@mathzetta/inlinemath 0.0.0-stage → 0.2.0

package/dist/inlinemath-cas.global.min.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* Inline Math 0.2.0 — MIT licence; includes mathzetta (and @mathzetta/cas, for the CAS) */
+var InlineMath=function(e){"use strict";const 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e}function _n(e,t=1n){if(0n===t)throw new qn("division by zero");t<0n&&(e=-e,t=-t);const n=In(e,t)||1n;return{n:e/n,d:t/n}}const Tn=_n(0n),jn=_n(1n),zn=(e,t)=>_n(e.n*t.d+t.n*e.d,e.d*t.d),Ln=(e,t)=>_n(e.n*t.n,e.d*t.d),Cn=(e,t)=>_n(e.n*t.d,e.d*t.n),Rn=e=>({n:-e.n,d:e.d}),Zn=(e,t)=>{const n=e.n*t.d-t.n*e.d;return n<0n?-1:n>0n?1:0},Fn=e=>{const t=e.n/e.d;return e.n<0n&&t*e.d!==e.n?t-1n:t};function Pn(e){const t=En(e.n),n=En(e.d);if(t<1e3&&n<1e3)return Number(e.n)/Number(e.d);const r=BigInt(Math.max(t,n)-1e3),i=e.d>>r;return 0n===i?e.n<0n?-1/0:1/0:Number(e.n>>r)/Number(i)}function Bn(e){let t=String(e).trim(),n=1n;t.startsWith("-")&&(n=-1n,t=t.slice(1));const r=t.endsWith("..");r&&(t=t.slice(0,-2));let i=0;const s=t.search(/e/i);s>=0&&(i=Number(t.slice(s+1)),t=t.slice(0,s));const[o="",a=""]=t.split(".");if(!(/^\d*$/.test(o)&&/^\d*$/.test(a)&&o+a))throw new Mn(`'${e}' is not a number`);let l;if(r&&a){let e=1;for(let t=1;2*t<=a.length;t++)if(a.slice(-t)===a.slice(-2*t,-t)){e=t;break}const 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e.pi&&(t*=Math.PI**e.pi),e.e&&(t*=Math.E**e.e),e.root&&(t*=Pn(_n(e.root.r))**(1/e.root.n)),t}if("boolean"==typeof e)return e?1:0;throw new Mn("not a number")}function nr(e,...t){if(Number.isNaN(e))throw new qn("undefined");if(!Number.isFinite(e)&&t.every(Number.isFinite))throw new Mn("too large to calculate");return e}const rr=e=>"boolean"==typeof e?e:Hn(e)?0n!==e.c.n:"number"==typeof e?0!==e:Boolean(e);function ir(e){if("bigint"==typeof e)return Dn(_n(e));if("number"==typeof e)return Number.isFinite(e)?Dn(Number.isInteger(e)&&Math.abs(e)<=Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER?_n(BigInt(e)):Bn(String(e))):e;if("boolean"==typeof e)return e;if("string"==typeof e)return/^-?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(\.\.)?$/.test(e.trim())?Dn(Bn(e)):Xr(nn(e),{});if(Array.isArray(e))return!e.group&&J(e)?Jn(e.map(e=>Jn(e.map(ir),"[]")),"[]"):Jn(e.map(ir),e.group||"()");if(Hn(e)||"function"==typeof e)return e;throw new Mn(`can't use ${typeof e} as a value`)}function sr(e){return Array.isArray(e)?e.map(sr):e&&"s"===e.kind?e.text:"boolean"==typeof e?e:tr(e)}function or(e,t){if(e<2n)return e;const n=BigInt(t);let r=1n<<BigInt(Math.ceil(En(e)/t));for(;;){const t=((n-1n)*r+e/r**(n-1n))/n;if(t>=r)return r;r=t}}function ar(e,t,n,r=0,i=0){if(0n===n)return Dn(Tn);const{coef:s,root:o}=function(e,t){let n=1n,r=t;const i=BigInt(e),s=r<10n**24n?1000000n:10000n;for(let e=2n;e<=s&&e*e<=r;e+=2n===e?1n:2n){const t=e**i;for(;r%t===0n;)r/=t,n*=e}const o=or(r,e);if(o**i===r&&(n*=o,r=1n),1n===r)return{coef:n,root:null};for(let t=e;t>=2;t--){if(e%t!==0)continue;const i=or(r,t);if(i**BigInt(t)===r)return{coef:n,root:{n:e/t,r:i}}}return{coef:n,root:{n:e,r:r}}}(t,n);return o&&1===o.n?Dn(Ln(e,_n(s*o.r)),r,i):Dn(Ln(e,_n(s)),r,i,o)}function lr(e,t){const n=Ln(e.c,t.c);if(En(n.n)+En(n.d)>An.bits)return null;const r=e.pi+t.pi,i=e.e+t.e;if(!e.root||!t.root)return Dn(n,r,i,e.root||t.root);const s=jr(e.root.n,t.root.n);if(s>An.rootIndex)return null;const 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e.isOne?{coef:_o.ONE,fs:[]}:{coef:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:Bo(e),e:t}]};const n=t.q;if(n.isInteger)return{coef:e.pow(n.n),fs:[]};if(e.isZero){if(n.sign<0)throw new No("division by zero");return{coef:_o.ZERO,fs:[]}}if(e.isOne)return{coef:_o.ONE,fs:[]};if(e.sign<0){if(n.d%2n==1n){const{coef:r,fs:i}=ia(e.neg(),t);return{coef:n.n%2n==0n?r:r.neg(),fs:i}}if(Ro.complex&&2n===n.d){const{coef:r,fs:i}=ia(e.neg(),t);return{coef:r,fs:[...i,{b:la,e:Bo(new _o(n.n))}]}}return{coef:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:Bo(e),e:t}]}}if(!e.isInteger){const r=ia(new _o(e.n),t),i=ia(new _o(e.d),Bo(n.neg()));return{coef:r.coef.mul(i.coef),fs:[...r.fs,...i.fs]}}const r=n.floor(),i=n.sub(r);if(BigInt(Eo(e.n))*i.n>BigInt(So)||i.d>1000n)return{coef:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:Bo(e),e:t}]};let s=r.isZero?_o.ONE:e.pow(r.n);const{outside:o,inside:a}=Lo(e.n**i.n,Number(i.d));s=s.mul(new _o(o));return{coef:s,fs:a>1n?[{b:Bo(new _o(a)),e:Bo(new _o(1n,i.d))}]:[]}}function sa(e){let t=_o.ONE;const n=new Map,r=(e,t)=>{const r=Qo(e),i=n.get(r);i?i.e=ra([i.e,t]):n.set(r,{b:e,e:t})};for(const n of e)if("num"===n.k)t=t.mul(n.q);else if("mul"===n.k){t=t.mul(n.c);for(const e of n.fs)r(e.b,e.e)}else r(n,Do);if(t.isZero)return Wo;const i=[],s=new Map;for(const e of n.values())if(!Vo(e.e)||!e.e.q.isZero){if("num"===e.b.k){if(Vo(e.e)&&!e.e.q.isInteger&&e.b.q.sign>0&&e.b.q.isInteger){const t=e.e.q.toString(),n=s.get(t);n?n.n*=e.b.q.n:s.set(t,{n:e.b.q.n,e:e.e});continue}const n=ia(e.b.q,e.e);t=t.mul(n.coef),i.push(...n.fs);continue}if("mul"===e.b.k&&Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger){const n=oa(e.b,e.e);"mul"===n.k?(t=t.mul(n.c),i.push(...n.fs)):"num"===n.k?t=t.mul(n.q):i.push({b:n,e:Do});continue}i.push(e)}for(const{n:e,e:n}of s.values()){const r=ia(new _o(e),n);t=t.mul(r.coef),i.push(...r.fs)}if(t.isZero)return Wo;const o=new Map;for(const e of i){const t=Qo(e.b),n=o.get(t);n?n.e=ra([n.e,e.e]):o.set(t,{...e})}let a=[...o.values()].filter(e=>!(Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.isZero));if(Ro.complex){a=a.flatMap(e=>{if(!Po(e.b)||!Vo(e.e)||!e.e.q.isInteger)return[e];const n=(e.e.q.n%4n+4n)%4n;return n>=2n&&(t=t.neg()),n%2n?[{b:e.b,e:Do}]:[]});const e=a.filter(e=>"add"===e.b.k&&Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger&&ca(e.b)),n=a.some(e=>Po(e.b)),r=e.every(e=>(e.e.q.sign<0?-e.e.q.n:e.e.q.n)<=60n);if(e.length&&r&&(e.length>1||n||!e[0].e.q.isOne)){const r=a.filter(t=>!e.includes(t)&&!Po(t.b));let i=n?[la]:[Do];for(const t of e){const e=t.e.q.sign<0?fa(t.b):t.b;for(let n=0n;n<(t.e.q.sign<0?-t.e.q.n:t.e.q.n);n++)i=ha(i,Ia(e))}return sa([Bo(t),ra(i),...r.map(e=>aa(e.b,e.e))])}}if(a.some(e=>"num"===e.b.k&&Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.compare(_o.ONE)>=0))return sa([Bo(t),...a.map(e=>"num"===e.b.k?oa(e.b,e.e):{k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[e]})]);if(!a.length)return Bo(t);if(1===a.length&&!t.isOne&&"add"===a[0].b.k&&Vo(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne){const e=a[0].b;return ra([Bo(t.mul(e.c)),...e.terms.map(e=>ta(t.mul(e.coef),e.x))])}return t.isOne&&1===a.length&&Vo(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne?a[0].b:(a=a.sort((e,t)=>Jo(e.b,e.e)-Jo(t.b,t.e)||Yo(Qo(e.b),Qo(t.b))),{k:"mul",c:t,fs:a})}function oa(e,t){if(Ro.complex&&Vo(t)&&t.q.isInteger){if(Po(e))return sa([{k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}]);if("add"===e.k&&ca(e)&&!t.q.isOne)return sa([{k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}])}if(Vo(t)){if(t.q.isZero){if(Vo(e)&&e.q.isZero)throw new No("0^0 is undefined");return Do}if(t.q.isOne)return e}if(Vo(e)){const n=ia(e.q,t);if(!n.fs.length)return Bo(n.coef);if(n.fs.some(e=>Po(e.b)))return sa([Bo(n.coef),...n.fs.map(e=>({k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[e]}))]);const r={k:"mul",c:n.coef,fs:n.fs};return n.coef.isOne&&1===n.fs.length&&Vo(n.fs[0].e)&&n.fs[0].e.q.isOne?n.fs[0].b:r}if(Ro.complex&&Vo(t)&&2n===t.q.d&&ca(e)){const n=pa(e);if(n&&Vo(n.im)&&!n.im.q.isZero){const e=e=>oa(e,Bo(_o.of(2))),r=oa(ra([e(n.re),e(n.im)]),Uo),i=oa(sa([ra([r,n.re]),Bo(_o.HALF)]),Uo),s=oa(sa([ra([r,ga(n.re)]),Bo(_o.HALF)]),Uo);return oa(ra([i,sa([Bo(_o.of(n.im.q.sign)),s,la])]),Bo(new _o(t.q.n)))}}if("mul"===e.k){if(Vo(t)&&t.q.isInteger)return sa([Bo(e.c.pow(t.q.n)),...e.fs.map(e=>aa(e.b,sa([e.e,t])))]);if(!e.c.isOne&&e.c.sign>0)return sa([oa(Bo(e.c),t),oa({k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:e.fs},t)]);if(e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length){const[n]=e.fs;if(Vo(n.e)&&Vo(t)&&1n===n.e.q.n&&n.e.q.d%2n==1n)return aa(n.b,sa([n.e,t]))}}return{k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}}function aa(e,t){return Vo(t)&&t.q.isZero?Do:Vo(e)?oa(e,t):Vo(t)&&t.q.isOne?e:{k:"mul",c:_o.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}}const la=Ho(ho("i")),ua=e=>Ro.complex&&Na(e).s.split(" ").includes("i");function ca(e){return Ro.complex&&ua(e)&&0===Ea(Na(e)).size}function ha(e,t){const n=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of t)n.push(sa([r,e]));return Ia(ra(n))}function pa(e){const t=[],n=[];for(const r of Ia(e)){const{coef:e,rest:i}=na(r),s=i?_a(i):[],o=s.filter(e=>Po(e)),a=s.filter(e=>!Po(e));if(a.some(e=>ua(e)))return null;(o.length?n:t).push(sa([Bo(e),...a]))}return{re:ra(t),im:ra(n)}}function fa(e){const t=pa(e);if(!t)return oa(e,Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE));const n=ra([oa(t.re,Bo(_o.of(2))),oa(t.im,Bo(_o.of(2)))]);return sa([ra([t.re,sa([Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE),t.im,la])]),oa(n,Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE))])}const da={re:([e])=>pa(e)?.re??null,im:([e])=>pa(e)?.im??null,conj:([e])=>{const t=pa(e);return t?ra([t.re,sa([Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE),t.im,la])]):null},arg:([e])=>{const t=pa(e);return t?xa("atan2",[t.im,t.re]):null},abs:([e])=>{const t=pa(e);return!t||Vo(t.im)&&t.im.q.isZero?null:oa(ra([oa(t.re,Bo(_o.of(2))),oa(t.im,Bo(_o.of(2)))]),Uo)}},ma={Re:"re",re:"re",Im:"im",im:"im",conj:"conj",overline:"conj",bar:"conj",arg:"arg"},ga=e=>sa([Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE),e]),va=(e,t)=>sa([e,oa(t,Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE))]),ba=3000n,ya={abs:([e])=>Vo(e)?Bo(e.q.abs()):"mul"!==e.k||e.c.isOne?null:sa([Bo(e.c.abs()),xa("abs",[na(e).rest])]),floor:([e])=>Vo(e)?Bo(e.q.floor()):null,ceil:([e])=>Vo(e)?Bo(e.q.ceil()):null,"!":([e])=>{if(!Vo(e)||!e.q.isInteger||e.q.sign<0||e.q.n>ba)return null;let t=1n;for(let n=2n;n<=e.q.n;n++)t*=n;return Bo(new _o(t))},mod:([e,t])=>Vo(e)&&Vo(t)&&!t.q.isZero?Bo(e.q.sub(t.q.mul(e.q.div(t.q).floor()))):null,max:e=>e.every(Vo)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,t)=>t.q.compare(e.q)>0?t:e):null,min:e=>e.every(Vo)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,t)=>t.q.compare(e.q)<0?t:e):null,gcd:e=>e.length&&e.every(e=>Vo(e)&&e.q.isInteger)?Bo(new _o(e.reduce((e,t)=>Io(e,t.q.n),0n))):null,log:([e,t])=>{if(!Vo(e)||!Vo(t)||e.q.sign<=0||t.q.sign<=0||e.q.isOne)return null;if(t.q.isOne)return Wo;const n=Math.log(t.q.toNumber())/Math.log(e.q.toNumber());if(!Number.isFinite(n))return null;for(let r=1;r<=12;r++){const i=Math.round(n*r);if(!(Math.abs(n*r-i)>1e-9||0===i)&&(Math.abs(i)<=256&&e.q.pow(BigInt(i)).equals(t.q.pow(BigInt(r)))))return Bo(new _o(BigInt(i),BigInt(r)))}return null},comb:([e,t])=>Vo(e)&&Vo(t)&&e.q.isInteger&&t.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&t.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=ba?Bo(function(e,t){if(t>e)return _o.ZERO;t>e-t&&(t=e-t);let n=1n;for(let r=1n;r<=t;r++)n=n*(e-t+r)/r;return new _o(n)}(e.q.n,t.q.n)):null,perm:([e,t])=>{if(!(Vo(e)&&Vo(t)&&e.q.isInteger&&t.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&t.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=ba))return null;if(t.q.n>e.q.n)return Wo;let n=1n;for(let r=0n;r<t.q.n;r++)n*=e.q.n-r;return Bo(new _o(n))}};function xa(e,t){if(Ro.complex&&da[e]){const n=da[e](t);if(n)return n}const n=ya[e];if(n){const e=n(t);if(e)return e}return Ho(go(e,t.map(Na)))}const wa=new Map;function $a(e){const t=Ro.complex?`ℂ ${e.s}`:e.s,n=wa.get(t);if(n)return n;const r=function(e){if("num"===e.type){const t=To(e.token);if(!t)throw new No(`not an exact number: ${e.token}`);return Bo(t)}if("sym"===e.type)return"π"===e.token?Ho(ho("pi")):Ho(e);const t=e.args.map($a);switch(e.op){case"+":return ra(t);case"-":return((e,t)=>ra([e,ga(t)]))(t[0],t[1]);case"neg":return ga(t[0]);case"*":return sa(t);case"/":return va(t[0],t[1]);case"^":return oa(t[0],t[1]);case"sqrt":return oa(t[0],Uo);case"root":return oa(t[1],oa(t[0],Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE)));default:{const n=e.op.startsWith("\\:")?e.op.slice(2):null;return n&&Ro.complex&&ma[n]&&1===t.length?xa(ma[n],t):n&&no(n)&&to(n).arity===t.length?xa(n,t):xa(e.op,t)}}}(e);return wa.size>2e4&&wa.clear(),wa.set(t,r),r}const ka=e=>Na($a(e)),qa=e=>po(String(e));function Ma(e){return e.isInteger?qa(e.n):go("/",[qa(e.n),qa(e.d)])}const Aa=new WeakMap;function Na(e){let t=Aa.get(e);return t||Aa.set(e,t=function(e){switch(e.k){case"num":return Ma(e.q);case"atom":return e.node;case"mul":return function(e,t){const n=[],r=[];for(const e of t)Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign<0?r.push(Sa(e.b,Bo(e.e.q.neg()))):n.push(Sa(e.b,e.e));let i=1n!==e.n&&-1n!==e.n||!n.length?Oa([qa(e.n),...n]):Oa(n);-1n===e.n&&n.length&&(i=go("neg",[i]));1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(qa(e.d));return r.length?go("/",[i,Oa(r)]):i}(e.c,e.fs);case"add":return function(e){let t=null;const n=e=>Ro.complex&&ua(e.x)&&0===Ea(Na(e.x)).size,r=[...e.terms.filter(e=>!n(e)),...e.terms.filter(n)],i=e.c,s=()=>{i.isZero||(t=t?i.sign<0?go("-",[t,Ma(i.neg())]):go("+",[t,Ma(i)]):Ma(i))};let o=!1;for(const e of r)!o&&n(e)&&(s(),o=!0),t=t?e.coef.sign<0?go("-",[t,Na(ta(e.coef.neg(),e.x))]):go("+",[t,Na(ta(e.coef,e.x))]):Na(ta(e.coef,e.x));o||s();return t}(e);default:throw new Error(`bad form ${e.k}`)}}(e)),t}function Sa(e,t){const n=Na(e);if(Vo(t)){const e=t.q;if(e.isOne)return n;if(1n===e.n&&2n===e.d)return go("sqrt",[n]);if(1n===e.n)return go("root",[qa(e.d),n])}return go("^",[n,Na(t)])}const Oa=e=>e.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("*",[e,t]):t,null);function Ea(e,t=new Set){if("sym"===e.type)Fo(e.token)||t.add(e.token);else if(bo(e))for(const n of e.args)Ea(n,t);return t}function Ia(e){if("add"!==e.k)return[e];const t=e.terms.map(e=>ta(e.coef,e.x));return e.c.isZero||t.push(Bo(e.c)),t}function _a(e){if("num"===e.k)return[e];if("mul"!==e.k)return[e];const t=e.c.isOne?[]:[Bo(e.c)];for(const n of e.fs)t.push(aa(n.b,n.e));return t}const Ta="_",ja=new WeakMap;function za(e,t){return[...t,...to(e.op)?.arity===Xs?[String(e.args.length)]:[],e.op].join(" ")}function La(e,t){let n=ja.get(e);n||ja.set(e,n=new Map);const r=n.get(t);if(r)return r;const i=function(e,t){const n={key:Ta,slots:[e]};if(e.type!==ao||t<=0)return[n];const r=e.args.map(e=>La(e,t-1)),i=[n],s=new Array(r.length).fill(0);for(;;){const t=[],n=[];for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e][s[e]];t.push(i.key);for(const e of i.slots)n.push(e)}if(i.push({key:za(e,t),slots:n}),i.length>=4096)break;let o=r.length-1;for(;o>=0&&!(++s[o]<r[o].length);o--)s[o]=0;if(o<0)break}return i}(e,t);return n.set(t,i),i}function Ca(e){return e.type!==ao?Ta:za(e,e.args.map(Ca))}function Ra(e,t=[]){if(e.type!==ao)t.push(e);else for(const n of e.args)Ra(n,t);return t}const Za=new Map,Fa=new Map;class Pa extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="RequirementError"}}function Ba(e,t,n=""){Za.set(e,{name:e,fn:t,doc:n,arity:Math.max(0,t.length-1)})}function Da(e,t,n=""){Fa.set(e,{name:e,fn:t,doc:n})}function Wa(e){return Za.get(e)||null}function Ua(e){return Fa.get(e)||null}const Va=e=>e.type===so;function Ha(e,t){return e.type===ao&&(e.op===t||e.args.some(e=>Ha(e,t)))}Ba("always",()=>!0,"matches anything"),Ba("never",()=>!1,"matches nothing"),Ba("isLeaf",e=>e.type!==ao,"a bare operand, not an operation"),Ba("isCompound",e=>e.type===ao,"an operation, not a bare operand"),Ba("isSymbol",e=>e.type===oo,"a non-numeric operand such as x"),Ba("isOperation",(e,t)=>e.type===ao&&e.op===t,"is this specific operation"),Ba("notOperation",(e,t)=>!(e.type===ao&&e.op===t),"is anything except this 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Set(r.filter(e=>e.name).map(e=>e.name)),s=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=e.when||{};if("object"!=typeof i||Array.isArray(i))throw new Ja('"when" must map slot names to lists of requirements',n);for(const[e,s]of Object.entries(i)){if(!t.has(e))throw new Ja(`"when" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,n);const i=Array.isArray(s)?s:[s];for(const t of i){const{name:i,args:s}=Qa(t),o=Wa(i);if(!o)throw new Ja(`unknown requirement "${i}"`,n);r.push({slot:e,name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}}return r}(e,i,t),o=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=e.require||[];if(!Array.isArray(i))throw new Ja('"require" must be a list of relations',n);for(const e of i){const{name:i,args:s}=Qa(e),o=Ua(i);if(!o)throw new Ja(`unknown relation "${i}"`,n);if(s.length<2)throw new Ja(`relation "${i}" needs at least two operands`,n);for(const e of s)if("string"==typeof e&&!t.has(e)&&Ya.test(e))throw new Ja(`relation "${i}" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,n);r.push({name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}return r}(e,i,t),a=function(e,t,n){let r;try{r=yo(e)}catch(t){throw new Ja(`bad output "${e}": ${t.message}`,n)}const i=e=>bo(e)?{kind:"op",op:e.op,args:e.args.map(i)}:vo(e)?{kind:"const",node:e}:t.has(e.token)?{kind:"slot",name:e.token}:e.token.startsWith("=")?{kind:"const",node:ho(e.token.slice(1))}:{kind:"const",node:e,free:!0};return i(r)}(String(e.output),i,t),l=e.commutative?el(n):[n],u=[],c=new Set;for(const e of l){const n=Ca(e),r=Ra(e).map(e=>Ka(e,t)),i=n+"\0"+r.map(e=>e.name??(void 0!==e.literal?`#${e.literal}`:`=${e.token}`)).join(",");c.has(i)||(c.add(i),u.push({key:n,slots:r}))}const h={id:String(t),name:e.name?String(e.name):String(t),pattern:String(e.pattern),patternTree:n,output:String(e.output),outputTemplate:a,explain:e.explain?String(e.explain).trim():"",mode:e.mode?String(e.mode):Xa,tags:Array.isArray(e.tags)?e.tags.map(String):[],priority:Number.isFinite(e.priority)?e.priority:0,fold:!!e.fold,commutative:!!e.commutative,enabled:void 0===e.enabled||!!e.enabled,when:s,require:o,slots:[...i],depth:wo(n),bindings:u,freeSymbols:tl(a),source:e};for(const e of u)e.rule=h;return h}function rl(e){const t={};for(const n of e.when)(t[n.slot]||=[]).push(n.args.length?[n.name,...n.args]:n.name);const n={id:e.id};return e.name!==e.id&&(n.name=e.name),e.mode!==Xa&&(n.mode=e.mode),n.pattern=e.pattern,Object.keys(t).length&&(n.when=t),e.require.length&&(n.require=e.require.map(e=>[e.name,...e.args])),n.output=e.output,e.explain&&(n.explain=e.explain),e.fold&&(n.fold=!0),e.commutative&&(n.commutative=!0),e.priority&&(n.priority=e.priority),e.tags.length&&(n.tags=e.tags),e.enabled||(n.enabled=!1),n}class il extends Error{constructor(e,t){super(null==t?e:`${e} (line ${t+1})`),this.name="YamlError",this.line=t}}class sl{constructor(e){this.records=e,this.i=0,this.pushed=[]}peek(){if(this.pushed.length)return this.pushed[this.pushed.length-1];for(;this.i<this.records.length&&this.records[this.i].blank;)this.i++;return 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n=[];for(;;){const r=e.peek();if(!r||r.indent!==t||!ol(r.text))break;if(e.next(),"-"===r.text){const r=e.peek();n.push(r&&r.indent>t?hl(e,r.indent):null);continue}if(cl.test(r.text.slice(2).trim())){n.push(fl(e,r.text.slice(2).trim(),t));continue}const i=r.text.slice(2),s=t+2+(i.length-i.trimStart().length);e.push({raw:r.raw,n:r.n,indent:s,text:i.trim(),blank:!1}),n.push(hl(e,s))}return n}function fl(e,t,n){const r=t[0],i=(t.match(/[-+]/)||[""])[0],s=(t.match(/\d+/)||[null])[0];let o=s?n+Number(s):null;const a=[];for(;e.i<e.records.length;){const t=e.records[e.i];if(""===t.raw.trim()){a.push(""),e.i++;continue}const r=t.raw.search(/\S/);if(r<=n)break;if(null===o&&(o=r),r<o)break;a.push(t.raw.slice(o)),e.i++}for(;a.length&&""===a[a.length-1];)a.pop();let l;if("|"===r)l=a.join("\n");else{const e=[];for(const t of a)""===t?e.push("\n"):e.length&&"\n"!==e[e.length-1]?e[e.length-1]+=" 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e?"true":"false";if("number"==typeof e){if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new il(`cannot serialise ${e}`);return String(e)}const t=String(e);return function(e){return!!(""===e||/^\s|\s$/.test(e)||/[\u0000-\u001f\u007f]/.test(e)||/^[-?:,[\]{}#&*!|>'"%@`]/.test(e)||/: |\s#/.test(e)||vl.test(e)||/^[-+]?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?$/.test(e))}(t)?JSON.stringify(t):t}const yl=e=>null==e||"object"!=typeof e;function xl(e){return Array.isArray(e)?`[${e.map(xl).join(", ")}]`:e&&"object"==typeof e?`{${Object.entries(e).map(([e,t])=>`${bl(e)}: ${xl(t)}`).join(", ")}}`:bl(e)}function wl(e){return Array.isArray(e)?!!e.every(e=>yl(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(yl))&&xl(e).length<=72:!(!e||"object"!=typeof e)&&(Object.values(e).every(e=>yl(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(yl))&&xl(e).length<=72)}function $l(e){const t=[];return kl(e,0,t),t.length?t.join("\n")+"\n":""}function kl(e,t,n){const r=" ".repeat(t);if(Array.isArray(e)){if(0===e.length)return void n.push(r+"[]");for(const r of 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e=this.index.get(t.key);e||this.index.set(t.key,e=[]),e.push(t),e.sort((e,t)=>t.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||t.rule.depth-e.rule.depth)}}remove(e){const t=this.rules.findIndex(t=>t.id===e);return-1!==t&&(this.rules.splice(t,1),this.reindex(),!0)}setEnabled(e,t){const n=this.get(e);return!!n&&(n.enabled=!!t,this.reindex(),!0)}reindex(){this.index=new Map,this.maxDepth=0,this.views.clear();for(const e of this.rules)e.enabled&&this.link(e),e.depth>this.maxDepth&&(this.maxDepth=e.depth)}get(e){return this.rules.find(t=>t.id===e)||null}candidates(e){return this.index.get(e)||null}get size(){return this.rules.length}static fromYaml(e,{strict:t=!0}={}){const n=ul(e);return Al.fromSpecs(n,{strict:t})}static fromSpecs(e,{strict:t=!0}={}){let n=e,r="";if(e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&"object"==typeof e&&(n=e.rules,r=e.name?String(e.name):""),!Array.isArray(n))throw new Ja('expected a list of rules, or a mapping with a "rules" list');const i=new Al;i.name=r;const s=[];for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)try{i.add(n[e])}catch(t){s.push(`#${e+1}: ${t.message}`)}if(s.length&&t)throw new Ja(`${s.length} rule(s) failed to compile:\n  ${s.join("\n  ")}`);return i.errors=s,i}toSpecs(){return this.rules.map(rl)}toYaml(){const e=this.toSpecs();return this.name?$l({name:this.name,rules:e}):$l(e)}keyReport(){return[...this.index.entries()].map(([e,t])=>({key:e,rules:t.map(e=>e.rule.id)})).sort((e,t)=>e.key.localeCompare(t.key))}}function Nl(e,t){const n=Object.create(null),r=e.slots;for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e],s=t[e];if(void 0!==i.literal){if(!vo(s)||s.value!==i.literal)return null;continue}if(void 0!==i.token){if(s.s!==i.token)return null;continue}const o=n[i.name];if(void 0!==o){if(o.s!==s.s)return null}else n[i.name]=s}return n}function Sl(e,t){for(const n of e.when){const e=t[n.slot];if(void 0===e)return!1;if(!n.fn(e,...n.args))return!1}for(const n of e.require){const e=n.args.map(e=>void 0!==t[e]?t[e]:e);if(!n.fn(...e))return!1}return!0}function Ol(e,t){return t.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||t.rule.depth-e.rule.depth}function El(e,t){const n=[];if(0===t.maxDepth)return n;for(const{key:r,slots:i}of function(e,t){const n=La(e,t),r=[];for(const e of n)e.key!==Ta&&r.push(e);return r}(e,t.maxDepth)){const e=t.candidates(r);if(e)for(const t of e){const e=Nl(t,i);e&&(Sl(t.rule,e)&&n.push({rule:t.rule,binding:t,key:r,bound:e}))}}return n.sort(Ol)}function Il(e,t){switch(e.kind){case"slot":{const n=t[e.name];if(!n)throw new Error(`output references unbound slot "${e.name}"`);return n}case"const":return e.node;case"op":return go(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Il(e,t)));default:throw new Error(`bad output template: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}}const _l=4e5,Tl=()=>new No("a number too large to approximate"),jl=e=>e<0n?-e:e;class zl{constructor(e){this.P=e,this.S=10n**BigInt(e),this.cache=new Map}fromQ(e){return e.n*this.S/e.d}mul(e,t){return e*t/this.S}div(e,t){if(0n===t)throw new No("division by zero");return e*this.S/t}sqrt(e){if(e<0n)throw new No("the square root of a negative number is not real");return jo(e*this.S,2)}series(e,t){let n=0n,r=e;for(let e=1;0n!==r;e++)if(n+=r,r=t(r,e),e>1e5)throw new No("a series did not converge");return n}atanhInv(e){const t=BigInt(e),n=t*t;let r=this.S/t,i=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n)i+=r/e,r/=n;return i}atanInv(e){const t=BigInt(e),n=t*t;let r=this.S/t,i=0n;for(let e=1n,t=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,t=-t)i+=t*r/e,r/=n;return i}get pi(){return this.memo("pi",()=>16n*this.atanInv(5)-4n*this.atanInv(239))}get ln2(){return this.memo("ln2",()=>2n*this.atanhInv(3))}get e(){return this.memo("e",()=>this.exp(this.S))}memo(e,t){return this.cache.has(e)||this.cache.set(e,t()),this.cache.get(e)}exp(e){const t=(e+(e>=0n?this.ln2/2n:-this.ln2/2n))/this.ln2;if(t>BigInt(_l))throw Tl();if(t<-BigInt(_l))return 0n;const n=e-t*this.ln2,r=this.series(this.S,(e,t)=>e*n/this.S/BigInt(t));return t>=0n?r<<t:r>>-t}ln(e){if(e<=0n)throw new No("the log of a number that is not positive is not real");let t=0n,n=e;for(;n>=this.S;)n>>=1n,t++;for(;n<this.S/2n;)n<<=1n,t--;const r=this.div(n-this.S,n+this.S),i=this.mul(r,r);let s=r,o=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==s;e+=2n)o+=s/e,s=this.mul(s,i);return 2n*o+t*this.ln2}sin(e){const t=2n*this.pi;let n=e%t;n>this.pi&&(n-=t),n<-this.pi&&(n+=t);const r=this.mul(n,n);return this.series(n,(e,t)=>-e*r/this.S/BigInt(2*t*(2*t+1)))}cos(e){return this.sin(e+this.pi/2n)}atan(e){if(jl(e)>this.S){const t=this.pi/2n;return(e>0n?t:-t)-this.atan(this.div(this.S,e))}let t=e;for(let e=0;e<2;e++)t=this.div(t,this.S+this.sqrt(this.S+this.mul(t,t)));const n=this.mul(t,t);let r=t,i=0n;for(let e=1n,t=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,t=-t)i+=t*r/e,r=this.mul(r,n);return 4n*i}asin(e){if(jl(e)>this.S)throw new No("arcsin of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return jl(e)===this.S?e>0n?this.pi/2n:-this.pi/2n:this.atan(this.div(e,this.sqrt(this.S-this.mul(e,e))))}}function Ll(e,t,n){if(n>0n)return e.atan(e.div(t,n));if(n<0n)return e.atan(e.div(t,n))+(t>=0n?e.pi:-e.pi);if(0n===t)throw new No("the argument of 0 is undefined");return t>0n?e.pi/2n:-e.pi/2n}const Cl={add:(e,t)=>[e[0]+t[0],e[1]+t[1]],sub:(e,t)=>[e[0]-t[0],e[1]-t[1]],mul:(e,t,n)=>[e.mul(t[0],n[0])-e.mul(t[1],n[1]),e.mul(t[0],n[1])+e.mul(t[1],n[0])],div(e,t,n){const r=e.mul(n[0],n[0])+e.mul(n[1],n[1]);if(0n===r)throw new No("division by zero");return[e.div(e.mul(t[0],n[0])+e.mul(t[1],n[1]),r),e.div(e.mul(t[1],n[0])-e.mul(t[0],n[1]),r)]},abs:(e,t)=>e.sqrt(e.mul(t[0],t[0])+e.mul(t[1],t[1])),exp(e,t){const n=e.exp(t[0]);return[e.mul(n,e.cos(t[1])),e.mul(n,e.sin(t[1]))]},ln(e,t){const n=Cl.abs(e,t);if(0n===n)throw new No("the log of 0 is undefined");return[e.ln(n),Ll(e,t[1],t[0])]},pow(e,t,n,r){if(0n===t[0]&&0n===t[1])return[0n,0n];if(r&&r.isInteger){let n=r.n<0n?-r.n:r.n,i=[e.S,0n],s=t;for(;n>0n;)1n&n&&(i=Cl.mul(e,i,s)),s=Cl.mul(e,s,s),n>>=1n;return r.n<0n?Cl.div(e,[e.S,0n],i):i}return Cl.exp(e,Cl.mul(e,n,Cl.ln(e,t)))},sinh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)-e.exp(-t))/2n,cosh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)+e.exp(-t))/2n},Rl={sin:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(e.sin(t),Cl.cosh(e,n)),e.mul(e.cos(t),Cl.sinh(e,n))],cos:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(e.cos(t),Cl.cosh(e,n)),-e.mul(e.sin(t),Cl.sinh(e,n))],tan:(e,t)=>Cl.div(e,Rl.sin(e,t),Rl.cos(e,t)),ln:(e,t)=>Cl.ln(e,t),sqrt:(e,t)=>Cl.exp(e,Cl.mul(e,[e.S/2n,0n],Cl.ln(e,t))),sinh:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(Cl.sinh(e,t),e.cos(n)),e.mul(Cl.cosh(e,t),e.sin(n))],cosh:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(Cl.cosh(e,t),e.cos(n)),e.mul(Cl.sinh(e,t),e.sin(n))]},Zl=e=>({q:e}),Fl=([e,t])=>0n===t?{f:e}:{z:[e,t]};function Pl(e,t,n){const r=e=>((e,t)=>t.z??[Bl(e,t),0n])(n,t[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return Fl(Cl.add(r(0),r(1)));case"-":return Fl(Cl.sub(r(0),r(1)));case"neg":return Fl([-r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"*":return Fl(Cl.mul(n,r(0),r(1)));case"/":return Fl(Cl.div(n,r(0),r(1)));case"^":return Fl(Cl.pow(n,r(0),r(1),t[1].q));case"sqrt":return Fl(Rl.sqrt(n,r(0)));case"root":return Fl(Cl.pow(n,r(1),Cl.div(n,[n.S,0n],r(0)),t[0].q?.inv()));case"abs":return{f:Cl.abs(n,r(0))};case"arg":return{f:Ll(n,r(0)[1],r(0)[0])};case"re":return{f:r(0)[0]};case"im":return{f:r(0)[1]};case"conj":return Fl([r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"log":return Fl(Cl.div(n,Cl.ln(n,r(1)),Cl.ln(n,r(0))));default:{const i=Rl[e.op];if(!i||1!==t.length)throw new No(`no complex value for ${e.op}`);return Fl(i(n,r(0)))}}}function Bl(e,t){return t.q?e.fromQ(t.q):t.f}const Dl={sin:(e,t)=>e.sin(t),cos:(e,t)=>e.cos(t),tan:(e,t)=>e.div(e.sin(t),e.cos(t)),sec:(e,t)=>e.div(e.S,e.cos(t)),csc:(e,t)=>e.div(e.S,e.sin(t)),cot:(e,t)=>e.div(e.cos(t),e.sin(t)),arcsin:(e,t)=>e.asin(t),arccos:(e,t)=>e.pi/2n-e.asin(t),arctan:(e,t)=>e.atan(t),sinh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)-e.exp(-t))/2n,cosh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)+e.exp(-t))/2n,tanh:(e,t)=>{const n=e.exp(t),r=e.exp(-t);return e.div(n-r,n+r)},arcsinh:(e,t)=>e.ln(t+e.sqrt(e.mul(t,t)+e.S)),arccosh:(e,t)=>{if(t<e.S)throw new No("arccosh of a number below 1 is not real");return e.ln(t+e.sqrt(e.mul(t,t)-e.S))},arctanh:(e,t)=>{if(jl(t)>=e.S)throw new No("arctanh of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return e.ln(e.div(e.S+t,e.S-t))/2n},ln:(e,t)=>e.ln(t),loglog:(e,t)=>e.ln(e.ln(t)),logloglog:(e,t)=>e.ln(e.ln(e.ln(t))),expm1:(e,t)=>e.exp(t)-e.S};function Wl(e,t,n){if("num"===e.type)return Zl(To(e.token));if("sym"===e.type){if("pi"===e.token||"π"===e.token)return{f:t.pi};if("e"===e.token)return{f:t.e};if("i"===e.token&&Ro.complex)return{z:[0n,t.S]};if(n&&e.token in n){const t=n[e.token],r="number"==typeof t||"string"==typeof t||"bigint"==typeof t?To(String(t)):null;if(!r)throw new No(`the value of ${e.token} is not a number`);return Zl(r)}throw new No(`${e.token} has no value`)}Ro.complex&&e.op.startsWith("\\:")&&ma[e.op.slice(2)]&&(e=go(ma[e.op.slice(2)],e.args));const r=e.args.map(e=>Wl(e,t,n));if(r.some(e=>e.z)||["re","im","conj","arg"].includes(e.op)||function(e,t){if(!Ro.complex)return!1;const n=e=>e.q?e.q.sign<0:void 0!==e.f&&e.f<0n;return"sqrt"===e.op||"ln"===e.op||"log"===e.op?n(t["log"===e.op?1:0])||"log"===e.op&&n(t[0]):"^"===e.op?n(t[0])&&!(t[1].q&&t[1].q.d%2n==1n):"root"===e.op&&n(t[1])&&!(t[0].q&&t[0].q.isInteger&&t[0].q.n%2n==1n)}(e,r))return Pl(e,r,t);const i=r.every(e=>e.q),s=e=>Bl(t,r[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return i?Zl(r[0].q.add(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)+s(1)};case"-":return i?Zl(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)-s(1)};case"neg":return r[0].q?Zl(r[0].q.neg()):{f:-r[0].f};case"*":return i?Zl(r[0].q.mul(r[1].q)):{f:t.mul(s(0),s(1))};case"/":return i?Zl(r[0].q.div(r[1].q)):{f:t.div(s(0),s(1))};case"^":return Vl(t,r[0],r[1]);case"sqrt":return Vl(t,r[0],Zl(_o.HALF));case"root":return Vl(t,r[1],r[0].q?Zl(r[0].q.inv()):{f:t.div(t.S,r[0].f)});case"abs":return r[0].q?Zl(r[0].q.abs()):{f:jl(r[0].f)};case"floor":return Zl(r[0].q?r[0].q.floor():new _o(Ul(r[0].f,t.S)));case"ceil":return Zl(r[0].q?r[0].q.ceil():new _o(-Ul(-r[0].f,t.S)));case"log":return{f:t.div(t.ln(s(1)),t.ln(s(0)))};case"atan2":return{f:Ll(t,s(0),s(1))};case"max":case"min":if(!r.length)throw new No(`${e.op} of nothing`);return i?Zl(r.map(e=>e.q).reduce((t,n)=>("max"===e.op?n.sub(t).sign>0:n.sub(t).sign<0)?n:t)):{f:r.map((e,t)=>s(t)).reduce((t,n)=>"max"===e.op?n>t?n:t:n<t?n:t)};case"sum":return i?Zl(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.add(t.q),_o.ZERO)):{f:r.reduce((e,t,n)=>e+s(n),0n)};case"prod":return i?Zl(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.mul(t.q),_o.ONE)):{f:r.reduce((e,n,r)=>t.mul(e,s(r)),t.S)};case"mean":if(!r.length)throw new No("mean of nothing");return i?Zl(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.add(t.q),_o.ZERO).div(new _o(BigInt(r.length)))):{f:r.reduce((e,t,n)=>e+s(n),0n)/BigInt(r.length)};case"mod":{if(i){if(r[1].q.isZero)throw new No("mod 0 is undefined");return Zl(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q.mul(r[0].q.div(r[1].q).floor())))}const e=s(1);if(0n===e)throw new No("mod 0 is undefined");return{f:s(0)-t.mul(e,Ul(t.div(s(0),e),t.S)*t.S)}}case"round":{if(!r[1].q?.isInteger)throw new No("round needs a whole number of places");const e=10n**jl(r[1].q.n),n=r[0].q??new _o(s(0),t.S),i=r[1].q.sign>=0,o=(i?n.mul(new _o(e)):n.div(new _o(e))).add(_o.HALF).floor();return Zl(i?o.div(new _o(e)):o.mul(new _o(e)))}case"!":{if(!r[0].q?.isInteger||r[0].q.sign<0)throw new No("factorial is only worked out for whole numbers");let e=1n;for(let t=2n;t<=r[0].q.n;t++)if(e*=t,0n==(255n&t)&&Eo(e)>_l)throw Tl();return Zl(new _o(e))}default:{const n=Dl[e.op];if(!n||1!==r.length)throw new No(`no numeric value for ${e.op}`);return{f:n(t,s(0))}}}}const Ul=(e,t)=>{const n=e/t;return e<0n&&n*t!==e?n-1n:n};function Vl(e,t,n){if(n.q&&n.q.isInteger){if(t.q)return Zl(t.q.pow(n.q.n));let r=n.q.n;const i=r<0n;i&&(r=-r);let s=e.S,o=t.f;for(;r>0n;){if(1n&r&&(s=e.mul(s,o)),o=e.mul(o,o),Eo(s)>_l+4*e.P||Eo(o)>8e5){if(i)return{f:0n};throw Tl()}r>>=1n}return{f:i?e.div(e.S,s):s}}const r=Bl(e,t);if(0n===r){if(n.q?n.q.sign>0:n.f>0n)return Zl(_o.ZERO);throw new No("0 to a power that is not positive is 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s=jl(e.n)*10n**i/e.d;if(0n===s)return 1;for(;s%10n==0n;)s/=10n;return s.toString().length}function Xl(e){let t=e.d;for(;t%2n==0n;)t/=2n;for(;t%5n==0n;)t/=5n;return 1n===t}function Jl(e){const t=/^(-?[\d.]+)e(-?\d+)$/.exec(e);return t?go("*",[po(t[1]),go("^",[po("10"),po(t[2])])]):po(e)}function Yl(e,{digits:t=15,scope:n}={}){if(!Number.isInteger(t)||t<1||t>1e5)throw new No("digits must be a whole number from 1 to 100000");let r=t+25,i=null;for(let s=0;s<4;s++){const o=new zl(r),a=Wl(e,o,n);if(a.z){const e=eu(a.z,o,t);if(e.retry&&s<3){r+=e.retry;continue}return void 0===e.real?e:Kl(e.real,o,t,null)}if(a.q&&a.q.isInteger&&jl(a.q.n).toString().length<=t)return{text:a.q.n.toString(),node:po(a.q.n.toString()),number:Number(a.q.n),re:Number(a.q.n),im:0,exact:!0};const l=Bl(o,a);if(0n===l&&(!a.q||!a.q.isZero)&&s<3){i=null,r*=4;continue}const u=Hl(l,o,t);if(i&&u.point<-10&&i.point-u.point>=(r-i.P)/2)return{text:"0",node:po("0"),number:0,re:0,im:0,exact:!1};if(!(u.point<-10&&s<3)||i&&i.point===u.point)return Kl(l,o,t,a.q);i={point:u.point,P:r},r+=10-u.point}throw new No("could not approximate")}function Kl(e,t,n,r){const i=Gl(Hl(e,t,n));return{text:i,node:Jl(i),number:Number(i),re:Number(i),im:0,exact:Boolean(r)&&Xl(r)&&Ql(r)<=n}}function eu([e,t],n,r){const i=10n**BigInt(Math.max(0,n.P-r-12)),s=e=>jl(e)>i;if(!s(t))return{real:e};const o=Hl(t,n,r);if(o.point<-10&&s(t))return{retry:10-o.point};const a=Gl(o),l="1"===a?"i":"-1"===a?"-i":`${a}i`,u="1"===a?ho("i"):go("*",[Jl(a.replace(/^-/,"")),ho("i")]);if(!s(e))return{text:l,node:a.startsWith("-")?go("neg",[u]):u,number:NaN,re:0,im:Number(a),exact:!1};const c=Gl(Hl(e,n,r)),h=a.startsWith("-"),p="1"===a.replace(/^-/,"")?ho("i"):go("*",[Jl(a.replace(/^-/,"")),ho("i")]);return{text:`${c} ${h?"-":"+"} 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r=[];for(const{node:i,path:s}of Mo(e,n))for(const e of El(i,t))r.push({...e,node:i,path:s});return r}(e,t,{order:n})){const t=Il(r.rule.outputTemplate,r.bound);yield{rule:r.rule,bound:r.bound,path:r.path,before:r.node,after:t,next:()=>ka(Ao(e,r.path,t))}}for(const{node:r,path:i}of Mo(e,n)){const n=hu(r);if(!n&&!pu(r))continue;const s=n?Ia($a(r)):_a($a(r));if(s.length<3)continue;const o=n?ra:sa;for(let n=0;n<s.length;n++)for(let r=n+1;r<s.length;r++){const a=Na(o([s[n],s[r]]));for(const l of El(a,t)){const t=Il(l.rule.outputTemplate,l.bound),u=s.filter((e,t)=>t!==n&&t!==r);yield{rule:l.rule,bound:l.bound,path:i,before:a,after:t,next:()=>ka(Ao(e,i,Na(o([$a(t),...u]))))}}}}}function du(e,t,{format:n,order:r="pre",maxSteps:i=200,variable:s=null}={}){const o=nu.variable;nu.variable=s;try{let s=ka(e);const o=new Set([s.s]),a=[];for(let e=0;e<i;e++){let e=null;for(const n of fu(s,t,{order:r})){const 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bu(e,t){if(!t)return[];const n=[];let r=null;for(const i of e){if(!(gu(i,t.show)&&!gu(i,t.hide))){r=r??{from:i.from,ids:[]},r.ids.push(i.id);continue}const e={...i};r&&(e.from=r.from,e.also=r.ids,e.path=null,r=null);!0===t.explain||!1!==t.explain&&gu(i,t.explain)||delete e.explanation,n.push(e)}if(r&&n.length){const t=n[n.length-1];t.to=e[e.length-1].to,t.also=[...t.also??[],...r.ids]}return n}const yu=Bo(_o.ONE),xu=(e,t)=>"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&e.node.token===t;function wu(e){switch(e.k){case"num":default:return e;case"atom":return"op"===e.node.type?xa(e.node.op,e.node.args.map(e=>wu($a(e)))):e;case"add":return ra(Ia(e).map(wu));case"mul":{let t=[Bo(e.c)];for(const n of e.fs){const e=wu(n.b);if("add"===e.k&&Vo(n.e)&&n.e.q.isInteger&&n.e.q.sign>0&&n.e.q.n<=BigInt(60))for(let r=0n;r<n.e.q.n;r++)t=$u(t,Ia(e));else t=$u(t,[aa(e,n.e)])}return ra(t)}}}function $u(e,t){const n=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of t)n.push(sa([r,e]));return Ia(ra(n))}function ku(e,t){const n=new Map;for(const r of Ia(wu(e))){const{coef:e,rest:i}=na(r);let s=0;const o=[Bo(e)];for(const e of i?_a(i):[]){const{b:n,e:r}="mul"===e.k&&1===e.fs.length&&e.c.isOne?e.fs[0]:{b:e,e:yu};if(xu(n,t)){if(!Vo(r)||!r.q.isInteger||r.q.sign<0)return null;s+=Number(r.q.n)}else{if(qu(n,t)||qu(r,t))return null;o.push(e)}}n.set(s,ra([n.get(s)??Bo(_o.ZERO),sa(o)]))}for(const[e,t]of n)Vo(t)&&t.q.isZero&&n.delete(e);return n}const qu=(e,t)=>Ea(Na(e)).has(t);function Mu(e){if(!e)return null;const t=Math.max(0,...e.keys());if(t>256)return null;const n=[];for(let r=0;r<=t;r++){const t=e.get(r)??Bo(_o.ZERO);if(!Vo(t))return null;n.push(t.q)}return n}function Au(e,t){const n=$a(ho(t));return ra(e.map((e,t)=>sa([Bo(e),oa(n,Bo(_o.of(t)))])))}const Nu=e=>{const t=e.slice();for(;t.length>1&&t[t.length-1].isZero;)t.pop();return t},Su=(e,t)=>e.reduceRight((e,n)=>e.mul(t).add(n),_o.ZERO);function Ou(e,t){const n=e.length-1,r=new Array(n);let i=_o.ZERO;for(let s=n;s>=1;s--)i=e[s].add(i.mul(t)),r[s-1]=i;return r}function Eu(e){if(0n===(e=(e=>e<0n?-e:e)(e)))return null;if(e>10n**14n)return null;const t=[];let n=e;for(let e=2n;e*e<=n;e+=2n===e?1n:2n){if(n%e)continue;let r=0;for(;n%e===0n;)n/=e,r++;t.push([e,r])}n>1n&&t.push([n,1]);let r=[1n];for(const[e,n]of t){const t=[];for(const i of r)for(let r=0,s=1n;r<=n;r++,s*=e)t.push(i*s);if(r=t,r.length>2e4)return null}return r.sort((e,t)=>e<t?-1:e>t?1:0)}function Iu(e){let t=Nu(e);const n=[];for(;t.length>1&&t[0].isZero;)n.push(_o.ZERO),t=t.slice(1);if(t.length<=1)return{roots:n,rest:t};const r=t.reduce((e,t)=>e*t.d/Io(e,t.d),1n),i=t.map(e=>e.n*r/e.d),s=Eu(i[0]),o=Eu(i[i.length-1]);if(!s||!o)return{roots:n,rest:t};const a=new Map;for(const e of s)for(const t of o)for(const n of[1n,-1n]){const r=new _o(n*e,t);a.set(r.toString(),r)}const l=[...a.values()].sort((e,t)=>e.compare(t));for(const e of l)for(;t.length>1&&Su(t,e).isZero;)n.push(e),t=Ou(t,e);return{roots:n.sort((e,t)=>e.compare(t)),rest:t}}function _u(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,factors:[],notes:[]};if("atom"===e.k)return{coef:_o.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:yu}],notes:[]};if("mul"===e.k){let t=e.c;const n=[],r=[];for(const i of e.fs)if("add"===i.b.k&&Vo(i.e)&&i.e.q.isInteger){const e=_u(i.b);t=t.mul(e.coef.pow(i.e.q.n));for(const t of e.factors)n.push({base:t.base,exp:sa([t.exp,i.e])});r.push(...e.notes)}else n.push({base:i.b,exp:i.e});return Tu(t,n,r)}return function(e){const t=Ia(e),n=[],r=t.map(e=>{const{coef:t,rest:n}=na(e);return{coef:t,fs:n?_a(n).map(zu):[]}}),i=r.reduce((e,t)=>({n:Io(e.n,t.coef.n),d:e.d*t.coef.d/Io(e.d,t.coef.d)}),{n:0n,d:1n});let s=new _o(i.n||1n,i.d);ju(e)<0&&(s=s.neg());const o=[];for(const e of r[0].fs){if(!Vo(e.e)||e.e.q.sign<=0)continue;let t=e.e.q;const n=Qo(e.b);let i=!0;for(const e of r.slice(1)){const r=e.fs.find(e=>Qo(e.b)===n&&Vo(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign>0);if(!r){i=!1;break}r.e.q.compare(t)<0&&(t=r.e.q)}i&&o.push({base:e.b,exp:Bo(t)})}let a=e;if(!s.isOne||o.length){const e=sa([Bo(s),...o.map(e=>aa(e.base,e.exp))]);a=ra(t.map(t=>sa([t,oa(e,Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE))]))),n.push({id:"factor.common",values:{common:e}})}const l="add"===a.k?function(e,t){const n=[...Lu(e)];for(const r of n){const i=Mu(ku(e,r));if(!i||i.length<3)continue;if(1!==n.length)break;const{roots:s,rest:o}=Iu(i);if(!s.length)break;const a=[];let l=o[o.length-1]??_o.ONE;const u=o.map(e=>e.div(l)),c=[...s].sort((e,t)=>e.abs().compare(t.abs())||t.sign-e.sign);for(const e of c){const n=Au([new _o(-e.n),new _o(e.d)],r);a.push({base:n,exp:yu}),l=l.div(new _o(e.d)),t.push({id:"factor.root",values:{root:Bo(e),factor:n}})}if(u.length>1){const e=u.reduce((e,t)=>e*t.d/Io(e,t.d),1n),t=u.map(t=>t.mul(new _o(e))),n=t.reduce((e,t)=>Io(e,t.n),0n)||1n;l=l.mul(new _o(n,e)),a.push({base:Au(t.map(e=>e.div(new _o(n))),r),exp:yu})}return Tu(l,a,[])}const r=Ia(e);if(2===r.length){const[e,n]=r;for(const r of[2,3]){const i=Cu(e,r),s=Cu(ga(n),r),o=3===r?Cu(n,r):null;if(i&&s&&2===r){t.push({id:"factor.squares",values:{a:i,b:s}});const e=_u(ra([i,ga(s)])),n=_u(ra([i,s]));return Tu(e.coef.mul(n.coef),[...e.factors,...n.factors],[...e.notes,...n.notes])}if(3===r&&i&&(s||o)){const e=s??o,n=s?-1:1;t.push({id:n<0?"factor.cubes-difference":"factor.cubes-sum",values:{a:i,b:e}});const r=ra(n<0?[i,ga(e)]:[i,e]),a=ra([oa(i,Bo(_o.of(2))),n<0?sa([i,e]):ga(sa([i,e])),oa(e,Bo(_o.of(2)))]),l=_u(r);return Tu(l.coef,[...l.factors,{base:a,exp:yu}],l.notes)}}}return{coef:_o.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:yu}],notes:[]}}(a,n):_u(a);return Tu(s.mul(l.coef),[...o,...l.factors],[...n,...l.notes.filter(e=>!n.includes(e))])}(e)}function Tu(e,t,n){const r=new Map;for(const e of t){const t=Qo(e.base),n=r.get(t);n?n.exp=ra([n.exp,e.exp]):r.set(t,{...e})}return{coef:e,factors:[...r.values()].filter(e=>!(Vo(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isZero)),notes:n}}const ju=e=>na(Ia(e)[0]).coef.sign;const zu=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length?{b:e.fs[0].b,e:e.fs[0].e}:{b:e,e:yu},Lu=e=>Ea(Na(e));function Cu(e,t){const{coef:n,rest:r}=na(e);if(n.sign<0)return null;const i=function(e,t){const n=e=>{if(e<0n)return null;let n=0n,r=1n;for(;r**BigInt(t)<=e;)r*=2n;for(;n<r-1n;){const i=(n+r)/2n;i**BigInt(t)<=e?n=i:r=i}return n**BigInt(t)===e?n:null},r=n(e.n),i=n(e.d);return null!==r&&null!==i?new _o(r,i):null}(n,t);if(!i)return null;const s=[Bo(i)];for(const e of r?_a(r).map(zu):[]){if(!Vo(e.e))return null;const n=e.e.q.div(_o.of(t));if(!n.isInteger)return null;s.push(aa(e.b,Bo(n)))}return sa(s)}function Ru({coef:e,factors:t}){const n=[],r=[];for(const e of t){const t=Vo(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0,i=t?Bo(e.exp.q.neg()):e.exp,s=Na(aa(e.base,i));(t?r:n).push(s)}const i=e=>e.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("*",[e,t]):t,null),s=e.n<0n?-e.n:e.n;let o=n.length?i(1n===s?n:[Na(Bo(new _o(s))),...n]):Na(Bo(new _o(s)));return e.n<0n&&(o=go("neg",[o])),1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(Na(Bo(new _o(e.d)))),r.length?go("/",[o,i(r)]):o}function Zu(e){if("mul"!==e.k)return{num:e,den:yu};const t=[Bo(new _o(e.c.n))],n=[Bo(new _o(e.c.d))];for(const r of e.fs)Vo(r.e)&&r.e.q.sign<0?n.push(aa(r.b,Bo(r.e.q.neg()))):t.push(aa(r.b,r.e));return{num:sa(t),den:sa(n)}}function Fu(e){if("add"!==e.k)return Zu(e);const t=Ia(e).map(Zu),n=new Map;let r=1n;for(const e of t){const{coef:t,rest:i}=na(e.den);r=r*t.n/Io(r,t.n);for(const e of i?_a(i).map(zu):[]){const t=Qo(e.b),r=n.get(t);(!r||Vo(e.e)&&Vo(r.e)&&e.e.q.compare(r.e.q)>0)&&n.set(t,e)}}const i=sa([Bo(new _o(r)),...[...n.values()].map(e=>aa(e.b,e.e))]);if(Vo(i)&&i.q.isOne)return{num:e,den:yu};const s=wu(ra(t.map(e=>sa([e.num,i,oa(e.den,Bo(_o.MINUS_ONE))]))));return{num:s,den:i}}function Pu(e){const{num:t,den:n}=Fu(e);if(Vo(n)&&n.q.isOne)return null;const r=_u(t),i=_u(n),s=new Set(r.factors.map(e=>Qo(e.base))),o=i.factors.filter(e=>s.has(Qo(e.base))),a=[...r.factors,...i.factors.map(e=>({base:e.base,exp:ga(e.exp)}))];return{...Tu(r.coef.div(i.coef),a,[...r.notes,...i.notes]),cancelled:o.map(e=>e.base)}}const Bu=(e,t)=>go("=",[e,t]),Du=ka(go("+",[ho("x"),go("neg",[ho("x")])])),Wu=e=>bo(e)&&"="===e.op;function Uu(e,t,n,r={}){const i=[],s=(t,n,r,s,o,a={})=>i.push(e.step(t,n,r,s,o,a));s.raw=e=>i.push(e);const o=Wu(t)?t:Bu(t,Du),a=Bu(ka(o.args[0]),ka(o.args[1]));a.s!==o.s&&s("normal","Work out each side",["tidy","arithmetic"],o,a);const l=[],u=[],c=new Set;l.numeric=c,Ju(e,a,n,r,s,l,u,0);const h=[],p=new Set;for(const t of l.map(t=>c.has(t)?t:(t=>du(t,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)(t))){const e=t.s;if(p.has(e))continue;p.add(e);const r=c.has(t)?null:Gu(o,n,t);r?s("solve.reject","Check the answer",["check"],Bu(ho(n),t),Bu(ho(n),t),{value:t,reason:r}):h.push(t)}return h.sort(Vu),{solutions:h,unsolved:u,steps:i,always:u.some(e=>e.always)}}function Vu(e,t){const n=Hu(e),r=Hu(t);return null===n||null===r?e.s<t.s?-1:1:(Math.abs(n.im)>0)-(Math.abs(r.im)>0)||n.re-r.re||n.im-r.im}function Hu(e){if(Ea(e).size)return null;try{const{re:t,im:n}=Yl(e,{digits:20});return{re:t,im:n}}catch{return null}}function Gu(e,t,n){const[r,i]=e.args,s=new Set([...Ea(r),...Ea(i),...Ea(n)]);if(s.delete(t),s.size)return null;const o=e=>Qu(e,t,n);try{const e=Yl(o(r),{digits:40}),t=Yl(o(i),{digits:40}),n=Math.max(1,Math.hypot(e.re,e.im),Math.hypot(t.re,t.im));return Math.hypot(e.re-t.re,e.im-t.im)>1e-12*n?"it does not make the two sides equal":null}catch(e){return`the original equation has no value there (${e.message})`}}function Qu(e,t,n){return"sym"===e.type?e.token===t?n:e:bo(e)?go(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Qu(e,t,n))):e}const Xu=24;function Ju(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a){if(a>Xu)return ic(e,t,n,r,i,s,o);const l=function(e){const t=[],n=e=>{if(bo(e)&&"|"===e.op)return void e.args.forEach(n);if(!Wu(e))return void t.push(e);const r=e.args[1],i=Mo(r,"pre").find(({node:e})=>bo(e)&&"pm"===e.op);if(!i)return void t.push(e);const s=i.node.args[0],o=ka(Ao(r,i.path,s)),a=ka(Ao(r,i.path,go("neg",[s])));n(Bu(e.args[0],o)),a.s!==o.s&&n(Bu(e.args[0],a))};return n(e),t}(t);if(l.length>1){i("solve.split","Two cases",["split"],t,l.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t,null));for(const t of l)Ju(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}if(1===l.length&&l[0].s!==t.s)return Ju(e,l[0],n,r,i,s,o,a+1);const[u,c]=t.args;if("sym"===u.type&&u.token===n&&!qu($a(c),n))return void s.push(c);const h=ra([$a(u),ga($a(c))]);if(!qu(h,n))return Vo(h)&&h.q.isZero?(i("solve.always","Always true",["check"],t,t,{v:n}),void o.push(Object.assign(Object.create(t),{always:!0}))):void i("solve.never","No solution",["check"],t,t,{v:n});const p=Ia(h).filter(e=>qu(e,n)),f=Ia(h).filter(e=>!qu(e,n)),d=ra(p),m=ga(ra(f));if(Ro.complex){const l=ku(h,n);if(l&&[...l.values()].every(e=>!qu(e,n))&&Math.max(...l.keys())>=2){const u=Bu(Na(h),Du);return u.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,u,{v:n}),nc(e,h,l,n,r,i,s,o,a,u)}}if(1===p.length)return Yu(e,t,d,m,n,r,i,s,o,a);const g=Bu(Na(h),Du),v=ku(h,n);if(v&&[...v.values()].every(e=>!qu(e,n))&&Math.max(...v.keys())>=2)return g.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,g,{v:n}),nc(e,h,v,n,r,i,s,o,a,g);const b=_u(h),y=b.factors.filter(e=>qu(e.base,n)&&!(Vo(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0));if(y.length>=2||1===y.length&&b.factors.length>1){const l=Bu(Ru(b),Du);g.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,g,{v:n}),l.s!==g.s&&i("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],g,l,{});const u=y.map(e=>Bu(Na(e.base),Du));u.length>1&&i("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],l,u.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const t of u)Ju(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}const x=Fu(h);if(qu(x.den,n)){const l=Bu(Na(x.num),Du);return i("solve.clear-denominator","Clear the denominator",["move"],t,l,{den:Na(x.den)}),Ju(e,l,n,r,i,s,o,a+1)}const w=p.filter(e=>!tc(e,n));if(1===w.length&&/\b(sqrt|root|abs)\b/.test(Na(w[0]).s))return Yu(e,t,w[0],ga(ra(Ia(h).filter(e=>e!==w[0]))),n,r,i,s,o,a);const $=function(e,t){const n=Na(e),r=new Map;for(const{node:e}of Mo(n,"pre"))if(bo(e)&&Ea(e).has(t))if("^"!==e.op||Ea(e.args[0]).has(t))["sin","cos","tan","ln","sqrt","abs"].includes(e.op)&&e.args[0].s===t&&r.set(e.s,e);else{const n=$a(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=na(n);if(s&&i.isInteger&&Na(s).s===t){const n=Na(oa($a(e.args[0]),$a(ho(t))));r.set(n.s,n)}}const i="u"===t?"w":"u";for(const e of r.values()){const r=rc(n,e,t,i);if(!r||Ea(r).has(t))continue;const s=$a(r),o=ku(s,i);if(o&&Math.max(...o.keys())>=1)return{kernel:$a(e),poly:s,symbol:i}}return null}(h,n);if($){const t=$.symbol;i("solve.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],g,Bu(Na($.poly),Du),{u:ho(t),kernel:Na($.kernel)});const l=[];Ju(e,Bu(Na($.poly),Du),t,r,i,l,o,a+1);for(const t of l)Ju(e,Bu(Na($.kernel),t),n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}return ic(e,g,n,r,i,s,o)}function Yu(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){let c=Bu(Na(n),Na(r));c.s!==t.s&&o("solve.move","Move the terms",["move"],t,c,{v:i});const{coef:h,rest:p}=na(n),f=p?_a(p):[],d=sa([Bo(h),...f.filter(e=>!qu(e,i))]);if(!Vo(d)||!d.q.isOne){const e=sa(f.filter(e=>qu(e,i))),t=Bu(Na(e),Na(va(r,d))),n=Vo(d)&&!d.q.isInteger&&(1n===d.q.n||-1n===d.q.n);o(n?"solve.multiply":"solve.divide",n?"Multiply both sides":"Divide both sides",["move"],c,t,{by:Na(n?Bo(d.q.inv()):d),v:i}),c=t}if("sym"===c.args[0].type&&c.args[0].token===i)return void a.push(c.args[1]);const m=$a(c.args[1]);if(Vo(m)&&m.q.isZero){const t=$a(c.args[0]),n=_a(t).filter(e=>qu(e,i)&&!Ku(e));if(n.length>1||n.length<_a(t).filter(e=>qu(e,i)).length){const t=n.map(e=>Bu(Na(ec(e)),Du));o("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,t.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const n of t)Ju(e,n,i,s,o,a,l,u+1);return}}const g=du(c,e.set.view("isolate"),{format:e.format,maxSteps:1,variable:i});return g.steps.length?(function(e,t){for(const n of t)e.raw(n)}(o,g.steps),Ju(e,g.node,i,s,o,a,l,u+1)):ic(e,c,i,s,o,a,l)}const Ku=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&Vo(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign<0,ec=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&Vo(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign>0?e.fs[0].b:e,tc=(e,t)=>{const n=ku(e,t);return Boolean(n)&&[...n.values()].every(e=>!qu(e,t))};function nc(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){const c=Math.max(...n.keys()),h=Mu(n);if(Ro.complex&&c>=3&&c<=64&&h&&h.every((e,t)=>0===t||t===c||e.isZero)&&!h[0].isZero){const t=h[0].neg().div(h[c]),n=oa(Bo(t.abs()),Bo(new _o(1n,BigInt(c)))),i=[];for(let r=0;r<c;r++){const s=sa([Bo(new _o(BigInt((t.sign<0?1:0)+2*r),BigInt(c))),$a(ho("pi"))]),o=go("*",[Na(n),go("+",[go("cos",[Na(s)]),go("*",[ho("i"),go("sin",[Na(s)])])])]);i.push(du(o,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)}return s("solve.roots","All n roots",["complex"],u,i.map(e=>Bu(ho(r),e)).reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t),{v:r,n:String(c),last:String(c-1),r:Na(Bo(t))}),void o.push(...i)}if(h){const{roots:n}=Iu(h);if(n.length){const n=_u(t),c=Bu(Ru(n),Du);if(n.factors.length>1||n.factors.some(e=>!(Vo(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isOne))){s("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],u,c,{});const t=n.factors.filter(e=>qu(e.base,r)).map(e=>Bu(Na(e.base),Du));t.length>1&&s("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,t.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const n of t)Ju(e,n,r,i,s,o,a,l+1);return}}}if(2===c){const e=n.get(2),t=n.get(1)??Bo(_o.ZERO),i=n.get(0)??Bo(_o.ZERO),a=ra([oa(t,Bo(_o.of(2))),sa([Bo(_o.of(-4)),e,i])]);if(Vo(a)&&a.q.sign<0&&!Ro.complex)return void s("solve.no-real","No real solutions",["quadratic"],u,u,{D:Na(a)});const l=sa([Bo(_o.of(2)),e]),c=oa(a,Bo(_o.HALF)),h=Na(va(ra([ga(t),c]),l)),p=Na(va(ra([ga(t),ga(c)]),l)),f=h.s===p.s?Bu(ho(r),h):go("|",[Bu(ho(r),h),Bu(ho(r),p)]);return s(Ro.complex&&Vo(a)&&a.q.sign<0?"solve.quadratic-complex":"solve.quadratic","The quadratic formula",["quadratic"],u,f,{a:Na(e),b:Na(t),c:Na(i),D:Na(a),root:Na(c),v:r}),o.push(h),void(p.s!==h.s&&o.push(p))}return ic(e,u,r,i,s,o,a)}function rc(e,t,n,r){if(e.s===t.s)return ho(r);if(!bo(e))return e;if("^"===e.op&&"^"===t.op&&e.args[0].s===t.args[0].s){const t=$a(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=na(t);if(s&&Na(s).s===n&&i.isInteger)return go("^",[ho(r),Na(Bo(i))])}return go(e.op,e.args.map(e=>rc(e,t,n,r)))}function ic(e,t,n,r,i,s,o){if(r.approximate){const e="number"==typeof r.approximate?r.approximate:15,o=$a(go("-",[t.args[0],t.args[1]])),a=Ro.complex?Mu(ku(o,n)):null,l=a&&a.length>2?function(e,t){const n=e.length-1,r=e[n],i=e.map(e=>e/r),s=(e,t)=>{let r=1,s=0;for(let o=n-1;o>=0;o--)[r,s]=[r*e-s*t+i[o],r*t+s*e];return[r,s]};let o=Array.from({length:n},(e,t)=>[1.3*Math.cos(2*Math.PI*t/n+.4),1.3*Math.sin(2*Math.PI*t/n+.4)]);for(let e=0;e<500;e++){let e=0;if(o=o.map(([t,r],i)=>{let[a,l]=s(t,r);for(let e=0;e<n;e++){if(e===i)continue;const n=t-o[e][0],s=r-o[e][1],u=n*n+s*s;[a,l]=[(a*n+l*s)/u,(l*n-a*s)/u]}return e=Math.max(e,Math.hypot(a,l)),[t-a,r-l]}),e<1e-15)break}const a=e=>Math.abs(e)<1e-12?0:Number(e.toPrecision(t));return o.map(([e,t])=>[a(e),a(t)]).sort((e,t)=>(0!==e[1])-(0!==t[1])||e[0]-t[0]||e[1]-t[1]).map(([e,t])=>{const n=sc(e);if(0===t)return n;const r=go("*",[sc(Math.abs(t)),ho("i")]);return 0===e?t<0?go("neg",[r]):r:go(t<0?"-":"+",[n,r])})}(a.map(e=>e.toNumber()),Math.min(e,14)):function(e,t,n){const r=$a(go("-",[e.args[0],e.args[1]])),i=Na(r),s=e=>{try{return Yl(Qu(i,t,oc(e)),{digits:30}).number}catch{return NaN}},o=[],a=[];for(let e=-400;e<=400;e++)a.push(Math.sign(e)*(Math.abs(e)/20)**2);for(let e=0;e+1<a.length;e++){let t=a[e],r=a[e+1],i=s(t);const l=s(r);if(Number.isNaN(i)||Number.isNaN(l))continue;if(0===i){o.push(oc(t));continue}if(i*l>0)continue;for(let e=0;e<200&&r-t>1e-16*Math.abs(t);e++){const e=(t+r)/2,n=s(e);if(Number.isNaN(n))break;i*n<=0?r=e:(t=e,i=n)}const u=(t+r)/2;Math.abs(s(u))<1e-6&&o.push(oc(Number(u.toPrecision(Math.min(n,15)))))}return o}(t,n,e);for(const e of l)s.numeric?.add(e);return i("solve.numeric","Numeric solutions",["numeric"],t,l.length?l.map(e=>Bu(ho(n),e)).reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t):t,{v:n,count:String(l.length)}),void s.push(...l)}i("solve.unsolved","No exact method",["unsolved"],t,t,{v:n}),o.push(t)}const sc=e=>po(String(e).includes("e")?e.toFixed(20):String(e)),oc=e=>po(Number.isInteger(e)?String(e):e.toFixed(17));const ac=(e,t)=>go("int",[e,"string"==typeof t?ho(t):t]);function lc(e,t,n,r=0){if(r>6)throw new No("integration went too deep");const i=[],s=e.set.view("integrate"),o=du(t,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format});i.push(...o.steps);let a=ka(ac(o.node,n));for(let t=0;t<40;t++){const t=du(a,s,{format:e.format});i.push(...t.steps),a=t.node;const n=Mo(a,"pre").find(({node:e})=>{return bo(t=e)&&"int"===t.op&&2===t.args.length;var t});if(!n)return{node:a,steps:i};const o=uc(e,n.node,r);if(!o)throw new No(`no rule for ∫ ${e.format(n.node.args[0])} d${n.node.args[1].token}`);i.push(...o.steps),a=ka(Ao(a,n.path,o.node))}throw new No("integration did not finish")}function uc(e,t,n){const[r,i]=t.args,s=i.token,o=$a(r),a=function(e,t){const{num:n,den:r}=Fu(e),i=_u(n),s=_u(r),o=i.coef.div(s.coef);if(o.isOne||!qu(e,t))return null;const a=sa([...i.factors.map(e=>aa(e.base,e.exp)),...s.factors.map(e=>aa(e.base,ga(e.exp)))]);return{c:o,rest:a}}(o,s);if(a){const n=go("*",[Na(Bo(a.c)),ac(Na(a.rest),i)]);return{node:n,steps:[e.step("integrate.constant","Take the number out",["split"],t,n,{c:Na(Bo(a.c))})]}}const l=wu(o);if(Na(l).s!==r.s&&"add"===l.k){const n=ac(Na(l),i);return{node:n,steps:[e.step("integrate.expand","Multiply out",["expand"],t,n,{})]}}const u=function(e,t){const n=new Map;for(const{node:r}of Mo(e,"pre")){if(!bo(r))continue;const e="^"===r.op?r.args:"/"===r.op?[r.args[1]]:"der"===r.op||"int"===r.op?[]:1===r.args.length||"root"===r.op?[r.args[r.args.length-1]]:[];for(const r of e){if("sym"===r.type||!Ea(r).has(t))continue;const e=ku($a(r),t);if(!e||1!==Math.max(...e.keys()))continue;const i=e.get(1);qu(i,t)||Vo(i)&&i.q.isZero||n.set(r.s,{node:r,a:i})}}for(const r of n.values()){if(!Ea(cc(e,r.node,ho("§"))).has(t))return r}return null}(r,s);if(u){const i="u"===s?"t":"u",o=cc(r,u.node,ho(i));if(!Ea(o).has(s)){const r=lc(e,ka(o),i,n+1),a=ka(Qu(r.node,i,u.node)),l=Na(va($a(a),u.a));return{node:l,steps:[e.step("integrate.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],t,ka(ac(o,i)),{u:ho(i),inside:u.node,a:Na(u.a),v:s}),...r.steps,e.step("integrate.back","Substitute back",["substitute"],r.node,l,{u:ho(i),inside:u.node})]}}}const c=function(e,t,n,r){const{num:i,den:s}=Fu(n);if(!qu(s,r))return null;const o=Mu(ku(i,r)),a=Mu(ku(s,r));if(!o||!a||a.length<2)return null;const l=$a(ho(r)),u=e=>Au(e,r);if(o.length>=a.length){const{q:n,r:i}=function(e,t){const n=Nu(t);let r=Nu(e);const i=n[n.length-1];if(i.isZero)throw new No("division by the zero polynomial");const s=new Array(Math.max(1,r.length-n.length+1)).fill(_o.ZERO);for(;r.length>=n.length&&(1!==r.length||!r[0].isZero);){const e=r.length-n.length,t=r[r.length-1].div(i);if(s[e]=t,r=Nu(r.map((r,i)=>i>=e&&i-e<n.length?r.sub(t.mul(n[i-e])):r)),r.length-1<e+n.length-1&&r[r.length-1].isZero)break;if(r.length<n.length)break}return{q:Nu(s),r:r}}(o,a),s=ac(Na(ra([u(n),va(u(i),u(a))])),ho(r));return{node:s,steps:[e.step("integrate.divide","Divide the polynomials",["divide"],t,s,{})]}}const{roots:c,rest:h}=Iu(a),p=new Set(c.map(String)).size===c.length;if(!c.length||!p||1!==h.length)return null;const f=(e=>e.length<=1?[_o.ZERO]:e.slice(1).map((e,t)=>e.mul(_o.of(t+1))))(a),d=c.map(e=>va(Bo(Su(o,e).div(Su(f,e))),ra([l,Bo(e.neg())]))),m=ac(Na(ra(d)),ho(r));return{node:m,steps:[e.step("integrate.partial-fractions","Partial fractions",["partial-fractions"],t,m,{})]}}(e,t,o,s);return c||function(e,t,n,r,i){if(i>=6)return null;const s=_a(n),o=s.filter(e=>hc(e,r)||!qu(e,r)),a=s.filter(e=>!o.includes(e));if(1!==a.length)return null;const l=sa(o),u=a[0];if(!qu(l,r))return null;const c=Na(u),h=bo(c)?c.op:"";let p,f,d;"ln"===h||"arctan"===h||"arcsin"===h?(p=u,f=l):(p=l,f=u);try{d=lc(e,Na(f),r,i+1)}catch{return null}const m=$a(e.differentiate(Na(p),r)),g=sa([p,$a(d.node)]),v=ac(Na(sa([m,$a(d.node)])),ho(r)),b=ka(go("-",[Na(g),v]));return{node:b,steps:[e.step("integrate.parts","Integration by parts",["parts"],t,b,{u:Na(p),dv:Na(f),V:d.node,du:Na(m),v:r})]}}(e,t,o,s,n)}function cc(e,t,n){return e.s===t.s?n:bo(e)?go(e.op,e.args.map(e=>cc(e,t,n))):e}const hc=(e,t)=>{const n=ku(e,t);return Boolean(n)&&[...n.values()].every(e=>!qu(e,t))&&Math.max(...n.keys())>=1};function pc(e,t,n,r,i,s){for(const e of[r,i])if(Ea(e).has("∞")||/∞|infinity/.test(e.s))throw new No("integrals to infinity need limits, which this CAS does not do yet");if(s&&!Ea(r).size&&!Ea(i).size){const o=Yl(r,{digits:20}).number,a=Yl(i,{digits:20}).number,l=[...Ea(s)].filter(e=>e!==n);if(!l.length){const[r,i]=o<=a?[o,a]:[a,o];for(const o of function(e,t){const n=[],r={tan:"cos",sec:"cos",csc:"sin",cot:"sin"};return Mo(e,"pre").forEach(({node:e})=>{if(!bo(e))return;let i=null;"/"===e.op?i=e.args[1]:"^"===e.op&&"num"===e.args[1].type&&e.args[1].value<0||"^"===e.op&&bo(e.args[1])&&"neg"===e.args[1].op?i=e.args[0]:r[e.op]&&(i=go(r[e.op],[e.args[0]])),i&&Ea(i).has(t)&&!n.some(e=>e.s===i.s)&&n.push(i)}),n}(s,n)){let s=[];try{s=e.solve(go("=",[o,po("0")]),n,{steps:!1}).solutions}catch{continue}for(const o of s){const s=Yl(o,{digits:20});if(!Number.isFinite(s.number)||s.im||s.number<r||s.number>i)continue;if(s.number>r&&s.number<i)throw new No(`the integrand has no value at ${n} = ${e.format(o)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`);let a=NaN;try{a=Yl(ka(Qu(t,n,o)),{digits:15}).number}catch{}if(!Number.isFinite(a))throw new No(`the integral diverges at ${n} = ${e.format(o)}: F has no value at that limit`)}}}for(let e=0;!l.length&&e<=64;e++){const t=o+(a-o)*(e+.5)/65;try{const e=Yl(Qu(s,n,po(t.toFixed(15))),{digits:15}).number;if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new No("not finite")}catch(e){throw new No(`the integrand has no value at ${n} = ${t.toPrecision(6)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`)}}}const o=e=>ka(Qu(t,n,e)),a=ka(go("-",[o(i),o(r)])),l=go("-",[o(i),o(r)]);return{value:a,step:e.step("integrate.evaluate","Between the limits",["evaluate"],t,l,{a:r,b:i,F:t,v:n})}}const fc={"=":1,"≠":1,"<":1,">":1,"≤":1,"≥":1,"+":2,"-":2,"±":2,"*":3,"/":3,neg:4,pm:4,"^":5},dc={pi:"π","≤":"≤","≥":"≥"};function mc(e){return xc(e).text}function gc(e,t,n=!1){return e.prec<t||n&&e.prec===t?`(${e.text})`:e.text}const vc=e=>"op"===e.type?e.op:null,bc=e=>e.text.startsWith("-"),yc={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]};function xc(e){if("num"===e.type)return{text:e.token,prec:e.token.startsWith("-")?4:9};if("sym"===e.type)return{text:dc[e.token]??e.token,prec:9};const t=e.args.map(xc),n=fc[e.op];switch(e.op){case"+":case"-":case"±":{const r="+"===e.op&&["+","-"].includes(vc(e.args[1])),i=bc(t[1])?`(${t[1].text})`:r?t[1].text:gc(t[1],n,!0);return{text:`${gc(t[0],n)} ${"±"===e.op?"±":e.op} ${i}`,prec:n}}case"*":{const 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${t[1].text}`,prec:0};case"_":return{text:`${gc(t[0],9)}_${t[1].prec>=9&&!/\s/.test(t[1].text)?t[1].text:`(${t[1].text})`}`,prec:9};case"()":case"[]":case"{}":case"(]":case"[)":return{text:`${yc[e.op][0]}${t.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")}${yc[e.op][1]}`,prec:9};case"&":return{text:`${t[0].text} and ${t[1].text}`,prec:0};default:return void 0!==n?{text:`${gc(t[0],n)} ${e.op} ${gc(t[1],n,!0)}`,prec:n}:{text:`${e.op.replace(/^\\:?/,"")}(${t.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")})`,prec:9}}}const wc=['name: Differentiation\n\n# `u v der` means d(u)/dv (MathZetta\'s postfix: mathzetta/docs/postfix.md). Every rule here rewrites one derivative into smaller\n# derivatives, so differentiating always terminates: the expressions sitting\n# under a `D` get strictly smaller at every step.\n#\n# The variable is a slot, not a fixed letter, so these rules work for d/dx,\n# d/dt or anything else. That is what freeOf and dependsOn are for: they ask\n# whether one operand mentions whatever the variable slot bound to.\n#\n# Where two rules share a structure key, requirements keep them apart and\n# priority picks the one that reads better. The constant-multiple rule outranks\n# the product rule for exactly that reason.\n\nrules:\n  # ---- the two base cases ----------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-constant\n    name: Derivative of a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: "0"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{c} does not change when {v} changes, so its rate of change is 0."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: d-variable\n    name: Derivative of the variable\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: "1"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{v} changes exactly as fast as itself, so the rate is 1."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  # ---- splitting a derivative into smaller ones ------------------------\n  - id: d-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w + v der\n    output: u v der w v der +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then add the two results."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w - v der\n    output: u v der w v der -\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then subtract the second from the first."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-negate\n    name: Derivative of a negative\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u neg v der\n    output: u v der neg\n    explain: "The minus sign just carries through to the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c u * v der\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v der *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} is only a scale factor, so it comes along unchanged while {u} is differentiated."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u c / v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: u v der c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} is only a scale factor, so differentiate {u} and keep the division."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-product\n    name: Product rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w * v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and keep {w}, then keep {u} and differentiate {w}, and add the two."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-quotient\n    name: Quotient rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w / v der\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * - w 2 ^ /\n    explain: "Bottom times the derivative of the top, minus top times the derivative of the bottom, all over {w} squared."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- powers -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-power-of-variable\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ *\n    fold: true\n    priority: 6\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down in front and drop the power by one."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: d-power-chain\n    name: Power rule with the chain rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ * u v der *\n    fold: true\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down and drop the power by one, then multiply by the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  - id: d-exponential-base\n    name: Derivative of a constant to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: a u ^ a ln * u v der *\n    explain: "A constant base gives itself back, multiplied by the natural log of {a} and the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  # ---- the standard functions, each with its chain-rule factor ---------\n  # e^u is `=e u ^`: the base is the literal symbol e. Outranks the general\n  # a^u rule (which would give e^u · ln e · u\').\n  - id: d-exp\n    name: Derivative of e to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: =e u ^ u v der *\n    priority: 7\n    explain: "e to a power is its own derivative, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-ln\n    name: Derivative of a natural log\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u ln v der\n    output: u v der u /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u} over {u} itself."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sqrt\n    name: Derivative of a square root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sqrt v der\n    output: u v der 2 u sqrt * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over twice the square root of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sin\n    name: Derivative of sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sin v der\n    output: u cos u v der *\n    explain: "Sine differentiates to cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cos\n    name: Derivative of cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cos v der\n    output: u sin u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosine differentiates to minus sine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-tan\n    name: Derivative of tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tan v der\n    output: u v der u cos 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  # ---- the rest of the standard functions -----------------------------\n  - id: d-csc\n    name: Derivative of cosecant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u csc v der\n    output: u csc u cot * u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosecant differentiates to minus cosecant times cotangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sec\n    name: Derivative of secant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sec v der\n    output: u sec u tan * u v der *\n    explain: "Secant differentiates to secant times tangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cot\n    name: Derivative of cotangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cot v der\n    output: u v der u sin 2 ^ / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over sine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arcsin\n    name: Derivative of arcsine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsin v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arccos\n    name: Derivative of arccosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccos v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arctan\n    name: Derivative of arctangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctan v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ + /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 plus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sinh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sinh v der\n    output: u cosh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic sine differentiates to hyperbolic cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-cosh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cosh v der\n    output: u sinh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic cosine differentiates to hyperbolic sine — no minus sign, unlike cosine — times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-tanh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tanh v der\n    output: u v der u cosh 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over hyperbolic cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arcsinh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsinh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 + sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared plus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arccosh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccosh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared minus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arctanh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctanh v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  # log base a: `a u log` in MathZetta\'s postfix\n  - id: d-log\n    name: Derivative of a logarithm\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u log v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: u v der u a ln * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {u} times the natural log of {a}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-abs\n    name: Derivative of an absolute value\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u abs v der\n    output: u u abs / u v der *\n    explain: "The absolute value keeps the sign of {u}: {u} over its absolute value, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  # n-th root: `n u root`\n  - id: d-root\n    name: Derivative of a root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: n u root v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: u v der n n u root n 1 - ^ * /\n    fold: true\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {n} times the {n}th root of {u} to the power {n} minus 1."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: More derivatives\n\n# Derivative rules the CAS adds to rules/calculus.yaml (which calcvidnew also uses).\n\nrules:\n  - id: d-general-power\n    name: A power with the variable in both places\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u w ^ w v der u ln * w u v der * u / + *\n    explain: "Write {u}^{w} as e^({w} ln {u}) and use the chain rule: the derivative is {u}^{w} times the derivative of {w} ln {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: Integrals\n\n# mode: integrate. `f v 2 int` is ∫ f dv (MathZetta\'s postfix; the 2 counts f and v).\n# Each rule turns one integral into smaller ones, or into an answer. The CAS also\n# tries, when no rule fits: multiplying out, a linear substitution (∫ f(ax + b) dx\n# from the rule for ∫ f(u) du), and integration by parts for polynomial × e^, sin,\n# cos, ln, arctan. Definite integrals are the antiderivative between the limits.\n#\n# Patterns see the normal form: 1/x is "1 x /", x^-2 is "1 x 2 ^ /", √x is "x sqrt",\n# 1/√(1 - x²) is "1 x 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt /".\n\nrules:\n  # ---- splitting -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w + v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int +\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and add."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w - v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int -\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and subtract."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-negate\n    name: A minus sign\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u neg v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int neg\n    explain: "The minus sign comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u * v 2 int\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v 2 int *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} doesn\'t change with {v}, so it comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u c / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: u v 2 int c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-over\n    name: A constant over something\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    when:\n      c: [notOne]\n    output: c 1 u / v 2 int *\n    priority: 4\n    explain: "{c} comes out of the integral, leaving ∫ 1/{u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- the table -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-constant\n    name: Integral of a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: c v *\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "A constant {c} integrates to {c}·{v}."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-variable\n    name: Integral of the variable\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v 2 ^ 2 /\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "∫ {v} d{v} = {v}²/2."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-power\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u n ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notMinusOne]\n    output: v n 1 + ^ n 1 + /\n    explain: "Add 1 to the power and divide by the new power: {result}."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal\n    name: Integral of 1/x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v abs ln\n    explain: "∫ 1/{v} d{v} = ln|{v}| (the power rule can\'t divide by 0 here)."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-power\n    name: Power rule (a power below)\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u n ^ / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notOne]\n    output: v 1 n - ^ 1 n - /\n    explain: "1/{v}^{n} is {v}^(-{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-sqrt\n    name: Integral of a square root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u sqrt v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v 3 2 / ^ * 3 /\n    explain: "√{v} is {v}^(1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 3/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-sqrt\n    name: Integral of 1/√x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u sqrt / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v sqrt *\n    explain: "1/√{v} is {v}^(-1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 1/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-root\n    name: Integral of a root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: n u root v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: v 1 n / 1 + ^ 1 n / 1 + /\n    explain: "The {n}th root of {v} is {v}^(1/{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-exp\n    name: Integral of e^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: =e v ^\n    explain: "e^{v} is its own integral."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-exponential\n    name: Integral of a^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: a u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: a v ^ a ln /\n    explain: "∫ {a}^{v} d{v} = {a}^{v} / ln {a}."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-ln\n    name: Integral of ln x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u ln v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v v ln * v -\n    explain: "By parts: ∫ ln {v} d{v} = {v} ln {v} - {v}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - { id: i-sin, name: Integral of sin, mode: integrate, pattern: u sin v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cos {v} is sin {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cos, name: Integral of cos, mode: integrate, pattern: u cos v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sin {v} is cos {v}." }\n  - { id: i-tan, name: Integral of tan, mode: integrate, pattern: u tan v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos abs ln neg, tags: [trig], explain: "tan = sin/cos, and -ln|cos {v}| differentiates to it." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u cos 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is 1/cos²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared-written, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: u sec 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is sec²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-csc-squared, name: Integral of csc², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u sin 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cot neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cot {v} is 1/sin²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sin-squared, name: Integral of sin², mode: integrate, pattern: u sin 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / -, tags: [trig], explain: "sin²{v} = (1 - cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-cos-squared, name: Integral of cos², mode: integrate, pattern: u cos 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / +, tags: [trig], explain: "cos²{v} = (1 + cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-sinh, name: Integral of sinh, mode: integrate, pattern: u sinh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cosh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of cosh {v} is sinh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cosh, name: Integral of cosh, mode: integrate, pattern: u cosh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sinh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sinh {v} is cosh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-arctan, name: Integral of 1/(1 + x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ 1 + / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arctan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arctan {v} is 1/(1 + {v}²)." }\n  - { id: i-arcsin, name: Integral of 1/√(1 - x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arcsin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arcsin {v} is 1/√(1 - {v}²)." }\n','name: Values and identities\n\n# The CAS\'s simplify rules (mode: simplify). They see expressions in normal form\n# (src/cas/form.js), as drawn: x/2, 2x - 3, -x, √x is "x sqrt",\n# ∛x is "3 x root", π/6 is "=pi 6 /", 2π/3 is "2 =pi * 3 /", e^x is "=e x ^".\n#\n#   - a word is a slot (u, v, n …); a fixed symbol is written =pi, =e\n#   - a number is itself; "1 2 /" is ½\n#   - arithmetic (2 + 3, x + x, √8 = 2√2) is done for you before and after every rule\n#   - a rule for a sum or product of two parts also fires on any two parts of a longer one\n#   - tags pick what a step list shows (steps: \'brief\' hides value, identity, tidy …)\n#\n# To change one: copy it into a file of your own with the same id and edit it;\n# to turn one off: give its id with enabled: false. createCAS({ rules: [yours] }).\n\nrules:\n  # ---- logs and exponentials -------------------------------------------\n  - id: ln-one\n    name: Log of 1\n    pattern: 1 ln\n    output: "0"\n    explain: "e^0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-e\n    name: Log of e\n    pattern: =e ln\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "e^1 = e, so ln e = 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-exp\n    name: Log undoes e to a power\n    pattern: =e u ^ ln\n    output: u\n    explain: "ln and e^ undo each other: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-ln\n    name: e to a power undoes the log\n    pattern: =e u ln ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "e^ and ln undo each other: e^(ln {u}) = {u} (for {u} > 0)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-multiple-ln\n    name: A multiple of a log in a power\n    pattern: =e n u ln * ^\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u n ^\n    explain: "e^({n} ln {u}) = (e^(ln {u}))^{n} = {result}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: log-same-base\n    name: Log of its own base\n    pattern: b b log\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "{b}^1 = {b}, so the log of {b} to base {b} is 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: log-of-power\n    name: Log undoes a power of its base\n    pattern: b b u ^ log\n    output: u\n    explain: "log base {b} and {b}^ undo each other."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: power-of-log\n    name: A power undoes the log to its base\n    pattern: b b u log ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "{b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  # ---- roots and absolute value --------------------------------------------\n  - id: sqrt-of-square\n    name: Square root of a square\n    pattern: u 2 ^ sqrt\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "√({u}²) is the size of {u}, whatever its sign: |{u}|."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-squared\n    name: Absolute value squared\n    pattern: u abs 2 ^\n    output: u 2 ^\n    explain: "Squaring removes the sign anyway: |{u}|² = {u}²."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-of-abs\n    name: Absolute value twice\n    pattern: u abs abs\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "|{u}| is never negative, so its absolute value is itself."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-positive\n    name: Absolute value of a positive number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: u\n    explain: "{u} is positive, so |{u}| = {u}."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-negative\n    name: Absolute value of a negative number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg\n    explain: "{u} is negative, so |{u}| = -({u})."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-of-exp\n    name: e to a power is positive\n    pattern: =e u ^ abs\n    output: =e u ^\n    explain: "e to any power is positive, so the absolute value changes nothing."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: signs and turns ---------------------------------------\n  - id: sin-odd\n    name: Sine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg sin neg\n    explain: "sin(-θ) = -sin θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-even\n    name: Cosine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg cos\n    explain: "cos(-θ) = cos θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-odd\n    name: Tangent of a negative angle\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg tan neg\n    explain: "tan(-θ) = -tan θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - sin\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: sin({u}) = sin({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - cos\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: cos({u}) = cos({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-half-turn\n    name: Tangent repeats every π\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 1]]\n    output: u =pi - tan\n    explain: "tan repeats every π: tan({u}) = tan({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - sin neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: sin({u}) = -sin({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - cos neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: cos({u}) = -cos({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - sin\n    explain: "sin({u}) = sin(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - cos neg\n    explain: "cos({u}) = -cos(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleBelow, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - tan neg\n    explain: "tan({u}) = -tan(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: the standard angles -------------------------------------\n  - { id: sin-0, name: Sine of 0, pattern: 0 sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-6, name: Sine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / sin, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-4, name: Sine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / sin, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-3, name: Sine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / sin, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/3) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-2, name: Sine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / sin, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1." }\n  - { id: sin-pi, name: Sine of π, pattern: =pi sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin π = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-0, name: Cosine of 0, pattern: 0 cos, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-6, name: Cosine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / cos, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/6) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-4, name: Cosine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / cos, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-3, name: Cosine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / cos, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-2, name: Cosine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / cos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-pi, name: Cosine of π, pattern: =pi cos, output: "-1", tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1." }\n  - { id: tan-0, name: Tangent of 0, pattern: 0 tan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-6, name: Tangent of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / tan, output: 3 sqrt 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-4, name: Tangent of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / tan, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-3, name: Tangent of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / tan, output: 3 sqrt, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3." }\n  - { id: arcsin-0, name: Arcsine of 0, pattern: 0 arcsin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0, so arcsin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arcsin-half, name: Arcsine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arcsin, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2, so arcsin(1/2) = π/6." }\n  - { id: arcsin-1, name: Arcsine of 1, pattern: 1 arcsin, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1, so arcsin 1 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-0, name: Arccosine of 0, pattern: 0 arccos, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0, so arccos 0 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-half, name: Arccosine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arccos, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2, so arccos(1/2) = π/3." }\n  - { id: arccos-1, name: Arccosine of 1, pattern: 1 arccos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1, so arccos 1 = 0." }\n  - { id: arccos-minus-1, name: Arccosine of -1, pattern: -1 arccos, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1, so arccos(-1) = π." }\n  - { id: arctan-0, name: Arctangent of 0, pattern: 0 arctan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0, so arctan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arctan-1, name: Arctangent of 1, pattern: 1 arctan, output: =pi 4 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1, so arctan 1 = π/4." }\n  - { id: sinh-0, name: sinh of 0, pattern: 0 sinh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sinh 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: cosh-0, name: cosh of 0, pattern: 0 cosh, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cosh 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: tanh-0, name: tanh of 0, pattern: 0 tanh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tanh 0 = 0." }\n\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3, name: Arctangent of √3, pattern: 3 sqrt arctan, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3, so arctan √3 = π/3." }\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3-over-3, name: Arctangent of √3/3, pattern: 3 sqrt 3 / arctan, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3, so arctan(√3/3) = π/6." }\n\n  # atan2(y, x): the angle of the point (x, y), in (-π, π]\n  - id: atan2-right\n    name: The angle of a point to the right\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan\n    explain: "For x > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x)."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-up\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi +\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) + π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-down\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi -\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y < 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) - π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - { id: atan2-negative-axis, name: The angle of a point on the negative axis, pattern: 0 x atan2, when: { x: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "A point on the negative x-axis is at angle π." }\n  - { id: atan2-up, name: Straight up, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isPositiveConstant] }, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight up is at angle π/2." }\n  - { id: atan2-down, name: Straight down, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi 2 / neg, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight down is at angle -π/2." }\n\n  # the odd inverses take the sign out; arccos(-u) = π - arccos u\n  - id: arcsin-odd\n    name: Arcsine of a negative\n    pattern: u arcsin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arcsin neg\n    explain: "arcsin(-x) = -arcsin x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arctan-odd\n    name: Arctangent of a negative\n    pattern: u arctan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arctan neg\n    explain: "arctan(-x) = -arctan x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arccos-negative\n    name: Arccosine of a negative\n    pattern: u arccos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: =pi u neg arccos -\n    explain: "arccos(-x) = π - arccos x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: identities --------------------------------------------\n  - id: pythagorean\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ u cos 2 ^ +\n    commutative: true\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "sin²{u} + cos²{u} = 1 for every angle."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: pythagorean-multiple\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: a u sin 2 ^ * a u cos 2 ^ * +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a\n    explain: "{a}·sin²{u} + {a}·cos²{u} = {a}(sin²{u} + cos²{u}) = {a}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-sin-squared\n    name: 1 - sin² = cos²\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u cos 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - sin²{u} = cos²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-cos-squared\n    name: 1 - cos² = sin²\n    pattern: u cos 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u sin 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - cos²{u} = sin²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-over-cos\n    name: sin/cos is tan\n    pattern: u sin u cos /\n    output: u tan\n    explain: "sin {u} / cos {u} = tan {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: cos-over-sin\n    name: cos/sin is cot\n    pattern: u cos u sin /\n    output: u cot\n    explain: "cos {u} / sin {u} = cot {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-arcsin\n    name: sin undoes arcsin\n    pattern: u arcsin sin\n    output: u\n    explain: "sin(arcsin {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cos-arccos\n    name: cos undoes arccos\n    pattern: u arccos cos\n    output: u\n    explain: "cos(arccos {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: tan-arctan\n    name: tan undoes arctan\n    pattern: u arctan tan\n    output: u\n    explain: "tan(arctan {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cosh-squared-minus-sinh-squared\n    name: cosh² - sinh² = 1\n    pattern: u cosh 2 ^ u sinh 2 ^ -\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "cosh²{u} - sinh²{u} = 1."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- logs: opt-in rewrites (run with cas.rewrite(x, \'expand-log\') or \'combine-log\') ----\n  - id: ln-product\n    name: Log of a product\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b * ln\n    output: a ln b ln +\n    explain: "ln({a}·{b}) = ln {a} + ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-quotient\n    name: Log of a quotient\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b / ln\n    output: a ln b ln -\n    explain: "ln({a}/{b}) = ln {a} - ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-power\n    name: Log of a power\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a n ^ ln\n    output: n a ln *\n    explain: "ln({a}^{n}) = {n}·ln {a} (for positive {a})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-root\n    name: Log of a square root\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a sqrt ln\n    output: a ln 2 /\n    explain: "ln √{a} = ½ ln {a}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-sum-combine\n    name: Sum of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a b * ln\n    explain: "ln {a} + ln {b} = ln({a}·{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-difference-combine\n    name: Difference of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln -\n    output: a b / ln\n    explain: "ln {a} - ln {b} = ln({a}/{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-multiple-combine\n    name: A multiple of a log\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: n a ln *\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: a n ^ ln\n    explain: "{n}·ln {a} = ln({a}^{n})."\n    tags: [log]\n','name: Solving by undoing\n\n# mode: isolate. Each rule undoes the outermost function on the side with the\n# unknown: ln u = r → u = e^r. The predicates hasVariable and freeOfVariable mean\n# "mentions / doesn\'t mention the unknown being solved for".\n#\n# The CAS does the rest itself: it moves terms without the unknown to the other\n# side, divides by a coefficient, and when the unknown appears in several places\n# it uses the polynomial methods (factoring, the quadratic formula) or splits a\n# product equal to 0. Every answer is checked in the original equation, so a\n# rule may give extra candidates (squaring both sides does): the wrong ones are\n# dropped, with a step saying so.\n#\n# An output can give several answers: `pm` (±) splits into two, and so does\n# `|` (or): "u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |".\n\nrules:\n  - id: iso-swap\n    name: Unknown on the left\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: l r =\n    when:\n      l: [freeOfVariable]\n      r: [hasVariable]\n    output: r l =\n    priority: 20\n    explain: "Swap the sides so the unknown is on the left."\n    tags: [tidy]\n\n  - id: iso-ln\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u ln r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u =e r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise e to each side: e^(ln {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-log\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u log r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise {b} to each side: {b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exp\n    name: Undo e to a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: =e u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r ln =\n    explain: "Take ln of each side: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exponential\n    name: Undo a power of a number\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r log =\n    explain: "Take the log to base {b} of each side."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-square\n    name: Undo the square\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u 2 ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r sqrt pm =\n    priority: 1\n    explain: "Take the square root of each side; {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-even-power\n    name: Undo an even power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isEvenWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ pm =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root); {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-odd-power\n    name: Undo an odd power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isOddWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-fractional-power\n    name: Undo a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    priority: -1\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power 1/{n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sqrt\n    name: Undo the square root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sqrt r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r 2 ^ =\n    explain: "Square each side (this can add answers, so each one is checked at the end)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-root\n    name: Undo the root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: n u root r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u r n ^ =\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power {n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-reciprocal\n    name: Undo the fraction\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: c u / r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      c: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u c r / =\n    explain: "{c}/{u} = {r}, so {u} = {c}/{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-abs\n    name: Undo the absolute value\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u abs r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r pm =\n    explain: "|{u}| = {r} means {u} is {r} or -{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sin\n    name: Undo the sine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sin r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have sine {r}: arcsin {r} and π - arcsin {r} (add any whole number of turns, 2πk, for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-cos\n    name: Undo the cosine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u cos r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arccos pm =\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have cosine {r}: ±arccos {r} (add 2πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-tan\n    name: Undo the tangent\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u tan r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arctan =\n    explain: "Take arctan of each side (add πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - { id: iso-arcsin, name: Undo arcsin, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsin r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sin =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sin of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccos, name: Undo arccos, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccos r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cos =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cos of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctan, name: Undo arctan, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctan r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tan =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tan of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-sinh, name: Undo sinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u sinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arcsinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arcsinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-tanh, name: Undo tanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u tanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arctanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arctanh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-cosh, name: Undo cosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u cosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arccosh pm =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Two numbers have cosh {r}: ±arccosh {r}." }\n  - { id: iso-arcsinh, name: Undo arcsinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccosh, name: Undo arccosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cosh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cosh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctanh, name: Undo arctanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tanh of each side." }\n'],$c=['name: Complex numbers\n\n# Loaded only by createCAS({ complex: true }), where i is the imaginary unit.\n# The arithmetic (i² = -1, √-4 = 2i, (2 + 3i)(1 - i) = 5 + i, 1/(1 + i) = (1 - i)/2)\n# and Re, Im, conj, arg, |z| are the normal form\'s (src/cas/form.js); unknowns\n# count as real, so Re(x + 3i) = x. Write a complex unknown as a + bi.\n\noperators:\n  - { symbol: re, arity: 1, label: real part }\n  - { symbol: im, arity: 1, label: imaginary part }\n  - { symbol: conj, arity: 1, label: complex conjugate }\n  - { symbol: arg, arity: 1, label: argument }\n\nrules:\n  - id: euler\n    name: Euler\'s formula\n    pattern: =e u ^\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: =e u re ^ u im cos =i u im sin * + *\n    explain: "e^(a + bi) = e^a (cos b + i sin b)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-negative\n    name: Log of a negative number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg ln =i =pi * +\n    explain: "{u} = |{u}|·e^(iπ), so ln {u} = ln |{u}| + iπ (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-complex\n    name: Log of a complex number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: u abs ln u arg =i * +\n    explain: "ln z = ln |z| + i arg z (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: i-to-the-i\n    name: i to the power i\n    pattern: =i =i ^\n    output: =e =pi 2 / neg ^\n    explain: "i = e^(iπ/2), so i^i = e^(i·iπ/2) = e^(-π/2) (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n'],kc={normal:"Work out the numbers and collect like terms.","simplify.cancel":"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share.","simplify.expand":"Multiplying out gives something shorter.","simplify.factor":"Factoring gives something shorter.",expand:"Multiply out the brackets.",factor:"Write it as a product of factors.","factor.common":"Take out the common factor {common}.","factor.polynomial":"Factor what is left: {roots}.",together:"Write it as one fraction over a common denominator.",cancel:"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share: {cancelled}.","solve.move":"Keep the terms with {v} on the left and move the others to the right.","solve.divide":"Divide both sides by {by}.","solve.multiply":"Multiply both sides by {by}.","solve.one-side":"Move everything to one side, so the equation reads … = 0.","solve.factor":"Factor the left side.","solve.zero-product":"A product is 0 exactly when one of its factors is 0.","solve.split":"There are two cases; solve each.","solve.quadratic":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a, and b² - 4ac = {D}.","solve.no-real":"b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so there are no real solutions.","solve.quadratic-complex":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a. b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so its square root is imaginary: √({D}) = {root}.","solve.roots":"{v}^{n} = {r} has {n} solutions, spaced evenly round a circle: |{r}|^(1/{n})·(cos θ + i sin θ), with θ = (arg {r} + 2πk)/{n} for k = 0 … {last}.","solve.clear-denominator":"Multiply both sides by {den} (an answer that makes it 0 is not allowed).","solve.substitute":"Write {u} for {kernel}: this is a polynomial in {u}.","solve.reject":"{value} is not a solution: {reason}.","solve.always":"This is true for every {v}.","solve.never":"This is never true, so there is no solution.","solve.unsolved":"There is no exact method here for solving for {v}; try { approximate: true }.","solve.numeric":"Found {count} solution(s) numerically.","system.eliminate":"Use one equation to remove {v} from the others.","integrate.expand":"Multiply out, then integrate term by term.","integrate.substitute":"Let {u} = {inside}, so d{u} = {a} d{v}.","integrate.back":"Put {inside} back for {u}.","integrate.parts":"By parts with u = {u} and dv = {dv} d{v}: ∫ u dv = u·v - ∫ v du, where v = {V} and du = {du} d{v}.","integrate.constant":"The number {c} comes out of the integral.","integrate.divide":"The top has at least the degree of the bottom: divide first.","integrate.partial-fractions":"Split the fraction into simple fractions, one for each factor below.","integrate.evaluate":"Evaluate {F} at {b} and at {a}, and subtract.",substitute:"Put in the values."},qc=["normal","rewrite","simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","differentiate","integrate","solve","solveSystem","substitute","approximate","equivalent"];class Mc{constructor(e,t,n,r,i){this.set=e,this.messages=t,this.format=n,this.read=r,this.complex=i;for(const e of qc){const t=Mc.prototype[e];this[e]=(...e)=>Zo(i,()=>t.apply(this,e))}}node(e){if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&e.type)return e;if(Array.isArray(e))return xo(e);if("string"!=typeof e)throw new No("expected an expression");if(this.read){const t=this.read(e);return Array.isArray(t)?xo(t):"string"==typeof t?yo(t):t}return yo(e)}step(e,t,n,r,i,s={}){return function(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l=[]){const u=(s??"").replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,t)=>{const n=o?.[t];return void 0===n?e:"string"==typeof n?n:a(n)});return{id:e,name:t,tags:n,from:r.s,to:i.s,path:l,before:r.s,after:i.s,explanation:u}}(e,t,n,r,i,this.messages[e]??"",s,this.format)}result(e,t,n,r={}){let i=e;if(n.approximate&&i){i=tu(i,{digits:"number"==typeof n.approximate?n.approximate:15})}return{result:i,text:i?this.format(i):"",steps:bu(t,vu(n.steps)),...r}}variable(e,t){if(t)return t;const n=[...Ea(e)];return 1===n.length?n[0]:n.includes("x")?"x":n[0]??"x"}tidyStep(e,t){return e.s===t.s?[]:[this.step("normal","Work out and collect",["tidy","arithmetic"],e,t)]}normal(e){return ka(this.node(e))}rewrite(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.set.view(t);if(!i.size)throw new No(`no rules in mode "${t}" (modes: ${this.set.modes().join(", ")})`);const s=du(r,i,{format:this.format,order:n.order,variable:n.variable});return this.result(s.node,[...this.tidyStep(r,ka(r)),...s.steps],n)}simplify(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=[...this.tidyStep(n,ka(n))],i=du(n,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});r.push(...i.steps);let s=i.node,o=null;const a=$a(s),l=[],u=0===Ea(s).size,c=u?null:Pu(a);c&&l.push({node:Ru(c),id:"simplify.cancel",name:"Cancel"});const h=du(Na(wu(a)),this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});l.push({node:h.node,id:"simplify.expand",name:"Multiply out"}),"add"!==a.k||u||l.push({node:Ru(_u(a)),id:"simplify.factor",name:"Factor"});for(const e of l)$o(e.node)<$o(s)&&(o=this.step(e.id,e.name,["shorter"],s,e.node),s=e.node);return o&&r.push(o),this.result(s,r,t)}expand(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=Na(wu($a(n)));return this.result(r,n.s===r.s?[]:[this.step("expand","Multiply out",["expand"],n,r)],t)}factor(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=_u($a(n)),i=Ru(r),s=[],o=r.notes.find(e=>"factor.common"===e.id);return i.s!==ka(n).s&&s.push(this.step(o?"factor.common":"factor","Factor",["factor"],n,i,o?{common:Na(o.values.common)}:{})),this.result(i,s,t)}cancel(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=$a(n),i=Pu(r);if(!i)return this.result(ka(n),this.tidyStep(n,ka(n)),t);const s=Ru(i),o=Fu(r),a=go("/",[Na(o.num),Na(o.den)]),l=[];return"/"===n.op&&a.s===ka(n).s||l.push(this.step("together","One fraction",["together"],n,a)),s.s!==a.s&&l.push(this.step("cancel","Cancel",["cancel"],a,s,{cancelled:i.cancelled.length?i.cancelled.map(e=>this.format(Na(e))).join(", "):"numbers"})),this.result(s,l,t)}diff(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,t);let s=r;const o=[];for(let e=0;e<(n.order??1);e++){const e=du(go("der",[s,ho(i)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"}),t=du(e.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});o.push(...e.steps,...t.steps),s=t.node}return this.result(s,o,n,{variable:i})}differentiate(e,t){const n=du(go("der",[e,ho(t)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"});return du(n.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}).node}integrate(e,t,n={}){let r=this.node(e);const i=e=>void 0===e?null:this.node("number"==typeof e?String(e):e);let s=i(n.from),o=i(n.to);if(bo(r)&&"int"===r.op){const[e,n,i,a]=r.args;t=n.token,i&&a&&(s=i,o=a),r=e}const a=this.variable(r,t),l=lc(this,r,a),u=du(l.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}),c=[...l.steps,...u.steps];if(s&&o){const e=pc(this,u.node,a,s,o,r);c.push(e.step);const t=du(e.value,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});return c.push(...t.steps),this.result(t.node,c,n,{antiderivative:u.node,variable:a})}let h=u.node;return n.constant&&(h=go("+",[h,ho(String(n.constant))])),this.result(h,c,n,{variable:a})}solve(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,t),s=Uu(this,r,i,n);let o=s.solutions;if(n.approximate){const e="number"==typeof n.approximate?n.approximate:15;o=o.map(t=>tu(t,{digits:e}))}const a=o.map(e=>go("=",[ho(i),e])),l=a.length?a.reduce((e,t)=>e?go("|",[e,t]):t,null):null;return{solutions:o,result:l,variable:i,text:s.always?`true for every ${i}`:l?this.format(l):s.unsolved.length?`no exact solution found for ${i}`:"no solution",unsolved:s.unsolved.filter(e=>!e.always),always:s.always,steps:bu(s.steps,vu(n.steps))}}solveSystem(e,t,n={}){const r=e.map(e=>this.node(e)),i=t??[...new Set(r.flatMap(e=>[...Ea(e)]))].sort(),s=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=t.map(t=>{const r=Wu(t)?ra([$a(t.args[0]),ga($a(t.args[1]))]):$a(t),i=n.map(t=>{const n=ku(r,t);if(!n||Math.max(0,...n.keys())>1)throw new No(`not linear in ${t}`);const i=n.get(1)??Bo(_o.ZERO);if(!Vo(i))throw new No(`the coefficient of ${t} must be a number (it is ${e.format(Na(i))})`);return i.q});let s=r;for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)s=ra([s,sa([Bo(i[e].neg()),$a(ho(n[e]))])]);for(const e of n)if(qu(s,e))throw new No(`not linear in ${e}`);return{coeffs:i,rhs:ga(s)}}),s=()=>i.map(e=>Bu(Na(ra(e.coeffs.map((e,t)=>sa([Bo(e),$a(ho(n[t]))])))),Na(e.rhs))).reduce((e,t)=>e?go("&",[e,t]):t,null);let o=0;const a=[];for(let t=0;t<n.length&&o<i.length;t++){const l=i.findIndex((e,n)=>n>=o&&!e.coeffs[t].isZero);if(l<0)continue;[i[o],i[l]]=[i[l],i[o]];const u=s(),c=i[o],h=c.coeffs[t];c.coeffs=c.coeffs.map(e=>e.div(h)),c.rhs=sa([Bo(h.inv()),c.rhs]);for(let e=0;e<i.length;e++){if(e===o||i[e].coeffs[t].isZero)continue;const n=i[e].coeffs[t];i[e].coeffs=i[e].coeffs.map((e,t)=>e.sub(n.mul(c.coeffs[t]))),i[e].rhs=ra([i[e].rhs,sa([Bo(n.neg()),c.rhs])])}r.push(e.step("system.eliminate","Eliminate",["eliminate"],u,s(),{v:ho(n[t])})),a.push(t),o++}for(const e of i.slice(o))if(!Vo(e.rhs)||!e.rhs.q.isZero)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"none"};if(a.length<n.length)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"many"};const l=new Map;return a.forEach((e,t)=>l.set(n[e],Na(i[t].rhs))),{solution:l,steps:r,status:"one"}}(this,r,i),o=s.solution?Object.fromEntries([...s.solution].map(([e,t])=>[e,t])):null,a="one"===s.status?i.map(e=>`${e} = ${this.format(o[e])}`).join(", "):"none"===s.status?"no solution":"infinitely many solutions";return{solution:o,status:s.status,text:a,steps:bu(s.steps,vu(n.steps))}}substitute(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e);let i=r;for(const[e,n]of Object.entries(t))i=Qu(i,e,"number"==typeof n?this.node(String(n)):this.node(n));const 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