@meteora-ag/cp-amm-sdk 1.0.4 → 1.0.6

package/node_modules/buffer-layout/lib/Layout.js

@@ -1,2712 +0,0 @@
-/* The MIT License (MIT)
- *
- * Copyright 2015-2018 Peter A. Bigot
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
- * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
- * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
- * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
- * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
- * THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/**
- * Support for translating between Buffer instances and JavaScript
- * native types.
- *
- * {@link module:Layout~Layout|Layout} is the basis of a class
- * hierarchy that associates property names with sequences of encoded
- * bytes.
- *
- * Layouts are supported for these scalar (numeric) types:
- * * {@link module:Layout~UInt|Unsigned integers in little-endian
- *   format} with {@link module:Layout.u8|8-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.u16|16-bit}, {@link module:Layout.u24|24-bit},
- *   {@link module:Layout.u32|32-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.u40|40-bit}, and {@link module:Layout.u48|48-bit}
- *   representation ranges;
- * * {@link module:Layout~UIntBE|Unsigned integers in big-endian
- *   format} with {@link module:Layout.u16be|16-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.u24be|24-bit}, {@link module:Layout.u32be|32-bit},
- *   {@link module:Layout.u40be|40-bit}, and {@link
- *   module:Layout.u48be|48-bit} representation ranges;
- * * {@link module:Layout~Int|Signed integers in little-endian
- *   format} with {@link module:Layout.s8|8-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.s16|16-bit}, {@link module:Layout.s24|24-bit},
- *   {@link module:Layout.s32|32-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.s40|40-bit}, and {@link module:Layout.s48|48-bit}
- *   representation ranges;
- * * {@link module:Layout~IntBE|Signed integers in big-endian format}
- *   with {@link module:Layout.s16be|16-bit}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.s24be|24-bit}, {@link module:Layout.s32be|32-bit},
- *   {@link module:Layout.s40be|40-bit}, and {@link
- *   module:Layout.s48be|48-bit} representation ranges;
- * * 64-bit integral values that decode to an exact (if magnitude is
- *   less than 2^53) or nearby integral Number in {@link
- *   module:Layout.nu64|unsigned little-endian}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.nu64be|unsigned big-endian}, {@link
- *   module:Layout.ns64|signed little-endian}, and {@link
- *   module:Layout.ns64be|unsigned big-endian} encodings;
- * * 32-bit floating point values with {@link
- *   module:Layout.f32|little-endian} and {@link
- *   module:Layout.f32be|big-endian} representations;
- * * 64-bit floating point values with {@link
- *   module:Layout.f64|little-endian} and {@link
- *   module:Layout.f64be|big-endian} representations;
- * * {@link module:Layout.const|Constants} that take no space in the
- *   encoded expression.
- *
- * and for these aggregate types:
- * * {@link module:Layout.seq|Sequence}s of instances of a {@link
- *   module:Layout~Layout|Layout}, with JavaScript representation as
- *   an Array and constant or data-dependent {@link
- *   module:Layout~Sequence#count|length};
- * * {@link module:Layout.struct|Structure}s that aggregate a
- *   heterogeneous sequence of {@link module:Layout~Layout|Layout}
- *   instances, with JavaScript representation as an Object;
- * * {@link module:Layout.union|Union}s that support multiple {@link
- *   module:Layout~VariantLayout|variant layouts} over a fixed
- *   (padded) or variable (not padded) span of bytes, using an
- *   unsigned integer at the start of the data or a separate {@link
- *   module:Layout.unionLayoutDiscriminator|layout element} to
- *   determine which layout to use when interpreting the buffer
- *   contents;
- * * {@link module:Layout.bits|BitStructure}s that contain a sequence
- *   of individual {@link
- *   module:Layout~BitStructure#addField|BitField}s packed into an 8,
- *   16, 24, or 32-bit unsigned integer starting at the least- or
- *   most-significant bit;
- * * {@link module:Layout.cstr|C strings} of varying length;
- * * {@link module:Layout.blob|Blobs} of fixed- or variable-{@link
- *   module:Layout~Blob#length|length} raw data.
- *
- * All {@link module:Layout~Layout|Layout} instances are immutable
- * after construction, to prevent internal state from becoming
- * inconsistent.
- *
- * @local Layout
- * @local ExternalLayout
- * @local GreedyCount
- * @local OffsetLayout
- * @local UInt
- * @local UIntBE
- * @local Int
- * @local IntBE
- * @local NearUInt64
- * @local NearUInt64BE
- * @local NearInt64
- * @local NearInt64BE
- * @local Float
- * @local FloatBE
- * @local Double
- * @local DoubleBE
- * @local Sequence
- * @local Structure
- * @local UnionDiscriminator
- * @local UnionLayoutDiscriminator
- * @local Union
- * @local VariantLayout
- * @local BitStructure
- * @local BitField
- * @local Boolean
- * @local Blob
- * @local CString
- * @local Constant
- * @local bindConstructorLayout
- * @module Layout
- * @license MIT
- * @author Peter A. Bigot
- * @see {@link https://github.com/pabigot/buffer-layout|buffer-layout on GitHub}
- */
-
-'use strict';
-
-/**
- * Base class for layout objects.
- *
- * **NOTE** This is an abstract base class; you can create instances
- * if it amuses you, but they won't support the {@link
- * Layout#encode|encode} or {@link Layout#decode|decode} functions.
- *
- * @param {Number} span - Initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.  The
- * parameter must be an integer; a negative value signifies that the
- * span is {@link Layout#getSpan|value-specific}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - Initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @abstract
- */
-class Layout {
-  constructor(span, property) {
-    if (!Number.isInteger(span)) {
-      throw new TypeError('span must be an integer');
-    }
-
-    /** The span of the layout in bytes.
-     *
-     * Positive values are generally expected.
-     *
-     * Zero will only appear in {@link Constant}s and in {@link
-     * Sequence}s where the {@link Sequence#count|count} is zero.
-     *
-     * A negative value indicates that the span is value-specific, and
-     * must be obtained using {@link Layout#getSpan|getSpan}. */
-    this.span = span;
-
-    /** The property name used when this layout is represented in an
-     * Object.
-     *
-     * Used only for layouts that {@link Layout#decode|decode} to Object
-     * instances.  If left undefined the span of the unnamed layout will
-     * be treated as padding: it will not be mutated by {@link
-     * Layout#encode|encode} nor represented as a property in the
-     * decoded Object. */
-    this.property = property;
-  }
-
-  /** Function to create an Object into which decoded properties will
-   * be written.
-   *
-   * Used only for layouts that {@link Layout#decode|decode} to Object
-   * instances, which means:
-   * * {@link Structure}
-   * * {@link Union}
-   * * {@link VariantLayout}
-   * * {@link BitStructure}
-   *
-   * If left undefined the JavaScript representation of these layouts
-   * will be Object instances.
-   *
-   * See {@link bindConstructorLayout}.
-   */
-  makeDestinationObject() {
-    return {};
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Decode from a Buffer into an JavaScript value.
-   *
-   * @param {Buffer} b - the buffer from which encoded data is read.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} [offset] - the offset at which the encoded data
-   * starts.  If absent a zero offset is inferred.
-   *
-   * @returns {(Number|Array|Object)} - the value of the decoded data.
-   *
-   * @abstract
-   */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    throw new Error('Layout is abstract');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Encode a JavaScript value into a Buffer.
-   *
-   * @param {(Number|Array|Object)} src - the value to be encoded into
-   * the buffer.  The type accepted depends on the (sub-)type of {@link
-   * Layout}.
-   *
-   * @param {Buffer} b - the buffer into which encoded data will be
-   * written.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} [offset] - the offset at which the encoded data
-   * starts.  If absent a zero offset is inferred.
-   *
-   * @returns {Number} - the number of bytes encoded, including the
-   * space skipped for internal padding, but excluding data such as
-   * {@link Sequence#count|lengths} when stored {@link
-   * ExternalLayout|externally}.  This is the adjustment to `offset`
-   * producing the offset where data for the next layout would be
-   * written.
-   *
-   * @abstract
-   */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    throw new Error('Layout is abstract');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Calculate the span of a specific instance of a layout.
-   *
-   * @param {Buffer} b - the buffer that contains an encoded instance.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} [offset] - the offset at which the encoded instance
-   * starts.  If absent a zero offset is inferred.
-   *
-   * @return {Number} - the number of bytes covered by the layout
-   * instance.  If this method is not overridden in a subclass the
-   * definition-time constant {@link Layout#span|span} will be
-   * returned.
-   *
-   * @throws {RangeError} - if the length of the value cannot be
-   * determined.
-   */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (0 > this.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('indeterminate span');
-    }
-    return this.span;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Replicate the layout using a new property.
-   *
-   * This function must be used to get a structurally-equivalent layout
-   * with a different name since all {@link Layout} instances are
-   * immutable.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** This is a shallow copy.  All fields except {@link
-   * Layout#property|property} are strictly equal to the origin layout.
-   *
-   * @param {String} property - the value for {@link
-   * Layout#property|property} in the replica.
-   *
-   * @returns {Layout} - the copy with {@link Layout#property|property}
-   * set to `property`.
-   */
-  replicate(property) {
-    const rv = Object.create(this.constructor.prototype);
-    Object.assign(rv, this);
-    rv.property = property;
-    return rv;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Create an object from layout properties and an array of values.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** This function returns `undefined` if invoked on a layout
-   * that does not return its value as an Object.  Objects are
-   * returned for things that are a {@link Structure}, which includes
-   * {@link VariantLayout|variant layouts} if they are structures, and
-   * excludes {@link Union}s.  If you want this feature for a union
-   * you must use {@link Union.getVariant|getVariant} to select the
-   * desired layout.
-   *
-   * @param {Array} values - an array of values that correspond to the
-   * default order for properties.  As with {@link Layout#decode|decode}
-   * layout elements that have no property name are skipped when
-   * iterating over the array values.  Only the top-level properties are
-   * assigned; arguments are not assigned to properties of contained
-   * layouts.  Any unused values are ignored.
-   *
-   * @return {(Object|undefined)}
-   */
-  fromArray(values) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-}
-exports.Layout = Layout;
-
-/* Provide text that carries a name (such as for a function that will
- * be throwing an error) annotated with the property of a given layout
- * (such as one for which the value was unacceptable).
- *
- * @ignore */
-function nameWithProperty(name, lo) {
-  if (lo.property) {
-    return name + '[' + lo.property + ']';
-  }
-  return name;
-}
-exports.nameWithProperty = nameWithProperty;
-
-/**
- * Augment a class so that instances can be encoded/decoded using a
- * given layout.
- *
- * Calling this function couples `Class` with `layout` in several ways:
- *
- * * `Class.layout_` becomes a static member property equal to `layout`;
- * * `layout.boundConstructor_` becomes a static member property equal
- *    to `Class`;
- * * The {@link Layout#makeDestinationObject|makeDestinationObject()}
- *   property of `layout` is set to a function that returns a `new
- *   Class()`;
- * * `Class.decode(b, offset)` becomes a static member function that
- *   delegates to {@link Layout#decode|layout.decode}.  The
- *   synthesized function may be captured and extended.
- * * `Class.prototype.encode(b, offset)` provides an instance member
- *   function that delegates to {@link Layout#encode|layout.encode}
- *   with `src` set to `this`.  The synthesized function may be
- *   captured and extended, but when the extension is invoked `this`
- *   must be explicitly bound to the instance.
- *
- * @param {class} Class - a JavaScript class with a nullary
- * constructor.
- *
- * @param {Layout} layout - the {@link Layout} instance used to encode
- * instances of `Class`.
- */
-function bindConstructorLayout(Class, layout) {
-  if ('function' !== typeof Class) {
-    throw new TypeError('Class must be constructor');
-  }
-  if (Class.hasOwnProperty('layout_')) {
-    throw new Error('Class is already bound to a layout');
-  }
-  if (!(layout && (layout instanceof Layout))) {
-    throw new TypeError('layout must be a Layout');
-  }
-  if (layout.hasOwnProperty('boundConstructor_')) {
-    throw new Error('layout is already bound to a constructor');
-  }
-  Class.layout_ = layout;
-  layout.boundConstructor_ = Class;
-  layout.makeDestinationObject = (() => new Class());
-  Object.defineProperty(Class.prototype, 'encode', {
-    value: function(b, offset) {
-      return layout.encode(this, b, offset);
-    },
-    writable: true,
-  });
-  Object.defineProperty(Class, 'decode', {
-    value: function(b, offset) {
-      return layout.decode(b, offset);
-    },
-    writable: true,
-  });
-}
-exports.bindConstructorLayout = bindConstructorLayout;
-
-/**
- * An object that behaves like a layout but does not consume space
- * within its containing layout.
- *
- * This is primarily used to obtain metadata about a member, such as a
- * {@link OffsetLayout} that can provide data about a {@link
- * Layout#getSpan|value-specific span}.
- *
- * **NOTE** This is an abstract base class; you can create instances
- * if it amuses you, but they won't support {@link
- * ExternalLayout#isCount|isCount} or other {@link Layout} functions.
- *
- * @param {Number} span - initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.
- * The parameter can range from 1 through 6.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @abstract
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class ExternalLayout extends Layout {
-  /**
-   * Return `true` iff the external layout decodes to an unsigned
-   * integer layout.
-   *
-   * In that case it can be used as the source of {@link
-   * Sequence#count|Sequence counts}, {@link Blob#length|Blob lengths},
-   * or as {@link UnionLayoutDiscriminator#layout|external union
-   * discriminators}.
-   *
-   * @abstract
-   */
-  isCount() {
-    throw new Error('ExternalLayout is abstract');
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * An {@link ExternalLayout} that determines its {@link
- * Layout#decode|value} based on offset into and length of the buffer
- * on which it is invoked.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.greedy|greedy}
- *
- * @param {Number} [elementSpan] - initializer for {@link
- * GreedyCount#elementSpan|elementSpan}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {ExternalLayout}
- */
-class GreedyCount extends ExternalLayout {
-  constructor(elementSpan, property) {
-    if (undefined === elementSpan) {
-      elementSpan = 1;
-    }
-    if ((!Number.isInteger(elementSpan)) || (0 >= elementSpan)) {
-      throw new TypeError('elementSpan must be a (positive) integer');
-    }
-    super(-1, property);
-
-    /** The layout for individual elements of the sequence.  The value
-     * must be a positive integer.  If not provided, the value will be
-     * 1. */
-    this.elementSpan = elementSpan;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  isCount() {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const rem = b.length - offset;
-    return Math.floor(rem / this.elementSpan);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * An {@link ExternalLayout} that supports accessing a {@link Layout}
- * at a fixed offset from the start of another Layout.  The offset may
- * be before, within, or after the base layout.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.offset|offset}
- *
- * @param {Layout} layout - initializer for {@link
- * OffsetLayout#layout|layout}, modulo `property`.
- *
- * @param {Number} [offset] - Initializes {@link
- * OffsetLayout#offset|offset}.  Defaults to zero.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - Optional new property name for a
- * {@link Layout#replicate| replica} of `layout` to be used as {@link
- * OffsetLayout#layout|layout}.  If not provided the `layout` is used
- * unchanged.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class OffsetLayout extends ExternalLayout {
-  constructor(layout, offset, property) {
-    if (!(layout instanceof Layout)) {
-      throw new TypeError('layout must be a Layout');
-    }
-
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    } else if (!Number.isInteger(offset)) {
-      throw new TypeError('offset must be integer or undefined');
-    }
-
-    super(layout.span, property || layout.property);
-
-    /** The subordinated layout. */
-    this.layout = layout;
-
-    /** The location of {@link OffsetLayout#layout} relative to the
-     * start of another layout.
-     *
-     * The value may be positive or negative, but an error will thrown
-     * if at the point of use it goes outside the span of the Buffer
-     * being accessed.  */
-    this.offset = offset;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  isCount() {
-    return ((this.layout instanceof UInt)
-            || (this.layout instanceof UIntBE));
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return this.layout.decode(b, offset + this.offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return this.layout.encode(src, b, offset + this.offset);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent an unsigned integer in little-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.u8|u8}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.u16|u16}, {@link module:Layout.u24|u24}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.u32|u32}, {@link module:Layout.u40|u40}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.u48|u48}
- *
- * @param {Number} span - initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.
- * The parameter can range from 1 through 6.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class UInt extends Layout {
-  constructor(span, property) {
-    super(span, property);
-    if (6 < this.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('span must not exceed 6 bytes');
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readUIntLE(offset, this.span);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeUIntLE(src, offset, this.span);
-    return this.span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent an unsigned integer in big-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.u8be|u8be}, {@link
- * module:Layout.u16be|u16be}, {@link module:Layout.u24be|u24be},
- * {@link module:Layout.u32be|u32be}, {@link
- * module:Layout.u40be|u40be}, {@link module:Layout.u48be|u48be}
- *
- * @param {Number} span - initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.
- * The parameter can range from 1 through 6.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class UIntBE extends Layout {
-  constructor(span, property) {
-    super( span, property);
-    if (6 < this.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('span must not exceed 6 bytes');
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readUIntBE(offset, this.span);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeUIntBE(src, offset, this.span);
-    return this.span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a signed integer in little-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.s8|s8}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.s16|s16}, {@link module:Layout.s24|s24}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.s32|s32}, {@link module:Layout.s40|s40}, {@link
- *  module:Layout.s48|s48}
- *
- * @param {Number} span - initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.
- * The parameter can range from 1 through 6.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Int extends Layout {
-  constructor(span, property) {
-    super(span, property);
-    if (6 < this.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('span must not exceed 6 bytes');
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readIntLE(offset, this.span);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeIntLE(src, offset, this.span);
-    return this.span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a signed integer in big-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.s8be|s8be}, {@link
- * module:Layout.s16be|s16be}, {@link module:Layout.s24be|s24be},
- * {@link module:Layout.s32be|s32be}, {@link
- * module:Layout.s40be|s40be}, {@link module:Layout.s48be|s48be}
- *
- * @param {Number} span - initializer for {@link Layout#span|span}.
- * The parameter can range from 1 through 6.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class IntBE extends Layout {
-  constructor(span, property) {
-    super(span, property);
-    if (6 < this.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('span must not exceed 6 bytes');
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readIntBE(offset, this.span);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeIntBE(src, offset, this.span);
-    return this.span;
-  }
-}
-
-const V2E32 = Math.pow(2, 32);
-
-/* True modulus high and low 32-bit words, where low word is always
- * non-negative. */
-function divmodInt64(src) {
-  const hi32 = Math.floor(src / V2E32);
-  const lo32 = src - (hi32 * V2E32);
-  return {hi32, lo32};
-}
-/* Reconstruct Number from quotient and non-negative remainder */
-function roundedInt64(hi32, lo32) {
-  return hi32 * V2E32 + lo32;
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent an unsigned 64-bit integer in little-endian format when
- * encoded and as a near integral JavaScript Number when decoded.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.nu64|nu64}
- *
- * **NOTE** Values with magnitude greater than 2^52 may not decode to
- * the exact value of the encoded representation.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class NearUInt64 extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const lo32 = b.readUInt32LE(offset);
-    const hi32 = b.readUInt32LE(offset + 4);
-    return roundedInt64(hi32, lo32);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const split = divmodInt64(src);
-    b.writeUInt32LE(split.lo32, offset);
-    b.writeUInt32LE(split.hi32, offset + 4);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent an unsigned 64-bit integer in big-endian format when
- * encoded and as a near integral JavaScript Number when decoded.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.nu64be|nu64be}
- *
- * **NOTE** Values with magnitude greater than 2^52 may not decode to
- * the exact value of the encoded representation.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class NearUInt64BE extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const hi32 = b.readUInt32BE(offset);
-    const lo32 = b.readUInt32BE(offset + 4);
-    return roundedInt64(hi32, lo32);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const split = divmodInt64(src);
-    b.writeUInt32BE(split.hi32, offset);
-    b.writeUInt32BE(split.lo32, offset + 4);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a signed 64-bit integer in little-endian format when
- * encoded and as a near integral JavaScript Number when decoded.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.ns64|ns64}
- *
- * **NOTE** Values with magnitude greater than 2^52 may not decode to
- * the exact value of the encoded representation.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class NearInt64 extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const lo32 = b.readUInt32LE(offset);
-    const hi32 = b.readInt32LE(offset + 4);
-    return roundedInt64(hi32, lo32);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const split = divmodInt64(src);
-    b.writeUInt32LE(split.lo32, offset);
-    b.writeInt32LE(split.hi32, offset + 4);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a signed 64-bit integer in big-endian format when
- * encoded and as a near integral JavaScript Number when decoded.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.ns64be|ns64be}
- *
- * **NOTE** Values with magnitude greater than 2^52 may not decode to
- * the exact value of the encoded representation.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class NearInt64BE extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const hi32 = b.readInt32BE(offset);
-    const lo32 = b.readUInt32BE(offset + 4);
-    return roundedInt64(hi32, lo32);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const split = divmodInt64(src);
-    b.writeInt32BE(split.hi32, offset);
-    b.writeUInt32BE(split.lo32, offset + 4);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a 32-bit floating point number in little-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.f32|f32}
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Float extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(4, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readFloatLE(offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeFloatLE(src, offset);
-    return 4;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a 32-bit floating point number in big-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.f32be|f32be}
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class FloatBE extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(4, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readFloatBE(offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeFloatBE(src, offset);
-    return 4;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a 64-bit floating point number in little-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.f64|f64}
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Double extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readDoubleLE(offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeDoubleLE(src, offset);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a 64-bit floating point number in big-endian format.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.f64be|f64be}
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class DoubleBE extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(8, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.readDoubleBE(offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    b.writeDoubleBE(src, offset);
-    return 8;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a contiguous sequence of a specific layout as an Array.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.seq|seq}
- *
- * @param {Layout} elementLayout - initializer for {@link
- * Sequence#elementLayout|elementLayout}.
- *
- * @param {(Number|ExternalLayout)} count - initializer for {@link
- * Sequence#count|count}.  The parameter must be either a positive
- * integer or an instance of {@link ExternalLayout}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Sequence extends Layout {
-  constructor(elementLayout, count, property) {
-    if (!(elementLayout instanceof Layout)) {
-      throw new TypeError('elementLayout must be a Layout');
-    }
-    if (!(((count instanceof ExternalLayout) && count.isCount())
-          || (Number.isInteger(count) && (0 <= count)))) {
-      throw new TypeError('count must be non-negative integer '
-                          + 'or an unsigned integer ExternalLayout');
-    }
-    let span = -1;
-    if ((!(count instanceof ExternalLayout))
-        && (0 < elementLayout.span)) {
-      span = count * elementLayout.span;
-    }
-
-    super(span, property);
-
-    /** The layout for individual elements of the sequence. */
-    this.elementLayout = elementLayout;
-
-    /** The number of elements in the sequence.
-     *
-     * This will be either a non-negative integer or an instance of
-     * {@link ExternalLayout} for which {@link
-     * ExternalLayout#isCount|isCount()} is `true`. */
-    this.count = count;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (0 <= this.span) {
-      return this.span;
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let span = 0;
-    let count = this.count;
-    if (count instanceof ExternalLayout) {
-      count = count.decode(b, offset);
-    }
-    if (0 < this.elementLayout.span) {
-      span = count * this.elementLayout.span;
-    } else {
-      let idx = 0;
-      while (idx < count) {
-        span += this.elementLayout.getSpan(b, offset + span);
-        ++idx;
-      }
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const rv = [];
-    let i = 0;
-    let count = this.count;
-    if (count instanceof ExternalLayout) {
-      count = count.decode(b, offset);
-    }
-    while (i < count) {
-      rv.push(this.elementLayout.decode(b, offset));
-      offset += this.elementLayout.getSpan(b, offset);
-      i += 1;
-    }
-    return rv;
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#encode|encode} for {@link Sequence}.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** If `src` is shorter than {@link Sequence#count|count} then
-   * the unused space in the buffer is left unchanged.  If `src` is
-   * longer than {@link Sequence#count|count} the unneeded elements are
-   * ignored.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** If {@link Layout#count|count} is an instance of {@link
-   * ExternalLayout} then the length of `src` will be encoded as the
-   * count after `src` is encoded. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const elo = this.elementLayout;
-    const span = src.reduce((span, v) => {
-      return span + elo.encode(v, b, offset + span);
-    }, 0);
-    if (this.count instanceof ExternalLayout) {
-      this.count.encode(src.length, b, offset);
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a contiguous sequence of arbitrary layout elements as an
- * Object.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.struct|struct}
- *
- * **NOTE** The {@link Layout#span|span} of the structure is variable
- * if any layout in {@link Structure#fields|fields} has a variable
- * span.  When {@link Layout#encode|encoding} we must have a value for
- * all variable-length fields, or we wouldn't be able to figure out
- * how much space to use for storage.  We can only identify the value
- * for a field when it has a {@link Layout#property|property}.  As
- * such, although a structure may contain both unnamed fields and
- * variable-length fields, it cannot contain an unnamed
- * variable-length field.
- *
- * @param {Layout[]} fields - initializer for {@link
- * Structure#fields|fields}.  An error is raised if this contains a
- * variable-length field for which a {@link Layout#property|property}
- * is not defined.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @param {Boolean} [decodePrefixes] - initializer for {@link
- * Structure#decodePrefixes|property}.
- *
- * @throws {Error} - if `fields` contains an unnamed variable-length
- * layout.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Structure extends Layout {
-  constructor(fields, property, decodePrefixes) {
-    if (!(Array.isArray(fields)
-          && fields.reduce((acc, v) => acc && (v instanceof Layout), true))) {
-      throw new TypeError('fields must be array of Layout instances');
-    }
-    if (('boolean' === typeof property)
-        && (undefined === decodePrefixes)) {
-      decodePrefixes = property;
-      property = undefined;
-    }
-
-    /* Verify absence of unnamed variable-length fields. */
-    for (const fd of fields) {
-      if ((0 > fd.span)
-          && (undefined === fd.property)) {
-        throw new Error('fields cannot contain unnamed variable-length layout');
-      }
-    }
-
-    let span = -1;
-    try {
-      span = fields.reduce((span, fd) => span + fd.getSpan(), 0);
-    } catch (e) {
-    }
-    super(span, property);
-
-    /** The sequence of {@link Layout} values that comprise the
-     * structure.
-     *
-     * The individual elements need not be the same type, and may be
-     * either scalar or aggregate layouts.  If a member layout leaves
-     * its {@link Layout#property|property} undefined the
-     * corresponding region of the buffer associated with the element
-     * will not be mutated.
-     *
-     * @type {Layout[]} */
-    this.fields = fields;
-
-    /** Control behavior of {@link Layout#decode|decode()} given short
-     * buffers.
-     *
-     * In some situations a structure many be extended with additional
-     * fields over time, with older installations providing only a
-     * prefix of the full structure.  If this property is `true`
-     * decoding will accept those buffers and leave subsequent fields
-     * undefined, as long as the buffer ends at a field boundary.
-     * Defaults to `false`. */
-    this.decodePrefixes = !!decodePrefixes;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (0 <= this.span) {
-      return this.span;
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let span = 0;
-    try {
-      span = this.fields.reduce((span, fd) => {
-        const fsp = fd.getSpan(b, offset);
-        offset += fsp;
-        return span + fsp;
-      }, 0);
-    } catch (e) {
-      throw new RangeError('indeterminate span');
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const dest = this.makeDestinationObject();
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (undefined !== fd.property) {
-        dest[fd.property] = fd.decode(b, offset);
-      }
-      offset += fd.getSpan(b, offset);
-      if (this.decodePrefixes
-          && (b.length === offset)) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    return dest;
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#encode|encode} for {@link Structure}.
-   *
-   * If `src` is missing a property for a member with a defined {@link
-   * Layout#property|property} the corresponding region of the buffer is
-   * left unmodified. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const firstOffset = offset;
-    let lastOffset = 0;
-    let lastWrote = 0;
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      let span = fd.span;
-      lastWrote = (0 < span) ? span : 0;
-      if (undefined !== fd.property) {
-        const fv = src[fd.property];
-        if (undefined !== fv) {
-          lastWrote = fd.encode(fv, b, offset);
-          if (0 > span) {
-            /* Read the as-encoded span, which is not necessarily the
-             * same as what we wrote. */
-            span = fd.getSpan(b, offset);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      lastOffset = offset;
-      offset += span;
-    }
-    /* Use (lastOffset + lastWrote) instead of offset because the last
-     * item may have had a dynamic length and we don't want to include
-     * the padding between it and the end of the space reserved for
-     * it. */
-    return (lastOffset + lastWrote) - firstOffset;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  fromArray(values) {
-    const dest = this.makeDestinationObject();
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if ((undefined !== fd.property)
-          && (0 < values.length)) {
-        dest[fd.property] = values.shift();
-      }
-    }
-    return dest;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get access to the layout of a given property.
-   *
-   * @param {String} property - the structure member of interest.
-   *
-   * @return {Layout} - the layout associated with `property`, or
-   * undefined if there is no such property.
-   */
-  layoutFor(property) {
-    if ('string' !== typeof property) {
-      throw new TypeError('property must be string');
-    }
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (fd.property === property) {
-        return fd;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get the offset of a structure member.
-   *
-   * @param {String} property - the structure member of interest.
-   *
-   * @return {Number} - the offset in bytes to the start of `property`
-   * within the structure, or undefined if `property` is not a field
-   * within the structure.  If the property is a member but follows a
-   * variable-length structure member a negative number will be
-   * returned.
-   */
-  offsetOf(property) {
-    if ('string' !== typeof property) {
-      throw new TypeError('property must be string');
-    }
-    let offset = 0;
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (fd.property === property) {
-        return offset;
-      }
-      if (0 > fd.span) {
-        offset = -1;
-      } else if (0 <= offset) {
-        offset += fd.span;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * An object that can provide a {@link
- * Union#discriminator|discriminator} API for {@link Union}.
- *
- * **NOTE** This is an abstract base class; you can create instances
- * if it amuses you, but they won't support the {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator#encode|encode} or {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator#decode|decode} functions.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - Default for {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator#property|property}.
- *
- * @abstract
- */
-class UnionDiscriminator {
-  constructor(property) {
-    /** The {@link Layout#property|property} to be used when the
-     * discriminator is referenced in isolation (generally when {@link
-     * Union#decode|Union decode} cannot delegate to a specific
-     * variant). */
-    this.property = property;
-  }
-
-  /** Analog to {@link Layout#decode|Layout decode} for union discriminators.
-   *
-   * The implementation of this method need not reference the buffer if
-   * variant information is available through other means. */
-  decode() {
-    throw new Error('UnionDiscriminator is abstract');
-  }
-
-  /** Analog to {@link Layout#decode|Layout encode} for union discriminators.
-   *
-   * The implementation of this method need not store the value if
-   * variant information is maintained through other means. */
-  encode() {
-    throw new Error('UnionDiscriminator is abstract');
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * An object that can provide a {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator|discriminator API} for {@link Union} using an
- * unsigned integral {@link Layout} instance located either inside or
- * outside the union.
- *
- * @param {ExternalLayout} layout - initializes {@link
- * UnionLayoutDiscriminator#layout|layout}.  Must satisfy {@link
- * ExternalLayout#isCount|isCount()}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - Default for {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator#property|property}, superseding the property
- * from `layout`, but defaulting to `variant` if neither `property`
- * nor layout provide a property name.
- *
- * @augments {UnionDiscriminator}
- */
-class UnionLayoutDiscriminator extends UnionDiscriminator {
-  constructor(layout, property) {
-    if (!((layout instanceof ExternalLayout)
-          && layout.isCount())) {
-      throw new TypeError('layout must be an unsigned integer ExternalLayout');
-    }
-
-    super(property || layout.property || 'variant');
-
-    /** The {@link ExternalLayout} used to access the discriminator
-     * value. */
-    this.layout = layout;
-  }
-
-  /** Delegate decoding to {@link UnionLayoutDiscriminator#layout|layout}. */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    return this.layout.decode(b, offset);
-  }
-
-  /** Delegate encoding to {@link UnionLayoutDiscriminator#layout|layout}. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    return this.layout.encode(src, b, offset);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent any number of span-compatible layouts.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.union|union}
- *
- * If the union has a {@link Union#defaultLayout|default layout} that
- * layout must have a non-negative {@link Layout#span|span}.  The span
- * of a fixed-span union includes its {@link
- * Union#discriminator|discriminator} if the variant is a {@link
- * Union#usesPrefixDiscriminator|prefix of the union}, plus the span
- * of its {@link Union#defaultLayout|default layout}.
- *
- * If the union does not have a default layout then the encoded span
- * of the union depends on the encoded span of its variant (which may
- * be fixed or variable).
- *
- * {@link VariantLayout#layout|Variant layout}s are added through
- * {@link Union#addVariant|addVariant}.  If the union has a default
- * layout, the span of the {@link VariantLayout#layout|layout
- * contained by the variant} must not exceed the span of the {@link
- * Union#defaultLayout|default layout} (minus the span of a {@link
- * Union#usesPrefixDiscriminator|prefix disriminator}, if used).  The
- * span of the variant will equal the span of the union itself.
- *
- * The variant for a buffer can only be identified from the {@link
- * Union#discriminator|discriminator} {@link
- * UnionDiscriminator#property|property} (in the case of the {@link
- * Union#defaultLayout|default layout}), or by using {@link
- * Union#getVariant|getVariant} and examining the resulting {@link
- * VariantLayout} instance.
- *
- * A variant compatible with a JavaScript object can be identified
- * using {@link Union#getSourceVariant|getSourceVariant}.
- *
- * @param {(UnionDiscriminator|ExternalLayout|Layout)} discr - How to
- * identify the layout used to interpret the union contents.  The
- * parameter must be an instance of {@link UnionDiscriminator}, an
- * {@link ExternalLayout} that satisfies {@link
- * ExternalLayout#isCount|isCount()}, or {@link UInt} (or {@link
- * UIntBE}).  When a non-external layout element is passed the layout
- * appears at the start of the union.  In all cases the (synthesized)
- * {@link UnionDiscriminator} instance is recorded as {@link
- * Union#discriminator|discriminator}.
- *
- * @param {(Layout|null)} defaultLayout - initializer for {@link
- * Union#defaultLayout|defaultLayout}.  If absent defaults to `null`.
- * If `null` there is no default layout: the union has data-dependent
- * length and attempts to decode or encode unrecognized variants will
- * throw an exception.  A {@link Layout} instance must have a
- * non-negative {@link Layout#span|span}, and if it lacks a {@link
- * Layout#property|property} the {@link
- * Union#defaultLayout|defaultLayout} will be a {@link
- * Layout#replicate|replica} with property `content`.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Union extends Layout {
-  constructor(discr, defaultLayout, property) {
-    const upv = ((discr instanceof UInt)
-               || (discr instanceof UIntBE));
-    if (upv) {
-      discr = new UnionLayoutDiscriminator(new OffsetLayout(discr));
-    } else if ((discr instanceof ExternalLayout)
-               && discr.isCount()) {
-      discr = new UnionLayoutDiscriminator(discr);
-    } else if (!(discr instanceof UnionDiscriminator)) {
-      throw new TypeError('discr must be a UnionDiscriminator '
-                          + 'or an unsigned integer layout');
-    }
-    if (undefined === defaultLayout) {
-      defaultLayout = null;
-    }
-    if (!((null === defaultLayout)
-          || (defaultLayout instanceof Layout))) {
-      throw new TypeError('defaultLayout must be null or a Layout');
-    }
-    if (null !== defaultLayout) {
-      if (0 > defaultLayout.span) {
-        throw new Error('defaultLayout must have constant span');
-      }
-      if (undefined === defaultLayout.property) {
-        defaultLayout = defaultLayout.replicate('content');
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* The union span can be estimated only if there's a default
-     * layout.  The union spans its default layout, plus any prefix
-     * variant layout.  By construction both layouts, if present, have
-     * non-negative span. */
-    let span = -1;
-    if (defaultLayout) {
-      span = defaultLayout.span;
-      if ((0 <= span) && upv) {
-        span += discr.layout.span;
-      }
-    }
-    super(span, property);
-
-    /** The interface for the discriminator value in isolation.
-     *
-     * This a {@link UnionDiscriminator} either passed to the
-     * constructor or synthesized from the `discr` constructor
-     * argument.  {@link
-     * Union#usesPrefixDiscriminator|usesPrefixDiscriminator} will be
-     * `true` iff the `discr` parameter was a non-offset {@link
-     * Layout} instance. */
-    this.discriminator = discr;
-
-    /** `true` if the {@link Union#discriminator|discriminator} is the
-     * first field in the union.
-     *
-     * If `false` the discriminator is obtained from somewhere
-     * else. */
-    this.usesPrefixDiscriminator = upv;
-
-    /** The layout for non-discriminator content when the value of the
-     * discriminator is not recognized.
-     *
-     * This is the value passed to the constructor.  It is
-     * structurally equivalent to the second component of {@link
-     * Union#layout|layout} but may have a different property
-     * name. */
-    this.defaultLayout = defaultLayout;
-
-    /** A registry of allowed variants.
-     *
-     * The keys are unsigned integers which should be compatible with
-     * {@link Union.discriminator|discriminator}.  The property value
-     * is the corresponding {@link VariantLayout} instances assigned
-     * to this union by {@link Union#addVariant|addVariant}.
-     *
-     * **NOTE** The registry remains mutable so that variants can be
-     * {@link Union#addVariant|added} at any time.  Users should not
-     * manipulate the content of this property. */
-    this.registry = {};
-
-    /* Private variable used when invoking getSourceVariant */
-    let boundGetSourceVariant = this.defaultGetSourceVariant.bind(this);
-
-    /** Function to infer the variant selected by a source object.
-     *
-     * Defaults to {@link
-     * Union#defaultGetSourceVariant|defaultGetSourceVariant} but may
-     * be overridden using {@link
-     * Union#configGetSourceVariant|configGetSourceVariant}.
-     *
-     * @param {Object} src - as with {@link
-     * Union#defaultGetSourceVariant|defaultGetSourceVariant}.
-     *
-     * @returns {(undefined|VariantLayout)} The default variant
-     * (`undefined`) or first registered variant that uses a property
-     * available in `src`. */
-    this.getSourceVariant = function(src) {
-      return boundGetSourceVariant(src);
-    };
-
-    /** Function to override the implementation of {@link
-     * Union#getSourceVariant|getSourceVariant}.
-     *
-     * Use this if the desired variant cannot be identified using the
-     * algorithm of {@link
-     * Union#defaultGetSourceVariant|defaultGetSourceVariant}.
-     *
-     * **NOTE** The provided function will be invoked bound to this
-     * Union instance, providing local access to {@link
-     * Union#registry|registry}.
-     *
-     * @param {Function} gsv - a function that follows the API of
-     * {@link Union#defaultGetSourceVariant|defaultGetSourceVariant}. */
-    this.configGetSourceVariant = function(gsv) {
-      boundGetSourceVariant = gsv.bind(this);
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (0 <= this.span) {
-      return this.span;
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    /* Default layouts always have non-negative span, so we don't have
-     * one and we have to recognize the variant which will in turn
-     * determine the span. */
-    const vlo = this.getVariant(b, offset);
-    if (!vlo) {
-      throw new Error('unable to determine span for unrecognized variant');
-    }
-    return vlo.getSpan(b, offset);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Method to infer a registered Union variant compatible with `src`.
-   *
-   * The first satisified rule in the following sequence defines the
-   * return value:
-   * * If `src` has properties matching the Union discriminator and
-   *   the default layout, `undefined` is returned regardless of the
-   *   value of the discriminator property (this ensures the default
-   *   layout will be used);
-   * * If `src` has a property matching the Union discriminator, the
-   *   value of the discriminator identifies a registered variant, and
-   *   either (a) the variant has no layout, or (b) `src` has the
-   *   variant's property, then the variant is returned (because the
-   *   source satisfies the constraints of the variant it identifies);
-   * * If `src` does not have a property matching the Union
-   *   discriminator, but does have a property matching a registered
-   *   variant, then the variant is returned (because the source
-   *   matches a variant without an explicit conflict);
-   * * An error is thrown (because we either can't identify a variant,
-   *   or we were explicitly told the variant but can't satisfy it).
-   *
-   * @param {Object} src - an object presumed to be compatible with
-   * the content of the Union.
-   *
-   * @return {(undefined|VariantLayout)} - as described above.
-   *
-   * @throws {Error} - if `src` cannot be associated with a default or
-   * registered variant.
-   */
-  defaultGetSourceVariant(src) {
-    if (src.hasOwnProperty(this.discriminator.property)) {
-      if (this.defaultLayout
-          && src.hasOwnProperty(this.defaultLayout.property)) {
-        return undefined;
-      }
-      const vlo = this.registry[src[this.discriminator.property]];
-      if (vlo
-          && ((!vlo.layout)
-              || src.hasOwnProperty(vlo.property))) {
-        return vlo;
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (const tag in this.registry) {
-        const vlo = this.registry[tag];
-        if (src.hasOwnProperty(vlo.property)) {
-          return vlo;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    throw new Error('unable to infer src variant');
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#decode|decode} for {@link Union}.
-   *
-   * If the variant is {@link Union#addVariant|registered} the return
-   * value is an instance of that variant, with no explicit
-   * discriminator.  Otherwise the {@link Union#defaultLayout|default
-   * layout} is used to decode the content. */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let dest;
-    const dlo = this.discriminator;
-    const discr = dlo.decode(b, offset);
-    let clo = this.registry[discr];
-    if (undefined === clo) {
-      let contentOffset = 0;
-      clo = this.defaultLayout;
-      if (this.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-        contentOffset = dlo.layout.span;
-      }
-      dest = this.makeDestinationObject();
-      dest[dlo.property] = discr;
-      dest[clo.property] = this.defaultLayout.decode(b, offset + contentOffset);
-    } else {
-      dest = clo.decode(b, offset);
-    }
-    return dest;
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#encode|encode} for {@link Union}.
-   *
-   * This API assumes the `src` object is consistent with the union's
-   * {@link Union#defaultLayout|default layout}.  To encode variants
-   * use the appropriate variant-specific {@link VariantLayout#encode}
-   * method. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const vlo = this.getSourceVariant(src);
-    if (undefined === vlo) {
-      const dlo = this.discriminator;
-      const clo = this.defaultLayout;
-      let contentOffset = 0;
-      if (this.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-        contentOffset = dlo.layout.span;
-      }
-      dlo.encode(src[dlo.property], b, offset);
-      return contentOffset + clo.encode(src[clo.property], b,
-                                        offset + contentOffset);
-    }
-    return vlo.encode(src, b, offset);
-  }
-
-  /** Register a new variant structure within a union.  The newly
-   * created variant is returned.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} variant - initializer for {@link
-   * VariantLayout#variant|variant}.
-   *
-   * @param {Layout} layout - initializer for {@link
-   * VariantLayout#layout|layout}.
-   *
-   * @param {String} property - initializer for {@link
-   * Layout#property|property}.
-   *
-   * @return {VariantLayout} */
-  addVariant(variant, layout, property) {
-    const rv = new VariantLayout(this, variant, layout, property);
-    this.registry[variant] = rv;
-    return rv;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get the layout associated with a registered variant.
-   *
-   * If `vb` does not produce a registered variant the function returns
-   * `undefined`.
-   *
-   * @param {(Number|Buffer)} vb - either the variant number, or a
-   * buffer from which the discriminator is to be read.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} offset - offset into `vb` for the start of the
-   * union.  Used only when `vb` is an instance of {Buffer}.
-   *
-   * @return {({VariantLayout}|undefined)}
-   */
-  getVariant(vb, offset) {
-    let variant = vb;
-    if (Buffer.isBuffer(vb)) {
-      if (undefined === offset) {
-        offset = 0;
-      }
-      variant = this.discriminator.decode(vb, offset);
-    }
-    return this.registry[variant];
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a specific variant within a containing union.
- *
- * **NOTE** The {@link Layout#span|span} of the variant may include
- * the span of the {@link Union#discriminator|discriminator} used to
- * identify it, but values read and written using the variant strictly
- * conform to the content of {@link VariantLayout#layout|layout}.
- *
- * **NOTE** User code should not invoke this constructor directly.  Use
- * the union {@link Union#addVariant|addVariant} helper method.
- *
- * @param {Union} union - initializer for {@link
- * VariantLayout#union|union}.
- *
- * @param {Number} variant - initializer for {@link
- * VariantLayout#variant|variant}.
- *
- * @param {Layout} [layout] - initializer for {@link
- * VariantLayout#layout|layout}.  If absent the variant carries no
- * data.
- *
- * @param {String} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.  Unlike many other layouts, variant
- * layouts normally include a property name so they can be identified
- * within their containing {@link Union}.  The property identifier may
- * be absent only if `layout` is is absent.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class VariantLayout extends Layout {
-  constructor(union, variant, layout, property) {
-    if (!(union instanceof Union)) {
-      throw new TypeError('union must be a Union');
-    }
-    if ((!Number.isInteger(variant)) || (0 > variant)) {
-      throw new TypeError('variant must be a (non-negative) integer');
-    }
-    if (('string' === typeof layout)
-        && (undefined === property)) {
-      property = layout;
-      layout = null;
-    }
-    if (layout) {
-      if (!(layout instanceof Layout)) {
-        throw new TypeError('layout must be a Layout');
-      }
-      if ((null !== union.defaultLayout)
-          && (0 <= layout.span)
-          && (layout.span > union.defaultLayout.span)) {
-        throw new Error('variant span exceeds span of containing union');
-      }
-      if ('string' !== typeof property) {
-        throw new TypeError('variant must have a String property');
-      }
-    }
-    let span = union.span;
-    if (0 > union.span) {
-      span = layout ? layout.span : 0;
-      if ((0 <= span) && union.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-        span += union.discriminator.layout.span;
-      }
-    }
-    super(span, property);
-
-    /** The {@link Union} to which this variant belongs. */
-    this.union = union;
-
-    /** The unsigned integral value identifying this variant within
-     * the {@link Union#discriminator|discriminator} of the containing
-     * union. */
-    this.variant = variant;
-
-    /** The {@link Layout} to be used when reading/writing the
-     * non-discriminator part of the {@link
-     * VariantLayout#union|union}.  If `null` the variant carries no
-     * data. */
-    this.layout = layout || null;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (0 <= this.span) {
-      /* Will be equal to the containing union span if that is not
-       * variable. */
-      return this.span;
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let contentOffset = 0;
-    if (this.union.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-      contentOffset = this.union.discriminator.layout.span;
-    }
-    /* Span is defined solely by the variant (and prefix discriminator) */
-    return contentOffset + this.layout.getSpan(b, offset + contentOffset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    const dest = this.makeDestinationObject();
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    if (this !== this.union.getVariant(b, offset)) {
-      throw new Error('variant mismatch');
-    }
-    let contentOffset = 0;
-    if (this.union.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-      contentOffset = this.union.discriminator.layout.span;
-    }
-    if (this.layout) {
-      dest[this.property] = this.layout.decode(b, offset + contentOffset);
-    } else if (this.property) {
-      dest[this.property] = true;
-    } else if (this.union.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-      dest[this.union.discriminator.property] = this.variant;
-    }
-    return dest;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let contentOffset = 0;
-    if (this.union.usesPrefixDiscriminator) {
-      contentOffset = this.union.discriminator.layout.span;
-    }
-    if (this.layout
-        && (!src.hasOwnProperty(this.property))) {
-      throw new TypeError('variant lacks property ' + this.property);
-    }
-    this.union.discriminator.encode(this.variant, b, offset);
-    let span = contentOffset;
-    if (this.layout) {
-      this.layout.encode(src[this.property], b, offset + contentOffset);
-      span += this.layout.getSpan(b, offset + contentOffset);
-      if ((0 <= this.union.span)
-          && (span > this.union.span)) {
-        throw new Error('encoded variant overruns containing union');
-      }
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-
-  /** Delegate {@link Layout#fromArray|fromArray} to {@link
-   * VariantLayout#layout|layout}. */
-  fromArray(values) {
-    if (this.layout) {
-      return this.layout.fromArray(values);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** JavaScript chose to define bitwise operations as operating on
- * signed 32-bit values in 2's complement form, meaning any integer
- * with bit 31 set is going to look negative.  For right shifts that's
- * not a problem, because `>>>` is a logical shift, but for every
- * other bitwise operator we have to compensate for possible negative
- * results. */
-function fixBitwiseResult(v) {
-  if (0 > v) {
-    v += 0x100000000;
-  }
-  return v;
-}
-
-/**
- * Contain a sequence of bit fields as an unsigned integer.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.bits|bits}
- *
- * This is a container element; within it there are {@link BitField}
- * instances that provide the extracted properties.  The container
- * simply defines the aggregate representation and its bit ordering.
- * The representation is an object containing properties with numeric
- * or {@link Boolean} values.
- *
- * {@link BitField}s are added with the {@link
- * BitStructure#addField|addField} and {@link
- * BitStructure#addBoolean|addBoolean} methods.
-
- * @param {Layout} word - initializer for {@link
- * BitStructure#word|word}.  The parameter must be an instance of
- * {@link UInt} (or {@link UIntBE}) that is no more than 4 bytes wide.
- *
- * @param {bool} [msb] - `true` if the bit numbering starts at the
- * most significant bit of the containing word; `false` (default) if
- * it starts at the least significant bit of the containing word.  If
- * the parameter at this position is a string and `property` is
- * `undefined` the value of this argument will instead be used as the
- * value of `property`.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class BitStructure extends Layout {
-  constructor(word, msb, property) {
-    if (!((word instanceof UInt)
-          || (word instanceof UIntBE))) {
-      throw new TypeError('word must be a UInt or UIntBE layout');
-    }
-    if (('string' === typeof msb)
-        && (undefined === property)) {
-      property = msb;
-      msb = undefined;
-    }
-    if (4 < word.span) {
-      throw new RangeError('word cannot exceed 32 bits');
-    }
-    super(word.span, property);
-
-    /** The layout used for the packed value.  {@link BitField}
-     * instances are packed sequentially depending on {@link
-     * BitStructure#msb|msb}. */
-    this.word = word;
-
-    /** Whether the bit sequences are packed starting at the most
-     * significant bit growing down (`true`), or the least significant
-     * bit growing up (`false`).
-     *
-     * **NOTE** Regardless of this value, the least significant bit of
-     * any {@link BitField} value is the least significant bit of the
-     * corresponding section of the packed value. */
-    this.msb = !!msb;
-
-    /** The sequence of {@link BitField} layouts that comprise the
-     * packed structure.
-     *
-     * **NOTE** The array remains mutable to allow fields to be {@link
-     * BitStructure#addField|added} after construction.  Users should
-     * not manipulate the content of this property.*/
-    this.fields = [];
-
-    /* Storage for the value.  Capture a variable instead of using an
-     * instance property because we don't want anything to change the
-     * value without going through the mutator. */
-    let value = 0;
-    this._packedSetValue = function(v) {
-      value = fixBitwiseResult(v);
-      return this;
-    };
-    this._packedGetValue = function() {
-      return value;
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    const dest = this.makeDestinationObject();
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const value = this.word.decode(b, offset);
-    this._packedSetValue(value);
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (undefined !== fd.property) {
-        dest[fd.property] = fd.decode(value);
-      }
-    }
-    return dest;
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#encode|encode} for {@link BitStructure}.
-   *
-   * If `src` is missing a property for a member with a defined {@link
-   * Layout#property|property} the corresponding region of the packed
-   * value is left unmodified.  Unused bits are also left unmodified. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    const value = this.word.decode(b, offset);
-    this._packedSetValue(value);
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (undefined !== fd.property) {
-        const fv = src[fd.property];
-        if (undefined !== fv) {
-          fd.encode(fv);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return this.word.encode(this._packedGetValue(), b, offset);
-  }
-
-  /** Register a new bitfield with a containing bit structure.  The
-   * resulting bitfield is returned.
-   *
-   * @param {Number} bits - initializer for {@link BitField#bits|bits}.
-   *
-   * @param {string} property - initializer for {@link
-   * Layout#property|property}.
-   *
-   * @return {BitField} */
-  addField(bits, property) {
-    const bf = new BitField(this, bits, property);
-    this.fields.push(bf);
-    return bf;
-  }
-
-  /** As with {@link BitStructure#addField|addField} for single-bit
-   * fields with `boolean` value representation.
-   *
-   * @param {string} property - initializer for {@link
-   * Layout#property|property}.
-   *
-   * @return {Boolean} */
-  addBoolean(property) {
-    // This is my Boolean, not the Javascript one.
-    // eslint-disable-next-line no-new-wrappers
-    const bf = new Boolean(this, property);
-    this.fields.push(bf);
-    return bf;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get access to the bit field for a given property.
-   *
-   * @param {String} property - the bit field of interest.
-   *
-   * @return {BitField} - the field associated with `property`, or
-   * undefined if there is no such property.
-   */
-  fieldFor(property) {
-    if ('string' !== typeof property) {
-      throw new TypeError('property must be string');
-    }
-    for (const fd of this.fields) {
-      if (fd.property === property) {
-        return fd;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a sequence of bits within a {@link BitStructure}.
- *
- * All bit field values are represented as unsigned integers.
- *
- * **NOTE** User code should not invoke this constructor directly.
- * Use the container {@link BitStructure#addField|addField} helper
- * method.
- *
- * **NOTE** BitField instances are not instances of {@link Layout}
- * since {@link Layout#span|span} measures 8-bit units.
- *
- * @param {BitStructure} container - initializer for {@link
- * BitField#container|container}.
- *
- * @param {Number} bits - initializer for {@link BitField#bits|bits}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- */
-class BitField {
-  constructor(container, bits, property) {
-    if (!(container instanceof BitStructure)) {
-      throw new TypeError('container must be a BitStructure');
-    }
-    if ((!Number.isInteger(bits)) || (0 >= bits)) {
-      throw new TypeError('bits must be positive integer');
-    }
-    const totalBits = 8 * container.span;
-    const usedBits = container.fields.reduce((sum, fd) => sum + fd.bits, 0);
-    if ((bits + usedBits) > totalBits) {
-      throw new Error('bits too long for span remainder ('
-                      + (totalBits - usedBits) + ' of '
-                      + totalBits + ' remain)');
-    }
-
-    /** The {@link BitStructure} instance to which this bit field
-     * belongs. */
-    this.container = container;
-
-    /** The span of this value in bits. */
-    this.bits = bits;
-
-    /** A mask of {@link BitField#bits|bits} bits isolating value bits
-     * that fit within the field.
-     *
-     * That is, it masks a value that has not yet been shifted into
-     * position within its containing packed integer. */
-    this.valueMask = (1 << bits) - 1;
-    if (32 === bits) { // shifted value out of range
-      this.valueMask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-    }
-
-    /** The offset of the value within the containing packed unsigned
-     * integer.  The least significant bit of the packed value is at
-     * offset zero, regardless of bit ordering used. */
-    this.start = usedBits;
-    if (this.container.msb) {
-      this.start = totalBits - usedBits - bits;
-    }
-
-    /** A mask of {@link BitField#bits|bits} isolating the field value
-     * within the containing packed unsigned integer. */
-    this.wordMask = fixBitwiseResult(this.valueMask << this.start);
-
-    /** The property name used when this bitfield is represented in an
-     * Object.
-     *
-     * Intended to be functionally equivalent to {@link
-     * Layout#property}.
-     *
-     * If left undefined the corresponding span of bits will be
-     * treated as padding: it will not be mutated by {@link
-     * Layout#encode|encode} nor represented as a property in the
-     * decoded Object. */
-    this.property = property;
-  }
-
-  /** Store a value into the corresponding subsequence of the containing
-   * bit field. */
-  decode() {
-    const word = this.container._packedGetValue();
-    const wordValue = fixBitwiseResult(word & this.wordMask);
-    const value = wordValue >>> this.start;
-    return value;
-  }
-
-  /** Store a value into the corresponding subsequence of the containing
-   * bit field.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** This is not a specialization of {@link
-   * Layout#encode|Layout.encode} and there is no return value. */
-  encode(value) {
-    if ((!Number.isInteger(value))
-        || (value !== fixBitwiseResult(value & this.valueMask))) {
-      throw new TypeError(nameWithProperty('BitField.encode', this)
-                          + ' value must be integer not exceeding ' + this.valueMask);
-    }
-    const word = this.container._packedGetValue();
-    const wordValue = fixBitwiseResult(value << this.start);
-    this.container._packedSetValue(fixBitwiseResult(word & ~this.wordMask)
-                                   | wordValue);
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent a single bit within a {@link BitStructure} as a
- * JavaScript boolean.
- *
- * **NOTE** User code should not invoke this constructor directly.
- * Use the container {@link BitStructure#addBoolean|addBoolean} helper
- * method.
- *
- * @param {BitStructure} container - initializer for {@link
- * BitField#container|container}.
- *
- * @param {string} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {BitField}
- */
-/* eslint-disable no-extend-native */
-class Boolean extends BitField {
-  constructor(container, property) {
-    super(container, 1, property);
-  }
-
-  /** Override {@link BitField#decode|decode} for {@link Boolean|Boolean}.
-   *
-   * @returns {boolean} */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    return !!BitField.prototype.decode.call(this, b, offset);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(value) {
-    if ('boolean' === typeof value) {
-      // BitField requires integer values
-      value = +value;
-    }
-    return BitField.prototype.encode.call(this, value);
-  }
-}
-/* eslint-enable no-extend-native */
-
-/**
- * Contain a fixed-length block of arbitrary data, represented as a
- * Buffer.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.blob|blob}
- *
- * @param {(Number|ExternalLayout)} length - initializes {@link
- * Blob#length|length}.
- *
- * @param {String} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Blob extends Layout {
-  constructor(length, property) {
-    if (!(((length instanceof ExternalLayout) && length.isCount())
-          || (Number.isInteger(length) && (0 <= length)))) {
-      throw new TypeError('length must be positive integer '
-                          + 'or an unsigned integer ExternalLayout');
-    }
-
-    let span = -1;
-    if (!(length instanceof ExternalLayout)) {
-      span = length;
-    }
-    super(span, property);
-
-    /** The number of bytes in the blob.
-     *
-     * This may be a non-negative integer, or an instance of {@link
-     * ExternalLayout} that satisfies {@link
-     * ExternalLayout#isCount|isCount()}. */
-    this.length = length;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    let span = this.span;
-    if (0 > span) {
-      span = this.length.decode(b, offset);
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let span = this.span;
-    if (0 > span) {
-      span = this.length.decode(b, offset);
-    }
-    return b.slice(offset, offset + span);
-  }
-
-  /** Implement {@link Layout#encode|encode} for {@link Blob}.
-   *
-   * **NOTE** If {@link Layout#count|count} is an instance of {@link
-   * ExternalLayout} then the length of `src` will be encoded as the
-   * count after `src` is encoded. */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    let span = this.length;
-    if (this.length instanceof ExternalLayout) {
-      span = src.length;
-    }
-    if (!(Buffer.isBuffer(src)
-          && (span === src.length))) {
-      throw new TypeError(nameWithProperty('Blob.encode', this)
-                          + ' requires (length ' + span + ') Buffer as src');
-    }
-    if ((offset + span) > b.length) {
-      throw new RangeError('encoding overruns Buffer');
-    }
-    b.write(src.toString('hex'), offset, span, 'hex');
-    if (this.length instanceof ExternalLayout) {
-      this.length.encode(span, b, offset);
-    }
-    return span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Contain a `NUL`-terminated UTF8 string.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.cstr|cstr}
- *
- * **NOTE** Any UTF8 string that incorporates a zero-valued byte will
- * not be correctly decoded by this layout.
- *
- * @param {String} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class CString extends Layout {
-  constructor(property) {
-    super(-1, property);
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
-      throw new TypeError('b must be a Buffer');
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let idx = offset;
-    while ((idx < b.length) && (0 !== b[idx])) {
-      idx += 1;
-    }
-    return 1 + idx - offset;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset, dest) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let span = this.getSpan(b, offset);
-    return b.slice(offset, offset + span - 1).toString('utf-8');
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    /* Must force this to a string, lest it be a number and the
-     * "utf8-encoding" below actually allocate a buffer of length
-     * src */
-    if ('string' !== typeof src) {
-      src = src.toString();
-    }
-    const srcb = new Buffer(src, 'utf8');
-    const span = srcb.length;
-    if ((offset + span) > b.length) {
-      throw new RangeError('encoding overruns Buffer');
-    }
-    srcb.copy(b, offset);
-    b[offset + span] = 0;
-    return span + 1;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Contain a UTF8 string with implicit length.
- *
- * *Factory*: {@link module:Layout.utf8|utf8}
- *
- * **NOTE** Because the length is implicit in the size of the buffer
- * this layout should be used only in isolation, or in a situation
- * where the length can be expressed by operating on a slice of the
- * containing buffer.
- *
- * @param {Number} [maxSpan] - the maximum length allowed for encoded
- * string content.  If not provided there is no bound on the allowed
- * content.
- *
- * @param {String} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class UTF8 extends Layout {
-  constructor(maxSpan, property) {
-    if (('string' === typeof maxSpan)
-        && (undefined === property)) {
-      property = maxSpan;
-      maxSpan = undefined;
-    }
-    if (undefined === maxSpan) {
-      maxSpan = -1;
-    } else if (!Number.isInteger(maxSpan)) {
-      throw new TypeError('maxSpan must be an integer');
-    }
-
-    super(-1, property);
-
-    /** The maximum span of the layout in bytes.
-     *
-     * Positive values are generally expected.  Zero is abnormal.
-     * Attempts to encode or decode a value that exceeds this length
-     * will throw a `RangeError`.
-     *
-     * A negative value indicates that there is no bound on the length
-     * of the content. */
-    this.maxSpan = maxSpan;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  getSpan(b, offset) {
-    if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
-      throw new TypeError('b must be a Buffer');
-    }
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    return b.length - offset;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset, dest) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    let span = this.getSpan(b, offset);
-    if ((0 <= this.maxSpan)
-        && (this.maxSpan < span)) {
-      throw new RangeError('text length exceeds maxSpan');
-    }
-    return b.slice(offset, offset + span).toString('utf-8');
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    if (undefined === offset) {
-      offset = 0;
-    }
-    /* Must force this to a string, lest it be a number and the
-     * "utf8-encoding" below actually allocate a buffer of length
-     * src */
-    if ('string' !== typeof src) {
-      src = src.toString();
-    }
-    const srcb = new Buffer(src, 'utf8');
-    const span = srcb.length;
-    if ((0 <= this.maxSpan)
-        && (this.maxSpan < span)) {
-      throw new RangeError('text length exceeds maxSpan');
-    }
-    if ((offset + span) > b.length) {
-      throw new RangeError('encoding overruns Buffer');
-    }
-    srcb.copy(b, offset);
-    return span;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Contain a constant value.
- *
- * This layout may be used in cases where a JavaScript value can be
- * inferred without an expression in the binary encoding.  An example
- * would be a {@link VariantLayout|variant layout} where the content
- * is implied by the union {@link Union#discriminator|discriminator}.
- *
- * @param {Object|Number|String} value - initializer for {@link
- * Constant#value|value}.  If the value is an object (or array) and
- * the application intends the object to remain unchanged regardless
- * of what is done to values decoded by this layout, the value should
- * be frozen prior passing it to this constructor.
- *
- * @param {String} [property] - initializer for {@link
- * Layout#property|property}.
- *
- * @augments {Layout}
- */
-class Constant extends Layout {
-  constructor(value, property) {
-    super(0, property);
-
-    /** The value produced by this constant when the layout is {@link
-     * Constant#decode|decoded}.
-     *
-     * Any JavaScript value including `null` and `undefined` is
-     * permitted.
-     *
-     * **WARNING** If `value` passed in the constructor was not
-     * frozen, it is possible for users of decoded values to change
-     * the content of the value. */
-    this.value = value;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  decode(b, offset, dest) {
-    return this.value;
-  }
-
-  /** @override */
-  encode(src, b, offset) {
-    /* Constants take no space */
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-exports.ExternalLayout = ExternalLayout;
-exports.GreedyCount = GreedyCount;
-exports.OffsetLayout = OffsetLayout;
-exports.UInt = UInt;
-exports.UIntBE = UIntBE;
-exports.Int = Int;
-exports.IntBE = IntBE;
-exports.Float = Float;
-exports.FloatBE = FloatBE;
-exports.Double = Double;
-exports.DoubleBE = DoubleBE;
-exports.Sequence = Sequence;
-exports.Structure = Structure;
-exports.UnionDiscriminator = UnionDiscriminator;
-exports.UnionLayoutDiscriminator = UnionLayoutDiscriminator;
-exports.Union = Union;
-exports.VariantLayout = VariantLayout;
-exports.BitStructure = BitStructure;
-exports.BitField = BitField;
-exports.Boolean = Boolean;
-exports.Blob = Blob;
-exports.CString = CString;
-exports.UTF8 = UTF8;
-exports.Constant = Constant;
-
-/** Factory for {@link GreedyCount}. */
-exports.greedy = ((elementSpan, property) => new GreedyCount(elementSpan, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link OffsetLayout}. */
-exports.offset = ((layout, offset, property) => new OffsetLayout(layout, offset, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|unsigned int layouts} spanning one
- * byte. */
-exports.u8 = (property => new UInt(1, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|little-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning two bytes. */
-exports.u16 = (property => new UInt(2, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|little-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning three bytes. */
-exports.u24 = (property => new UInt(3, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|little-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning four bytes. */
-exports.u32 = (property => new UInt(4, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|little-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning five bytes. */
-exports.u40 = (property => new UInt(5, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|little-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning six bytes. */
-exports.u48 = (property => new UInt(6, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link NearUInt64|little-endian unsigned int
- * layouts} interpreted as Numbers. */
-exports.nu64 = (property => new NearUInt64(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|big-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning two bytes. */
-exports.u16be = (property => new UIntBE(2, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|big-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning three bytes. */
-exports.u24be = (property => new UIntBE(3, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|big-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning four bytes. */
-exports.u32be = (property => new UIntBE(4, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|big-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning five bytes. */
-exports.u40be = (property => new UIntBE(5, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UInt|big-endian unsigned int layouts}
- * spanning six bytes. */
-exports.u48be = (property => new UIntBE(6, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link NearUInt64BE|big-endian unsigned int
- * layouts} interpreted as Numbers. */
-exports.nu64be = (property => new NearUInt64BE(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|signed int layouts} spanning one
- * byte. */
-exports.s8 = (property => new Int(1, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning two bytes. */
-exports.s16 = (property => new Int(2, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning three bytes. */
-exports.s24 = (property => new Int(3, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning four bytes. */
-exports.s32 = (property => new Int(4, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning five bytes. */
-exports.s40 = (property => new Int(5, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning six bytes. */
-exports.s48 = (property => new Int(6, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link NearInt64|little-endian signed int layouts}
- * interpreted as Numbers. */
-exports.ns64 = (property => new NearInt64(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning two bytes. */
-exports.s16be = (property => new IntBE(2, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning three bytes. */
-exports.s24be = (property => new IntBE(3, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning four bytes. */
-exports.s32be = (property => new IntBE(4, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning five bytes. */
-exports.s40be = (property => new IntBE(5, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Int|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * spanning six bytes. */
-exports.s48be = (property => new IntBE(6, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link NearInt64BE|big-endian signed int layouts}
- * interpreted as Numbers. */
-exports.ns64be = (property => new NearInt64BE(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Float|little-endian 32-bit floating point} values. */
-exports.f32 = (property => new Float(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link FloatBE|big-endian 32-bit floating point} values. */
-exports.f32be = (property => new FloatBE(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Double|little-endian 64-bit floating point} values. */
-exports.f64 = (property => new Double(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link DoubleBE|big-endian 64-bit floating point} values. */
-exports.f64be = (property => new DoubleBE(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Structure} values. */
-exports.struct = ((fields, property, decodePrefixes) => new Structure(fields, property, decodePrefixes));
-
-/** Factory for {@link BitStructure} values. */
-exports.bits = ((word, msb, property) => new BitStructure(word, msb, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Sequence} values. */
-exports.seq = ((elementLayout, count, property) => new Sequence(elementLayout, count, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Union} values. */
-exports.union = ((discr, defaultLayout, property) => new Union(discr, defaultLayout, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UnionLayoutDiscriminator} values. */
-exports.unionLayoutDiscriminator = ((layout, property) => new UnionLayoutDiscriminator(layout, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Blob} values. */
-exports.blob = ((length, property) => new Blob(length, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link CString} values. */
-exports.cstr = (property => new CString(property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link UTF8} values. */
-exports.utf8 = ((maxSpan, property) => new UTF8(maxSpan, property));
-
-/** Factory for {@link Constant} values. */
-exports.const = ((value, property) => new Constant(value, property));