORK': return T.of(showOfflineMessage())
+          default: return T.of(showGenericError(error.message))
+        }
+      },
+      (user) => T.of(showUserProfile(user))
+    )
+  )
+```
+
+### Process List Where Some Items Might Fail
+
+```typescript
+import * as A from 'fp-ts/Array'
+import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+interface ProcessResult<T> {
+  successes: T[]
+  failures: Array<{ item: unknown; error: string }>
+}
+
+// Process all, collect successes and failures separately
+const processAllCollectErrors = <T, R>(
+  items: T[],
+  process: (item: T) => E.Either<string, R>
+): ProcessResult<R> => {
+  const results = items.map((item, index) =>
+    pipe(
+      process(item),
+      E.mapLeft(error => ({ item, error, index }))
+    )
+  )
+
+  return {
+    successes: pipe(results, A.filterMap(E.toOption)),
+    failures: pipe(
+      results,
+      A.filterMap(r => E.isLeft(r) ? O.some(r.left) : O.none)
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage
+const parseNumbers = (inputs: string[]) =>
+  processAllCollectErrors(inputs, input => {
+    const n = parseInt(input, 10)
+    return isNaN(n) ? E.left(`Invalid number: ${input}`) : E.right(n)
+  })
+
+parseNumbers(['1', 'abc', '3', 'def'])
+// {
+//   successes: [1, 3],
+//   failures: [
+//     { item: 'abc', error: 'Invalid number: abc', index: 1 },
+//     { item: 'def', error: 'Invalid number: def', index: 3 }
+//   ]
+// }
+```
+
+### Bulk Operations with Partial Success
+
+```typescript
+import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
+import * as T from 'fp-ts/Task'
+import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'
+
+interface BulkResult<T> {
+  succeeded: T[]
+  failed: Array<{ id: string; error: string }>
+}
+
+const bulkProcess = <T>(
+  ids: string[],
+  process: (id: string) => TE.TaskEither<string, T>
+): T.Task<BulkResult<T>> =>
+  pipe(
+    ids,
+    A.map(id =>
+      pipe(
+        process(id),
+        TE.fold(
+          (error) => T.of({ type: 'failed' as const, id, error }),
+          (result) => T.of({ type: 'succeeded' as const, result })
+        )
+      )
+    ),
+    T.sequenceArray,
+    T.map(results => ({
+      succeeded: results
+        .filter((r): r is { type: 'succeeded'; result: T } => r.type === 'succeeded')
+        .map(r => r.result),
+      failed: results
+        .filter((r): r is { type: 'failed'; id: string; error: string } => r.type === 'failed')
+        .map(({ id, error }) => ({ id, error }))
+    }))
+  )
+
+// Usage
+const deleteUsers = (userIds: string[]) =>
+  bulkProcess(userIds, id =>
+    pipe(
+      deleteUser(id),
+      TE.mapLeft(e => e.message)
+    )
+  )
+
+// All operations run, you get a report of what worked and what didn't
+```
+
+---
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+| Pattern | Use When | Example |
+|---------|----------|---------|
+| `E.right(value)` | Creating a success | `E.right(42)` |
+| `E.left(error)` | Creating a failure | `E.left('not found')` |
+| `E.tryCatch(fn, onError)` | Wrapping throwing code | `E.tryCatch(() => JSON.parse(s), toError)` |
+| `E.fromNullable(error)` | Converting nullable | `E.fromNullable('missing')(maybeValue)` |
+| `E.map(fn)` | Transform success | `pipe(result, E.map(x => x * 2))` |
+| `E.mapLeft(fn)` | Transform error | `pipe(result, E.mapLeft(addContext))` |
+| `E.chain(fn)` | Chain operations | `pipe(getA(), E.chain(a => getB(a.id)))` |
+| `E.chainW(fn)` | Chain with different error type | `pipe(validate(), E.chainW(save))` |
+| `E.fold(onError, onSuccess)` | Handle both cases | `E.fold(showError, showData)` |
+| `E.getOrElse(onError)` | Extract with default | `E.getOrElse(() => 0)` |
+| `E.filterOrElse(pred, onFalse)` | Validate with error | `E.filterOrElse(x => x > 0, () => 'must be positive')` |
+| `sequenceS(validation)({...})` | Collect all errors | Form validation |
+
+### TaskEither Equivalents
+
+All Either operations have TaskEither equivalents:
+- `TE.right`, `TE.left`, `TE.tryCatch`
+- `TE.map`, `TE.mapLeft`, `TE.chain`, `TE.chainW`
+- `TE.fold`, `TE.getOrElse`, `TE.filterOrElse`
+- `TE.orElse` for fallbacks
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+1. **Return errors as values** - Use Either/TaskEither instead of throwing
+2. **Chain with confidence** - `chain` stops at first error automatically
+3. **Collect all errors when needed** - Use validation applicative for forms
+4. **Wrap at boundaries** - Convert throwing/Promise code at the edges
+5. **Match at the end** - Use `fold` to handle both cases when you're ready to act
+
+The payoff: TypeScript tracks your errors, no more forgotten try/catch, clear control flow, and composable error handling.