@mathzetta/inlinemath 0.0.0-stage → 0.2.0

package/src/layout.js

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+/**
+ * MathZetta tree → HTML laid out with CSS (see inlinemath.css).
+ *
+ * Every rendered piece is a box { html, h, d }: its markup, and how far it
+ * reaches above (h) and below (d) the baseline, in em of the surrounding
+ * text. Nothing is measured in a browser; the estimates place fractions on
+ * the maths axis, raise exponents above tall bases and size the integral
+ * sign, so the same string is right in Node, in a video frame or on a page.
+ * Delimiters, the radical's bar and borders stretch by themselves with CSS.
+ *
+ * Every tree node is one element:
+ *
+ *   <span class="mv-n mv-op-frac" data-node="4" data-op="/">…</span>
+ *
+ * `data-node` is MathZetta's node id (the postfix index), the same id used
+ * by toSpeechSegments(), toMathML() and toHTML(). Signs, brackets and other
+ * decoration carry no id, so a click on them belongs to the node that drew
+ * them.
+ */
+
+import {
+    GREEK, needsBrackets, unaryNeedsBrackets, isMinusOneTimes, isImplicitProduct, isVariable,
+    firstLeaf, customName, derivativeOrder, bracketedSides, bracketOp, firstVariable,
+    isCustomFunction, precedenceOf, toAudioSpeech, MATRICES, matrixRows,
+} from './mathzetta.js';
+import { svg } from './glyphs.js';
+
+// Metrics, in em. They match inlinemath.css; change both together.
+const LH = 0.8;        // a line of text: height above the baseline (line-height 1)
+const LD = 0.2;        //   and depth below it
+const AXIS = 0.25;     // the maths axis: fraction bars and big operators centre here
+const RULE = 0.06;     // fraction bar, radical bar
+const GAP = 0.1;       // between a fraction bar and its numerator or denominator
+const SCRIPT = 0.7;    // exponent and subscript size; deeper scripts use SCRIPT2
+const SCRIPT2 = 0.8;
+const MINUS = '−';
+
+const OP_CLASS = {
+    '+': 'add', '-': 'sub', '*': 'mul', '/': 'frac', '^': 'pow', '_': 'subscript', 'neg': 'neg', 'pm': 'pm',
+    '!': 'factorial', '=': 'eq', '===': 'eq', '≠': 'neq', '≠=': 'neq', '<': 'lt', '>': 'gt', '≤': 'le', '≥': 'ge',
+    '≈': 'approx', '≡': 'equiv', '∈': 'in', '∉': 'notin', '∪': 'union', '∩': 'intersect', '→': 'to', '±': 'pm',
+    '&': 'and', '|': 'or', '\\not': 'not', '\\xor': 'xor', '\\nand': 'nand', '\\nor': 'nor', '?:': 'cases',
+    '()': 'tuple', '[]': 'list', '{}': 'set', '(]': 'interval', '[)': 'interval',
+    '\\sumidx': 'sum', '\\prodidx': 'prod', 'mod': 'mod', 'pmod': 'pmod',
+    pmatrix: 'matrix', bmatrix: 'matrix', vmatrix: 'matrix',
+};
+
+const RELATIONS = {
+    '=': '=', '===': '=', '≠': '≠', '≠=': '≠', '<': '<', '>': '>', '≤': '≤', '≥': '≥',
+    '∈': '∈', '∉': '∉', '→': '→', '≈': '≈', '≡': '≡',
+    '&': '∧', '|': '∨', '\\xor': '⊕', '\\nand': '↑', '\\nor': '↓',
+};
+const BINARY = { '±': '±', '∪': '∪', '∩': '∩', 'mod': 'mod' };
+
+const TRIG = ['sin', 'cos', 'tan', 'csc', 'sec', 'cot', 'sinh', 'cosh', 'tanh'];
+const INVERSE = { arcsin: 'sin', arccos: 'cos', arctan: 'tan', arcsinh: 'sinh', arccosh: 'cosh', arctanh: 'tanh' };
+/** Functions written with a name and, when the argument is simple, no brackets: sin x, ln x. */
+const NAMED = [...TRIG, ...Object.keys(INVERSE), 'ln', 'det'];
+/** Functions always written with brackets: max(a, b). */
+const CALLS = { atan2: 'atan2', max: 'max', min: 'min', gcd: 'gcd', mean: 'mean', round: 'round', fixed: 'fixed', expm1: 'expm1', random: 'random' };
+
+const GROUPS = { '()': ['(', ')'], '[]': ['[', ']'], '{}': ['{', '}'], '(]': ['(', ']'], '[)': ['[', ')'] };
+const LATEX_SYMBOLS = { '\\partial': '∂', '\\nabla': '∇', '\\ell': 'ℓ', '\\infty': '∞', '\\emptyset': '∅' };
+
+/** Custom functions drawn as decorations: \boxed{x} parses as boxed(x). */
+const ACCENTS = { vec: '→', hat: 'ˆ', widehat: 'ˆ', tilde: '˜', dot: '˙', ddot: '¨' };
+const DECORATIONS = ['boxed', 'overline', 'bar', 'underline', 'cancel', ...Object.keys(ACCENTS)];
+
+export const DEFAULTS = {
+    prefix: 'mv',
+    display: true,           // big operators with limits above and below, full-size fractions
+    fnParens: 'auto',        // 'auto': sin x, ln|x|, sin(x + 1); 'always': sin(x)
+    trigPowers: true,        // sin(x)^2 written sin²x
+    inverseTrig: 'arc',      // 'arc': arcsin x; 'power': sin⁻¹x
+    derivativeBrackets: '[', // d/dx [x² + 1], or '(' for d/dx (x² + 1)
+    scriptFractions: 'slash',// x^{1/2} written x^{1/2} with a slash; 'stack' stacks it
+    cases: true,             // c ? a : b drawn as a piecewise brace
+    label: true,             // accessible name of the whole expression: true = MathZetta's toAudioSpeech (the grouping in the words), a string, (tree) => string, or false
+    mathml: null,            // MathZetta's toMathML (import it from 'mathzetta/mathml'): also write the expression as visually hidden MathML, which screen readers can step through and show in math braille; it replaces the label
+    attributes: null,        // (node) => ({ ... }) extra attributes for a node's element
+    style: null,             // (node) => 'css' inline style for a node's element
+};
+
+const escape = (s) => String(s).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;');
+const em = (x) => `${+x.toFixed(3)}em`;
+const box = (html, h = LH, d = LD) => ({ html, h, d });
+
+/** Boxes side by side. */
+function row(...boxes) {
+    const list = boxes.flat().filter(Boolean);
+    return {
+        html: list.map((b) => b.html).join(''),
+        h: Math.max(LH, ...list.map((b) => b.h)),
+        d: Math.max(LD, ...list.map((b) => b.d)),
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {object} tree MathZetta tree (from parseTree) — nodes with ids
+ * @param {object} [options] see DEFAULTS
+ * @returns {{ html: string, h: number, d: number }}
+ */
+export function layout(tree, options = {}) {
+    const r = new Layout({ ...DEFAULTS, ...options });
+    const b = r.render(tree, { level: 0 });
+    const cls = `${r.p}${r.o.display ? ` ${r.p}-display` : ''}`;
+    // Screen readers get the expression as MathML they can walk (mathml: true), or read as a teacher would (the
+    // label); the spans and glyphs of the drawing are never read piecemeal.
+    const mathml = typeof r.o.mathml === 'function' ? assistiveMathML(r.o.mathml, tree, r.p, r.o.display) : '';
+    const label = mathml ? null : accessibleName(tree, r.o.label);
+    const body = label === null && !mathml ? b.html : b.html.replace(/^<span /, '<span aria-hidden="true" ');
+    const attrs = label === null ? '' : ` role="math" aria-label="${escape(label)}"`;
+    return { html: `<span class="${cls}"${attrs}>${body}${mathml}</span>`, h: b.h, d: b.d };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The expression as MathML for assistive technology: no ids (two drawings on a page must not share them), hidden
+ * from sight. The page passes MathZetta's toMathML, so Inline Math itself imports only what every page maps.
+ */
+function assistiveMathML(toMathML, tree, prefix, display) {
+    try {
+        return String(toMathML(tree)).replace(/ id="mz-\d+"/g, '')
+            .replace(/^<math>/, `<math class="${prefix}-sr-math"${display ? ' display="block"' : ''}>`);
+    } catch {
+        return '';   // nothing MathZetta can write as MathML: the label stands in
+    }
+}
+
+function accessibleName(tree, label) {
+    if (label === false || label === null) return null;
+    if (typeof label === 'string') return label;
+    try {
+        // a screen reader is speech with no drawing in view: the grouping has to be in the words
+        return typeof label === 'function' ? label(tree) : toAudioSpeech(tree);
+    } catch {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+class Layout {
+    constructor(options) {
+        this.o = options;
+        this.p = options.prefix;
+    }
+
+    /** An element of class `mv-<kind>` (several kinds: 'a b'). */
+    el(kind, content, style = '', extra = '') {
+        const cls = kind.split(' ').map((k) => `${this.p}-${k}`).join(' ');
+        return `<span class="${cls}"${style ? ` style="${style}"` : ''}${extra}>${content}</span>`;
+    }
+
+    /** A run of text. Remembered as a leaf so a node holding only this needs no second element. */
+    text(kind, s) {
+        const b = box(this.el(kind, escape(s)));
+        b.leaf = { kind, content: escape(s) };
+        return b;
+    }
+    /** Binary operator and relation signs carry the spacing around them. */
+    bin(s) { return this.text('bin', s); }
+    rel(s) { return this.text('rel', s); }
+    punct(s) { return this.text('punct', s); }
+    word(s) { return this.text('word', s); }
+
+    /** The element for a tree node. */
+    wrap(node, kinds, b) {
+        let attrs = '';
+        if (node.id !== undefined) attrs += ` data-node="${node.id}"`;
+        if (node.type === 'op') attrs += ` data-op="${escape(node.op)}"`;
+        const extra = this.o.attributes ? this.o.attributes(node) || {} : {};
+        for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(extra)) {
+            if (k !== 'class' && k !== 'style') attrs += ` ${k}="${escape(v)}"`;
+        }
+        const style = [extra.style, this.o.style && this.o.style(node)].filter(Boolean).join(';');
+        const all = b.leaf ? ['n', ...kinds, b.leaf.kind] : ['n', ...kinds];
+        const cls = all.map((k) => `${this.p}-${k}`).concat(extra.class ? [extra.class] : []).join(' ');
+        const content = b.leaf ? b.leaf.content : b.html;
+        return { html: `<span class="${cls}"${style ? ` style="${escape(style)}"` : ''}${attrs}>${content}</span>`, h: b.h, d: b.d };
+    }
+
+    // ---- leaves ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    render(node, ctx) {
+        if (node.type === 'number') return this.number(node);
+        if (node.type === 'string') return this.wrap(node, ['text'], this.text('text', node.value.replace(/^["'`]|["'`]$/g, '')));
+        if (node.type === 'symbol') return this.wrap(node, ['symbol'], this.symbol(node.value));
+        return this.operation(node, ctx);
+    }
+
+    number(node) {
+        return this.wrap(node, ['number'], this.text('num', node.value.replace(/^-/, MINUS)));
+    }
+
+    symbol(v) {
+        if (GREEK[v]) v = GREEK[v];
+        if (LATEX_SYMBOLS[v]) return this.text('ord', LATEX_SYMBOLS[v]);
+        if (v === '\\+' || v === '\\-') return this.text('ord', v[1]);
+        if (v === '-∞') return this.text('ord', MINUS + '∞');
+        if (/^[A-Za-z]$/.test(v) || /^[α-ω]$/.test(v)) return this.text('var', v);
+        if (/^[A-Za-z]′+$/.test(v)) return box(this.el('var', escape(v[0])) + this.el('prime', escape(v.slice(1))));
+        if (/^Δ[A-Za-z]$/.test(v)) return box(this.el('ord', 'Δ') + this.el('var', v[1]));
+        if (v.endsWith('⁻¹')) return this.script(this.symbol(v.slice(0, -2)), this.text('num', MINUS + '1'), { level: 0 });
+        if (/^\\[A-Za-z]+$/.test(v)) return this.text('name', v.slice(1));
+        if (/^[A-Za-z]{2,}$/.test(v)) return this.text('name', v);   // upright, like \mathrm
+        return this.text('ord', v);
+    }
+
+    // ---- operations -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+    operation(node, ctx) {
+        const { op, args } = node;
+        const [a, b] = args;
+        const r = (n, c = {}) => this.render(n, { ...ctx, ...c, forceParens: c.forceParens || false, before: c.before || false });
+        const kind = OP_CLASS[op] ?? (/^[a-z0-9]+$/i.test(op) ? op : 'other');
+        const wrap = (content) => this.wrap(node, ['op', `op-${kind}`], content);
+        const side = (child, s) => (needsBrackets(node, child, s) && child.op !== '/' ? this.fence(r(child)) : r(child));
+
+        if (NAMED.includes(op) || op === 'log') return wrap(this.named(node, ctx));
+        if (CALLS[op]) return wrap(row(this.word(CALLS[op]), this.fence(this.list(args, ctx))));
+        if (isCustomFunction(op)) return wrap(this.custom(node, ctx));
+        const rows = matrixRows(node);   // pmatrix, bmatrix, vmatrix, and [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+        if (rows) return wrap(this.matrix(node, rows, ctx));
+        if (GROUPS[op]) return wrap(this.fence(this.list(args, ctx), ...GROUPS[op]));
+        if (RELATIONS[op] && args.length === 2) return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.rel(RELATIONS[op]), side(b, 'right')));
+        if (BINARY[op] && args.length === 2) return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.bin(BINARY[op]), side(b, 'right')));
+
+        switch (op) {
+            case '+': {
+                // a + (-1·x) and a + (-3) read as a − x and a − 3.
+                if (isMinusOneTimes(b)) return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.bin(MINUS), this.wrap(b, ['op', 'op-mul'], this.render(b.args[1], ctx))));
+                if (b.type === 'number' && b.value.startsWith('-')) return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.bin(MINUS), this.wrap(b, ['number'], this.text('num', b.value.slice(1)))));
+                return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.bin('+'), this.signed(b, side(b, 'right'))));
+            }
+            case '-':
+                return wrap(row(side(a, 'left'), this.bin(MINUS), this.signed(b, side(b, 'right'))));
+            case '*':
+                return wrap(this.product(node, ctx));
+            case '/':
+                return wrap(this.fraction(node, ctx));
+            case '^':
+                return wrap(this.power(node, ctx));
+            case '_':
+                return wrap(this.script(r(a, { forceParens: true }), null, ctx, r(b, { level: ctx.level + 1 })));
+            case 'neg':
+                return wrap(row(this.text('sign', MINUS), unaryNeedsBrackets(op, a) ? this.fence(r(a)) : r(a, { before: ctx.before })));
+            case 'pm':
+                return wrap(row(this.text('sign', '±'), unaryNeedsBrackets(op, a) ? this.fence(r(a)) : r(a)));
+            case '!':
+                return wrap(row(unaryNeedsBrackets(op, a) ? this.fence(r(a)) : r(a, { forceParens: true }), this.text('ord', '!')));
+            case '\\not':
+                return wrap(row(this.text('sign', '¬'), unaryNeedsBrackets(op, a) ? this.fence(r(a)) : r(a)));
+            case 'pmod':
+                return wrap(row(r(a), this.fence(row(this.word('mod'), this.text('space', ''), r(b)))));
+            case 'sqrt':
+                return wrap(this.radical(r(a)));
+            case 'root':
+                return wrap(this.radical(r(b), this.render(a, { level: ctx.level + 2 })));
+            case 'abs':
+                return wrap(this.fence(r(a), '|', '|'));
+            case 'floor':
+                return wrap(this.fence(r(a), '⌊', '⌋'));
+            case 'ceil':
+                return wrap(this.fence(r(a), '⌈', '⌉'));
+            case 'loglog':
+                return wrap(row(this.word('ln'), this.fence(row(this.word('ln'), this.fence(r(a))))));
+            case 'logloglog':
+                return wrap(row(this.word('ln'), this.fence(row(this.word('ln'), this.fence(row(this.word('ln'), this.fence(r(a))))))));
+            case 'perm':
+                return wrap(this.script(this.script(box(''), this.render(a, { level: ctx.level + 1 }), ctx), null, ctx,
+                    this.render(b, { level: ctx.level + 1 }), this.word('P')));
+            case 'comb':
+                return wrap(this.fence(this.stack(r(a), r(b), false)));
+            case '?:':
+                return wrap(this.o.cases ? this.cases(node, ctx) : row(r(a), this.bin('?'), r(b), this.bin(':'), r(args[2])));
+            case 'sum':
+                return wrap(row(args.map((n, i) => (i ? [this.bin('+'), r(n)] : [r(n)])).flat()));
+            case 'prod':
+                return wrap(row(args.map((n, i) => (i ? [this.bin('·'), r(n)] : [r(n)])).flat()));
+            case 'der':
+                return wrap(this.derivative(node, ctx));
+            case 'int':
+                return wrap(this.integral(args, ctx));
+            case 'lim':
+                return wrap(this.limit(args, ctx));
+            case '\\sumidx':
+                return wrap(this.bigOperator('sum', args, ctx));
+            case '\\prodidx':
+                return wrap(this.bigOperator('prod', args, ctx));
+        }
+        throw new Error(`Inline Math cannot draw '${op}'`);
+    }
+
+    /** The right side of + or −: a leading sign gets brackets, a + (−b). */
+    signed(node, b) {
+        const starts = node.type === 'number' ? node.value.startsWith('-') : node.op === 'neg' || node.op === 'pm';
+        return starts && !b.fenced ? this.fence(b) : b;
+    }
+
+    list(args, ctx) {
+        return row(args.map((n, i) => (i ? [this.punct(','), this.render(n, ctx)] : [this.render(n, ctx)])).flat());
+    }
+
+    /** 2x, x·2, (x+1)(x−2), sin x cos x. */
+    product(node, ctx) {
+        const [a, b] = node.args;
+        if (isMinusOneTimes(node)) return row(this.text('sign', MINUS), this.render(b, ctx));
+        const sides = bracketedSides(node);
+        const implicit = isImplicitProduct(a, b, sides);
+        // "sin x · y" must keep its brackets: sin(x) y. Before another function it needn't: sin x cos x.
+        const nextIsCall = startsWithCall(b);
+        const left = sides.left ? this.fence(this.render(a, ctx)) : this.render(a, { ...ctx, before: implicit && !nextIsCall });
+        const right = sides.right ? this.fence(this.render(b, ctx)) : this.render(b, { ...ctx, before: ctx.before });
+        // A thin space before a function name: 2 sin x, x² ln x.
+        const join = !implicit ? this.bin('·') : box(this.el(nextIsCall ? 'fnspace' : 'times', ''));
+        return row(left, join, right);
+    }
+
+    // ---- functions ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /** sin x, sin(x + 1), sin²x, sin⁻¹x, ln|x|, log₂ x. */
+    named(node, ctx, power = null) {
+        const { op, args } = node;
+        const arg = op === 'log' ? args[1] : args[0];
+        let name;
+        if (INVERSE[op] && this.o.inverseTrig === 'power') {
+            name = this.script(this.word(INVERSE[op]), this.text('num', MINUS + '1'), ctx);
+        } else {
+            name = this.word(op);
+        }
+        if (power) name = this.script(name, power, ctx);
+        if (op === 'log') name = this.script(name, null, ctx, this.render(args[0], { level: ctx.level + 1 }));
+        const bare = this.o.fnParens === 'auto' && !ctx.forceParens && !ctx.before && isSimpleArgument(arg);
+        const body = this.render(arg, { ...ctx, forceParens: false, before: false });
+        return row(name, bare ? row(box(this.el('fnspace', '')), body) : this.fence(body));
+    }
+
+    custom(node, ctx) {
+        const name = customName(node.op);
+        const args = node.args;
+        if (DECORATIONS.includes(name) && args.length === 1) return this.decorate(name, this.render(args[0], ctx));
+        // f(x), g′(x): a one-letter function is italic like a variable; sgn(x) is upright.
+        const head = /^[A-Za-z]′*(⁻¹)?$/.test(name) ? this.symbol(name) : this.word(name);
+        return row(head, box(this.el('callgap', '')), this.fence(this.list(args, ctx)));
+    }
+
+    decorate(name, b) {
+        switch (name) {
+            case 'boxed': return box(this.el('boxed', b.html), b.h + 0.22, b.d + 0.22);
+            // a drawn stroke, not a background: Windows high contrast drops backgrounds, and a cancelled term would look kept
+            case 'cancel': return box(this.el('cancel', b.html + svg('cancel', `${this.p}-cancel-line`)), b.h, b.d);
+            case 'underline': return box(this.el('underline', b.html), b.h, b.d + 0.12);
+            case 'overline': case 'bar': return box(this.el('over', b.html), b.h + 0.14, b.d);
+            default: return box(this.el('accent', this.el('accent-mark', ACCENTS[name]) + b.html), b.h + 0.3, b.d);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---- fractions, scripts, radicals ------------------------------------------
+
+    fraction(node, ctx) {
+        const [a, b] = node.args;
+        if (ctx.level > 0 && this.o.scriptFractions === 'slash' && isSimpleArgument(a, true) && isSimpleArgument(b, true)) {
+            const side = (n) => (n.type === 'op' && !isSimpleArgument(n) ? this.fence(this.render(n, ctx)) : this.render(n, ctx));
+            return row(side(a), this.text('ord', '/'), side(b));
+        }
+        // A fraction inside a fraction, or in running text, is set smaller.
+        const k = ctx.level > 0 || ctx.inFraction || !this.o.display ? 0.8 : 1;
+        const inner = { ...ctx, inFraction: true, forceParens: false, before: false };
+        return this.stack(this.render(a, inner), this.render(b, inner), true, k);
+    }
+
+    /** One box over another, centred on the axis; with a bar for fractions, without for binomials. */
+    stack(num, den, bar = true, k = 1) {
+        const scale = (b) => (k === 1 ? b.html : this.el('scaled', b.html, `font-size:${em(k)}`));
+        const t = bar ? RULE : 0;
+        // Numerator and denominator are lines of the surrounding size, so never shallower than one.
+        const lift = AXIS + t / 2 + GAP + Math.max(LD, k * num.d);   // the numerator's baseline
+        const html = this.el(`frac${bar ? '' : ' frac-nobar'}`,
+            this.el('numer', scale(num)) + this.el('denom', scale(den)),
+            `vertical-align:${em(lift)}`);
+        return box(html, lift + Math.max(LH, k * num.h), Math.max(LH, k * den.h) + Math.max(LD, k * den.d) + GAP + t / 2 - AXIS);
+    }
+
+    /** x², (x+1)³, e^{x²}, sin²x, x₁². */
+    power(node, ctx) {
+        const [a, b] = node.args;
+        const up = { ...ctx, level: ctx.level + 1, forceParens: false, before: false, inFraction: false };
+        const exponent = () => this.render(b, up);
+        if (this.o.trigPowers && TRIG.includes(a.op) && isPositiveWhole(b)) {
+            return this.wrap(a, ['op', `op-${a.op}`], this.named(a, ctx, exponent()));
+        }
+        if (a.op === '_') {
+            const sub = this.render(a.args[1], up);
+            return this.wrap(a, ['op', 'op-subscript'], this.script(this.render(a.args[0], { ...ctx, forceParens: true }), exponent(), ctx, sub));
+        }
+        // (sin x)^{1/2}: a named function keeps its own name outside the brackets only as sin²x.
+        const fenceBase = needsBrackets(node, a, 'left') || (a.type === 'number' && a.value.startsWith('-')) || a.op === '/' || NAMED.includes(a.op);
+        const base = fenceBase ? this.fence(this.render(a, ctx)) : this.render(a, { ...ctx, forceParens: true });
+        return this.script(base, exponent(), ctx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A base with an exponent, a subscript or both. `pre` goes between the
+     * base and the scripts, used for ⁿPₖ.
+     */
+    script(base, sup, ctx, sub = null, pre = null) {
+        const kk = ctx.level > 0 ? SCRIPT2 : SCRIPT;   // relative to the current size
+        const head = pre ? row(base, pre) : base;
+        let rise = sup ? Math.max(0.42, base.h - 0.38, kk * sup.d + 0.12) : 0;
+        let drop = sub ? Math.max(0.2, base.d - 0.05, kk * sub.h - 0.45) : 0;
+        if (sup && sub) {
+            const clash = 0.1 - ((rise - kk * sup.d) - (kk * sub.h - drop));
+            if (clash > 0) drop += clash;
+        }
+        const scaled = (b) => this.el('script', b.html, `font-size:${em(kk)}`);
+        if (sup && !sub) {
+            return box(base.html + this.el('sup', sup.html, `font-size:${em(kk)};vertical-align:${em(rise / kk)}`),
+                Math.max(head.h, rise + kk * sup.h), Math.max(head.d, kk * sup.d - rise));
+        }
+        if (sub && !sup) {
+            return box(head.html + this.el('sub', sub.html, `font-size:${em(kk)};vertical-align:${em(-drop / kk)}`),
+                Math.max(head.h, kk * sub.h - drop), Math.max(head.d, drop + kk * sub.d));
+        }
+        const top = rise + kk * sup.h;
+        const bottom = drop + kk * sub.d;
+        const column = this.el('subsup', scaled(sup) + scaled(sub), `vertical-align:${em(rise)};height:${em(top + bottom)}`);
+        return box(head.html + column, Math.max(head.h, top), Math.max(head.d, bottom));
+    }
+
+    /** √x and ⁿ√x: the hook is drawn as tall as the radicand, the bar is its top border. */
+    radical(inner, index = null) {
+        const top = Math.max(inner.h, LH) + GAP + RULE;
+        const depth = Math.max(inner.d, LD);
+        const height = top + depth;
+        const hook = svg('sqrt', `${this.p}-hook`, `height:${em(height)};width:${em(0.5 + 0.06 * (height - 1))};vertical-align:${em(-depth)}`);
+        let pre = '';
+        if (index) {
+            const k = SCRIPT * 0.8;
+            pre = this.el('rootindex', index.html, `font-size:${em(k)};vertical-align:${em((-depth + 0.55 * height) / k)}`);
+        }
+        return box(this.el('sqrt', pre + hook + this.el('radicand', inner.html)), top, depth);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Brackets that grow with what they hold. Each side is drawn at 100% of
+     * the content's height, so no measuring is needed.
+     */
+    fence(inner, open = '(', close = ')') {
+        const height = Math.max(inner.h, LH) + Math.max(inner.d, LD);
+        const tall = height > 1.25;
+        const pad = tall ? 0.1 : 0;
+        const side = (ch, where) => {
+            if (!ch) return { html: '', w: 0 };
+            const w = { '(': 0.26, ')': 0.26, '{': 0.36, '}': 0.36 }[ch];
+            if (w) {
+                const width = w + (tall ? Math.min(0.2, 0.05 * (height - 1)) : 0);
+                return { html: svg(ch, `${this.p}-delim ${this.p}-delim-${where}`, `width:${em(width)}`), w: width + 0.1 };
+            }
+            const name = { '[': 'lbrack', ']': 'rbrack', '|': 'vert', '⌊': 'lfloor', '⌋': 'rfloor', '⌈': 'lceil', '⌉': 'rceil' }[ch];
+            return { html: this.el(`delim ${name} delim-${where}`, ''), w: ch === '|' ? 0.18 : 0.3 };
+        };
+        const l = side(open, 'l');
+        const rr = side(close, 'r');
+        const style = `padding:${em(pad)} ${em(rr.w)} ${em(pad)} ${em(l.w)}`;
+        const b = box(this.el('fence', l.html + inner.html + rr.html, style), Math.max(inner.h, LH) + pad, Math.max(inner.d, LD) + pad);
+        b.fenced = true;
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    // ---- calculus -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /** dy/dx, d²y/dx², and d/dx [f] with the body after the fraction. */
+    derivative(node, ctx) {
+        const { n, body, by, variable } = derivativeOrder(node);
+        const up = { ...ctx, level: ctx.level + 1 };
+        const d = () => this.text('d', 'd');
+        const power = () => (n > 1 ? this.render({ type: 'number', value: String(n) }, up) : null);
+        const inner = { ...ctx, inFraction: true };
+        const dx = row(d(), power() ? this.script(this.render(by, inner), power(), inner) : this.render(by, inner));
+        const top = (rest) => row(power() ? this.script(d(), power(), inner) : d(), rest || []);
+        const k = ctx.level > 0 || ctx.inFraction || !this.o.display ? 0.8 : 1;
+        if (variable) return this.stack(top(this.render(body, inner)), dx, true, k);
+        const compound = bracketOp(body) && precedenceOf(bracketOp(body)) < 100;
+        const [open, close] = this.o.derivativeBrackets === '(' ? ['(', ')'] : ['[', ']'];
+        const after = compound ? this.fence(this.render(body, ctx), open, close) : this.render(body, ctx);
+        return row(this.stack(top(), dx, true, k), after);
+    }
+
+    /** ∫ with its limits to the right of the sign, then the integrand and dx. */
+    integral(args, ctx) {
+        const [f, second, third, fourth] = args;
+        const r = (n) => this.render(n, ctx);
+        const lim = (n) => (n ? this.render(n, { ...ctx, level: ctx.level + 1 }) : null);
+        const guess = () => this.text('var', firstVariable(f) || 'x');
+        let lo = null;
+        let hi = null;
+        let v;
+        switch (args.length) {
+            case 1: v = guess(); break;
+            case 2: if (isVariable(second)) v = r(second); else { v = guess(); lo = lim(second); } break;
+            case 3: if (isVariable(second)) { v = r(second); lo = lim(third); } else { v = guess(); lo = lim(second); hi = lim(third); } break;
+            default: v = r(second); lo = lim(third); hi = lim(fourth);
+        }
+        const body = r(f);
+        const dx = box(this.el('dx', this.el('d', 'd') + v.html), v.h, v.d);
+        return row(this.bigSign('int', body, lo, hi, ctx), body, dx);
+    }
+
+    /** The ∫ sign, centred on the axis and at least as tall as the integrand, with limits beside it. */
+    bigSign(name, body, lo, hi, ctx) {
+        const small = !this.o.display || ctx.level > 0;
+        const half = Math.max(small ? 0.6 : 0.95, Math.max(body.h - AXIS, body.d + AXIS) + 0.12);
+        const sign = svg(name, `${this.p}-bigsign ${this.p}-${name}sign`,
+            `height:${em(2 * half)};width:${em(small ? 0.38 : 0.5)};vertical-align:${em(AXIS - half)}`);
+        if (!lo && !hi) return box(sign, AXIS + half, half - AXIS);
+        const k = SCRIPT;
+        const hiBox = hi || box('');
+        const loBox = lo || box('');
+        const rise = AXIS + half - k * hiBox.h;
+        const drop = half - AXIS - k * loBox.d;
+        const column = this.el('limits',
+            this.el('script', hiBox.html, `font-size:${em(k)}`) + this.el('script lower', loBox.html, `font-size:${em(k)}`),
+            `vertical-align:${em(rise)};height:${em(2 * half)}`);
+        return box(sign + column, AXIS + half, half - AXIS);
+    }
+
+    limit(args, ctx) {
+        const [f, second, third, fourth] = args;
+        const below = { ...ctx, level: ctx.level + 1 };
+        const r = (n) => this.render(n, below);
+        const arrow = () => this.rel('→');
+        let under;
+        switch (args.length) {
+            case 1: return row(this.word('lim'), box(this.el('fnspace', '')), this.render(f, ctx));
+            case 2: {
+                const v = firstVariable(f);
+                const approaches = second.type === 'number' || (second.type === 'symbol' && second.value.includes('∞'));
+                under = v && approaches ? row(this.text('var', v), arrow(), r(second)) : r(second);
+                break;
+            }
+            case 3: under = row(r(second), arrow(), r(third)); break;
+            default: {
+                const sign = firstLeaf(fourth).toLowerCase().startsWith('r') ? '+' : MINUS;
+                under = row(r(second), arrow(), this.script(r(third), this.wrap(fourth, ['symbol'], this.text('ord', sign)), below));
+            }
+        }
+        return row(this.under(this.word('lim'), under, ctx), this.render(f, ctx));
+    }
+
+    /** A word with something set small beneath it, lim over x → 0; the word keeps the baseline. */
+    under(top, below, ctx) {
+        const k = SCRIPT;
+        if (!this.o.display || ctx.level > 0) return this.script(top, null, ctx, below);
+        return box(this.el('under', top.html + this.el('script', below.html, `font-size:${em(k)}`)),
+            top.h, Math.max(top.d, LD) + 0.05 + k * (below.h + below.d));
+    }
+
+    /** ∑ and ∏ with the index below and the end above. */
+    bigOperator(name, args, ctx) {
+        const [f, from, to] = args;
+        const up = { ...ctx, level: ctx.level + 1 };
+        const lo = from ? this.render(from, up) : null;
+        const hi = to ? this.render(to, up) : null;
+        const body = this.render(f, ctx);
+        if (!this.o.display || ctx.level > 0) {
+            const half = 0.55;
+            const sign = svg(name, `${this.p}-bigsign`, `height:${em(2 * half)};width:${em(0.8)};vertical-align:${em(AXIS - half)}`);
+            return row(this.script(box(sign, AXIS + half, half - AXIS), hi, ctx, lo), body);
+        }
+        const half = 0.68;
+        const k = SCRIPT;
+        const sign = svg(name, `${this.p}-bigsign`, `height:${em(2 * half)};width:${em(name === 'sum' ? 1.0 : 1.05)}`);
+        // The first item sets the column's baseline: the upper limit's, or the sign's bottom edge.
+        const lift = hi ? AXIS + half + 0.08 + k * hi.d : AXIS - half;
+        const scaled = (b) => this.el('script', b.html, `font-size:${em(k)}`);
+        const column = this.el('bigop', (hi ? scaled(hi) : '') + sign + (lo ? scaled(lo) : ''), `vertical-align:${em(lift)}`);
+        const op = box(column,
+            AXIS + half + (hi ? 0.08 + k * (hi.h + hi.d) : 0),
+            half - AXIS + (lo ? 0.08 + k * (lo.h + lo.d) : 0));
+        return row(op, body);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A matrix: a grid of entries, centred on the maths axis, in brackets as tall as it is. Each
+     * row that is a list in the tree is an element of its own (display: contents), so a row can
+     * be pointed at like any part.
+     */
+    matrix(node, rows, ctx) {
+        const ROWGAP = 0.3;
+        const cells = rows.map((r) => r.map((c) => this.render(c, ctx)));
+        const heights = cells.map((r) => ({ h: Math.max(LH, ...r.map((b) => b.h)), d: Math.max(LD, ...r.map((b) => b.d)) }));
+        const total = heights.reduce((s, x) => s + x.h + x.d, 0) + ROWGAP * (rows.length - 1);
+        const lift = AXIS + total / 2 - heights[0].h;   // the first row's baseline
+        const html = cells.map((r, i) => {
+            const inner = r.map((b) => this.el('matrix-cell', b.html)).join('');
+            const tree = node.args[i];
+            return tree && tree.type === 'op' && tree.op === '[]' ? this.wrap(tree, ['op', 'op-list', 'matrix-row'], box(inner)).html : inner;
+        }).join('');
+        const columns = rows[0].length;
+        const grid = box(this.el('matrix', html, `grid-template-columns:repeat(${columns},auto);vertical-align:${em(lift)}`), AXIS + total / 2, total / 2 - AXIS);
+        const [open, close] = MATRICES[node.op] ?? ['[', ']'];
+        return this.fence(grid, open, close);
+    }
+
+    /** c ? a : b  →  a brace with "a  if c", "b  otherwise". Nested ternaries add rows. */
+    cases(node, ctx) {
+        const rows = [];
+        let n = node;
+        while (n.type === 'op' && n.op === '?:') {
+            rows.push([this.render(n.args[1], ctx), row(this.word('if'), this.text('space', ''), this.render(n.args[0], ctx))]);
+            n = n.args[2];
+        }
+        // a case nobody wrote (`unchanged`: no else, no otherwise row) is not drawn
+        if (!(n.type === 'symbol' && n.value === 'unchanged')) rows.push([this.render(n, ctx), this.word('otherwise')]);
+        const ROWGAP = 0.25;
+        const heights = rows.map(([v, c]) => ({ h: Math.max(v.h, c.h), d: Math.max(v.d, c.d) }));
+        const total = heights.reduce((s, x) => s + x.h + x.d, 0) + ROWGAP * (rows.length - 1);
+        const lift = AXIS + total / 2 - heights[0].h;   // the first row's baseline
+        const cells = rows.map(([v, c]) => this.el('case-value', v.html) + this.el('case-cond', c.html)).join('');
+        const grid = box(this.el('cases', cells, `vertical-align:${em(lift)}`), AXIS + total / 2, total / 2 - AXIS);
+        return this.fence(grid, '{', '');
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- helpers ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Written without brackets after sin or ln: x, 2, θ, 2x, πx, |x|. Within scripts also x² and −x. */
+function isSimpleArgument(node, inScript = false) {
+    if (node.type === 'number') return !node.value.startsWith('-') || inScript;
+    if (node.type === 'symbol') return true;
+    if (node.type !== 'op') return false;
+    if (node.op === 'abs' || matrixRows(node)) return !inScript;   // |x| and a matrix bring their own brackets
+    if (inScript && (node.op === 'neg' || node.op === '^')) return isSimpleArgument(node.args[0], true) && (node.op === 'neg' || isSimpleArgument(node.args[1], true));
+    if (node.op === '*' && !isMinusOneTimes(node)) {
+        return node.args.every((c) => (c.type === 'number' && !c.value.startsWith('-')) || isShortSymbol(c) || (c.op === '*' && isSimpleArgument(c, inScript)));
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+const isShortSymbol = (n) => n.type === 'symbol' && (n.value.length === 1 || /^[α-ωΑ-Ω]$/.test(n.value) || Boolean(GREEK[n.value]));
+const isPositiveWhole = (n) => n.type === 'number' && /^[1-9]\d*$/.test(n.value) && Number(n.value) < 10;
+
+/** Does this expression begin with a function name, so that "sin x cos x" needs no brackets? */
+function startsWithCall(node) {
+    while (node.type === 'op') {
+        if (NAMED.includes(node.op) || node.op === 'log' || CALLS[node.op] || isCustomFunction(node.op)) return true;
+        if (node.op === '^' || node.op === '*') { node = node.args[0]; continue; }
+        return false;
+    }
+    return false;
+}

package/src/lite-calc.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// '@mathzetta/inlinemath/lite-calc' — lite with MathZetta's calculator for {{…}} blocks. See types.d.ts.
+export type { Input, Node, Target, LayoutOptions, DrawOptions } from './types.js';
+export { toHTML, treeOf, layout, DEFAULTS, select, numberTree, calculateBlock, calculate } from './types.js';