@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.1 → 1.3.0

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/examples/monolith-to-microservices-migration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+# Monolith to Microservices Migration Example
+
+## Overview
+
+This document provides a comprehensive example of migrating a monolithic e-commerce application to microservices architecture using the Strangler Fig Pattern.
+
+---
+
+## Initial State: Monolithic Application
+
+### System Context
+
+**Current Architecture**
+- Single Java Spring Boot application
+- 500,000 lines of code
+- 50 developers across 5 teams
+- Shared PostgreSQL database
+- Deployment takes 2 hours
+- Downtime required for deployments
+
+**Pain Points**
+- Long deployment cycles (weekly releases)
+- Difficult to scale individual components
+- Technology lock-in (Java only)
+- Team coordination overhead
+- Database bottlenecks
+- Tight coupling between modules
+- Difficult to onboard new developers
+
+**Business Drivers for Migration**
+- Need for faster time-to-market
+- Independent team autonomy
+- Technology diversity (Node.js, Python for ML)
+- Better scalability
+- Improved fault isolation
+
+---
+
+## Target State: Microservices Architecture
+
+### Service Decomposition
+
+**Identified Bounded Contexts (Domain-Driven Design)**
+
+```
+Monolith (500K LOC)
+├── User Management (50K LOC) → User Service
+├── Product Catalog (100K LOC) → Product Service + Search Service
+├── Shopping Cart (30K LOC) → Cart Service
+├── Order Processing (150K LOC) → Order Service + Fulfillment Service
+├── Payment (40K LOC) → Payment Service
+├── Inventory (60K LOC) → Inventory Service
+├── Shipping (50K LOC) → Shipping Service
+└── Notifications (20K LOC) → Notification Service
+```
+
+**Service Prioritization**
+
+1. **Priority 1: Product Catalog** (Low risk, high value)
+   - Read-heavy, low coupling
+   - Can be extracted with minimal impact
+   - Immediate performance benefits
+
+2. **Priority 2: User Management** (Foundation)
+   - Authentication needed by all services
+   - Well-defined boundaries
+   - Critical for security
+
+3. **Priority 3: Order Processing** (High value)
+   - Complex business logic
+   - High transaction volume
+   - Needs independent scaling
+
+4. **Priority 4: Payment** (Compliance)
+   - PCI DSS compliance requirements
+   - Needs isolation for security
+   - Third-party integrations
+
+5. **Priority 5: Remaining Services**
+   - Cart, Inventory, Shipping, Notifications
+
+---
+
+## Migration Strategy: Strangler Fig Pattern
+
+### Phase 1: Assessment and Planning (Month 1-2)
+
+**1. Dependency Analysis**
+
+```bash
+# Use tools to analyze dependencies
+mvn dependency:tree
+jdepend -file src/
+```
+
+**Dependency Graph**
+```
+User Management
+  ↓
+Order Processing → Payment
+  ↓              ↓
+Inventory    Shipping
+  ↓
+Product Catalog
+```
+
+**2. Data Analysis**
+
+```sql
+-- Identify shared tables
+SELECT table_name, COUNT(DISTINCT module) as module_count
+FROM table_usage
+GROUP BY table_name
+HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT module) > 1;
+
+-- Results:
+-- users: 8 modules (high coupling!)
+-- products: 5 modules
+-- orders: 4 modules
+```
+
+**3. Team Structure**
+
+```
+Before:
+- 5 teams, each working on multiple modules
+- Shared codebase, merge conflicts
+
+After:
+- 8 teams, each owning 1-2 services
+- Independent repositories
+- Clear ownership
+```
+
+### Phase 2: Infrastructure Setup (Month 3)
+
+**1. API Gateway**
+
+```yaml
+# kong.yml
+services:
+  - name: legacy-monolith
+    url: http://monolith:8080
+    routes:
+      - name: default-route
+        paths:
+          - /
+        strip_path: false
+
+  - name: product-service
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3: Extract First Service - Product Catalog (Month 4-5)
+
+### Step 1: Create New Microservice
+
+**Product Service (Node.js/TypeScript)**
+
+```typescript
+// product-service/src/domain/product.ts
+export interface Product {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  description: string;
+  price: number;
+  categoryId: string;
+  inventory: number;
+  images: string[];
+}
+
+// product-service/src/application/product.service.ts
+export class ProductService {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly productRepo: ProductRepository,
+    private readonly cache: CacheService,
+    private readonly eventBus: EventBus
+  ) {}
+
+  async getProduct(productId: string): Promise<Product> {
+    // Check cache first (new optimization)
+    const cached = await this.cache.get(`product:${productId}`);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+
+    // Fetch from new database
+    const product = await this.productRepo.findById(productId);
+    if (!product) throw new NotFoundException('Product not found');
+
+    // Cache for 1 hour
+    await this.cache.set(`product:${productId}`, product, 3600);
+    return product;
+  }
+
+  async updateProduct(productId: string, updates: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product> {
+    const product = await this.productRepo.update(productId, updates);
+
+    // Invalidate cache
+    await this.cache.delete(`product:${productId}`);
+
+    // Publish event for other services
+    await this.eventBus.publish('product.updated', {
+      productId,
+      updates,
+      timestamp: new Date()
+    });
+
+    return product;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Step 2: Create Facade in Monolith
+
+**Strangler Fig Facade Pattern**
+
+```java
+// monolith/src/main/java/com/ecommerce/product/ProductFacade.java
+@Service
+public class ProductFacade {
+    private final LegacyProductService legacyService;
+    private final ProductServiceClient newServiceClient;
+    private final FeatureFlagService featureFlags;
+    private final MetricsService metrics;
+
+    public Product getProduct(String productId) {
+        boolean useNewService = featureFlags.isEnabled("new-product-service", productId);
+
+        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Product product;
+            if (useNewService) {
+                product = newServiceClient.getProduct(productId);
+                metrics.recordServiceCall("product-service-new", System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime);
+            } else {
+                product = legacyService.getProduct(productId);
+                metrics.recordServiceCall("product-service-legacy", System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime);
+            }
+            return product;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Fallback to legacy on error
+            if (useNewService) {
+                logger.error("New service failed, falling back to legacy", e);
+                return legacyService.getProduct(productId);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Feature flag configuration
+@Configuration
+public class FeatureFlagConfig {
+    @Bean
+    public FeatureFlagService featureFlagService() {
+        return new FeatureFlagService()
+            .addFlag("new-product-service", new PercentageRollout(0)); // Start at 0%
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Step 3: Data Migration Strategy
+
+**Dual-Write Pattern**
+
+```java
+// monolith/src/main/java/com/ecommerce/product/ProductService.java
+@Service
+public class ProductService {
+    private final ProductRepository legacyRepo;
+    private final ProductServiceClient newServiceClient;
+    private final EventPublisher eventPublisher;
+
+    @Transactional
+    public Product updateProduct(String productId, ProductUpdate update) {
+        // 1. Write to legacy database (source of truth during migration)
+        Product product = legacyRepo.update(productId, update);
+
+        // 2. Async write to new service
+        CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
+            try {
+                newServiceClient.updateProduct(productId, update);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("Failed to sync to new service", e);
+                // Publish event for retry
+                eventPublisher.publish("product.sync.failed", productId);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return product;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Data Synchronization Job**
+
+```java
+// monolith/src/main/java/com/ecommerce/migration/DataSyncJob.java
+@Component
+public class ProductDataSyncJob {
+
+    @Scheduled(cron = "0 0 2 * * *") // Run at 2 AM daily
+    public void syncProducts() {
+        logger.info("Starting product data sync");
+
+        int batchSize = 1000;
+        int offset = 0;
+        int synced = 0;
+
+        while (true) {
+            List<Product> products = legacyRepo.findAll(offset, batchSize);
+            if (products.isEmpty()) break;
+
+            for (Product product : products) {
+                try {
+                    newServiceClient.upsertProduct(product);
+                    synced++;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    logger.error("Failed to sync product: " + product.getId(), e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            offset += batchSize;
+            logger.info("Synced {} products", synced);
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Product data sync completed. Total synced: {}", synced);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Step 4: Gradual Traffic Migration
+
+**Week-by-Week Rollout**
+
+```java
+// Week 1: 5% traffic
+featureFlagService.updateFlag("new-product-service", new PercentageRollout(5));
+
+// Week 2: Monitor metrics, increase to 25%
+featureFlagService.updateFlag("new-product-service", new PercentageRollout(25));
+
+// Week 3: 50% traffic
+featureFlagService.updateFlag("new-product-service", new PercentageRollout(50));
+
+// Week 4: 100% traffic
+featureFlagService.updateFlag("new-product-service", new PercentageRollout(100));
+```
+
+**Monitoring Dashboard**
+
+```typescript
+// Grafana dashboard queries
+// Error rate comparison
+sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="product-service-new",status=~"5.."}[5m])) /
+sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="product-service-new"}[5m]))
+
+vs
+
+sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="product-service-legacy",status=~"5.."}[5m])) /
+sum(rate(http_requests_total{service="product-service-legacy"}[5m]))
+
+// Latency comparison (P95)
+histogram_quantile(0.95,
+  sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="product-service-new"}[5m])) by (le)
+)
+
+vs
+
+histogram_quantile(0.95,
+  sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="product-service-legacy"}[5m])) by (le)
+)
+```
+
+### Step 5: Database Cutover
+
+**Switch to New Database as Source of Truth**
+
+```java
+// Phase 1: Dual-write (legacy primary)
+// Legacy DB ← Write
+// New DB ← Async write
+
+// Phase 2: Dual-write (new primary)
+// New DB ← Write
+// Legacy DB ← Async write (for rollback safety)
+
+// Phase 3: New only
+// New DB ← Write
+// Legacy DB ← Read-only (archived)
+
+@Service
+public class ProductService {
+
+    @Transactional
+    public Product updateProduct(String productId, ProductUpdate update) {
+        // Phase 2: New database is primary
+        Product product = newServiceClient.updateProduct(productId, update);
+
+        // Async write to legacy for safety
+        CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
+            try {
+                legacyRepo.update(productId, update);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn("Failed to sync to legacy DB", e);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return product;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4: Extract Remaining Services (Month 6-12)
+
+### Service Extraction Order
+
+**Month 6: User Service**
+- Authentication and authorization
+- JWT token generation
+- User profile management
+- OAuth integration
+
+**Month 7-8: Order Service**
+- Order creation and processing
+- Saga pattern for distributed transactions
+- Event sourcing for order history
+
+**Month 9: Payment Service**
+- PCI DSS compliance isolation
+- Stripe/PayPal integration
+- Fraud detection
+
+**Month 10: Inventory Service**
+- Stock management
+- Reservation system
+- Warehouse integration
+
+**Month 11: Shipping Service**
+- Carrier integration
+- Tracking updates
+- Delivery notifications
+
+**Month 12: Cart & Notification Services**
+- Shopping cart (Redis-based)
+- Email/SMS notifications
+
+---
+
+## Challenges and Solutions
+
+### Challenge 1: Data Consistency
+
+**Problem**: Distributed transactions across services
+
+**Solution**: Saga Pattern
+
+```typescript
+// order-service/src/sagas/order-saga.ts
+export class OrderSaga {
+  async createOrder(orderData: CreateOrderDto): Promise<Order> {
+    const sagaId = uuidv4();
+
+    try {
+      // Step 1: Reserve inventory
+      await this.inventoryService.reserve(sagaId, orderData.items);
+
+      // Step 2: Process payment
+      await this.paymentService.charge(sagaId, orderData.payment);
+
+      // Step 3: Create shipment
+      await this.shippingService.createShipment(sagaId, orderData.address);
+
+      // Step 4: Create order
+      return await this.orderRepo.create(orderData);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Compensating transactions
+      await this.compensate(sagaId);
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async compensate(sagaId: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.shippingService.cancelShipment(sagaId);
+    await this.paymentService.refund(sagaId);
+    await this.inventoryService.release(sagaId);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Challenge 2: Service Communication
+
+**Problem**: Synchronous HTTP calls create tight coupling
+
+**Solution**: Event-Driven Architecture
+
+```typescript
+// Event publisher
+export class ProductService {
+  async updateProduct(productId: string, updates: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product> {
+    const product = await this.productRepo.update(productId, updates);
+
+    // Publish event instead of calling services directly
+    await this.eventBus.publish('product.updated', {
+      productId,
+      updates,
+      timestamp: new Date()
+    });
+
+    return product;
+  }
+}
+
+// Event consumer (Inventory Service)
+export class InventoryEventHandler {
+  @EventHandler('product.updated')
+  async onProductUpdated(event: ProductUpdatedEvent): Promise<void> {
+    // Update inventory cache
+    await this.cache.invalidate(`inventory:${event.productId}`);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Challenge 3: Testing
+
+**Problem**: Integration testing across services
+
+**Solution**: Contract Testing
+
+```typescript
+// product-service/tests/contracts/product.contract.test.ts
+import { Pact } from '@pact-foundation/pact';
+
+describe('Product Service Contract', () => {
+  const provider = new Pact({
+    consumer: 'order-service',
+    provider: 'product-service'
+  });
+
+  it('should get product by ID', async () => {
+    await provider
+      .given('product exists')
+      .uponReceiving('a request for product')
+      .withRequest({
+        method: 'GET',
+        path: '/api/products/123'
+      })
+      .willRespondWith({
+        status: 200,
+        body: {
+          id: '123',
+          name: 'Test Product',
+          price: 99.99
+        }
+      });
+
+    const client = new ProductServiceClient(provider.mockService.baseUrl);
+    const product = await client.getProduct('123');
+
+    expect(product.id).toBe('123');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+---
+
+## Results and Metrics
+
+### Before Migration (Monolith)
+
+- **Deployment Frequency**: Weekly
+- **Deployment Time**: 2 hours
+- **Lead Time**: 2-4 weeks
+- **MTTR**: 4 hours
+- **Team Velocity**: 50 story points/sprint
+- **Scalability**: Vertical only
+- **Technology**: Java only
+
+### After Migration (Microservices)
+
+- **Deployment Frequency**: Multiple times per day
+- **Deployment Time**: 10 minutes per service
+- **Lead Time**: 2-5 days
+- **MTTR**: 30 minutes
+- **Team Velocity**: 80 story points/sprint
+- **Scalability**: Horizontal, per-service
+- **Technology**: Java, Node.js, Python, Go
+
+### Performance Improvements
+
+- **API Response Time**: 40% faster (caching, optimized services)
+- **Database Load**: 60% reduction (service-specific databases)
+- **Availability**: 99.9% → 99.95%
+- **Cost**: 30% reduction (right-sized services)
+
+---
+
+## Key Takeaways
+
+### Success Factors
+
+1. **Incremental Migration**: Strangler Fig Pattern allowed gradual, low-risk migration
+2. **Feature Flags**: Enabled safe rollout and quick rollback
+3. **Dual-Write**: Ensured data consistency during migration
+4. **Monitoring**: Comprehensive observability caught issues early
+5. **Team Ownership**: Clear service ownership improved velocity
+6. **Event-Driven**: Reduced coupling between services
+
+### Lessons Learned
+
+1. **Start Small**: Begin with low-risk, high-value service (Product Catalog)
+2. **Data is Hard**: Spend time on data migration strategy
+3. **Observability First**: Set up monitoring before migration
+4. **Team Training**: Invest in microservices training
+5. **Don't Rush**: Take time to do it right
+6. **Keep Monolith Running**: Maintain monolith until fully migrated
+
+### Common Pitfalls to Avoid
+
+- ❌ **Big Bang Migration**: Migrate incrementally instead
+- ❌ **Distributed Monolith**: Ensure proper service boundaries
+- ❌ **Ignoring Data**: Plan data migration carefully
+- ❌ **No Rollback Plan**: Always have a way to roll back
+- ❌ **Premature Optimization**: Don't over-engineer early services
+- ❌ **Skipping Tests**: Maintain test coverage throughout
+
+---
+
+## Timeline Summary
+
+| Phase | Duration | Activities | Outcome |
+|-------|----------|------------|---------|
+| Assessment | Month 1-2 | Dependency analysis, team planning | Migration roadmap |
+| Infrastructure | Month 3 | API Gateway, service mesh, monitoring | Foundation ready |
+| Product Service | Month 4-5 | Extract, migrate data, rollout | First service live |
+| User Service | Month 6 | Authentication, OAuth | Auth decoupled |
+| Order Service | Month 7-8 | Saga pattern, event sourcing | Core business logic extracted |
+| Payment Service | Month 9 | PCI compliance, isolation | Security improved |
+| Remaining Services | Month 10-12 | Inventory, Shipping, Cart, Notifications | Migration complete |
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- [Microservices Architecture](../rules/microservices-architecture.md)
+- [Event-Driven Architecture](../rules/event-driven-architecture.md)
+- [Challenges and Solutions](../rules/challenges-solutions.md)
+- [Strangler Fig Pattern](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/StranglerFigApplication.html)
+- [Saga Pattern](https://microservices.io/patterns/data/saga.html)
+- [Building Microservices by Sam Newman](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/building-microservices/9781491950340/)
+          - /api/products
+        strip_path: false
+    plugins:
+      - name: rate-limiting
+        config:
+          minute: 100
+```
+
+**2. Service Mesh (Istio)**
+
+```yaml
+# istio-config.yml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: product-service
+spec:
+  hosts:
+  - product-service
+  http:
+  - match:
+    - headers:
+        x-use-new-service:
+          exact: "true"
+    route:
+    - destination:
+        host: product-service-v2
+      weight: 100
+  - route:
+    - destination:
+        host: product-service-v1
+      weight: 100
+```
+
+**3. Observability Stack**
+
+```yaml
+# prometheus-config.yml
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 15s
+
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: 'monolith'
+    static_configs:
+      - targets: ['monolith:8080']
+
+  - job_name: 'product-service'
+    static_configs:
+      - targets: ['product-service:3000']
+```
+
+