@miaws/miaw 1.18.3 → 1.18.5

package/test/provider/transform.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4207 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { ProviderTransform } from "@/provider/transform"
+import { LLMRequestPrep } from "@/session/llm/request"
+import { ProviderV2 } from "@miaw/core/provider"
+import { ModelV2 } from "@miaw/core/model"
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - setCacheKey", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const mockModel = {
+    id: "anthropic/claude-3-5-sonnet",
+    providerID: "anthropic",
+    api: {
+      id: "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+      url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+    },
+    name: "Claude 3.5 Sonnet",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: false,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: {
+      input: 0.003,
+      output: 0.015,
+      cache: { read: 0.0003, write: 0.00375 },
+    },
+    limit: {
+      context: 200000,
+      output: 8192,
+    },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+  } as any
+
+  test("should set promptCacheKey when providerOptions.setCacheKey is true", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: mockModel,
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: { setCacheKey: true },
+    })
+    expect(result.promptCacheKey).toBe(sessionID)
+  })
+
+  test("should not set promptCacheKey when providerOptions.setCacheKey is false", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: mockModel,
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: { setCacheKey: false },
+    })
+    expect(result.promptCacheKey).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("should not set promptCacheKey when providerOptions is undefined", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: mockModel,
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: undefined,
+    })
+    expect(result.promptCacheKey).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("should not set promptCacheKey when providerOptions does not have setCacheKey", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model: mockModel, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.promptCacheKey).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("should set promptCacheKey for openai provider regardless of setCacheKey", () => {
+    const openaiModel = {
+      ...mockModel,
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-4",
+        url: "https://api.openai.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+    }
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model: openaiModel, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.promptCacheKey).toBe(sessionID)
+  })
+
+  test("should set store=false for openai provider", () => {
+    const openaiModel = {
+      ...mockModel,
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-4",
+        url: "https://api.openai.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+    }
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: openaiModel,
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+    expect(result.store).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test("should set store=false for azure provider by default", () => {
+    const azureModel = {
+      ...mockModel,
+      providerID: "azure",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-4",
+        url: "https://azure.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+      },
+    }
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: azureModel,
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+    expect(result.store).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - zai/zhipuai thinking", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const createModel = (providerID: string) =>
+    ({
+      id: `${providerID}/glm-4.6`,
+      providerID,
+      api: {
+        id: "glm-4.6",
+        url: "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+      name: "GLM 4.6",
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: {
+        input: 0.001,
+        output: 0.002,
+        cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+      },
+      limit: {
+        context: 128000,
+        output: 8192,
+      },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    }) as any
+
+  for (const providerID of ["zai-coding-plan", "zai", "zhipuai-coding-plan", "zhipuai"]) {
+    test(`${providerID} should set thinking cfg`, () => {
+      const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+        model: createModel(providerID),
+        sessionID,
+        providerOptions: {},
+      })
+
+      expect(result.thinking).toEqual({
+        type: "enabled",
+        clear_thinking: false,
+      })
+    })
+  }
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - minimax m3 thinking", () => {
+  const createModel = (npm: string) =>
+    ({
+      id: "minimax/minimax-m3",
+      providerID: "minimax",
+      api: {
+        id: "minimax-m3",
+        url: "https://api.minimax.com",
+        npm,
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+      limit: { output: 64_000 },
+    }) as any
+
+  test("explicitly enables adaptive thinking with the anthropic SDK", () => {
+    expect(
+      ProviderTransform.options({
+        model: createModel("@ai-sdk/anthropic"),
+        sessionID: "test-session-123",
+      }).thinking,
+    ).toEqual({ type: "adaptive" })
+  })
+
+  test("uses the native default with the openai-compatible SDK", () => {
+    expect(
+      ProviderTransform.options({
+        model: createModel("@ai-sdk/openai-compatible"),
+        sessionID: "test-session-123",
+      }).thinking,
+    ).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - google thinkingConfig gating", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const createGoogleModel = (reasoning: boolean, npm: "@ai-sdk/google" | "@ai-sdk/google-vertex") =>
+    ({
+      id: `${npm === "@ai-sdk/google" ? "google" : "google-vertex"}/gemini-2.0-flash`,
+      providerID: npm === "@ai-sdk/google" ? "google" : "google-vertex",
+      api: {
+        id: "gemini-2.0-flash",
+        url: npm === "@ai-sdk/google" ? "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com" : "https://vertexai.googleapis.com",
+        npm,
+      },
+      name: "Gemini 2.0 Flash",
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: {
+        input: 0.001,
+        output: 0.002,
+        cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+      },
+      limit: {
+        context: 1_000_000,
+        output: 8192,
+      },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    }) as any
+
+  test("does not set thinkingConfig for google models without reasoning capability", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: createGoogleModel(false, "@ai-sdk/google"),
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+    expect(result.thinkingConfig).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("sets thinkingConfig for google models with reasoning capability", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: createGoogleModel(true, "@ai-sdk/google"),
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+    expect(result.thinkingConfig).toEqual({
+      includeThoughts: true,
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("does not set thinkingConfig for vertex models without reasoning capability", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: createGoogleModel(false, "@ai-sdk/google-vertex"),
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+    expect(result.thinkingConfig).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - gpt-5 textVerbosity", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const createGpt5Model = (apiId: string) =>
+    ({
+      id: `openai/${apiId}`,
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: apiId,
+        url: "https://api.openai.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+      name: apiId,
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: { input: 0.03, output: 0.06, cache: { read: 0.001, write: 0.002 } },
+      limit: { context: 128000, output: 4096 },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    }) as any
+
+  test("gpt-5.2 should have textVerbosity set to low", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.2")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBe("low")
+    expect(result.include).toEqual(["reasoning.encrypted_content"])
+  })
+
+  test("Bedrock Mantle gpt-5.5 uses OpenAI Responses defaults", () => {
+    const model = {
+      ...createGpt5Model("openai.gpt-5.5"),
+      id: "amazon-bedrock/openai.gpt-5.5",
+      providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "openai.gpt-5.5",
+        url: "https://bedrock-mantle.us-east-2.api.aws/openai/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock/mantle",
+      },
+    }
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.store).toBe(false)
+    expect(result.reasoningEffort).toBe("medium")
+    expect(result.reasoningSummary).toBe("auto")
+    expect(result.include).toEqual(["reasoning.encrypted_content"])
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBe("low")
+  })
+
+  test("openai-compatible gpt-5 models omit Responses-only reasoningSummary", () => {
+    const model = {
+      ...createGpt5Model("gpt-5.4"),
+      id: "cortecs/gpt-5.4",
+      providerID: "cortecs",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-5.4",
+        url: "https://api.cortecs.ai/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    }
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.reasoningEffort).toBe("medium")
+    expect(result.reasoningSummary).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.include).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("azure chat completions omit Responses-only reasoning options after variants merge", async () => {
+    const model = {
+      ...createGpt5Model("gpt-5.4"),
+      id: "azure/gpt-5.4",
+      providerID: "azure",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-5.4",
+        url: "https://azure.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+      },
+      variants: {
+        high: {
+          reasoningEffort: "high",
+          reasoningSummary: "auto",
+          include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+        },
+      },
+    }
+    const result = await Effect.runPromise(
+      LLMRequestPrep.prepare({
+        user: {
+          id: "msg_user-test",
+          sessionID,
+          role: "user",
+          time: { created: Date.now() },
+          agent: "test",
+          model: { providerID: "azure", modelID: "gpt-5.4", variant: "high" },
+        } as any,
+        sessionID,
+        model,
+        agent: {
+          name: "test",
+          mode: "primary",
+          options: {},
+          permission: [],
+        } as any,
+        system: [],
+        messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Hello" }],
+        tools: {},
+        provider: { id: "azure", options: { useCompletionUrls: true } } as any,
+        auth: undefined,
+        plugin: {
+          trigger: (_name: string, _input: unknown, output: unknown) => Effect.succeed(output),
+          list: () => Effect.succeed([]),
+          init: () => Effect.void,
+        } as any,
+        flags: { outputTokenMax: 32_000, client: "test" } as any,
+        isWorkflow: false,
+      }),
+    )
+    expect(result.params.options.reasoningEffort).toBe("high")
+    expect(result.params.options.reasoningSummary).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.params.options.include).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.1 should have textVerbosity set to low", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.1")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBe("low")
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.2-chat-latest should NOT have textVerbosity set (only supports medium)", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.2-chat-latest")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.1-chat-latest should NOT have textVerbosity set (only supports medium)", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.1-chat-latest")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.2-chat should NOT have textVerbosity set", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.2-chat")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5-chat should NOT have textVerbosity set", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5-chat")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.2-codex should NOT have textVerbosity set (codex models excluded)", () => {
+    const model = createGpt5Model("gpt-5.2-codex")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result.textVerbosity).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - gpt-5 reasoningEffort", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const createModel = (apiId: string) =>
+    ({
+      id: `azure/${apiId}`,
+      providerID: "azure",
+      api: {
+        id: apiId,
+        url: "https://azure.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+      },
+      name: apiId,
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: {
+          text: true,
+          audio: false,
+          image: true,
+          video: false,
+          pdf: false,
+        },
+        output: {
+          text: true,
+          audio: false,
+          image: false,
+          video: false,
+          pdf: false,
+        },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: {
+        input: 0.03,
+        output: 0.06,
+        cache: { read: 0.001, write: 0.002 },
+      },
+      limit: {
+        context: 128000,
+        output: 4096,
+      },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    }) as any
+
+  test("gpt-5-chat should NOT set reasoningEffort", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: createModel("gpt-5-chat"),
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+
+    expect(result.reasoningEffort).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("gpt-5.5 should NOT set reasoningEffort", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({
+      model: createModel("gpt-5.5"),
+      sessionID,
+      providerOptions: {},
+    })
+
+    expect(result.reasoningEffort).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.options - gateway", () => {
+  const sessionID = "test-session-123"
+
+  const createModel = (id: string) =>
+    ({
+      id,
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id,
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+      name: id,
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: {
+        input: 0.001,
+        output: 0.002,
+        cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+      },
+      limit: {
+        context: 200_000,
+        output: 8192,
+      },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+      release_date: "2024-01-01",
+    }) as any
+
+  test("puts gateway defaults under gateway key", () => {
+    const model = createModel("anthropic/claude-sonnet-4")
+    const result = ProviderTransform.options({ model, sessionID, providerOptions: {} })
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      gateway: {
+        caching: "auto",
+      },
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.providerOptions", () => {
+  const createModel = (overrides: Partial<any> = {}) =>
+    ({
+      id: "test/test-model",
+      providerID: "test",
+      api: {
+        id: "test-model",
+        url: "https://api.test.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+      name: "Test Model",
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: {
+        input: 0.001,
+        output: 0.002,
+        cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+      },
+      limit: {
+        context: 200_000,
+        output: 64_000,
+      },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+      release_date: "2024-01-01",
+      ...overrides,
+    }) as any
+
+  test("uses sdk key for non-gateway models", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "my-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://bedrock.aws",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { cachePoint: { type: "default" } })).toEqual({
+      bedrock: { cachePoint: { type: "default" } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("uses gateway model provider slug for gateway models", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 } })).toEqual({
+      anthropic: { thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("falls back to gateway key when gateway api id is unscoped", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 } })).toEqual({
+      gateway: { thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("splits gateway routing options from provider-specific options", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, {
+        gateway: { order: ["vertex", "anthropic"] },
+        thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({
+      gateway: { order: ["vertex", "anthropic"] },
+      anthropic: { thinking: { type: "enabled", budgetTokens: 12_000 } },
+    } as any)
+  })
+
+  test("falls back to gateway key when model id has no provider slug", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      id: "claude-sonnet-4",
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { reasoningEffort: "high" })).toEqual({
+      gateway: { reasoningEffort: "high" },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("maps amazon slug to bedrock for provider options", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "amazon/nova-2-lite",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { reasoningConfig: { type: "enabled" } })).toEqual({
+      bedrock: { reasoningConfig: { type: "enabled" } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("maps Bedrock Mantle provider options to OpenAI namespace", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "openai.gpt-5.5",
+        url: "https://bedrock-mantle.us-east-2.api.aws/openai/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock/mantle",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { reasoningEffort: "medium" })).toEqual({
+      openai: { reasoningEffort: "medium" },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("uses groq slug for groq models", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "groq/llama-3.3-70b-versatile",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(ProviderTransform.providerOptions(model, { reasoningFormat: "parsed" })).toEqual({
+      groq: { reasoningFormat: "parsed" },
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - gemini array items", () => {
+  test("adds missing items for array properties", () => {
+    const geminiModel = {
+      providerID: "google",
+      api: {
+        id: "gemini-3-pro",
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        nodes: { type: "array" },
+        edges: { type: "array", items: { type: "string" } },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.nodes.items).toBeDefined()
+    expect(result.properties.edges.items.type).toBe("string")
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - gemini nested array items", () => {
+  const geminiModel = {
+    providerID: "google",
+    api: {
+      id: "gemini-3-pro",
+    },
+  } as any
+
+  test("adds type to 2D array with empty inner items", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        values: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: {
+            type: "array",
+            items: {}, // Empty items object
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    // Inner items should have a default type
+    expect(result.properties.values.items.items.type).toBe("string")
+  })
+
+  test("adds items and type to 2D array with missing inner items", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        data: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: { type: "array" }, // No items at all
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.data.items.items).toBeDefined()
+    expect(result.properties.data.items.items.type).toBe("string")
+  })
+
+  test("handles deeply nested arrays (3D)", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        matrix: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: {
+            type: "array",
+            items: {
+              type: "array",
+              // No items
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.matrix.items.items.items).toBeDefined()
+    expect(result.properties.matrix.items.items.items.type).toBe("string")
+  })
+
+  test("preserves existing item types in nested arrays", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        numbers: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: {
+            type: "array",
+            items: { type: "number" }, // Has explicit type
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    // Should preserve the explicit type
+    expect(result.properties.numbers.items.items.type).toBe("number")
+  })
+
+  test("handles mixed nested structures with objects and arrays", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        spreadsheetData: {
+          type: "object",
+          properties: {
+            rows: {
+              type: "array",
+              items: {
+                type: "array",
+                items: {}, // Empty items
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.spreadsheetData.properties.rows.items.items.type).toBe("string")
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - gemini type arrays", () => {
+  // Mirrors @ai-sdk/google's convertJSONSchemaToOpenAPISchema: JSON Schema type
+  // arrays (e.g. `["number","string"]`, common in MCP tool schemas) become an
+  // `anyOf` of single-type schemas, with `null` lifted into `nullable`. Plain
+  // @ai-sdk/google rewrites these, but OpenAI-compatible transports such as
+  // GitHub Copilot (proxying to Gemini) forward them verbatim and the backend
+  // rejects the array form.
+  const geminiModel = {
+    providerID: "google",
+    api: {
+      id: "gemini-3-pro",
+    },
+  } as any
+
+  test("splits a multi-type array into anyOf and drops the type array", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        status: { type: ["number", "string"], description: "status filter" },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.status.type).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.properties.status.anyOf).toEqual([{ type: "number" }, { type: "string" }])
+    expect(result.properties.status.nullable).toBeUndefined()
+    // Sibling keywords stay alongside the generated anyOf.
+    expect(result.properties.status.description).toBe("status filter")
+  })
+
+  test("lifts null into nullable for a nullable type array", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        maybe: { type: ["string", "null"], description: "nullable string" },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.maybe.type).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.properties.maybe.anyOf).toEqual([{ type: "string" }])
+    expect(result.properties.maybe.nullable).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test("collapses an all-null type array to type null", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        nothing: { type: ["null"] },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.nothing.type).toBe("null")
+    expect(result.properties.nothing.anyOf).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("rewrites type arrays for gemini served through github-copilot", () => {
+    const copilotGeminiModel = {
+      providerID: "github-copilot",
+      api: {
+        id: "gemini-3.5-flash",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        hook_id: { type: "number", description: "ID of the webhook" },
+        status: { type: ["number", "string"], description: "Filter by response status code" },
+      },
+      required: ["hook_id"],
+      additionalProperties: false,
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(copilotGeminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.status.anyOf).toEqual([{ type: "number" }, { type: "string" }])
+    expect(result.properties.status.type).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.properties.hook_id.type).toBe("number")
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - gemini combiner nodes", () => {
+  const geminiModel = {
+    providerID: "google",
+    api: {
+      id: "gemini-3-pro",
+    },
+  } as any
+
+  const walk = (node: any, cb: (node: any, path: (string | number)[]) => void, path: (string | number)[] = []) => {
+    if (node === null || typeof node !== "object") {
+      return
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+      node.forEach((item, i) => walk(item, cb, [...path, i]))
+      return
+    }
+    cb(node, path)
+    Object.entries(node).forEach(([key, value]) => walk(value, cb, [...path, key]))
+  }
+
+  test("keeps edits.items.anyOf without adding type", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        edits: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: {
+            anyOf: [
+              {
+                type: "object",
+                properties: {
+                  old_string: { type: "string" },
+                  new_string: { type: "string" },
+                },
+                required: ["old_string", "new_string"],
+              },
+              {
+                type: "object",
+                properties: {
+                  old_string: { type: "string" },
+                  new_string: { type: "string" },
+                  replace_all: { type: "boolean" },
+                },
+                required: ["old_string", "new_string"],
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        },
+      },
+      required: ["edits"],
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(Array.isArray(result.properties.edits.items.anyOf)).toBe(true)
+    expect(result.properties.edits.items.type).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("does not add sibling keys to combiner nodes during sanitize", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        edits: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: {
+            anyOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "number" }],
+          },
+        },
+        value: {
+          oneOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "boolean" }],
+        },
+        meta: {
+          allOf: [
+            {
+              type: "object",
+              properties: { a: { type: "string" } },
+            },
+            {
+              type: "object",
+              properties: { b: { type: "string" } },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+    const input = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(schema))
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    walk(result, (node, path) => {
+      const hasCombiner = Array.isArray(node.anyOf) || Array.isArray(node.oneOf) || Array.isArray(node.allOf)
+      if (!hasCombiner) {
+        return
+      }
+      const before = path.reduce((acc: any, key) => acc?.[key], input)
+      const added = Object.keys(node).filter((key) => !(key in before))
+      expect(added).toEqual([])
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - gemini non-object properties removal", () => {
+  const geminiModel = {
+    providerID: "google",
+    api: {
+      id: "gemini-3-pro",
+    },
+  } as any
+
+  test("removes properties from non-object types", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        data: {
+          type: "string",
+          properties: { invalid: { type: "string" } },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.data.type).toBe("string")
+    expect(result.properties.data.properties).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("removes required from non-object types", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        data: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: { type: "string" },
+          required: ["invalid"],
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.data.type).toBe("array")
+    expect(result.properties.data.required).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("removes properties and required from nested non-object types", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        outer: {
+          type: "object",
+          properties: {
+            inner: {
+              type: "number",
+              properties: { bad: { type: "string" } },
+              required: ["bad"],
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.outer.properties.inner.type).toBe("number")
+    expect(result.properties.outer.properties.inner.properties).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.properties.outer.properties.inner.required).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("keeps properties and required on object types", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        data: {
+          type: "object",
+          properties: { name: { type: "string" } },
+          required: ["name"],
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(geminiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.data.type).toBe("object")
+    expect(result.properties.data.properties).toBeDefined()
+    expect(result.properties.data.required).toEqual(["name"])
+  })
+
+  test("does not affect non-gemini providers", () => {
+    const openaiModel = {
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-4",
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        data: {
+          type: "string",
+          properties: { invalid: { type: "string" } },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(openaiModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.data.properties).toBeDefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.schema - moonshot $ref siblings", () => {
+  const moonshotModel = {
+    providerID: "moonshotai",
+    api: {
+      id: "kimi-k2",
+    },
+  } as any
+
+  test("removes sibling descriptions from referenced tool parameter schemas", () => {
+    const schema = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        deviceType: {
+          description: "Optional. The type of device that captured the screenshot, e.g. mobile or desktop.",
+          enum: ["DEVICE_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED", "MOBILE", "DESKTOP", "TABLET", "AGNOSTIC"],
+          type: "string",
+        },
+        modelId: {
+          description: "Optional. The model to use for generation.",
+          enum: ["MODEL_ID_UNSPECIFIED", "GEMINI_3_PRO", "GEMINI_3_FLASH", "GEMINI_3_1_PRO"],
+          type: "string",
+        },
+        projectId: {
+          description: "Required. The project ID of screens to generate variants for.",
+          type: "string",
+        },
+        prompt: {
+          description: "Required. The input text used to generate the variants.",
+          type: "string",
+        },
+        selectedScreenIds: {
+          description: "Required. The screen ids of screen to generate variants for.",
+          items: {
+            type: "string",
+          },
+          type: "array",
+        },
+        variantOptions: {
+          $ref: "#/$defs/VariantOptions",
+          description:
+            "Required. The variant options for generation, including the number of variants, creative range, and aspects to focus on.",
+        },
+      },
+      required: ["projectId", "selectedScreenIds", "prompt", "variantOptions"],
+      $defs: {
+        VariantOptions: {
+          description:
+            "Configuration options for design variant generation. This message captures all parameters used to generate variants, allowing the configuration to be stored, replayed, or analyzed.",
+          properties: {
+            aspects: {
+              description: "Optional. Specific aspects to focus on. If empty, all aspects may be varied.",
+              items: {
+                enum: ["VARIANT_ASPECT_UNSPECIFIED", "LAYOUT", "COLOR_SCHEME", "IMAGES", "TEXT_FONT", "TEXT_CONTENT"],
+                type: "string",
+              },
+              type: "array",
+            },
+            creativeRange: {
+              description: "Optional. Creative range for variations. Default: EXPLORE",
+              enum: ["CREATIVE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED", "REFINE", "EXPLORE", "REIMAGINE"],
+              type: "string",
+            },
+            variantCount: {
+              description: "Optional. Number of variants to generate (1-5). Default: 3",
+              format: "int32",
+              type: "integer",
+            },
+          },
+          type: "object",
+        },
+      },
+      description: "Request message for GenerateVariants.",
+      additionalProperties: false,
+    } as any
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(moonshotModel, schema) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.variantOptions).toEqual({
+      $ref: "#/$defs/VariantOptions",
+    })
+    expect(result.$defs.VariantOptions.description).toBe(schema.$defs.VariantOptions.description)
+  })
+
+  test("also runs for kimi models outside the moonshot provider", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(
+      {
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        name: "Kimi K2",
+        api: {
+          id: "moonshotai/kimi-k2",
+        },
+      } as any,
+      {
+        type: "object",
+        properties: {
+          value: {
+            $ref: "#/$defs/Value",
+            description: "Moonshot rejects this sibling after ref expansion.",
+          },
+        },
+        $defs: {
+          Value: {
+            description: "Referenced schema description stays here.",
+            type: "object",
+          },
+        },
+      } as any,
+    ) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.value).toEqual({
+      $ref: "#/$defs/Value",
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("converts tuple-style array items to a single item schema", () => {
+    const result = ProviderTransform.schema(moonshotModel, {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        codeSpec: {
+          type: "object",
+          properties: {
+            accessibility: {
+              type: "object",
+              properties: {
+                renderedSize: {
+                  description: "Rendered size [width, height] in px",
+                  type: "array",
+                  items: [{ type: "number" }, { type: "number" }],
+                  minItems: 2,
+                  maxItems: 2,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as any) as any
+
+    expect(result.properties.codeSpec.properties.accessibility.properties.renderedSize.items).toEqual({
+      type: "number",
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - DeepSeek reasoning content", () => {
+  test("DeepSeek with tool calls includes reasoning_content in providerOptions", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "Let me think about this..." },
+          {
+            type: "tool-call",
+            toolCallId: "test",
+            toolName: "bash",
+            input: { command: "echo hello" },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(
+      msgs,
+      {
+        id: ModelV2.ID.make("deepseek/deepseek-chat"),
+        providerID: ProviderV2.ID.make("deepseek"),
+        api: {
+          id: "deepseek-chat",
+          url: "https://api.deepseek.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+        },
+        name: "DeepSeek Chat",
+        capabilities: {
+          temperature: true,
+          reasoning: true,
+          attachment: false,
+          toolcall: true,
+          input: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+          output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+          interleaved: {
+            field: "reasoning_content",
+          },
+        },
+        cost: {
+          input: 0.001,
+          output: 0.002,
+          cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+        },
+        limit: {
+          context: 128000,
+          output: 8192,
+        },
+        status: "active",
+        options: {},
+        headers: {},
+        release_date: "2023-04-01",
+      },
+      {},
+    )
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toEqual([
+      {
+        type: "tool-call",
+        toolCallId: "test",
+        toolName: "bash",
+        input: { command: "echo hello" },
+      },
+    ])
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openaiCompatible?.reasoning_content).toBe("Let me think about this...")
+  })
+
+  test("Non-DeepSeek providers leave reasoning content unchanged", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "Should not be processed" },
+          { type: "text", text: "Answer" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(
+      msgs,
+      {
+        id: ModelV2.ID.make("openai/gpt-4"),
+        providerID: ProviderV2.ID.make("openai"),
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-4",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+        name: "GPT-4",
+        capabilities: {
+          temperature: true,
+          reasoning: false,
+          attachment: true,
+          toolcall: true,
+          input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+          output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+          interleaved: false,
+        },
+        cost: {
+          input: 0.03,
+          output: 0.06,
+          cache: { read: 0.001, write: 0.002 },
+        },
+        limit: {
+          context: 128000,
+          output: 4096,
+        },
+        status: "active",
+        options: {},
+        headers: {},
+        release_date: "2023-04-01",
+      },
+      {},
+    )
+
+    expect(result[0].content).toEqual([
+      { type: "reasoning", text: "Should not be processed" },
+      { type: "text", text: "Answer" },
+    ])
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openaiCompatible?.reasoning_content).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - surrogate sanitization", () => {
+  const model = {
+    id: "test/test-model",
+    providerID: "test",
+    api: {
+      id: "test-model",
+      url: "https://api.test.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+    },
+    name: "Test Model",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: true,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: { input: 0.001, output: 0.002, cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 } },
+    limit: { context: 128000, output: 8192 },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+  } as any
+
+  test("replaces lone surrogates in model-visible text", () => {
+    const lone = "\uD83D"
+    const valid = "🚀"
+    const sanitized = "�"
+    const text = (label: string) => `${label} ${lone} and ${valid}`
+    const expected = (label: string) => `${label} ${sanitized} and ${valid}`
+    const msgs = [
+      { role: "system", content: text("system") },
+      { role: "user", content: text("user string") },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: text("user text") },
+          { type: "image", image: "data:image/png;base64,abcd" },
+        ],
+      },
+      { role: "assistant", content: text("assistant string") },
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: text("assistant text") },
+          { type: "reasoning", text: text("assistant reasoning") },
+          { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "call-1", toolName: "Read", input: { filePath: ".miaw/tool/emoji.ts" } },
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-2",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "text", value: text("assistant tool text") },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-3",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "error-text", value: text("assistant tool error") },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-4",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "content", value: [{ type: "text", text: text("assistant tool content") }] },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        role: "tool",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-5",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "text", value: text("tool text") },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-6",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "error-text", value: text("tool error") },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "tool-result",
+            toolCallId: "call-7",
+            toolName: "Read",
+            output: { type: "content", value: [{ type: "text", text: text("tool content") }] },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe(expected("system"))
+    expect(result[1].content).toBe(expected("user string"))
+    expect(result[2].content[0].text).toBe(expected("user text"))
+    expect(result[3].content).toBe(expected("assistant string"))
+    expect(result[4].content[0].text).toBe(expected("assistant text"))
+    expect(result[4].content[1].text).toBe(expected("assistant reasoning"))
+    expect(result[4].content[3].output.value).toBe(expected("assistant tool text"))
+    expect(result[4].content[4].output.value).toBe(expected("assistant tool error"))
+    expect(result[4].content[5].output.value[0].text).toBe(expected("assistant tool content"))
+    expect(result[5].content[0].output.value).toBe(expected("tool text"))
+    expect(result[5].content[1].output.value).toBe(expected("tool error"))
+    expect(result[5].content[2].output.value[0].text).toBe(expected("tool content"))
+    expect(result[2].content[1]).toEqual({ type: "image", image: "data:image/png;base64,abcd" })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - empty image handling", () => {
+  const mockModel = {
+    id: "anthropic/claude-3-5-sonnet",
+    providerID: "anthropic",
+    api: {
+      id: "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+      url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+    },
+    name: "Claude 3.5 Sonnet",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: false,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: {
+      input: 0.003,
+      output: 0.015,
+      cache: { read: 0.0003, write: 0.00375 },
+    },
+    limit: {
+      context: 200000,
+      output: 8192,
+    },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+  } as any
+
+  test("should replace empty base64 image with error text", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "What is in this image?" },
+          { type: "image", image: "data:image/png;base64," },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, mockModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "What is in this image?" })
+    expect(result[0].content[1]).toEqual({
+      type: "text",
+      text: "ERROR: Image file is empty or corrupted. Please provide a valid image.",
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("should keep valid base64 images unchanged", () => {
+    const validBase64 =
+      "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNk+M9QDwADhgGAWjR9awAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "What is in this image?" },
+          { type: "image", image: `data:image/png;base64,${validBase64}` },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, mockModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "What is in this image?" })
+    expect(result[0].content[1]).toEqual({ type: "image", image: `data:image/png;base64,${validBase64}` })
+  })
+
+  test("should handle mixed valid and empty images", () => {
+    const validBase64 =
+      "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNk+M9QDwADhgGAWjR9awAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "Compare these images" },
+          { type: "image", image: `data:image/png;base64,${validBase64}` },
+          { type: "image", image: "data:image/jpeg;base64," },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, mockModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(3)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "Compare these images" })
+    expect(result[0].content[1]).toEqual({ type: "image", image: `data:image/png;base64,${validBase64}` })
+    expect(result[0].content[2]).toEqual({
+      type: "text",
+      text: "ERROR: Image file is empty or corrupted. Please provide a valid image.",
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - anthropic empty content filtering", () => {
+  const anthropicModel = {
+    id: "anthropic/claude-3-5-sonnet",
+    providerID: "anthropic",
+    api: {
+      id: "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
+      url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+    },
+    name: "Claude 3.5 Sonnet",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: false,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: {
+      input: 0.003,
+      output: 0.015,
+      cache: { read: 0.0003, write: 0.00375 },
+    },
+    limit: {
+      context: 200000,
+      output: 8192,
+    },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+  } as any
+
+  test("filters out messages with empty string content", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      { role: "user", content: "Hello" },
+      { role: "assistant", content: "" },
+      { role: "user", content: "World" },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("Hello")
+    expect(result[1].content).toBe("World")
+  })
+
+  test("filters out empty text parts from array content", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+          { type: "text", text: "Hello" },
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "Hello" })
+  })
+
+  test("filters out empty reasoning parts from array content", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "" },
+          { type: "text", text: "Answer" },
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "Answer" })
+  })
+
+  test("removes entire message when all parts are empty", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      { role: "user", content: "Hello" },
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "" },
+        ],
+      },
+      { role: "user", content: "World" },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("Hello")
+    expect(result[1].content).toBe("World")
+  })
+
+  test("keeps non-text/reasoning parts even if text parts are empty", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+          { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "123", toolName: "bash", input: { command: "ls" } },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({
+      type: "tool-call",
+      toolCallId: "123",
+      toolName: "bash",
+      input: { command: "ls" },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("keeps messages with valid text alongside empty parts", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "reasoning", text: "Thinking..." },
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+          { type: "text", text: "Result" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "reasoning", text: "Thinking..." })
+    expect(result[0].content[1]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "Result" })
+  })
+
+  test("filters empty content for bedrock provider", () => {
+    const bedrockModel = {
+      ...anthropicModel,
+      id: "amazon-bedrock/anthropic.claude-opus-4-6",
+      providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic.claude-opus-4-6",
+        url: "https://bedrock-runtime.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+      },
+    }
+
+    const msgs = [
+      { role: "user", content: "Hello" },
+      { role: "assistant", content: "" },
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "" },
+          { type: "text", text: "Answer" },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, bedrockModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("Hello")
+    expect(result[1].content).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[1].content[0]).toEqual({ type: "text", text: "Answer" })
+  })
+
+  test("does not filter for non-anthropic providers", () => {
+    const openaiModel = {
+      ...anthropicModel,
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-4",
+        url: "https://api.openai.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+    }
+
+    const msgs = [
+      { role: "assistant", content: "" },
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [{ type: "text", text: "" }],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, openaiModel, {})
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("")
+    expect(result[1].content).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  test("leaves valid anthropic assistant tool ordering unchanged", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          { type: "text", text: "I checked your home directory and looked for PDF files." },
+          { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "toolu_1", toolName: "read", input: { filePath: "/root" } },
+          { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "toolu_2", toolName: "glob", input: { pattern: "**/*.pdf" } },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content).toMatchObject([
+      { type: "text", text: "I checked your home directory and looked for PDF files." },
+      { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "toolu_1", toolName: "read", input: { filePath: "/root" } },
+      { type: "tool-call", toolCallId: "toolu_2", toolName: "glob", input: { pattern: "**/*.pdf" } },
+    ])
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - strip openai metadata when store=false", () => {
+  const openaiModel = {
+    id: "openai/gpt-5",
+    providerID: "openai",
+    api: {
+      id: "gpt-5",
+      url: "https://api.openai.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+    },
+    name: "GPT-5",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: true,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: { input: 0.03, output: 0.06, cache: { read: 0.001, write: 0.002 } },
+    limit: { context: 128000, output: 4096 },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+  } as any
+
+  test("strips OpenAI itemId and preserves reasoningEncryptedContent when store=false", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "reasoning",
+            text: "thinking...",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "rs_123",
+                reasoningEncryptedContent: "encrypted",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_456",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, openaiModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.reasoningEncryptedContent).toBe("encrypted")
+    expect(result[0].content[1].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("uses the SDK package namespace rather than provider ID", () => {
+    const zenModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "zen",
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "reasoning",
+            text: "thinking...",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "rs_123",
+                reasoningEncryptedContent: "encrypted",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_456",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, zenModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.reasoningEncryptedContent).toBe("encrypted")
+    expect(result[0].content[1].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("preserves other OpenAI options", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_123",
+                otherOption: "value",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, openaiModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.otherOption).toBe("value")
+  })
+
+  test("strips Azure itemId from the Azure namespace", () => {
+    const azureModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "azure",
+      api: {
+        id: "gpt-5",
+        url: "https://example.openai.azure.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              azure: { itemId: "msg_123", otherOption: "value" },
+              openai: { itemId: "msg_openai" },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, azureModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.azure?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.azure?.otherOption).toBe("value")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_openai")
+  })
+
+  test("strips Bedrock Mantle itemId from the OpenAI namespace", () => {
+    const mantleModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "openai.gpt-5.5",
+        url: "https://bedrock-mantle.us-east-2.api.aws/openai/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock/mantle",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        providerOptions: { openai: { itemId: "msg_root", otherOption: "root-value" } },
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "reasoning",
+            text: "thinking...",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: { itemId: "rs_123", reasoningEncryptedContent: "encrypted" },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, mantleModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openai?.otherOption).toBe("root-value")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.reasoningEncryptedContent).toBe("encrypted")
+  })
+
+  test("preserves metadata for openai package when store is true", () => {
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_123",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    // openai package preserves itemId regardless of store value
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, openaiModel, { store: true }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_123")
+  })
+
+  test("preserves metadata for non-openai packages when store is false", () => {
+    const anthropicModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "anthropic",
+      api: {
+        id: "claude-3",
+        url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_123",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    // store=false preserves metadata for non-openai packages
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_123")
+  })
+
+  test("preserves metadata using providerID key when store is false", () => {
+    const miawModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "miaw",
+      api: {
+        id: "miaw-test",
+        url: "https://api.miaw",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              miaw: {
+                itemId: "msg_123",
+                otherOption: "value",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, miawModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.miaw?.itemId).toBe("msg_123")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.miaw?.otherOption).toBe("value")
+  })
+
+  test("preserves itemId across all providerOptions keys", () => {
+    const miawModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "miaw",
+      api: {
+        id: "miaw-test",
+        url: "https://api.miaw",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        providerOptions: {
+          openai: { itemId: "msg_root" },
+          miaw: { itemId: "msg_miaw" },
+          extra: { itemId: "msg_extra" },
+        },
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: { itemId: "msg_openai_part" },
+              miaw: { itemId: "msg_miaw_part" },
+              extra: { itemId: "msg_extra_part" },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, miawModel, { store: false }) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_root")
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.miaw?.itemId).toBe("msg_miaw")
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.extra?.itemId).toBe("msg_extra")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_openai_part")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.miaw?.itemId).toBe("msg_miaw_part")
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.extra?.itemId).toBe("msg_extra_part")
+  })
+
+  test("does not strip metadata for non-openai packages when store is not false", () => {
+    const anthropicModel = {
+      ...openaiModel,
+      providerID: "anthropic",
+      api: {
+        id: "claude-3",
+        url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+      },
+    }
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "assistant",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              openai: {
+                itemId: "msg_123",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, anthropicModel, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content[0].providerOptions?.openai?.itemId).toBe("msg_123")
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - providerOptions key remapping", () => {
+  const createModel = (providerID: string, npm: string) =>
+    ({
+      id: `${providerID}/test-model`,
+      providerID,
+      api: {
+        id: "test-model",
+        url: "https://api.test.com",
+        npm,
+      },
+      name: "Test Model",
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: false,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: { input: 0.001, output: 0.002, cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 } },
+      limit: { context: 128000, output: 8192 },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    }) as any
+
+  test("azure keeps 'azure' key and does not remap to 'openai'", () => {
+    const model = createModel("azure", "@ai-sdk/azure")
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+        providerOptions: {
+          azure: { someOption: "value" },
+        },
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {})
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.azure).toEqual({ someOption: "value" })
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.openai).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("azure cognitive services remaps providerID to 'azure' key", () => {
+    const model = createModel("azure-cognitive-services", "@ai-sdk/azure")
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [
+          {
+            type: "text",
+            text: "Hello",
+            providerOptions: {
+              "azure-cognitive-services": { part: true },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        providerOptions: {
+          "azure-cognitive-services": { someOption: "value" },
+        },
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+    const part = result[0].content[0] as any
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.azure).toEqual({ someOption: "value" })
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.["azure-cognitive-services"]).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(part.providerOptions?.azure).toEqual({ part: true })
+    expect(part.providerOptions?.["azure-cognitive-services"]).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("copilot remaps providerID to 'copilot' key", () => {
+    const model = createModel("github-copilot", "@ai-sdk/github-copilot")
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+        providerOptions: {
+          copilot: { someOption: "value" },
+        },
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {})
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.copilot).toEqual({ someOption: "value" })
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.["github-copilot"]).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("bedrock remaps providerID to 'bedrock' key", () => {
+    const model = createModel("my-bedrock", "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock")
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+        providerOptions: {
+          "my-bedrock": { someOption: "value" },
+        },
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {})
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.bedrock).toEqual({ someOption: "value" })
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.["my-bedrock"]).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - claude w/bedrock custom inference profile", () => {
+  test("adds cachePoint", () => {
+    const model = {
+      id: "amazon-bedrock/custom-claude-sonnet-4.5",
+      providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+      api: {
+        id: "arn:aws:bedrock:xxx:yyy:application-inference-profile/zzz",
+        url: "https://api.test.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+      },
+      name: "Custom inference profile",
+      capabilities: {},
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    } as any
+
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {})
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.bedrock).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        cachePoint: {
+          type: "default",
+        },
+      }),
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - bedrock caching with non-bedrock providerID", () => {
+  test("applies cache options at message level when npm package is amazon-bedrock", () => {
+    const model = {
+      id: "aws/us.anthropic.claude-opus-4-6-v1",
+      providerID: "aws",
+      api: {
+        id: "us.anthropic.claude-opus-4-6-v1",
+        url: "https://bedrock-runtime.us-east-1.amazonaws.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+      },
+      name: "Claude Opus 4.6",
+      capabilities: {},
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+    } as any
+
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "system",
+        content: "You are a helpful assistant",
+      },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: [{ type: "text", text: "Hello" }],
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+
+    // Cache should be at the message level and not the content-part level
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions?.bedrock).toEqual({
+      cachePoint: { type: "default" },
+    })
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("You are a helpful assistant")
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.message - cache control on gateway", () => {
+  const createModel = (overrides: Partial<any> = {}) =>
+    ({
+      id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+      providerID: "vercel",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v3/ai",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+      },
+      name: "Claude Sonnet 4",
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: true,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: { input: 0.001, output: 0.002, cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 } },
+      limit: { context: 200_000, output: 8192 },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+      ...overrides,
+    }) as any
+
+  test("gateway does not set cache control for anthropic models", () => {
+    const model = createModel()
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "system",
+        content: "You are a helpful assistant",
+      },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].content).toBe("You are a helpful assistant")
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test("non-gateway anthropic keeps existing cache control behavior", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "anthropic",
+      api: {
+        id: "claude-sonnet-4",
+        url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+      },
+    })
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "system",
+        content: "You are a helpful assistant",
+      },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions).toEqual({
+      anthropic: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      openrouter: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      bedrock: {
+        cachePoint: {
+          type: "default",
+        },
+      },
+      openaiCompatible: {
+        cache_control: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      copilot: {
+        copilot_cache_control: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      alibaba: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("google-vertex-anthropic applies cache control", () => {
+    const model = createModel({
+      providerID: "google-vertex-anthropic",
+      api: {
+        id: "google-vertex-anthropic",
+        url: "https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic",
+      },
+      id: "claude-sonnet-4@20250514",
+    })
+    const msgs = [
+      {
+        role: "system",
+        content: "You are a helpful assistant",
+      },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: "Hello",
+      },
+    ] as any[]
+
+    const result = ProviderTransform.message(msgs, model, {}) as any[]
+
+    expect(result[0].providerOptions).toEqual({
+      anthropic: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      openrouter: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      bedrock: {
+        cachePoint: {
+          type: "default",
+        },
+      },
+      openaiCompatible: {
+        cache_control: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      copilot: {
+        copilot_cache_control: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+      alibaba: {
+        cacheControl: {
+          type: "ephemeral",
+        },
+      },
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.temperature - Cohere North", () => {
+  test("defaults north-mini-code models to 1.0", () => {
+    expect(ProviderTransform.temperature({ id: "cohere/North-Mini-Code-1-0-latest" } as any)).toBe(1.0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.variants", () => {
+  const createMockModel = (overrides: Partial<any> = {}): any => ({
+    id: "test/test-model",
+    providerID: "test",
+    api: {
+      id: "test-model",
+      url: "https://api.test.com",
+      npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+    },
+    name: "Test Model",
+    capabilities: {
+      temperature: true,
+      reasoning: true,
+      attachment: true,
+      toolcall: true,
+      input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: false },
+      output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+      interleaved: false,
+    },
+    cost: {
+      input: 0.001,
+      output: 0.002,
+      cache: { read: 0.0001, write: 0.0002 },
+    },
+    limit: {
+      context: 200_000,
+      output: 64_000,
+    },
+    status: "active",
+    options: {},
+    headers: {},
+    release_date: "2024-01-01",
+    ...overrides,
+  })
+
+  test("returns empty object when model has no reasoning capabilities", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      capabilities: { reasoning: false },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  test("deepseek returns empty object", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+      providerID: "deepseek",
+      api: {
+        id: "deepseek-chat",
+        url: "https://api.deepseek.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  test("minimax returns empty object", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "minimax/minimax-model",
+      providerID: "minimax",
+      api: {
+        id: "minimax-model",
+        url: "https://api.minimax.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  test("minimax m3 using anthropic returns thinking toggles", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "minimax/minimax-m3",
+      providerID: "minimax",
+      api: {
+        id: "MiniMax-M3",
+        url: "https://api.minimax.com/anthropic/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+      },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      none: { thinking: { type: "disabled" } },
+      thinking: { thinking: { type: "adaptive" } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("minimax m3 using openai-compatible returns thinking toggles", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "minimax/minimax-m3",
+      providerID: "minimax",
+      api: {
+        id: "minimax-m3",
+        url: "https://api.minimax.com/v1",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    })
+    expect(ProviderTransform.variants(model)).toEqual({
+      none: { thinking: { type: "disabled" } },
+      thinking: { thinking: { type: "adaptive" } },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("glm returns empty object", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "glm/glm-4",
+      providerID: "glm",
+      api: {
+        id: "glm-4",
+        url: "https://api.glm.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+      },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  test("mistral models with reasoning support return variants", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "mistral/mistral-small-latest",
+      providerID: "mistral",
+      api: {
+        id: "mistral-small-latest",
+        url: "https://api.mistral.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/mistral",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      high: { reasoningEffort: "high" },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("mistral-medium-3.5 with reasoning returns variants", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "mistral/mistral-medium-3.5",
+      providerID: "mistral",
+      api: {
+        id: "mistral-medium-3.5",
+        url: "https://api.mistral.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/mistral",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      high: { reasoningEffort: "high" },
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("mistral without reasoning returns empty object", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "mistral/mistral-large",
+      providerID: "mistral",
+      api: {
+        id: "mistral-large-latest",
+        url: "https://api.mistral.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/mistral",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: false },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  test("mistral large with reasoning returns empty object (only small supports reasoning)", () => {
+    const model = createMockModel({
+      id: "mistral/mistral-large",
+      providerID: "mistral",
+      api: {
+        id: "mistral-large-latest",
+        url: "https://api.mistral.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/mistral",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+    })
+    const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    expect(result).toEqual({})
+  })
+
+  describe("@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider", () => {
+    test("returns widely supported efforts for other reasoning models", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openrouter/test-model",
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        api: {
+          id: "test-model",
+          url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+          npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.medium).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "medium" } })
+    })
+
+    test("gpt models return OPENAI_EFFORTS with reasoning", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openrouter/gpt-4",
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-4",
+          url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+          npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "low" } })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "high" } })
+    })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { id: "openai/o3-mini", efforts: ["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.4", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-pro", efforts: ["high"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.5-pro", efforts: ["medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.2-codex", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.3-codex", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.3-codex-max", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-chat-latest", efforts: [] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest", efforts: ["medium"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.id} returns supported OpenAI reasoning efforts`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+          createMockModel({
+            id: testCase.id,
+            providerID: "openrouter",
+            api: {
+              id: testCase.id,
+              url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+              npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+            },
+          }),
+        )
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+      })
+    }
+
+    test("gemini-3 returns widely supported efforts with reasoning", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openrouter/gemini-3-5-pro",
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        api: {
+          id: "gemini-3-5-pro",
+          url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+          npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+
+    test("grok-4 returns empty object", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openrouter/grok-4",
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        api: {
+          id: "grok-4",
+          url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+          npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    test("grok-3-mini returns low and high with reasoning", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openrouter/grok-3-mini",
+        providerID: "openrouter",
+        api: {
+          id: "grok-3-mini",
+          url: "https://openrouter.ai",
+          npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "low" } })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "high" } })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/gateway", () => {
+    test("anthropic sonnet 4.6 models return adaptive thinking options", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "max"])
+      expect(result.medium).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+        },
+        effort: "medium",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic sonnet 4.6 dot-format models return adaptive thinking options", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "max"])
+      expect(result.medium).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+        },
+        effort: "medium",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.6 dot-format models return adaptive thinking options", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4.6",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+        },
+        effort: "high",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.7 models return adaptive thinking options with xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-7",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-7",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+      expect(result.xhigh).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+        effort: "xhigh",
+      })
+      expect(result.max).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+        effort: "max",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.7 dot-format models return adaptive thinking options with xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-7",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4.7",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.8 forces display summarized for adaptive reasoning", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-8",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-8",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+        effort: "high",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.6 omits display so it keeps the summarized default", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+        },
+        effort: "high",
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic models return anthropic thinking options", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["high", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "enabled",
+          budgetTokens: 16000,
+        },
+      })
+      expect(result.max).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "enabled",
+          budgetTokens: 31999,
+        },
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("returns OPENAI_EFFORTS with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gateway/gateway-model",
+        providerID: "gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: "gateway-model",
+          url: "https://gateway.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-5", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-pro", efforts: ["high"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-5-pro", efforts: ["medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-2-codex", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-3-codex", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-3-codex-max", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-chat-latest", efforts: [] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-2-chat-latest", efforts: ["medium"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.id} returns supported OpenAI reasoning efforts`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+          createMockModel({
+            id: testCase.id,
+            providerID: "gateway",
+            api: {
+              id: testCase.id,
+              url: "https://gateway.ai",
+              npm: "@ai-sdk/gateway",
+            },
+          }),
+        )
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/github-copilot", () => {
+    test("standard models return low, medium, high", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-4.5",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-4.5",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "low",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.1-codex-max includes xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.1-codex-max",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.1-codex-mini does not include xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.1-codex-mini",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.1-codex does not include xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.1-codex",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.1-codex",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.2 includes xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.2",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.2",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+      expect(result.xhigh).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "xhigh",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.2-codex includes xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.2-codex",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.2-codex",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.3-codex includes xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.3-codex",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.3-codex",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5.4 includes xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5.4",
+        release_date: "2026-03-05",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5.4",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/github-copilot",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/cerebras", () => {
+    test("returns WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "cerebras/llama-4",
+        providerID: "cerebras",
+        api: {
+          id: "llama-4-sc",
+          url: "https://api.cerebras.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/cerebras",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/togetherai", () => {
+    test("returns WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "togetherai/llama-4",
+        providerID: "togetherai",
+        api: {
+          id: "llama-4-sc",
+          url: "https://api.togetherai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/togetherai",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/xai", () => {
+    test("grok-3 returns empty object", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "xai/grok-3",
+        providerID: "xai",
+        api: {
+          id: "grok-3",
+          url: "https://api.x.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/xai",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    test("grok-3-mini returns low and high with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "xai/grok-3-mini",
+        providerID: "xai",
+        api: {
+          id: "grok-3-mini",
+          url: "https://api.x.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/xai",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/deepinfra", () => {
+    test("returns WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "deepinfra/llama-4",
+        providerID: "deepinfra",
+        api: {
+          id: "llama-4-sc",
+          url: "https://api.deepinfra.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/deepinfra",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/openai-compatible", () => {
+    test("returns WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with reasoningEffort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "custom-provider/custom-model",
+        providerID: "custom-provider",
+        api: {
+          id: "custom-model",
+          url: "https://api.custom.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "low" })
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    })
+
+    test("north-mini-code-1-0 returns only none and high", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "cohere/north-mini-code-1-0",
+        providerID: "cohere",
+        api: {
+          id: "North-Mini-Code-1-0-latest",
+          url: "https://api.cohere.com/compatibility/v1",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        none: { reasoningEffort: "none" },
+        high: { reasoningEffort: "high" },
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/azure", () => {
+    test("o1-mini returns empty object", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "o1-mini",
+        providerID: "azure",
+        api: {
+          id: "o1-mini",
+          url: "https://azure.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    test("standard azure models return custom efforts with reasoningSummary", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "o1",
+        providerID: "azure",
+        api: {
+          id: "o1",
+          url: "https://azure.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "low",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("gpt-5 adds minimal effort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5",
+        providerID: "azure",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5",
+          url: "https://azure.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { id: "gpt-5-1", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5-4", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.4", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5-5", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.id} returns supported Azure reasoning efforts`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+          createMockModel({
+            id: testCase.id,
+            providerID: "azure",
+            api: {
+              id: testCase.id,
+              url: "https://azure.com",
+              npm: "@ai-sdk/azure",
+            },
+          }),
+        )
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/openai", () => {
+    test("gpt-5-pro returns only high effort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5-pro",
+        providerID: "openai",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5-pro",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["high"])
+    })
+
+    test("standard openai models return custom efforts with reasoningSummary", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5",
+        providerID: "openai",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+        release_date: "2024-06-01",
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "low",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("models after 2025-11-13 include 'none' effort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-5-nano",
+        providerID: "openai",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5-nano",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+        release_date: "2025-11-14",
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+
+    test("models after 2025-12-04 include 'xhigh' effort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openai/gpt-5-reasoning",
+        providerID: "openai",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-5-reasoning",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+        release_date: "2025-12-05",
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+    })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { id: "o1", releaseDate: "2024-12-17", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o1-pro", releaseDate: "2025-03-19", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o3", releaseDate: "2025-04-16", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o3-mini", releaseDate: "2025-01-31", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o3-pro", releaseDate: "2025-06-10", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o4-mini", releaseDate: "2025-04-16", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "o3-deep-research", releaseDate: "2025-06-26", efforts: ["medium"] },
+      { id: "o4-mini-deep-research", releaseDate: "2025-06-26", efforts: ["medium"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.1", releaseDate: "2025-11-13", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.4", releaseDate: "2026-03-05", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      {
+        id: "gpt-5.5",
+        modelID: "gpt-5-5",
+        releaseDate: "2026-04-23",
+        efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"],
+      },
+      { id: "gpt-5.4-pro", releaseDate: "2026-03-05", efforts: ["medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.5-pro", releaseDate: "2026-04-23", efforts: ["medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5-codex", releaseDate: "2025-09-23", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.1-codex", releaseDate: "2025-11-13", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.1-codex-max", releaseDate: "2025-11-13", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.2-codex", releaseDate: "2025-12-11", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.3-codex", releaseDate: "2026-01-22", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.3-codex-max", releaseDate: "2026-01-22", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5-chat-latest", releaseDate: "2025-08-07", efforts: [] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.1-chat-latest", releaseDate: "2025-11-13", efforts: ["medium"] },
+      { id: "gpt-5.2-chat-latest", releaseDate: "2025-12-11", efforts: ["medium"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.id} returns supported reasoning efforts`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+          createMockModel({
+            id: testCase.modelID ?? testCase.id,
+            providerID: "openai",
+            api: {
+              id: testCase.id,
+              url: "https://api.openai.com",
+              npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+            },
+            release_date: testCase.releaseDate,
+          }),
+        )
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+      })
+    }
+
+    test("gpt-50 (lookalike) does not get gpt-5 family treatment", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "gpt-50",
+        providerID: "openai",
+        api: {
+          id: "gpt-50",
+          url: "https://api.openai.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+        },
+        release_date: "2024-01-01",
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock/mantle", () => {
+    test("gpt-5.5 returns OpenAI-style reasoning variants", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "openai.gpt-5.5",
+        providerID: "amazon-bedrock",
+        api: {
+          id: "openai.gpt-5.5",
+          url: "https://bedrock-mantle.us-east-2.api.aws/openai/v1",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock/mantle",
+        },
+        release_date: "2026-04-23",
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"])
+      expect(result.medium).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "medium",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/anthropic", () => {
+    for (const testCase of [
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.5",
+        apiIds: ["claude-opus-4-5-20251101", "claude-opus-4.5-20251101"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"],
+        expectedHigh: { effort: "high" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "sonnet 4.6",
+        apiIds: ["claude-sonnet-4-6", "claude-sonnet-4.6"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "max"],
+        expectedHigh: { thinking: { type: "adaptive" }, effort: "high" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.6",
+        apiIds: ["claude-opus-4-6", "claude-opus-4.6"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "max"],
+        expectedHigh: { thinking: { type: "adaptive" }, effort: "high" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.7",
+        apiIds: ["claude-opus-4-7", "claude-opus-4.7"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"],
+        expectedHigh: { thinking: { type: "adaptive", display: "summarized" }, effort: "high" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.8",
+        apiIds: ["claude-opus-4-8", "claude-opus-4.8"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"],
+        expectedHigh: { thinking: { type: "adaptive", display: "summarized" }, effort: "high" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "fable 5",
+        apiIds: ["claude-fable-5"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"],
+        expectedHigh: { thinking: { type: "adaptive", display: "summarized" }, effort: "high" },
+      },
+    ]) {
+      for (const apiId of testCase.apiIds) {
+        test(`${testCase.name} ${apiId} returns supported reasoning efforts`, () => {
+          const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+            createMockModel({
+              id: `anthropic/${apiId}`,
+              providerID: "anthropic",
+              api: {
+                id: apiId,
+                url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+                npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+              },
+            }),
+          )
+          expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+          expect(result.high).toEqual(testCase.expectedHigh)
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    test("github copilot opus 4.7 returns only medium reasoning effort", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "claude-opus-4.7",
+        providerID: "github-copilot",
+        api: {
+          id: "claude-opus-4.7",
+          url: "https://api.githubcopilot.com/v1",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        medium: {
+          thinking: {
+            type: "adaptive",
+            display: "summarized",
+          },
+          effort: "medium",
+        },
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("returns high and max with thinking config", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "anthropic/claude-4",
+        providerID: "anthropic",
+        api: {
+          id: "claude-4",
+          url: "https://api.anthropic.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/anthropic",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["high", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "enabled",
+          budgetTokens: 16000,
+        },
+      })
+      expect(result.max).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "enabled",
+          budgetTokens: 31999,
+        },
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic", () => {
+    test("opus 4.8 uses adaptive reasoning for Vertex model IDs", () => {
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+        createMockModel({
+          id: "google-vertex-anthropic/claude-opus-4-8@default",
+          providerID: "google-vertex-anthropic",
+          api: {
+            id: "claude-opus-4-8@default",
+            url: "https://us-central1-aiplatform.googleapis.com",
+            npm: "@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic",
+          },
+        }),
+      )
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        thinking: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+        effort: "high",
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock", () => {
+    test("anthropic sonnet 4.6 returns adaptive reasoning options", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "bedrock/anthropic-claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        providerID: "bedrock",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-6",
+          url: "https://bedrock.amazonaws.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "max"])
+      expect(result.max).toEqual({
+        reasoningConfig: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          maxReasoningEffort: "max",
+        },
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.7 returns adaptive reasoning options with xhigh", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "bedrock/anthropic-claude-opus-4-7",
+        providerID: "bedrock",
+        api: {
+          id: "anthropic.claude-opus-4-7",
+          url: "https://bedrock.amazonaws.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+      expect(result.xhigh).toEqual({
+        reasoningConfig: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          maxReasoningEffort: "xhigh",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+      })
+      expect(result.max).toEqual({
+        reasoningConfig: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          maxReasoningEffort: "max",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("anthropic opus 4.8 returns adaptive reasoning options with xhigh", () => {
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+        createMockModel({
+          id: "bedrock/anthropic-claude-opus-4.8",
+          providerID: "bedrock",
+          api: {
+            id: "anthropic.claude-opus-4.8",
+            url: "https://bedrock.amazonaws.com",
+            npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+          },
+        }),
+      )
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"])
+      expect(result.high).toEqual({
+        reasoningConfig: {
+          type: "adaptive",
+          maxReasoningEffort: "high",
+          display: "summarized",
+        },
+      })
+    })
+
+    test("returns WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with reasoningConfig", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "bedrock/llama-4",
+        providerID: "bedrock",
+        api: {
+          id: "llama-4-sc",
+          url: "https://bedrock.amazonaws.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({
+        reasoningConfig: {
+          type: "enabled",
+          maxReasoningEffort: "low",
+        },
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  for (const provider of [
+    { name: "@ai-sdk/google", providerID: "google", url: "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com" },
+    { name: "@ai-sdk/google-vertex", providerID: "google-vertex", url: "https://vertexai.googleapis.com" },
+  ]) {
+    describe(provider.name, () => {
+      for (const testCase of [
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-2.5-pro",
+          efforts: ["high", "max"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16_000 } },
+          expectedMax: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 32_768 } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-2.5-flash",
+          efforts: ["high", "max"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16_000 } },
+          expectedMax: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 24_576 } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3-pro-preview",
+          efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3.1-pro-preview",
+          efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+          efforts: ["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3.1-flash-lite",
+          efforts: ["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+          efforts: ["minimal", "high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+        {
+          apiId: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview",
+          efforts: ["high"],
+          expectedHigh: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } },
+        },
+      ]) {
+        test(`${testCase.apiId} returns supported thinking controls`, () => {
+          const result = ProviderTransform.variants(
+            createMockModel({
+              id: `${provider.providerID}/${testCase.apiId}`,
+              providerID: provider.providerID,
+              api: {
+                id: testCase.apiId,
+                url: provider.url,
+                npm: provider.name,
+              },
+            }),
+          )
+          expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+          expect(result.high).toEqual(testCase.expectedHigh)
+          if (testCase.expectedMax) expect(result.max).toEqual(testCase.expectedMax)
+        })
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/cohere", () => {
+    test("returns empty object", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "cohere/command-r",
+        providerID: "cohere",
+        api: {
+          id: "command-r",
+          url: "https://api.cohere.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/cohere",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/groq", () => {
+    test("returns none and WIDELY_SUPPORTED_EFFORTS with thinkingLevel", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "groq/llama-4",
+        providerID: "groq",
+        api: {
+          id: "llama-4-sc",
+          url: "https://api.groq.com",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/groq",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["none", "low", "medium", "high"])
+      expect(result.none).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "none",
+      })
+      expect(result.low).toEqual({
+        reasoningEffort: "low",
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@ai-sdk/perplexity", () => {
+    test("returns empty object", () => {
+      const model = createMockModel({
+        id: "perplexity/sonar-plus",
+        providerID: "perplexity",
+        api: {
+          id: "sonar-plus",
+          url: "https://api.perplexity.ai",
+          npm: "@ai-sdk/perplexity",
+        },
+      })
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe("@jerome-benoit/sap-ai-provider-v2", () => {
+    const sapModel = (apiId: string, releaseDate = "2024-01-01") =>
+      createMockModel({
+        id: `sap-ai-core/${apiId}`,
+        providerID: "sap-ai-core",
+        api: {
+          id: apiId,
+          url: "https://api.ai.sap",
+          npm: "@jerome-benoit/sap-ai-provider-v2",
+        },
+        release_date: releaseDate,
+      })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      {
+        name: "sonnet 4.6",
+        apiIds: ["anthropic--claude-sonnet-4-6"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "max"],
+        thinking: { type: "adaptive" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.6",
+        apiIds: ["anthropic--claude-4.6-opus", "anthropic--claude-4-6-opus"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "max"],
+        thinking: { type: "adaptive" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.7",
+        apiIds: ["anthropic--claude-4.7-opus", "anthropic--claude-4-7-opus"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"],
+        thinking: { type: "adaptive", display: "summarized" },
+      },
+      {
+        name: "opus 4.8",
+        apiIds: ["anthropic--claude-4.8-opus", "anthropic--claude-4-8-opus"],
+        efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", "max"],
+        thinking: { type: "adaptive", display: "summarized" },
+      },
+    ]) {
+      for (const apiId of testCase.apiIds) {
+        test(`${testCase.name} ${apiId} returns adaptive thinking variants under modelParams`, () => {
+          const result = ProviderTransform.variants(sapModel(apiId))
+          expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+          for (const effort of testCase.efforts) {
+            expect(result[effort]).toEqual({
+              modelParams: {
+                thinking: testCase.thinking,
+                output_config: { effort },
+              },
+            })
+          }
+        })
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const apiId of ["anthropic--claude-sonnet-4", "anthropic--claude-4.5-opus"]) {
+      test(`${apiId} returns budget_tokens variants under modelParams`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(sapModel(apiId))
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["high", "max"])
+        expect(result.high).toEqual({
+          modelParams: { thinking: { type: "enabled", budget_tokens: 16000 } },
+        })
+        expect(result.max).toEqual({
+          modelParams: { thinking: { type: "enabled", budget_tokens: 31999 } },
+        })
+      })
+    }
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { apiId: "gemini-2.5-pro", maxBudget: 32768 },
+      { apiId: "gemini-2.5-flash", maxBudget: 24576 },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.apiId} returns thinkingConfig variants under modelParams`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(sapModel(testCase.apiId))
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["high", "max"])
+        expect(result.high).toEqual({
+          modelParams: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16000 } },
+        })
+        expect(result.max).toEqual({
+          modelParams: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: testCase.maxBudget } },
+        })
+      })
+    }
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { apiId: "gpt-5", releaseDate: "2025-08-07", efforts: ["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { apiId: "gpt-5-mini", releaseDate: "2025-08-07", efforts: ["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { apiId: "gpt-5-nano", releaseDate: "2025-08-07", efforts: ["minimal", "low", "medium", "high"] },
+      { apiId: "gpt-5.4", releaseDate: "2026-01-15", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { apiId: "azure-openai--o3-mini", releaseDate: "2024-01-01", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.apiId} returns reasoning_effort variants under modelParams`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(sapModel(testCase.apiId, testCase.releaseDate))
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+        for (const effort of testCase.efforts) {
+          expect(result[effort]).toEqual({ modelParams: { reasoning_effort: effort } })
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    for (const apiId of [
+      "gemini-3.1-flash-lite",
+      "cohere--command-a-reasoning",
+      "sonar-deep-research",
+      "aws--llama-opus-4.7-fake",
+    ]) {
+      test(`${apiId} falls through to harmonized reasoning_effort fallback`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(sapModel(apiId))
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(["low", "medium", "high"])
+        for (const effort of ["low", "medium", "high"]) {
+          expect(result[effort]).toEqual({ modelParams: { reasoning_effort: effort } })
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  describe("ai-gateway-provider (cloudflare-ai-gateway)", () => {
+    const cfModel = (apiId: string, releaseDate = "2024-01-01") =>
+      createMockModel({
+        id: `cloudflare-ai-gateway/${apiId}`,
+        providerID: "cloudflare-ai-gateway",
+        api: {
+          id: apiId,
+          url: "https://gateway.ai.cloudflare.com/v1/compat",
+          npm: "ai-gateway-provider",
+        },
+        release_date: releaseDate,
+      })
+
+    for (const testCase of [
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.4", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.2-codex", efforts: ["low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.3-codex", efforts: ["none", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-pro", efforts: ["high"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.2-pro", efforts: ["medium", "high", "xhigh"] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5-chat-latest", efforts: [] },
+      { id: "openai/gpt-5.2-chat-latest", efforts: ["medium"] },
+    ]) {
+      test(`${testCase.id} returns supported reasoning efforts`, () => {
+        const result = ProviderTransform.variants(cfModel(testCase.id, "2026-03-05"))
+        expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(testCase.efforts)
+      })
+    }
+
+    test("openai gpt-4o (no reasoning) returns empty", () => {
+      const model = cfModel("openai/gpt-4o")
+      model.capabilities.reasoning = false
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    test("non-openai upstream falls back to widely-supported OAI efforts", () => {
+      const result = ProviderTransform.variants(cfModel("anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"))
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        low: { reasoningEffort: "low" },
+        medium: { reasoningEffort: "medium" },
+        high: { reasoningEffort: "high" },
+      })
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.smallOptions - gpt-5 chat/search", () => {
+  const createModel = (apiId: string) => {
+    const model = {
+      id: `openai/${apiId}`,
+      providerID: "openai",
+      api: {
+        id: apiId,
+        url: "https://api.openai.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/openai",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+      limit: { output: 64_000 },
+      release_date: "2026-01-01",
+    } as any
+    model.variants = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    return model
+  }
+
+  for (const testCase of [
+    { id: "gpt-5-chat-latest", options: { store: false } },
+    {
+      id: "gpt-5.1-chat-latest",
+      options: {
+        store: false,
+        reasoningEffort: "medium",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: "gpt-5.2-chat-latest",
+      options: {
+        store: false,
+        reasoningEffort: "medium",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: "gpt-5-search-api",
+      options: {
+        store: false,
+        reasoningEffort: "none",
+        reasoningSummary: "auto",
+        include: ["reasoning.encrypted_content"],
+      },
+    },
+  ]) {
+    test(`${testCase.id} returns only supported small options`, () => {
+      expect(ProviderTransform.smallOptions(createModel(testCase.id))).toEqual(testCase.options)
+    })
+  }
+})
+
+test("ProviderTransform.smallOptions disables OpenRouter reasoning when the weakest effort is low", () => {
+  expect(
+    ProviderTransform.smallOptions({
+      providerID: "openrouter",
+      api: {
+        id: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+        npm: "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider",
+      },
+      variants: {
+        low: { reasoning: { effort: "low" } },
+        medium: { reasoning: { effort: "medium" } },
+        high: { reasoning: { effort: "high" } },
+      },
+    } as any),
+  ).toEqual({ reasoning: { effort: "none" } })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.smallOptions - google thinking controls", () => {
+  const createGoogleModel = (apiId: string) => {
+    const model = {
+      id: `google/${apiId}`,
+      providerID: "google",
+      api: {
+        id: apiId,
+        url: "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com",
+        npm: "@ai-sdk/google",
+      },
+      capabilities: { reasoning: true },
+      limit: { output: 64_000 },
+    } as any
+    model.variants = ProviderTransform.variants(model)
+    return model
+  }
+
+  for (const testCase of [
+    { id: "gemini-3-pro-preview", options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "low" } } },
+    { id: "gemini-3-flash-preview", options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "minimal" } } },
+    {
+      id: "gemini-3.1-flash-image-preview",
+      options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "minimal" } },
+    },
+    { id: "gemini-3-pro-image-preview", options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingLevel: "high" } } },
+    { id: "gemini-2.5-pro", options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16000 } } },
+    { id: "gemini-2.5-flash", options: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16000 } } },
+  ]) {
+    test(`${testCase.id} returns supported small thinking options`, () => {
+      expect(ProviderTransform.smallOptions(createGoogleModel(testCase.id))).toEqual(testCase.options)
+    })
+  }
+
+  test("uses the first configured variant when available", () => {
+    expect(
+      ProviderTransform.smallOptions({
+        ...createGoogleModel("gemini-2.5-pro"),
+        variants: {
+          high: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16000 } },
+          max: { thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 32768 } },
+        },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({ thinkingConfig: { includeThoughts: true, thinkingBudget: 16000 } })
+  })
+
+  test("does not synthesize thinking options when variants are empty", () => {
+    expect(ProviderTransform.smallOptions({ ...createGoogleModel("gemini-2.5-pro"), variants: {} })).toEqual({})
+  })
+})
+
+describe("ProviderTransform.providerOptions - ai-gateway-provider", () => {
+  const createModel = (overrides: Partial<any> = {}) =>
+    ({
+      id: "cloudflare-ai-gateway/openai/gpt-5.4",
+      providerID: "cloudflare-ai-gateway",
+      api: {
+        id: "openai/gpt-5.4",
+        url: "https://gateway.ai.cloudflare.com/v1/compat",
+        npm: "ai-gateway-provider",
+      },
+      capabilities: {
+        temperature: false,
+        reasoning: true,
+        attachment: true,
+        toolcall: true,
+        input: { text: true, audio: false, image: true, video: false, pdf: true },
+        output: { text: true, audio: false, image: false, video: false, pdf: false },
+        interleaved: false,
+      },
+      cost: { input: 1, output: 1, cache: { read: 0, write: 0 } },
+      limit: { context: 1_000_000, output: 128_000 },
+      status: "active",
+      options: {},
+      headers: {},
+      release_date: "2026-03-05",
+      ...overrides,
+    }) as any
+
+  test("routes options under openaiCompatible (the key @ai-sdk/openai-compatible reads)", () => {
+    // Regression: previously fell back to providerID="cloudflare-ai-gateway",
+    // which @ai-sdk/openai-compatible never reads, silently dropping reasoningEffort.
+    const result = ProviderTransform.providerOptions(createModel(), { reasoningEffort: "high" })
+    expect(result).toEqual({ openaiCompatible: { reasoningEffort: "high" } })
+  })
+})