@mikro-orm/core 7.0.2-dev.9 → 7.0.2

package/unit-of-work/UnitOfWork.js

@@ -15,1180 +15,1212 @@ import { IdentityMap } from './IdentityMap.js';
 import { createAsyncContext } from '../utils/AsyncContext.js';
 // to deal with validation for flush inside flush hooks and `Promise.all`
 const insideFlush = createAsyncContext();
+/** Implements the Unit of Work pattern: tracks entity changes, computes change sets, and flushes them to the database. */
 export class UnitOfWork {
-    /** map of references to managed entities */
-    #identityMap;
-    #persistStack = new Set();
-    #removeStack = new Set();
-    #orphanRemoveStack = new Set();
-    #changeSets = new Map();
-    #collectionUpdates = new Set();
-    #extraUpdates = new Set();
-    #metadata;
-    #platform;
-    #eventManager;
-    #comparator;
-    #changeSetComputer;
-    #changeSetPersister;
-    #queuedActions = new Set();
-    #loadedEntities = new Set();
-    #flushQueue = [];
-    #working = false;
-    #em;
-    constructor(em) {
-        this.#em = em;
-        this.#metadata = this.#em.getMetadata();
-        this.#platform = this.#em.getPlatform();
-        this.#identityMap = new IdentityMap(this.#platform.getDefaultSchemaName());
-        this.#eventManager = this.#em.getEventManager();
-        this.#comparator = this.#em.getComparator();
-        this.#changeSetComputer = new ChangeSetComputer(this.#em, this.#collectionUpdates);
-        this.#changeSetPersister = new ChangeSetPersister(this.#em);
-    }
-    merge(entity, visited) {
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        wrapped.__em = this.#em;
-        if (!wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // skip new entities that could be linked from already persisted entity
-        // that is being re-fetched (but allow calling `merge(e)` explicitly for those)
-        if (!wrapped.__managed && visited) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this.#identityMap.store(entity);
-        // if visited is available, we are cascading, and need to be careful when resetting the entity data
-        // as there can be some entity with already changed state that is not yet flushed
-        if (wrapped.__initialized && (!visited || !wrapped.__originalEntityData)) {
-            wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
-        }
-        this.cascade(entity, Cascade.MERGE, visited ?? new Set());
-    }
-    /**
-     * Entity data can wary in its shape, e.g. we might get a deep relation graph with joined strategy, but for diffing,
-     * we need to normalize the shape, so relation values are only raw FKs. This method handles that.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    normalizeEntityData(meta, data) {
-        const forceUndefined = this.#em.config.get('forceUndefined');
-        for (const key of Utils.keys(data)) {
-            const prop = meta.properties[key];
-            if (!prop) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) &&
-                Utils.isPlainObject(data[prop.name])) {
-                // Skip polymorphic relations - they use PolymorphicRef wrapper
-                if (!prop.polymorphic) {
-                    data[prop.name] = Utils.getPrimaryKeyValues(data[prop.name], prop.targetMeta, true);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object && Utils.isPlainObject(data[prop.name])) {
-                for (const p of prop.targetMeta.props) {
-                    /* v8 ignore next */
-                    const prefix = prop.prefix === false ? '' : prop.prefix === true ? prop.name + '_' : prop.prefix;
-                    data[(prefix + p.name)] = data[prop.name][p.name];
-                }
-                data[prop.name] = Utils.getPrimaryKeyValues(data[prop.name], prop.targetMeta, true);
-            }
-            if (prop.hydrate === false && prop.customType?.ensureComparable(meta, prop)) {
-                const converted = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(data[key], this.#platform, {
-                    key,
-                    mode: 'hydration',
-                    force: true,
-                });
-                data[key] = prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(converted, this.#platform, { key, mode: 'hydration' });
-            }
-            if (forceUndefined) {
-                if (data[key] === null) {
-                    data[key] = undefined;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    register(entity, data, options) {
-        this.#identityMap.store(entity);
-        EntityHelper.ensurePropagation(entity);
-        if (options?.newEntity) {
-            return entity;
-        }
-        const forceUndefined = this.#em.config.get('forceUndefined');
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        if (options?.loaded && wrapped.__initialized && !wrapped.__onLoadFired) {
-            this.#loadedEntities.add(entity);
-        }
-        wrapped.__em ??= this.#em;
-        wrapped.__managed = true;
-        if (data && (options?.refresh || !wrapped.__originalEntityData)) {
-            this.normalizeEntityData(wrapped.__meta, data);
-            for (const key of Utils.keys(data)) {
-                const prop = wrapped.__meta.properties[key];
-                if (prop) {
-                    wrapped.__loadedProperties.add(key);
-                }
-            }
-            wrapped.__originalEntityData = data;
-        }
-        return entity;
-    }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    async dispatchOnLoadEvent() {
-        for (const entity of this.#loadedEntities) {
-            if (this.#eventManager.hasListeners(EventType.onLoad, entity.__meta)) {
-                await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.onLoad, { entity, meta: entity.__meta, em: this.#em });
-                helper(entity).__onLoadFired = true;
-            }
-        }
-        this.#loadedEntities.clear();
-    }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    unmarkAsLoaded(entity) {
-        this.#loadedEntities.delete(entity);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns entity from the identity map. For composite keys, you need to pass an array of PKs in the same order as they are defined in `meta.primaryKeys`.
-     */
-    getById(entityName, id, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
-        if (id == null || (Array.isArray(id) && id.length === 0)) {
-            return undefined;
-        }
-        const meta = this.#metadata.find(entityName).root;
-        let hash;
-        if (meta.simplePK) {
-            hash = '' + id;
-        }
-        else {
-            let keys = Array.isArray(id) ? Utils.flatten(id) : [id];
-            keys = meta.getPrimaryProps(true).map((p, i) => {
-                if (!convertCustomTypes && p.customType) {
-                    return p.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(keys[i], this.#platform, {
-                        key: p.name,
-                        mode: 'hydration',
-                    });
-                }
-                return keys[i];
-            });
-            hash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(keys);
-        }
-        schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
-        if (schema) {
-            hash = `${schema}:${hash}`;
-        }
-        return this.#identityMap.getByHash(meta, hash);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns entity from the identity map by an alternate key (non-PK property).
-     * @param convertCustomTypes - If true, the value is in database format and will be converted to JS format for lookup.
-     *                             If false (default), the value is assumed to be in JS format already.
-     */
-    getByKey(entityName, key, value, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
-        const meta = this.#metadata.find(entityName).root;
-        schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
-        const prop = meta.properties[key];
-        // Convert from DB format to JS format if needed
-        if (convertCustomTypes && prop?.customType) {
-            value = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(value, this.#platform, { mode: 'hydration' });
-        }
-        const hash = this.#identityMap.getKeyHash(key, '' + value, schema);
-        return this.#identityMap.getByHash(meta, hash);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Stores an entity in the identity map under an alternate key (non-PK property).
-     * Also sets the property value on the entity.
-     * @param convertCustomTypes - If true, the value is in database format and will be converted to JS format.
-     *                             If false (default), the value is assumed to be in JS format already.
-     */
-    storeByKey(entity, key, value, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
-        const meta = entity.__meta.root;
-        schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
-        const prop = meta.properties[key];
-        // Convert from DB format to JS format if needed
-        if (convertCustomTypes && prop?.customType) {
-            value = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(value, this.#platform, { mode: 'hydration' });
-        }
-        // Set the property on the entity
-        entity[key] = value;
-        this.#identityMap.storeByKey(entity, key, '' + value, schema);
-    }
-    tryGetById(entityName, where, schema, strict = true) {
-        const pk = Utils.extractPK(where, this.#metadata.find(entityName), strict);
-        if (!pk) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return this.getById(entityName, pk, schema);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns map of all managed entities.
-     */
-    getIdentityMap() {
-        return this.#identityMap;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns stored snapshot of entity state that is used for change set computation.
-     */
-    getOriginalEntityData(entity) {
-        return helper(entity).__originalEntityData;
-    }
-    getPersistStack() {
-        return this.#persistStack;
-    }
-    getRemoveStack() {
-        return this.#removeStack;
-    }
-    getChangeSets() {
-        return [...this.#changeSets.values()];
-    }
-    getCollectionUpdates() {
-        return [...this.#collectionUpdates];
-    }
-    getExtraUpdates() {
-        return this.#extraUpdates;
-    }
-    shouldAutoFlush(meta) {
-        if (insideFlush.getStore()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (this.#queuedActions.has(meta.class) || this.#queuedActions.has(meta.root.class)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (meta.discriminatorMap && Object.values(meta.discriminatorMap).some(v => this.#queuedActions.has(v))) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    clearActionsQueue() {
-        this.#queuedActions.clear();
-    }
-    computeChangeSet(entity, type) {
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        if (type === ChangeSetType.DELETE || type === ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY) {
-            this.#changeSets.set(entity, new ChangeSet(entity, type, {}, wrapped.__meta));
-            return;
-        }
-        const cs = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
-        if (!cs || this.checkUniqueProps(cs)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (type) {
-            cs.type = type;
-        }
-        this.initIdentifier(entity);
-        this.#changeSets.set(entity, cs);
-        this.#persistStack.delete(entity);
-        wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
-    }
-    recomputeSingleChangeSet(entity) {
-        const changeSet = this.#changeSets.get(entity);
-        if (!changeSet) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const cs = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
-        if (cs && !this.checkUniqueProps(cs)) {
-            Object.assign(changeSet.payload, cs.payload);
-            helper(entity).__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
-        }
-    }
-    persist(entity, visited, options = {}) {
-        EntityHelper.ensurePropagation(entity);
-        if (options.checkRemoveStack && this.#removeStack.has(entity)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        this.#persistStack.add(entity);
-        this.#queuedActions.add(wrapped.__meta.class);
-        this.#removeStack.delete(entity);
-        if (!wrapped.__managed && wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
-            this.#identityMap.store(entity);
-        }
-        if (options.cascade ?? true) {
-            this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, options);
-        }
-    }
-    remove(entity, visited, options = {}) {
-        // allow removing not managed entities if they are not part of the persist stack
-        if (helper(entity).__managed || !this.#persistStack.has(entity)) {
-            this.#removeStack.add(entity);
-            this.#queuedActions.add(helper(entity).__meta.class);
-        }
-        else {
-            this.#persistStack.delete(entity);
-            this.#identityMap.delete(entity);
-        }
-        // remove from referencing relations that are nullable
-        for (const prop of helper(entity).__meta.bidirectionalRelations) {
-            const inverseProp = prop.mappedBy || prop.inversedBy;
-            const relation = Reference.unwrapReference(entity[prop.name]);
-            const prop2 = prop.targetMeta.properties[inverseProp];
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && prop2.nullable && Utils.isCollection(relation)) {
-                for (const item of relation.getItems(false)) {
-                    delete item[inverseProp];
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
-            const target = relation?.[inverseProp];
-            if (relation && Utils.isCollection(target)) {
-                target.removeWithoutPropagation(entity);
-            }
-        }
-        if (options.cascade ?? true) {
-            this.cascade(entity, Cascade.REMOVE, visited);
-        }
-    }
-    async commit() {
-        if (this.#working) {
-            if (insideFlush.getStore()) {
-                throw ValidationError.cannotCommit();
-            }
-            return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-                this.#flushQueue.push(() => {
-                    return insideFlush.run(true, () => {
-                        return this.doCommit().then(resolve, reject);
-                    });
-                });
-            });
-        }
-        try {
-            this.#working = true;
-            await insideFlush.run(true, () => this.doCommit());
-            while (this.#flushQueue.length) {
-                await this.#flushQueue.shift()();
-            }
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.postCommitCleanup();
-            this.#working = false;
-        }
-    }
-    async doCommit() {
-        const oldTx = this.#em.getTransactionContext();
-        try {
-            await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.beforeFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
-            this.computeChangeSets();
-            for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-                cs.entity.__helper.__processing = true;
-            }
-            await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.onFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
-            this.filterCollectionUpdates();
-            // nothing to do, do not start transaction
-            if (this.#changeSets.size === 0 && this.#collectionUpdates.size === 0 && this.#extraUpdates.size === 0) {
-                await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.afterFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
-                return;
-            }
-            const groups = this.getChangeSetGroups();
-            const platform = this.#em.getPlatform();
-            const runInTransaction = !this.#em.isInTransaction() && platform.supportsTransactions() && this.#em.config.get('implicitTransactions');
-            if (runInTransaction) {
-                const loggerContext = Utils.merge({ id: this.#em._id }, this.#em.getLoggerContext({ disableContextResolution: true }));
-                await this.#em.getConnection('write').transactional(trx => this.persistToDatabase(groups, trx), {
-                    ctx: oldTx,
-                    eventBroadcaster: new TransactionEventBroadcaster(this.#em),
-                    loggerContext,
-                });
-            }
-            else {
-                await this.persistToDatabase(groups, this.#em.getTransactionContext());
-            }
-            this.resetTransaction(oldTx);
-            for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-                cs.entity.__helper.__processing = false;
-            }
-            await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.afterFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
-        }
-        finally {
-            this.resetTransaction(oldTx);
-        }
-    }
-    async lock(entity, options) {
-        if (!this.getById(entity.constructor, helper(entity).__primaryKeys, helper(entity).__schema)) {
-            throw ValidationError.entityNotManaged(entity);
-        }
-        const meta = this.#metadata.find(entity.constructor);
-        if (options.lockMode === LockMode.OPTIMISTIC) {
-            await this.lockOptimistic(entity, meta, options.lockVersion);
-        }
-        else if (options.lockMode != null) {
-            await this.lockPessimistic(entity, options);
-        }
-    }
-    clear() {
-        this.#identityMap.clear();
-        this.#loadedEntities.clear();
-        this.postCommitCleanup();
-    }
-    unsetIdentity(entity) {
-        this.#identityMap.delete(entity);
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        const serializedPK = wrapped.getSerializedPrimaryKey();
-        // remove references of this entity in all managed entities, otherwise flushing could reinsert the entity
-        for (const { meta, prop } of wrapped.__meta.referencingProperties) {
-            for (const referrer of this.#identityMap.getStore(meta).values()) {
-                const rel = Reference.unwrapReference(referrer[prop.name]);
-                if (Utils.isCollection(rel)) {
-                    rel.removeWithoutPropagation(entity);
-                }
-                else if (rel &&
-                    (prop.mapToPk
-                        ? helper(this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, rel)).getSerializedPrimaryKey() === serializedPK
-                        : rel === entity)) {
-                    if (prop.formula) {
-                        delete referrer[prop.name];
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        delete helper(referrer).__data[prop.name];
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        delete wrapped.__identifier;
-        delete wrapped.__originalEntityData;
-        wrapped.__managed = false;
-    }
-    computeChangeSets() {
-        this.#changeSets.clear();
-        const visited = new Set();
-        for (const entity of this.#removeStack) {
-            this.cascade(entity, Cascade.REMOVE, visited);
-        }
-        visited.clear();
-        for (const entity of this.#identityMap) {
-            if (!this.#removeStack.has(entity) && !this.#persistStack.has(entity) && !this.#orphanRemoveStack.has(entity)) {
-                this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, { checkRemoveStack: true });
-            }
-        }
-        for (const entity of this.#persistStack) {
-            this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, { checkRemoveStack: true });
-        }
-        visited.clear();
-        for (const entity of this.#persistStack) {
-            this.findNewEntities(entity, visited);
-        }
-        for (const entity of this.#orphanRemoveStack) {
-            if (!helper(entity).__processing) {
-                this.#removeStack.add(entity);
-            }
-        }
-        // Check insert stack if there are any entities matching something from delete stack. This can happen when recreating entities.
-        const inserts = {};
-        for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            if (cs.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE) {
-                inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName] ??= [];
-                inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName].push(cs);
-            }
-        }
-        for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            if (cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE) {
-                this.findEarlyUpdates(cs, inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName]);
-            }
-        }
-        for (const entity of this.#removeStack) {
-            const wrapped = helper(entity);
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            if (wrapped.__processing) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            const deletePkHash = [wrapped.getSerializedPrimaryKey(), ...this.expandUniqueProps(entity)];
-            let type = ChangeSetType.DELETE;
-            for (const cs of inserts[wrapped.__meta.uniqueName] ?? []) {
-                if (deletePkHash.some(hash => hash === cs.getSerializedPrimaryKey() || this.expandUniqueProps(cs.entity).find(child => hash === child))) {
-                    type = ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY;
-                }
-            }
-            this.computeChangeSet(entity, type);
-        }
-    }
-    scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, props) {
-        if (props.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let conflicts = false;
-        let type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE;
-        if (!props.some(prop => prop.name in changeSet.payload)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            for (const prop of props) {
-                if (prop.name in cs.payload && cs.rootMeta === changeSet.rootMeta && cs.type === changeSet.type) {
-                    conflicts = true;
-                    if (changeSet.payload[prop.name] == null) {
-                        type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (!conflicts) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this.#extraUpdates.add([
-            changeSet.entity,
-            props.map(p => p.name),
-            props.map(p => changeSet.entity[p.name]),
-            changeSet,
-            type,
-        ]);
-        for (const p of props) {
-            delete changeSet.entity[p.name];
-            delete changeSet.payload[p.name];
-        }
-    }
-    scheduleOrphanRemoval(entity, visited) {
-        if (entity) {
-            const wrapped = helper(entity);
-            wrapped.__em = this.#em;
-            this.#orphanRemoveStack.add(entity);
-            this.#queuedActions.add(wrapped.__meta.class);
-            this.cascade(entity, Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, visited);
-        }
-    }
-    cancelOrphanRemoval(entity, visited) {
-        this.#orphanRemoveStack.delete(entity);
-        this.cascade(entity, Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, visited);
-    }
-    getOrphanRemoveStack() {
-        return this.#orphanRemoveStack;
-    }
-    getChangeSetPersister() {
-        return this.#changeSetPersister;
-    }
-    findNewEntities(entity, visited, idx = 0, processed = new Set()) {
-        if (visited.has(entity)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        visited.add(entity);
-        processed.add(entity);
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        if (wrapped.__processing || this.#removeStack.has(entity) || this.#orphanRemoveStack.has(entity)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Set entityManager default schema
-        wrapped.__schema ??= this.#em.schema;
-        this.initIdentifier(entity);
-        for (const prop of wrapped.__meta.relations) {
-            const targets = Utils.unwrapProperty(entity, wrapped.__meta, prop);
-            for (const [target] of targets) {
-                const kind = Reference.unwrapReference(target);
-                this.processReference(entity, prop, kind, visited, processed, idx);
-            }
-        }
-        const changeSet = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
-        if (changeSet && !this.checkUniqueProps(changeSet)) {
-            // For TPT child entities, create changesets for each table in hierarchy
-            if (wrapped.__meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && wrapped.__meta.tptParent) {
-                this.createTPTChangeSets(entity, changeSet);
-            }
-            else {
-                this.#changeSets.set(entity, changeSet);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * For TPT inheritance, creates separate changesets for each table in the hierarchy.
-     * Uses the same entity instance for all changesets - only the metadata and payload differ.
-     */
-    createTPTChangeSets(entity, originalChangeSet) {
-        const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
-        const isCreate = originalChangeSet.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE;
-        let current = meta;
-        let leafCs;
-        const parentChangeSets = [];
-        while (current) {
-            const isRoot = !current.tptParent;
-            const payload = {};
-            for (const prop of current.ownProps) {
-                if (prop.name in originalChangeSet.payload) {
-                    payload[prop.name] = originalChangeSet.payload[prop.name];
-                }
-            }
-            // For CREATE on non-root tables, include the PK (EntityIdentifier for deferred resolution)
-            if (isCreate && !isRoot) {
-                const wrapped = helper(entity);
-                const identifier = wrapped.__identifier;
-                const identifiers = Array.isArray(identifier) ? identifier : [identifier];
-                for (let i = 0; i < current.primaryKeys.length; i++) {
-                    const pk = current.primaryKeys[i];
-                    payload[pk] = identifiers[i] ?? originalChangeSet.payload[pk];
-                }
-            }
-            if (!isCreate && Object.keys(payload).length === 0) {
-                current = current.tptParent;
-                continue;
-            }
-            const cs = new ChangeSet(entity, originalChangeSet.type, payload, current);
-            if (current === meta) {
-                cs.originalEntity = originalChangeSet.originalEntity;
-                leafCs = cs;
-            }
-            else {
-                parentChangeSets.push(cs);
-            }
-            current = current.tptParent;
-        }
-        // When only parent properties changed (UPDATE), leaf payload is empty—create a stub anchor
-        if (!leafCs && parentChangeSets.length > 0) {
-            leafCs = new ChangeSet(entity, originalChangeSet.type, {}, meta);
-            leafCs.originalEntity = originalChangeSet.originalEntity;
-        }
-        // Store the leaf changeset in the main map (entity as key), with parent CSs attached
-        if (leafCs) {
-            if (parentChangeSets.length > 0) {
-                leafCs.tptChangeSets = parentChangeSets;
-            }
-            this.#changeSets.set(entity, leafCs);
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns `true` when the change set should be skipped as it will be empty after the extra update.
-     */
-    checkUniqueProps(changeSet) {
-        if (changeSet.type !== ChangeSetType.UPDATE) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // when changing a unique nullable property (or a 1:1 relation), we can't do it in a single
-        // query as it would cause unique constraint violations
-        const uniqueProps = changeSet.meta.uniqueProps.filter(prop => {
-            return prop.nullable || changeSet.type !== ChangeSetType.CREATE;
+  /** map of references to managed entities */
+  #identityMap;
+  #persistStack = new Set();
+  #removeStack = new Set();
+  #orphanRemoveStack = new Set();
+  #changeSets = new Map();
+  #collectionUpdates = new Set();
+  #extraUpdates = new Set();
+  #metadata;
+  #platform;
+  #eventManager;
+  #comparator;
+  #changeSetComputer;
+  #changeSetPersister;
+  #queuedActions = new Set();
+  #loadedEntities = new Set();
+  #flushQueue = [];
+  #working = false;
+  #em;
+  constructor(em) {
+    this.#em = em;
+    this.#metadata = this.#em.getMetadata();
+    this.#platform = this.#em.getPlatform();
+    this.#identityMap = new IdentityMap(this.#platform.getDefaultSchemaName());
+    this.#eventManager = this.#em.getEventManager();
+    this.#comparator = this.#em.getComparator();
+    this.#changeSetComputer = new ChangeSetComputer(this.#em, this.#collectionUpdates);
+    this.#changeSetPersister = new ChangeSetPersister(this.#em);
+  }
+  /** Merges an entity into the identity map, taking a snapshot of its current state. */
+  merge(entity, visited) {
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    wrapped.__em = this.#em;
+    if (!wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // skip new entities that could be linked from already persisted entity
+    // that is being re-fetched (but allow calling `merge(e)` explicitly for those)
+    if (!wrapped.__managed && visited) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#identityMap.store(entity);
+    // if visited is available, we are cascading, and need to be careful when resetting the entity data
+    // as there can be some entity with already changed state that is not yet flushed
+    if (wrapped.__initialized && (!visited || !wrapped.__originalEntityData)) {
+      wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
+    }
+    this.cascade(entity, Cascade.MERGE, visited ?? new Set());
+  }
+  /**
+   * Entity data can wary in its shape, e.g. we might get a deep relation graph with joined strategy, but for diffing,
+   * we need to normalize the shape, so relation values are only raw FKs. This method handles that.
+   * @internal
+   */
+  normalizeEntityData(meta, data) {
+    const forceUndefined = this.#em.config.get('forceUndefined');
+    for (const key of Utils.keys(data)) {
+      const prop = meta.properties[key];
+      if (!prop) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (
+        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) &&
+        Utils.isPlainObject(data[prop.name])
+      ) {
+        // Skip polymorphic relations - they use PolymorphicRef wrapper
+        if (!prop.polymorphic) {
+          data[prop.name] = Utils.getPrimaryKeyValues(data[prop.name], prop.targetMeta, true);
+        }
+      } else if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object && Utils.isPlainObject(data[prop.name])) {
+        for (const p of prop.targetMeta.props) {
+          /* v8 ignore next */
+          const prefix = prop.prefix === false ? '' : prop.prefix === true ? prop.name + '_' : prop.prefix;
+          data[prefix + p.name] = data[prop.name][p.name];
+        }
+        data[prop.name] = Utils.getPrimaryKeyValues(data[prop.name], prop.targetMeta, true);
+      }
+      if (prop.hydrate === false && prop.customType?.ensureComparable(meta, prop)) {
+        const converted = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(data[key], this.#platform, {
+          key,
+          mode: 'hydration',
+          force: true,
         });
-        this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, uniqueProps);
-        return changeSet.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE && !Utils.hasObjectKeys(changeSet.payload);
-    }
-    expandUniqueProps(entity) {
-        const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        if (!wrapped.__meta.hasUniqueProps) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const simpleUniqueHashes = wrapped.__meta.uniqueProps
-            .map(prop => {
-            if (entity[prop.name] != null) {
-                return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR || prop.mapToPk
-                    ? entity[prop.name]
-                    : helper(entity[prop.name]).getSerializedPrimaryKey();
-            }
-            if (wrapped.__originalEntityData?.[prop.name] != null) {
-                return Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(wrapped.__originalEntityData[prop.name]));
-            }
-            return undefined;
-        })
-            .filter(i => i);
-        const compoundUniqueHashes = wrapped.__meta.uniques
-            .map(unique => {
-            const props = Utils.asArray(unique.properties);
-            if (props.every(prop => entity[prop] != null)) {
-                return Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(props.map(p => {
-                    const prop = wrapped.__meta.properties[p];
-                    return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR || prop.mapToPk
-                        ? entity[prop.name]
-                        : helper(entity[prop.name]).getSerializedPrimaryKey();
-                }));
-            }
-            return undefined;
-        })
-            .filter(i => i);
-        return simpleUniqueHashes.concat(compoundUniqueHashes);
-    }
-    initIdentifier(entity) {
-        const wrapped = entity && helper(entity);
-        if (!wrapped || wrapped.__identifier || wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const pks = wrapped.__meta.getPrimaryProps();
-        const idents = [];
-        for (const pk of pks) {
-            if (pk.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR) {
-                idents.push(new EntityIdentifier(entity[pk.name]));
-            }
-            else if (entity[pk.name]) {
-                this.initIdentifier(entity[pk.name]);
-                idents.push(helper(entity[pk.name])?.__identifier);
-            }
-        }
-        if (pks.length === 1) {
-            wrapped.__identifier = idents[0];
-        }
-        else {
-            wrapped.__identifier = idents;
-        }
-    }
-    processReference(parent, prop, kind, visited, processed, idx) {
-        const isToOne = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE;
-        if (isToOne && Utils.isEntity(kind)) {
-            return this.processToOneReference(kind, visited, processed, idx);
-        }
-        if (Utils.isCollection(kind)) {
-            kind
-                .getItems(false)
-                .filter(item => !item.__helper.__originalEntityData)
-                .forEach(item => {
-                // propagate schema from parent
-                item.__helper.__schema ??= helper(parent).__schema;
-            });
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && kind.isDirty()) {
-                this.processToManyReference(kind, visited, processed, parent, prop);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    processToOneReference(kind, visited, processed, idx) {
-        if (!kind.__helper.__managed) {
-            this.findNewEntities(kind, visited, idx, processed);
-        }
-    }
-    processToManyReference(collection, visited, processed, parent, prop) {
-        if (this.isCollectionSelfReferenced(collection, processed)) {
-            this.#extraUpdates.add([parent, prop.name, collection, undefined, ChangeSetType.UPDATE]);
-            const coll = new Collection(parent);
-            coll.property = prop;
-            parent[prop.name] = coll;
-            return;
-        }
-        collection
-            .getItems(false)
-            .filter(item => !item.__helper.__originalEntityData)
-            .forEach(item => this.findNewEntities(item, visited, 0, processed));
-    }
-    async runHooks(type, changeSet, sync = false) {
-        const meta = changeSet.meta;
-        if (!this.#eventManager.hasListeners(type, meta)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (!sync) {
-            await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(type, { entity: changeSet.entity, meta, em: this.#em, changeSet });
-            return;
-        }
-        const copy = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
-        await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(type, { entity: changeSet.entity, meta, em: this.#em, changeSet });
-        const current = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
-        const diff = this.#comparator.diffEntities(changeSet.meta.class, copy, current);
-        Object.assign(changeSet.payload, diff);
-        const wrapped = helper(changeSet.entity);
-        if (wrapped.__identifier) {
-            const idents = Utils.asArray(wrapped.__identifier);
-            let i = 0;
-            for (const pk of wrapped.__meta.primaryKeys) {
-                if (diff[pk]) {
-                    idents[i].setValue(diff[pk]);
-                }
-                i++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    postCommitCleanup() {
-        for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            const wrapped = helper(cs.entity);
-            wrapped.__processing = false;
-            delete wrapped.__pk;
-        }
-        this.#persistStack.clear();
-        this.#removeStack.clear();
-        this.#orphanRemoveStack.clear();
-        this.#changeSets.clear();
-        this.#collectionUpdates.clear();
-        this.#extraUpdates.clear();
-        this.#queuedActions.clear();
-        this.#working = false;
-    }
-    cascade(entity, type, visited = new Set(), options = {}) {
-        if (visited.has(entity)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        visited.add(entity);
-        switch (type) {
-            case Cascade.PERSIST:
-                this.persist(entity, visited, options);
-                break;
-            case Cascade.MERGE:
-                this.merge(entity, visited);
-                break;
-            case Cascade.REMOVE:
-                this.remove(entity, visited, options);
-                break;
-            case Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL:
-                this.scheduleOrphanRemoval(entity, visited);
-                break;
-            case Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL:
-                this.cancelOrphanRemoval(entity, visited);
-                break;
-        }
-        for (const prop of helper(entity).__meta.relations) {
-            this.cascadeReference(entity, prop, type, visited, options);
-        }
-    }
-    cascadeReference(entity, prop, type, visited, options) {
-        this.fixMissingReference(entity, prop);
-        if (!this.shouldCascade(prop, type)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const kind = Reference.unwrapReference(entity[prop.name]);
-        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && Utils.isEntity(kind)) {
-            return this.cascade(kind, type, visited, options);
-        }
-        const collection = kind;
-        if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && collection) {
-            for (const item of collection.getItems(false)) {
-                this.cascade(item, type, visited, options);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    isCollectionSelfReferenced(collection, processed) {
-        const filtered = collection.getItems(false).filter(item => !helper(item).__originalEntityData);
-        return filtered.some(items => processed.has(items));
-    }
-    shouldCascade(prop, type) {
-        if ([Cascade.REMOVE, Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, Cascade.ALL].includes(type) &&
-            prop.orphanRemoval) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        // ignore user settings for merge, it is kept only for back compatibility, this should have never been configurable
-        if (type === Cascade.MERGE) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return prop.cascade && (prop.cascade.includes(type) || prop.cascade.includes(Cascade.ALL));
-    }
-    async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
-        if (!this.#em.isInTransaction()) {
-            throw ValidationError.transactionRequired();
-        }
-        await this.#em.getDriver().lockPessimistic(entity, { ctx: this.#em.getTransactionContext(), ...options });
-    }
-    async lockOptimistic(entity, meta, version) {
-        if (!meta.versionProperty) {
-            throw OptimisticLockError.notVersioned(meta);
-        }
-        if (typeof version === 'undefined') {
-            return;
-        }
+        data[key] = prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(converted, this.#platform, { key, mode: 'hydration' });
+      }
+      if (forceUndefined) {
+        if (data[key] === null) {
+          data[key] = undefined;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  register(entity, data, options) {
+    this.#identityMap.store(entity);
+    EntityHelper.ensurePropagation(entity);
+    if (options?.newEntity) {
+      return entity;
+    }
+    const forceUndefined = this.#em.config.get('forceUndefined');
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    if (options?.loaded && wrapped.__initialized && !wrapped.__onLoadFired) {
+      this.#loadedEntities.add(entity);
+    }
+    wrapped.__em ??= this.#em;
+    wrapped.__managed = true;
+    if (data && (options?.refresh || !wrapped.__originalEntityData)) {
+      this.normalizeEntityData(wrapped.__meta, data);
+      for (const key of Utils.keys(data)) {
+        const prop = wrapped.__meta.properties[key];
+        if (prop) {
+          wrapped.__loadedProperties.add(key);
+        }
+      }
+      wrapped.__originalEntityData = data;
+    }
+    return entity;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  async dispatchOnLoadEvent() {
+    for (const entity of this.#loadedEntities) {
+      if (this.#eventManager.hasListeners(EventType.onLoad, entity.__meta)) {
+        await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.onLoad, { entity, meta: entity.__meta, em: this.#em });
+        helper(entity).__onLoadFired = true;
+      }
+    }
+    this.#loadedEntities.clear();
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  unmarkAsLoaded(entity) {
+    this.#loadedEntities.delete(entity);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns entity from the identity map. For composite keys, you need to pass an array of PKs in the same order as they are defined in `meta.primaryKeys`.
+   */
+  getById(entityName, id, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
+    if (id == null || (Array.isArray(id) && id.length === 0)) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const meta = this.#metadata.find(entityName).root;
+    let hash;
+    if (meta.simplePK) {
+      hash = '' + id;
+    } else {
+      let keys = Array.isArray(id) ? Utils.flatten(id) : [id];
+      keys = meta.getPrimaryProps(true).map((p, i) => {
+        if (!convertCustomTypes && p.customType) {
+          return p.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(keys[i], this.#platform, {
+            key: p.name,
+            mode: 'hydration',
+          });
+        }
+        return keys[i];
+      });
+      hash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(keys);
+    }
+    schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
+    if (schema) {
+      hash = `${schema}:${hash}`;
+    }
+    return this.#identityMap.getByHash(meta, hash);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns entity from the identity map by an alternate key (non-PK property).
+   * @param convertCustomTypes - If true, the value is in database format and will be converted to JS format for lookup.
+   *                             If false (default), the value is assumed to be in JS format already.
+   */
+  getByKey(entityName, key, value, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
+    const meta = this.#metadata.find(entityName).root;
+    schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
+    const prop = meta.properties[key];
+    // Convert from DB format to JS format if needed
+    if (convertCustomTypes && prop?.customType) {
+      value = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(value, this.#platform, { mode: 'hydration' });
+    }
+    const hash = this.#identityMap.getKeyHash(key, '' + value, schema);
+    return this.#identityMap.getByHash(meta, hash);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Stores an entity in the identity map under an alternate key (non-PK property).
+   * Also sets the property value on the entity.
+   * @param convertCustomTypes - If true, the value is in database format and will be converted to JS format.
+   *                             If false (default), the value is assumed to be in JS format already.
+   */
+  storeByKey(entity, key, value, schema, convertCustomTypes) {
+    const meta = entity.__meta.root;
+    schema ??= meta.schema ?? this.#em.config.getSchema();
+    const prop = meta.properties[key];
+    // Convert from DB format to JS format if needed
+    if (convertCustomTypes && prop?.customType) {
+      value = prop.customType.convertToJSValue(value, this.#platform, { mode: 'hydration' });
+    }
+    // Set the property on the entity
+    entity[key] = value;
+    this.#identityMap.storeByKey(entity, key, '' + value, schema);
+  }
+  /** Attempts to extract a primary key from the where condition and look up the entity in the identity map. */
+  tryGetById(entityName, where, schema, strict = true) {
+    const pk = Utils.extractPK(where, this.#metadata.find(entityName), strict);
+    if (!pk) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return this.getById(entityName, pk, schema);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns map of all managed entities.
+   */
+  getIdentityMap() {
+    return this.#identityMap;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns stored snapshot of entity state that is used for change set computation.
+   */
+  getOriginalEntityData(entity) {
+    return helper(entity).__originalEntityData;
+  }
+  /** Returns the set of entities scheduled for persistence. */
+  getPersistStack() {
+    return this.#persistStack;
+  }
+  /** Returns the set of entities scheduled for removal. */
+  getRemoveStack() {
+    return this.#removeStack;
+  }
+  /** Returns all computed change sets for the current flush. */
+  getChangeSets() {
+    return [...this.#changeSets.values()];
+  }
+  /** Returns all M:N collections that need synchronization. */
+  getCollectionUpdates() {
+    return [...this.#collectionUpdates];
+  }
+  /** Returns extra updates needed for relations that could not be resolved in the initial pass. */
+  getExtraUpdates() {
+    return this.#extraUpdates;
+  }
+  /** Checks whether an auto-flush is needed before querying the given entity type. */
+  shouldAutoFlush(meta) {
+    if (insideFlush.getStore()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (this.#queuedActions.has(meta.class) || this.#queuedActions.has(meta.root.class)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (meta.discriminatorMap && Object.values(meta.discriminatorMap).some(v => this.#queuedActions.has(v))) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /** Clears the queue of entity types that triggered auto-flush detection. */
+  clearActionsQueue() {
+    this.#queuedActions.clear();
+  }
+  /** Computes and registers a change set for the given entity. */
+  computeChangeSet(entity, type) {
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    if (type === ChangeSetType.DELETE || type === ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY) {
+      this.#changeSets.set(entity, new ChangeSet(entity, type, {}, wrapped.__meta));
+      return;
+    }
+    const cs = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
+    if (!cs || this.checkUniqueProps(cs)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (type) {
+      cs.type = type;
+    }
+    this.initIdentifier(entity);
+    this.#changeSets.set(entity, cs);
+    this.#persistStack.delete(entity);
+    wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
+  }
+  /** Recomputes and merges the change set for an already-tracked entity. */
+  recomputeSingleChangeSet(entity) {
+    const changeSet = this.#changeSets.get(entity);
+    if (!changeSet) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const cs = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
+    if (cs && !this.checkUniqueProps(cs)) {
+      Object.assign(changeSet.payload, cs.payload);
+      helper(entity).__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(entity);
+    }
+  }
+  /** Marks an entity for persistence, cascading to related entities. */
+  persist(entity, visited, options = {}) {
+    EntityHelper.ensurePropagation(entity);
+    if (options.checkRemoveStack && this.#removeStack.has(entity)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    this.#persistStack.add(entity);
+    this.#queuedActions.add(wrapped.__meta.class);
+    this.#removeStack.delete(entity);
+    if (!wrapped.__managed && wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
+      this.#identityMap.store(entity);
+    }
+    if (options.cascade ?? true) {
+      this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, options);
+    }
+  }
+  /** Marks an entity for removal, cascading to related entities. */
+  remove(entity, visited, options = {}) {
+    // allow removing not managed entities if they are not part of the persist stack
+    if (helper(entity).__managed || !this.#persistStack.has(entity)) {
+      this.#removeStack.add(entity);
+      this.#queuedActions.add(helper(entity).__meta.class);
+    } else {
+      this.#persistStack.delete(entity);
+      this.#identityMap.delete(entity);
+    }
+    // remove from referencing relations that are nullable
+    for (const prop of helper(entity).__meta.bidirectionalRelations) {
+      const inverseProp = prop.mappedBy || prop.inversedBy;
+      const relation = Reference.unwrapReference(entity[prop.name]);
+      const prop2 = prop.targetMeta.properties[inverseProp];
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && prop2.nullable && Utils.isCollection(relation)) {
+        for (const item of relation.getItems(false)) {
+          delete item[inverseProp];
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      const target = relation?.[inverseProp];
+      if (relation && Utils.isCollection(target)) {
+        target.removeWithoutPropagation(entity);
+      }
+    }
+    if (options.cascade ?? true) {
+      this.cascade(entity, Cascade.REMOVE, visited);
+    }
+  }
+  /** Flushes all pending changes to the database within a transaction. */
+  async commit() {
+    if (this.#working) {
+      if (insideFlush.getStore()) {
+        throw ValidationError.cannotCommit();
+      }
+      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        this.#flushQueue.push(() => {
+          return insideFlush.run(true, () => {
+            return this.doCommit().then(resolve, reject);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    }
+    try {
+      this.#working = true;
+      await insideFlush.run(true, () => this.doCommit());
+      while (this.#flushQueue.length) {
+        await this.#flushQueue.shift()();
+      }
+    } finally {
+      this.postCommitCleanup();
+      this.#working = false;
+    }
+  }
+  async doCommit() {
+    const oldTx = this.#em.getTransactionContext();
+    try {
+      await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.beforeFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
+      this.computeChangeSets();
+      for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+        cs.entity.__helper.__processing = true;
+      }
+      await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.onFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
+      this.filterCollectionUpdates();
+      // nothing to do, do not start transaction
+      if (this.#changeSets.size === 0 && this.#collectionUpdates.size === 0 && this.#extraUpdates.size === 0) {
+        await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.afterFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
+        return;
+      }
+      const groups = this.getChangeSetGroups();
+      const platform = this.#em.getPlatform();
+      const runInTransaction =
+        !this.#em.isInTransaction() && platform.supportsTransactions() && this.#em.config.get('implicitTransactions');
+      if (runInTransaction) {
+        const loggerContext = Utils.merge(
+          { id: this.#em._id },
+          this.#em.getLoggerContext({ disableContextResolution: true }),
+        );
+        await this.#em.getConnection('write').transactional(trx => this.persistToDatabase(groups, trx), {
+          ctx: oldTx,
+          eventBroadcaster: new TransactionEventBroadcaster(this.#em),
+          loggerContext,
+        });
+      } else {
+        await this.persistToDatabase(groups, this.#em.getTransactionContext());
+      }
+      this.resetTransaction(oldTx);
+      for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+        cs.entity.__helper.__processing = false;
+      }
+      await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(EventType.afterFlush, { em: this.#em, uow: this });
+    } finally {
+      this.resetTransaction(oldTx);
+    }
+  }
+  async lock(entity, options) {
+    if (!this.getById(entity.constructor, helper(entity).__primaryKeys, helper(entity).__schema)) {
+      throw ValidationError.entityNotManaged(entity);
+    }
+    const meta = this.#metadata.find(entity.constructor);
+    if (options.lockMode === LockMode.OPTIMISTIC) {
+      await this.lockOptimistic(entity, meta, options.lockVersion);
+    } else if (options.lockMode != null) {
+      await this.lockPessimistic(entity, options);
+    }
+  }
+  clear() {
+    this.#identityMap.clear();
+    this.#loadedEntities.clear();
+    this.postCommitCleanup();
+  }
+  unsetIdentity(entity) {
+    this.#identityMap.delete(entity);
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    const serializedPK = wrapped.getSerializedPrimaryKey();
+    // remove references of this entity in all managed entities, otherwise flushing could reinsert the entity
+    for (const { meta, prop } of wrapped.__meta.referencingProperties) {
+      for (const referrer of this.#identityMap.getStore(meta).values()) {
+        const rel = Reference.unwrapReference(referrer[prop.name]);
+        if (Utils.isCollection(rel)) {
+          rel.removeWithoutPropagation(entity);
+        } else if (
+          rel &&
+          (prop.mapToPk
+            ? helper(this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, rel)).getSerializedPrimaryKey() === serializedPK
+            : rel === entity)
+        ) {
+          if (prop.formula) {
+            delete referrer[prop.name];
+          } else {
+            delete helper(referrer).__data[prop.name];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    delete wrapped.__identifier;
+    delete wrapped.__originalEntityData;
+    wrapped.__managed = false;
+  }
+  computeChangeSets() {
+    this.#changeSets.clear();
+    const visited = new Set();
+    for (const entity of this.#removeStack) {
+      this.cascade(entity, Cascade.REMOVE, visited);
+    }
+    visited.clear();
+    for (const entity of this.#identityMap) {
+      if (!this.#removeStack.has(entity) && !this.#persistStack.has(entity) && !this.#orphanRemoveStack.has(entity)) {
+        this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, { checkRemoveStack: true });
+      }
+    }
+    for (const entity of this.#persistStack) {
+      this.cascade(entity, Cascade.PERSIST, visited, { checkRemoveStack: true });
+    }
+    visited.clear();
+    for (const entity of this.#persistStack) {
+      this.findNewEntities(entity, visited);
+    }
+    for (const entity of this.#orphanRemoveStack) {
+      if (!helper(entity).__processing) {
+        this.#removeStack.add(entity);
+      }
+    }
+    // Check insert stack if there are any entities matching something from delete stack. This can happen when recreating entities.
+    const inserts = {};
+    for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      if (cs.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE) {
+        inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName] ??= [];
+        inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName].push(cs);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      if (cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE) {
+        this.findEarlyUpdates(cs, inserts[cs.meta.uniqueName]);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const entity of this.#removeStack) {
+      const wrapped = helper(entity);
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      if (wrapped.__processing) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const deletePkHash = [wrapped.getSerializedPrimaryKey(), ...this.expandUniqueProps(entity)];
+      let type = ChangeSetType.DELETE;
+      for (const cs of inserts[wrapped.__meta.uniqueName] ?? []) {
+        if (
+          deletePkHash.some(
+            hash =>
+              hash === cs.getSerializedPrimaryKey() || this.expandUniqueProps(cs.entity).find(child => hash === child),
+          )
+        ) {
+          type = ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY;
+        }
+      }
+      this.computeChangeSet(entity, type);
+    }
+  }
+  scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, props) {
+    if (props.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    let conflicts = false;
+    let type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE;
+    if (!props.some(prop => prop.name in changeSet.payload)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      for (const prop of props) {
+        if (prop.name in cs.payload && cs.rootMeta === changeSet.rootMeta && cs.type === changeSet.type) {
+          conflicts = true;
+          if (changeSet.payload[prop.name] == null) {
+            type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!conflicts) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#extraUpdates.add([
+      changeSet.entity,
+      props.map(p => p.name),
+      props.map(p => changeSet.entity[p.name]),
+      changeSet,
+      type,
+    ]);
+    for (const p of props) {
+      delete changeSet.entity[p.name];
+      delete changeSet.payload[p.name];
+    }
+  }
+  scheduleOrphanRemoval(entity, visited) {
+    if (entity) {
+      const wrapped = helper(entity);
+      wrapped.__em = this.#em;
+      this.#orphanRemoveStack.add(entity);
+      this.#queuedActions.add(wrapped.__meta.class);
+      this.cascade(entity, Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, visited);
+    }
+  }
+  cancelOrphanRemoval(entity, visited) {
+    this.#orphanRemoveStack.delete(entity);
+    this.cascade(entity, Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, visited);
+  }
+  getOrphanRemoveStack() {
+    return this.#orphanRemoveStack;
+  }
+  getChangeSetPersister() {
+    return this.#changeSetPersister;
+  }
+  findNewEntities(entity, visited, idx = 0, processed = new Set()) {
+    if (visited.has(entity)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    visited.add(entity);
+    processed.add(entity);
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    if (wrapped.__processing || this.#removeStack.has(entity) || this.#orphanRemoveStack.has(entity)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Set entityManager default schema
+    wrapped.__schema ??= this.#em.schema;
+    this.initIdentifier(entity);
+    for (const prop of wrapped.__meta.relations) {
+      const targets = Utils.unwrapProperty(entity, wrapped.__meta, prop);
+      for (const [target] of targets) {
+        const kind = Reference.unwrapReference(target);
+        this.processReference(entity, prop, kind, visited, processed, idx);
+      }
+    }
+    const changeSet = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(entity);
+    if (changeSet && !this.checkUniqueProps(changeSet)) {
+      // For TPT child entities, create changesets for each table in hierarchy
+      if (wrapped.__meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && wrapped.__meta.tptParent) {
+        this.createTPTChangeSets(entity, changeSet);
+      } else {
+        this.#changeSets.set(entity, changeSet);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * For TPT inheritance, creates separate changesets for each table in the hierarchy.
+   * Uses the same entity instance for all changesets - only the metadata and payload differ.
+   */
+  createTPTChangeSets(entity, originalChangeSet) {
+    const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
+    const isCreate = originalChangeSet.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE;
+    let current = meta;
+    let leafCs;
+    const parentChangeSets = [];
+    while (current) {
+      const isRoot = !current.tptParent;
+      const payload = {};
+      for (const prop of current.ownProps) {
+        if (prop.name in originalChangeSet.payload) {
+          payload[prop.name] = originalChangeSet.payload[prop.name];
+        }
+      }
+      // For CREATE on non-root tables, include the PK (EntityIdentifier for deferred resolution)
+      if (isCreate && !isRoot) {
         const wrapped = helper(entity);
-        if (!wrapped.__initialized) {
-            await wrapped.init();
-        }
-        const previousVersion = entity[meta.versionProperty];
-        if (previousVersion !== version) {
-            throw OptimisticLockError.lockFailedVersionMismatch(entity, version, previousVersion);
-        }
-    }
-    fixMissingReference(entity, prop) {
-        const reference = entity[prop.name];
-        const target = Reference.unwrapReference(reference);
-        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && target && !prop.mapToPk) {
-            if (!Utils.isEntity(target)) {
-                entity[prop.name] = this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, target, {
-                    wrapped: !!prop.ref,
-                });
-            }
-            else if (!helper(target).__initialized && !helper(target).__em) {
-                const pk = helper(target).getPrimaryKey();
-                entity[prop.name] = this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, pk, {
-                    wrapped: !!prop.ref,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-        // perf: set the `Collection._property` to skip the getter, as it can be slow when there are a lot of relations
-        if (Utils.isCollection(target)) {
-            target.property = prop;
-        }
-        const isCollection = [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind);
-        if (isCollection && Array.isArray(target)) {
-            const collection = new Collection(entity);
-            collection.property = prop;
-            entity[prop.name] = collection;
-            collection.set(target);
-        }
-    }
-    async persistToDatabase(groups, ctx) {
-        if (ctx) {
-            this.#em.setTransactionContext(ctx);
-        }
-        const commitOrder = this.getCommitOrder();
-        const commitOrderReversed = [...commitOrder].reverse();
-        // early delete - when we recreate entity in the same UoW, we need to issue those delete queries before inserts
-        for (const meta of commitOrderReversed) {
-            await this.commitDeleteChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
-        }
-        // early update - when we recreate entity in the same UoW, we need to issue those delete queries before inserts
-        for (const meta of commitOrder) {
-            await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
-        }
-        // extra updates
-        await this.commitExtraUpdates(ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY, ctx);
-        // create
-        for (const meta of commitOrder) {
-            await this.commitCreateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.CREATE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
-        }
-        // update
-        for (const meta of commitOrder) {
-            await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.UPDATE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
-        }
-        // extra updates
-        await this.commitExtraUpdates(ChangeSetType.UPDATE, ctx);
-        // collection updates
-        await this.commitCollectionUpdates(ctx);
-        // delete - entity deletions need to be in reverse commit order
-        for (const meta of commitOrderReversed) {
-            await this.commitDeleteChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.DELETE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
-        }
-        // take snapshots of all persisted collections
-        const visited = new Set();
-        for (const changeSet of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            this.takeCollectionSnapshots(changeSet.entity, visited);
-        }
-    }
-    async commitCreateChangeSets(changeSets, ctx) {
-        if (changeSets.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const props = changeSets[0].meta.root.relations.filter(prop => {
-            return ((prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner) ||
-                prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE ||
-                (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.owner && !this.#platform.usesPivotTable()));
+        const identifier = wrapped.__identifier;
+        const identifiers = Array.isArray(identifier) ? identifier : [identifier];
+        for (let i = 0; i < current.primaryKeys.length; i++) {
+          const pk = current.primaryKeys[i];
+          payload[pk] = identifiers[i] ?? originalChangeSet.payload[pk];
+        }
+      }
+      if (!isCreate && Object.keys(payload).length === 0) {
+        current = current.tptParent;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const cs = new ChangeSet(entity, originalChangeSet.type, payload, current);
+      if (current === meta) {
+        cs.originalEntity = originalChangeSet.originalEntity;
+        leafCs = cs;
+      } else {
+        parentChangeSets.push(cs);
+      }
+      current = current.tptParent;
+    }
+    // When only parent properties changed (UPDATE), leaf payload is empty—create a stub anchor
+    if (!leafCs && parentChangeSets.length > 0) {
+      leafCs = new ChangeSet(entity, originalChangeSet.type, {}, meta);
+      leafCs.originalEntity = originalChangeSet.originalEntity;
+    }
+    // Store the leaf changeset in the main map (entity as key), with parent CSs attached
+    if (leafCs) {
+      if (parentChangeSets.length > 0) {
+        leafCs.tptChangeSets = parentChangeSets;
+      }
+      this.#changeSets.set(entity, leafCs);
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns `true` when the change set should be skipped as it will be empty after the extra update.
+   */
+  checkUniqueProps(changeSet) {
+    if (changeSet.type !== ChangeSetType.UPDATE) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // when changing a unique nullable property (or a 1:1 relation), we can't do it in a single
+    // query as it would cause unique constraint violations
+    const uniqueProps = changeSet.meta.uniqueProps.filter(prop => {
+      return prop.nullable || changeSet.type !== ChangeSetType.CREATE;
+    });
+    this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, uniqueProps);
+    return changeSet.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE && !Utils.hasObjectKeys(changeSet.payload);
+  }
+  expandUniqueProps(entity) {
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    if (!wrapped.__meta.hasUniqueProps) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    const simpleUniqueHashes = wrapped.__meta.uniqueProps
+      .map(prop => {
+        if (entity[prop.name] != null) {
+          return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR || prop.mapToPk
+            ? entity[prop.name]
+            : helper(entity[prop.name]).getSerializedPrimaryKey();
+        }
+        if (wrapped.__originalEntityData?.[prop.name] != null) {
+          return Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(wrapped.__originalEntityData[prop.name]));
+        }
+        return undefined;
+      })
+      .filter(i => i);
+    const compoundUniqueHashes = wrapped.__meta.uniques
+      .map(unique => {
+        const props = Utils.asArray(unique.properties);
+        if (props.every(prop => entity[prop] != null)) {
+          return Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(
+            props.map(p => {
+              const prop = wrapped.__meta.properties[p];
+              return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR || prop.mapToPk
+                ? entity[prop.name]
+                : helper(entity[prop.name]).getSerializedPrimaryKey();
+            }),
+          );
+        }
+        return undefined;
+      })
+      .filter(i => i);
+    return simpleUniqueHashes.concat(compoundUniqueHashes);
+  }
+  initIdentifier(entity) {
+    const wrapped = entity && helper(entity);
+    if (!wrapped || wrapped.__identifier || wrapped.hasPrimaryKey()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const pks = wrapped.__meta.getPrimaryProps();
+    const idents = [];
+    for (const pk of pks) {
+      if (pk.kind === ReferenceKind.SCALAR) {
+        idents.push(new EntityIdentifier(entity[pk.name]));
+      } else if (entity[pk.name]) {
+        this.initIdentifier(entity[pk.name]);
+        idents.push(helper(entity[pk.name])?.__identifier);
+      }
+    }
+    if (pks.length === 1) {
+      wrapped.__identifier = idents[0];
+    } else {
+      wrapped.__identifier = idents;
+    }
+  }
+  processReference(parent, prop, kind, visited, processed, idx) {
+    const isToOne = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE;
+    if (isToOne && Utils.isEntity(kind)) {
+      return this.processToOneReference(kind, visited, processed, idx);
+    }
+    if (Utils.isCollection(kind)) {
+      kind
+        .getItems(false)
+        .filter(item => !item.__helper.__originalEntityData)
+        .forEach(item => {
+          // propagate schema from parent
+          item.__helper.__schema ??= helper(parent).__schema;
         });
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            this.findExtraUpdates(changeSet, props);
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeCreate, changeSet, true);
-        }
-        await this.#changeSetPersister.executeInserts(changeSets, { ctx });
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            this.register(changeSet.entity, changeSet.payload, { refresh: true });
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.afterCreate, changeSet);
-        }
-    }
-    findExtraUpdates(changeSet, props) {
-        for (const prop of props) {
-            const ref = changeSet.entity[prop.name];
-            if (!ref || prop.deferMode === DeferMode.INITIALLY_DEFERRED) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (Utils.isCollection(ref)) {
-                ref.getItems(false).some(item => {
-                    const cs = this.#changeSets.get(Reference.unwrapReference(item));
-                    const isScheduledForInsert = cs?.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE && !cs.persisted;
-                    if (isScheduledForInsert) {
-                        this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, [prop]);
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                    return false;
-                });
-                continue;
-            }
-            const refEntity = Reference.unwrapReference(ref);
-            // For mapToPk properties, the value is a primitive (string/array), not an entity
-            if (!Utils.isEntity(refEntity)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // For TPT entities, check if the ROOT table's changeset has been persisted
-            // (since the FK is to the root table, not the concrete entity's table)
-            let cs = this.#changeSets.get(refEntity);
-            if (cs?.tptChangeSets?.length) {
-                // Root table changeset is the last one (ordered immediate parent → root)
-                cs = cs.tptChangeSets[cs.tptChangeSets.length - 1];
-            }
-            const isScheduledForInsert = cs?.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE && !cs.persisted;
-            if (isScheduledForInsert) {
-                this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, [prop]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    findEarlyUpdates(changeSet, inserts = []) {
-        const props = changeSet.meta.uniqueProps;
-        for (const prop of props) {
-            const insert = inserts.find(c => Utils.equals(c.payload[prop.name], changeSet.originalEntity[prop.name]));
-            const propEmpty = changeSet.payload[prop.name] === null || changeSet.payload[prop.name] === undefined;
-            if (prop.name in changeSet.payload &&
-                insert &&
-                // We only want to update early if the unique property on the changeset is going to be empty, so that
-                // the previous unique value can be set on a different entity without constraint issues
-                propEmpty) {
-                changeSet.type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    async commitUpdateChangeSets(changeSets, ctx, batched = true) {
-        if (changeSets.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeUpdate, changeSet, true);
-        }
-        await this.#changeSetPersister.executeUpdates(changeSets, batched, { ctx });
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            const wrapped = helper(changeSet.entity);
-            wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
-            if (!wrapped.__initialized) {
-                for (const prop of changeSet.meta.relations) {
-                    if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) &&
-                        changeSet.entity[prop.name] == null) {
-                        changeSet.entity[prop.name] = Collection.create(changeSet.entity, prop.name, undefined, wrapped.isInitialized());
-                    }
-                }
-                wrapped.__initialized = true;
-            }
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.afterUpdate, changeSet);
-        }
-    }
-    async commitDeleteChangeSets(changeSets, ctx) {
-        if (changeSets.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeDelete, changeSet, true);
-        }
-        await this.#changeSetPersister.executeDeletes(changeSets, { ctx });
-        for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
-            this.unsetIdentity(changeSet.entity);
-            await this.runHooks(EventType.afterDelete, changeSet);
-        }
-    }
-    async commitExtraUpdates(type, ctx) {
-        const extraUpdates = [];
-        for (const extraUpdate of this.#extraUpdates) {
-            if (extraUpdate[4] !== type) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (Array.isArray(extraUpdate[1])) {
-                extraUpdate[1].forEach((p, i) => (extraUpdate[0][p] = extraUpdate[2][i]));
-            }
-            else {
-                extraUpdate[0][extraUpdate[1]] = extraUpdate[2];
-            }
-            const changeSet = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(extraUpdate[0]);
-            if (changeSet) {
-                extraUpdates.push([changeSet, extraUpdate[3]]);
-            }
-        }
-        await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(extraUpdates.map(u => u[0]), ctx, false);
-        // propagate the new values to the original changeset
-        for (const extraUpdate of extraUpdates) {
-            if (extraUpdate[1]) {
-                Object.assign(extraUpdate[1].payload, extraUpdate[0].payload);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    async commitCollectionUpdates(ctx) {
-        this.filterCollectionUpdates();
-        const loggerContext = Utils.merge({ id: this.#em._id }, this.#em.getLoggerContext({ disableContextResolution: true }));
-        await this.#em.getDriver().syncCollections(this.#collectionUpdates, {
-            ctx,
-            schema: this.#em.schema,
-            loggerContext,
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && kind.isDirty()) {
+        this.processToManyReference(kind, visited, processed, parent, prop);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processToOneReference(kind, visited, processed, idx) {
+    if (!kind.__helper.__managed) {
+      this.findNewEntities(kind, visited, idx, processed);
+    }
+  }
+  processToManyReference(collection, visited, processed, parent, prop) {
+    if (this.isCollectionSelfReferenced(collection, processed)) {
+      this.#extraUpdates.add([parent, prop.name, collection, undefined, ChangeSetType.UPDATE]);
+      const coll = new Collection(parent);
+      coll.property = prop;
+      parent[prop.name] = coll;
+      return;
+    }
+    collection
+      .getItems(false)
+      .filter(item => !item.__helper.__originalEntityData)
+      .forEach(item => this.findNewEntities(item, visited, 0, processed));
+  }
+  async runHooks(type, changeSet, sync = false) {
+    const meta = changeSet.meta;
+    if (!this.#eventManager.hasListeners(type, meta)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!sync) {
+      await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(type, { entity: changeSet.entity, meta, em: this.#em, changeSet });
+      return;
+    }
+    const copy = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
+    await this.#eventManager.dispatchEvent(type, { entity: changeSet.entity, meta, em: this.#em, changeSet });
+    const current = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
+    const diff = this.#comparator.diffEntities(changeSet.meta.class, copy, current);
+    Object.assign(changeSet.payload, diff);
+    const wrapped = helper(changeSet.entity);
+    if (wrapped.__identifier) {
+      const idents = Utils.asArray(wrapped.__identifier);
+      let i = 0;
+      for (const pk of wrapped.__meta.primaryKeys) {
+        if (diff[pk]) {
+          idents[i].setValue(diff[pk]);
+        }
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  postCommitCleanup() {
+    for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      const wrapped = helper(cs.entity);
+      wrapped.__processing = false;
+      delete wrapped.__pk;
+    }
+    this.#persistStack.clear();
+    this.#removeStack.clear();
+    this.#orphanRemoveStack.clear();
+    this.#changeSets.clear();
+    this.#collectionUpdates.clear();
+    this.#extraUpdates.clear();
+    this.#queuedActions.clear();
+    this.#working = false;
+  }
+  cascade(entity, type, visited = new Set(), options = {}) {
+    if (visited.has(entity)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    visited.add(entity);
+    switch (type) {
+      case Cascade.PERSIST:
+        this.persist(entity, visited, options);
+        break;
+      case Cascade.MERGE:
+        this.merge(entity, visited);
+        break;
+      case Cascade.REMOVE:
+        this.remove(entity, visited, options);
+        break;
+      case Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL:
+        this.scheduleOrphanRemoval(entity, visited);
+        break;
+      case Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL:
+        this.cancelOrphanRemoval(entity, visited);
+        break;
+    }
+    for (const prop of helper(entity).__meta.relations) {
+      this.cascadeReference(entity, prop, type, visited, options);
+    }
+  }
+  cascadeReference(entity, prop, type, visited, options) {
+    this.fixMissingReference(entity, prop);
+    if (!this.shouldCascade(prop, type)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const kind = Reference.unwrapReference(entity[prop.name]);
+    if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && Utils.isEntity(kind)) {
+      return this.cascade(kind, type, visited, options);
+    }
+    const collection = kind;
+    if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && collection) {
+      for (const item of collection.getItems(false)) {
+        this.cascade(item, type, visited, options);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  isCollectionSelfReferenced(collection, processed) {
+    const filtered = collection.getItems(false).filter(item => !helper(item).__originalEntityData);
+    return filtered.some(items => processed.has(items));
+  }
+  shouldCascade(prop, type) {
+    if (
+      [Cascade.REMOVE, Cascade.SCHEDULE_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, Cascade.CANCEL_ORPHAN_REMOVAL, Cascade.ALL].includes(type) &&
+      prop.orphanRemoval
+    ) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    // ignore user settings for merge, it is kept only for back compatibility, this should have never been configurable
+    if (type === Cascade.MERGE) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return prop.cascade && (prop.cascade.includes(type) || prop.cascade.includes(Cascade.ALL));
+  }
+  async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
+    if (!this.#em.isInTransaction()) {
+      throw ValidationError.transactionRequired();
+    }
+    await this.#em.getDriver().lockPessimistic(entity, { ctx: this.#em.getTransactionContext(), ...options });
+  }
+  async lockOptimistic(entity, meta, version) {
+    if (!meta.versionProperty) {
+      throw OptimisticLockError.notVersioned(meta);
+    }
+    if (typeof version === 'undefined') {
+      return;
+    }
+    const wrapped = helper(entity);
+    if (!wrapped.__initialized) {
+      await wrapped.init();
+    }
+    const previousVersion = entity[meta.versionProperty];
+    if (previousVersion !== version) {
+      throw OptimisticLockError.lockFailedVersionMismatch(entity, version, previousVersion);
+    }
+  }
+  fixMissingReference(entity, prop) {
+    const reference = entity[prop.name];
+    const target = Reference.unwrapReference(reference);
+    if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && target && !prop.mapToPk) {
+      if (!Utils.isEntity(target)) {
+        entity[prop.name] = this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, target, {
+          wrapped: !!prop.ref,
         });
-        for (const coll of this.#collectionUpdates) {
-            coll.takeSnapshot();
-        }
-    }
-    filterCollectionUpdates() {
-        for (const coll of this.#collectionUpdates) {
-            let skip = true;
-            if (coll.property.owner || coll.getItems(false).filter(item => !item.__helper.__initialized).length > 0) {
-                if (this.#platform.usesPivotTable()) {
-                    skip = false;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
-                skip = false;
-            }
-            else if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && !coll.property.owner) {
-                skip = false;
-            }
-            if (skip) {
-                this.#collectionUpdates.delete(coll);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Orders change sets so FK constrains are maintained, ensures stable order (needed for node < 11)
-     */
-    getChangeSetGroups() {
-        const groups = {
-            [ChangeSetType.CREATE]: new Map(),
-            [ChangeSetType.UPDATE]: new Map(),
-            [ChangeSetType.DELETE]: new Map(),
-            [ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY]: new Map(),
-            [ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY]: new Map(),
-        };
-        const addToGroup = (cs) => {
-            // Skip stub TPT changesets with empty payload (e.g. leaf with no own-property changes on UPDATE)
-            if ((cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE || cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY) &&
-                !Utils.hasObjectKeys(cs.payload)) {
-                return;
-            }
-            const group = groups[cs.type];
-            const groupKey = cs.meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? cs.meta : cs.rootMeta;
-            const classGroup = group.get(groupKey) ?? [];
-            classGroup.push(cs);
-            if (!group.has(groupKey)) {
-                group.set(groupKey, classGroup);
-            }
-        };
-        for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
-            addToGroup(cs);
-            for (const parentCs of cs.tptChangeSets ?? []) {
-                addToGroup(parentCs);
-            }
-        }
-        return groups;
-    }
-    getCommitOrder() {
-        const calc = new CommitOrderCalculator();
-        const set = new Set();
-        this.#changeSets.forEach(cs => {
-            if (cs.meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt') {
-                set.add(cs.meta);
-                for (const parentCs of cs.tptChangeSets ?? []) {
-                    set.add(parentCs.meta);
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                set.add(cs.rootMeta);
-            }
+      } else if (!helper(target).__initialized && !helper(target).__em) {
+        const pk = helper(target).getPrimaryKey();
+        entity[prop.name] = this.#em.getReference(prop.targetMeta.class, pk, {
+          wrapped: !!prop.ref,
         });
-        set.forEach(meta => calc.addNode(meta._id));
-        for (const meta of set) {
-            for (const prop of meta.relations) {
-                if (prop.polymorphTargets) {
-                    for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
-                        calc.discoverProperty({ ...prop, targetMeta }, meta._id);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    calc.discoverProperty(prop, meta._id);
-                }
-            }
-            // For TPT, parent table must be inserted BEFORE child tables
-            if (meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent && set.has(meta.tptParent)) {
-                calc.addDependency(meta.tptParent._id, meta._id, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        return calc.sort().map(id => this.#metadata.getById(id));
-    }
-    resetTransaction(oldTx) {
-        if (oldTx) {
-            this.#em.setTransactionContext(oldTx);
-        }
-        else {
-            this.#em.resetTransactionContext();
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Takes snapshots of all processed collections
-     */
-    takeCollectionSnapshots(entity, visited) {
-        if (visited.has(entity)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        visited.add(entity);
-        helper(entity)?.__meta.relations.forEach(prop => {
-            const value = entity[prop.name];
-            if (Utils.isCollection(value)) {
-                value.takeSnapshot();
-            }
-            // cascade to m:1 relations as we need to snapshot the 1:m inverse side (for `removeAll()` with orphan removal)
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && value) {
-                this.takeCollectionSnapshots(Reference.unwrapReference(value), visited);
-            }
+      }
+    }
+    // perf: set the `Collection._property` to skip the getter, as it can be slow when there are a lot of relations
+    if (Utils.isCollection(target)) {
+      target.property = prop;
+    }
+    const isCollection = [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind);
+    if (isCollection && Array.isArray(target)) {
+      const collection = new Collection(entity);
+      collection.property = prop;
+      entity[prop.name] = collection;
+      collection.set(target);
+    }
+  }
+  async persistToDatabase(groups, ctx) {
+    if (ctx) {
+      this.#em.setTransactionContext(ctx);
+    }
+    const commitOrder = this.getCommitOrder();
+    const commitOrderReversed = [...commitOrder].reverse();
+    // early delete - when we recreate entity in the same UoW, we need to issue those delete queries before inserts
+    for (const meta of commitOrderReversed) {
+      await this.commitDeleteChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
+    }
+    // early update - when we recreate entity in the same UoW, we need to issue those delete queries before inserts
+    for (const meta of commitOrder) {
+      await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
+    }
+    // extra updates
+    await this.commitExtraUpdates(ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY, ctx);
+    // create
+    for (const meta of commitOrder) {
+      await this.commitCreateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.CREATE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
+    }
+    // update
+    for (const meta of commitOrder) {
+      await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.UPDATE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
+    }
+    // extra updates
+    await this.commitExtraUpdates(ChangeSetType.UPDATE, ctx);
+    // collection updates
+    await this.commitCollectionUpdates(ctx);
+    // delete - entity deletions need to be in reverse commit order
+    for (const meta of commitOrderReversed) {
+      await this.commitDeleteChangeSets(groups[ChangeSetType.DELETE].get(meta) ?? [], ctx);
+    }
+    // take snapshots of all persisted collections
+    const visited = new Set();
+    for (const changeSet of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      this.takeCollectionSnapshots(changeSet.entity, visited);
+    }
+  }
+  async commitCreateChangeSets(changeSets, ctx) {
+    if (changeSets.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const props = changeSets[0].meta.root.relations.filter(prop => {
+      return (
+        (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner) ||
+        prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE ||
+        (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.owner && !this.#platform.usesPivotTable())
+      );
+    });
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      this.findExtraUpdates(changeSet, props);
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeCreate, changeSet, true);
+    }
+    await this.#changeSetPersister.executeInserts(changeSets, { ctx });
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      this.register(changeSet.entity, changeSet.payload, { refresh: true });
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.afterCreate, changeSet);
+    }
+  }
+  findExtraUpdates(changeSet, props) {
+    for (const prop of props) {
+      const ref = changeSet.entity[prop.name];
+      if (!ref || prop.deferMode === DeferMode.INITIALLY_DEFERRED) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (Utils.isCollection(ref)) {
+        ref.getItems(false).some(item => {
+          const cs = this.#changeSets.get(Reference.unwrapReference(item));
+          const isScheduledForInsert = cs?.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE && !cs.persisted;
+          if (isScheduledForInsert) {
+            this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, [prop]);
+            return true;
+          }
+          return false;
         });
-    }
+        continue;
+      }
+      const refEntity = Reference.unwrapReference(ref);
+      // For mapToPk properties, the value is a primitive (string/array), not an entity
+      if (!Utils.isEntity(refEntity)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // For TPT entities, check if the ROOT table's changeset has been persisted
+      // (since the FK is to the root table, not the concrete entity's table)
+      let cs = this.#changeSets.get(refEntity);
+      if (cs?.tptChangeSets?.length) {
+        // Root table changeset is the last one (ordered immediate parent → root)
+        cs = cs.tptChangeSets[cs.tptChangeSets.length - 1];
+      }
+      const isScheduledForInsert = cs?.type === ChangeSetType.CREATE && !cs.persisted;
+      if (isScheduledForInsert) {
+        this.scheduleExtraUpdate(changeSet, [prop]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  findEarlyUpdates(changeSet, inserts = []) {
+    const props = changeSet.meta.uniqueProps;
+    for (const prop of props) {
+      const insert = inserts.find(c => Utils.equals(c.payload[prop.name], changeSet.originalEntity[prop.name]));
+      const propEmpty = changeSet.payload[prop.name] === null || changeSet.payload[prop.name] === undefined;
+      if (
+        prop.name in changeSet.payload &&
+        insert &&
+        // We only want to update early if the unique property on the changeset is going to be empty, so that
+        // the previous unique value can be set on a different entity without constraint issues
+        propEmpty
+      ) {
+        changeSet.type = ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async commitUpdateChangeSets(changeSets, ctx, batched = true) {
+    if (changeSets.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeUpdate, changeSet, true);
+    }
+    await this.#changeSetPersister.executeUpdates(changeSets, batched, { ctx });
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      const wrapped = helper(changeSet.entity);
+      wrapped.__originalEntityData = this.#comparator.prepareEntity(changeSet.entity);
+      if (!wrapped.__initialized) {
+        for (const prop of changeSet.meta.relations) {
+          if (
+            [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) &&
+            changeSet.entity[prop.name] == null
+          ) {
+            changeSet.entity[prop.name] = Collection.create(
+              changeSet.entity,
+              prop.name,
+              undefined,
+              wrapped.isInitialized(),
+            );
+          }
+        }
+        wrapped.__initialized = true;
+      }
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.afterUpdate, changeSet);
+    }
+  }
+  async commitDeleteChangeSets(changeSets, ctx) {
+    if (changeSets.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.beforeDelete, changeSet, true);
+    }
+    await this.#changeSetPersister.executeDeletes(changeSets, { ctx });
+    for (const changeSet of changeSets) {
+      this.unsetIdentity(changeSet.entity);
+      await this.runHooks(EventType.afterDelete, changeSet);
+    }
+  }
+  async commitExtraUpdates(type, ctx) {
+    const extraUpdates = [];
+    for (const extraUpdate of this.#extraUpdates) {
+      if (extraUpdate[4] !== type) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (Array.isArray(extraUpdate[1])) {
+        extraUpdate[1].forEach((p, i) => (extraUpdate[0][p] = extraUpdate[2][i]));
+      } else {
+        extraUpdate[0][extraUpdate[1]] = extraUpdate[2];
+      }
+      const changeSet = this.#changeSetComputer.computeChangeSet(extraUpdate[0]);
+      if (changeSet) {
+        extraUpdates.push([changeSet, extraUpdate[3]]);
+      }
+    }
+    await this.commitUpdateChangeSets(
+      extraUpdates.map(u => u[0]),
+      ctx,
+      false,
+    );
+    // propagate the new values to the original changeset
+    for (const extraUpdate of extraUpdates) {
+      if (extraUpdate[1]) {
+        Object.assign(extraUpdate[1].payload, extraUpdate[0].payload);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async commitCollectionUpdates(ctx) {
+    this.filterCollectionUpdates();
+    const loggerContext = Utils.merge(
+      { id: this.#em._id },
+      this.#em.getLoggerContext({ disableContextResolution: true }),
+    );
+    await this.#em.getDriver().syncCollections(this.#collectionUpdates, {
+      ctx,
+      schema: this.#em.schema,
+      loggerContext,
+    });
+    for (const coll of this.#collectionUpdates) {
+      coll.takeSnapshot();
+    }
+  }
+  filterCollectionUpdates() {
+    for (const coll of this.#collectionUpdates) {
+      let skip = true;
+      if (coll.property.owner || coll.getItems(false).filter(item => !item.__helper.__initialized).length > 0) {
+        if (this.#platform.usesPivotTable()) {
+          skip = false;
+        }
+      } else if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
+        skip = false;
+      } else if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && !coll.property.owner) {
+        skip = false;
+      }
+      if (skip) {
+        this.#collectionUpdates.delete(coll);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Orders change sets so FK constrains are maintained, ensures stable order (needed for node < 11)
+   */
+  getChangeSetGroups() {
+    const groups = {
+      [ChangeSetType.CREATE]: new Map(),
+      [ChangeSetType.UPDATE]: new Map(),
+      [ChangeSetType.DELETE]: new Map(),
+      [ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY]: new Map(),
+      [ChangeSetType.DELETE_EARLY]: new Map(),
+    };
+    const addToGroup = cs => {
+      // Skip stub TPT changesets with empty payload (e.g. leaf with no own-property changes on UPDATE)
+      if (
+        (cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE || cs.type === ChangeSetType.UPDATE_EARLY) &&
+        !Utils.hasObjectKeys(cs.payload)
+      ) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const group = groups[cs.type];
+      const groupKey = cs.meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? cs.meta : cs.rootMeta;
+      const classGroup = group.get(groupKey) ?? [];
+      classGroup.push(cs);
+      if (!group.has(groupKey)) {
+        group.set(groupKey, classGroup);
+      }
+    };
+    for (const cs of this.#changeSets.values()) {
+      addToGroup(cs);
+      for (const parentCs of cs.tptChangeSets ?? []) {
+        addToGroup(parentCs);
+      }
+    }
+    return groups;
+  }
+  getCommitOrder() {
+    const calc = new CommitOrderCalculator();
+    const set = new Set();
+    this.#changeSets.forEach(cs => {
+      if (cs.meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt') {
+        set.add(cs.meta);
+        for (const parentCs of cs.tptChangeSets ?? []) {
+          set.add(parentCs.meta);
+        }
+      } else {
+        set.add(cs.rootMeta);
+      }
+    });
+    set.forEach(meta => calc.addNode(meta._id));
+    for (const meta of set) {
+      for (const prop of meta.relations) {
+        if (prop.polymorphTargets) {
+          for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
+            calc.discoverProperty({ ...prop, targetMeta }, meta._id);
+          }
+        } else {
+          calc.discoverProperty(prop, meta._id);
+        }
+      }
+      // For TPT, parent table must be inserted BEFORE child tables
+      if (meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent && set.has(meta.tptParent)) {
+        calc.addDependency(meta.tptParent._id, meta._id, 1);
+      }
+    }
+    return calc.sort().map(id => this.#metadata.getById(id));
+  }
+  resetTransaction(oldTx) {
+    if (oldTx) {
+      this.#em.setTransactionContext(oldTx);
+    } else {
+      this.#em.resetTransactionContext();
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Takes snapshots of all processed collections
+   */
+  takeCollectionSnapshots(entity, visited) {
+    if (visited.has(entity)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    visited.add(entity);
+    helper(entity)?.__meta.relations.forEach(prop => {
+      const value = entity[prop.name];
+      if (Utils.isCollection(value)) {
+        value.takeSnapshot();
+      }
+      // cascade to m:1 relations as we need to snapshot the 1:m inverse side (for `removeAll()` with orphan removal)
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && value) {
+        this.takeCollectionSnapshots(Reference.unwrapReference(value), visited);
+      }
+    });
+  }
 }