@manycore/aholo-splat-transform 1.2.8 → 1.2.9

package/dist/utils/voxel/common.js

@@ -1,1682 +1,1752 @@
-/** 3D Morton (Z-order) for integer block coordinates. */
-export const encodeMorton3 = (x, y, z) => {
-    let result = 0;
-    let shift = 1;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 17; i++) {
-        if (x & 1) {
-            result += shift;
-        }
-        if (y & 1) {
-            result += shift * 2;
-        }
-        if (z & 1) {
-            result += shift * 4;
-        }
-        x >>>= 1;
-        y >>>= 1;
-        z >>>= 1;
-        shift *= 8;
-    }
-    return result;
-};
-export const decodeMorton3 = (m) => {
-    let x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
-    let bit = 1;
-    while (m > 0) {
-        const triplet = m % 8;
-        if (triplet & 1) {
-            x |= bit;
-        }
-        if (triplet & 2) {
-            y |= bit;
-        }
-        if (triplet & 4) {
-            z |= bit;
-        }
-        bit <<= 1;
-        m = Math.trunc(m / 8);
-    }
-    return [x, y, z];
-};
-/** Voxel leaf edge length in voxels (4³ block). */
-export const LEAF_SIZE = 4;
-export const ALPHA_THRESHOLD = 1. / 255.;
-export const alignGridBounds = (bounds, voxelResolution) => {
-    const blockSize = LEAF_SIZE * voxelResolution;
-    return {
-        min: {
-            x: Math.floor(bounds.min.x / blockSize) * blockSize,
-            y: Math.floor(bounds.min.y / blockSize) * blockSize,
-            z: Math.floor(bounds.min.z / blockSize) * blockSize
-        },
-        max: {
-            x: Math.ceil(bounds.max.x / blockSize) * blockSize,
-            y: Math.ceil(bounds.max.y / blockSize) * blockSize,
-            z: Math.ceil(bounds.max.z / blockSize) * blockSize
-        }
-    };
-};
-/** Opacity-aware AABB half-extents from scale + unit quaternion. */
-export const extentsFromQuatScale = (sx, sy, sz, qx, qy, qz, qw, opacity, opacityThreshold = ALPHA_THRESHOLD) => {
-    let extend = 3;
-    if (opacity !== undefined &&
-        opacity > opacityThreshold) {
-        // Tight bound from opacity threshold, clamped by default 3-sigma bound.
-        const opacityAware = Math.sqrt(2 * Math.log(opacity / opacityThreshold));
-        if (Number.isFinite(opacityAware)) {
-            extend = Math.min(extend, opacityAware);
-        }
-    }
-    else if (opacity !== undefined && opacity <= opacityThreshold) {
-        return { ex: 0, ey: 0, ez: 0 };
-    }
-    const sX = extend * sx;
-    const sY = extend * sy;
-    const sZ = extend * sz;
-    const xx = qx * qx;
-    const yy = qy * qy;
-    const zz = qz * qz;
-    const xy = qx * qy;
-    const xz = qx * qz;
-    const yz = qy * qz;
-    const wx = qw * qx;
-    const wy = qw * qy;
-    const wz = qw * qz;
-    const m00 = 1 - 2 * (yy + zz);
-    const m01 = 2 * (xy - wz);
-    const m02 = 2 * (xz + wy);
-    const m10 = 2 * (xy + wz);
-    const m11 = 1 - 2 * (xx + zz);
-    const m12 = 2 * (yz - wx);
-    const m20 = 2 * (xz - wy);
-    const m21 = 2 * (yz + wx);
-    const m22 = 1 - 2 * (xx + yy);
-    const abs00 = Math.abs(m00);
-    const abs01 = Math.abs(m01);
-    const abs02 = Math.abs(m02);
-    const abs10 = Math.abs(m10);
-    const abs11 = Math.abs(m11);
-    const abs12 = Math.abs(m12);
-    const abs20 = Math.abs(m20);
-    const abs21 = Math.abs(m21);
-    const abs22 = Math.abs(m22);
-    const ex = abs00 * sX + abs01 * sY + abs02 * sZ;
-    const ey = abs10 * sX + abs11 * sY + abs12 * sZ;
-    const ez = abs20 * sX + abs21 * sY + abs22 * sZ;
-    return { ex, ey, ez };
-};
-const boundsOverlap = (a, bMinX, bMinY, bMinZ, bMaxX, bMaxY, bMaxZ) => {
-    return !(a.maxX < bMinX || a.minX > bMaxX || a.maxY < bMinY || a.minY > bMaxY || a.maxZ < bMinZ || a.minZ > bMaxZ);
-};
-const quickselect = (axisData, idx, k) => {
-    const valAt = (p) => axisData[idx[p]];
-    const swap = (i, j) => {
-        const t = idx[i];
-        idx[i] = idx[j];
-        idx[j] = t;
-    };
-    const n = idx.length;
-    let l = 0;
-    let r = n - 1;
-    while (true) {
-        if (r <= l + 1) {
-            if (r === l + 1 && valAt(r) < valAt(l)) {
-                swap(l, r);
-            }
-            return idx[k];
-        }
-        const mid = (l + r) >>> 1;
-        swap(mid, l + 1);
-        if (valAt(l) > valAt(r)) {
-            swap(l, r);
-        }
-        if (valAt(l + 1) > valAt(r)) {
-            swap(l + 1, r);
-        }
-        if (valAt(l) > valAt(l + 1)) {
-            swap(l, l + 1);
-        }
-        let i = l + 1;
-        let j = r;
-        const pivotIdxVal = valAt(l + 1);
-        const pivotIdx = idx[l + 1];
-        while (true) {
-            do {
-                i++;
-            } while (i <= r && valAt(i) < pivotIdxVal);
-            do {
-                j--;
-            } while (j >= l && valAt(j) > pivotIdxVal);
-            if (j < i) {
-                break;
-            }
-            swap(i, j);
-        }
-        idx[l + 1] = idx[j];
-        idx[j] = pivotIdx;
-        if (j >= k) {
-            r = j - 1;
-        }
-        if (j <= k) {
-            l = i;
-        }
-    }
-};
-export class GaussianBVH {
-    static { this.MAX_LEAF_SIZE = 64; }
-    constructor(x, y, z, extents) {
-        this.x = x;
-        this.y = y;
-        this.z = z;
-        this.extents = extents;
-        const indices = new Uint32Array(x.length);
-        for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
-            indices[i] = i;
-        }
-        this.root = this.buildNode(indices);
-    }
-    queryOverlappingRaw(minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ) {
-        const result = [];
-        this.queryNode(this.root, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
-        return result;
-    }
-    queryOverlappingRawInto(minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset = 0) {
-        return this.queryNodeInto(this.root, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, 0);
-    }
-    computeBounds(indices) {
-        let minX = Infinity, minY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
-        let maxX = -Infinity, maxY = -Infinity, maxZ = -Infinity;
-        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++) {
-            const idx = indices[i];
-            const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
-            const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
-            if (gx - ex < minX) {
-                minX = gx - ex;
-            }
-            if (gy - ey < minY) {
-                minY = gy - ey;
-            }
-            if (gz - ez < minZ) {
-                minZ = gz - ez;
-            }
-            if (gx + ex > maxX) {
-                maxX = gx + ex;
-            }
-            if (gy + ey > maxY) {
-                maxY = gy + ey;
-            }
-            if (gz + ez > maxZ) {
-                maxZ = gz + ez;
-            }
-        }
-        return { minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ };
-    }
-    buildNode(indices) {
-        const bounds = this.computeBounds(indices);
-        if (indices.length <= GaussianBVH.MAX_LEAF_SIZE) {
-            return { bounds, indices };
-        }
-        let minCx = Infinity, minCy = Infinity, minCz = Infinity;
-        let maxCx = -Infinity, maxCy = -Infinity, maxCz = -Infinity;
-        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++) {
-            const idx = indices[i];
-            const cx = this.x[idx], cy = this.y[idx], cz = this.z[idx];
-            if (cx < minCx) {
-                minCx = cx;
-            }
-            if (cy < minCy) {
-                minCy = cy;
-            }
-            if (cz < minCz) {
-                minCz = cz;
-            }
-            if (cx > maxCx) {
-                maxCx = cx;
-            }
-            if (cy > maxCy) {
-                maxCy = cy;
-            }
-            if (cz > maxCz) {
-                maxCz = cz;
-            }
-        }
-        const ex = maxCx - minCx, ey = maxCy - minCy, ez = maxCz - minCz;
-        const axis = ex >= ey && ex >= ez ? this.x : (ey >= ez ? this.y : this.z);
-        const mid = indices.length >>> 1;
-        quickselect(axis, indices, mid);
-        return { bounds, left: this.buildNode(indices.subarray(0, mid)), right: this.buildNode(indices.subarray(mid)) };
-    }
-    queryNode(node, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result) {
-        if (!boundsOverlap(node.bounds, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (node.indices) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < node.indices.length; i++) {
-                const idx = node.indices[i];
-                const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
-                const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
-                if (!(gx + ex < minX || gx - ex > maxX || gy + ey < minY || gy - ey > maxY || gz + ez < minZ || gz - ez > maxZ)) {
-                    result.push(idx);
-                }
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-        if (node.left) {
-            this.queryNode(node.left, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
-        }
-        if (node.right) {
-            this.queryNode(node.right, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
-        }
-    }
-    queryNodeInto(node, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count) {
-        if (!boundsOverlap(node.bounds, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ)) {
-            return count;
-        }
-        if (node.indices) {
-            for (let i = 0; i < node.indices.length; i++) {
-                const idx = node.indices[i];
-                const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
-                const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
-                if (!(gx + ex < minX || gx - ex > maxX || gy + ey < minY || gy - ey > maxY || gz + ez < minZ || gz - ez > maxZ)) {
-                    if (offset + count < output.length) {
-                        output[offset + count] = idx;
-                    }
-                    count++;
-                }
-            }
-            return count;
-        }
-        if (node.left) {
-            count = this.queryNodeInto(node.left, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count);
-        }
-        if (node.right) {
-            count = this.queryNodeInto(node.right, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count);
-        }
-        return count;
-    }
-}
-const SOLID_LO = 0xFFFFFFFF >>> 0;
-const SOLID_HI = 0xFFFFFFFF >>> 0;
-const SOLID_MASK = 0xFFFFFFFF >>> 0;
-const INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY = 1024;
-const growFloat64 = (src, newCap) => {
-    const grown = new Float64Array(newCap);
-    grown.set(src);
-    return grown;
-};
-const growUint32 = (src, newCap) => {
-    const grown = new Uint32Array(newCap);
-    grown.set(src);
-    return grown;
-};
-/**
- * Append-only buffer for streaming voxelization results.
- * Stores (linear blockIdx, voxel mask) pairs for non-empty 4x4x4 blocks.
- *
- * Block keys are linear block indices `bx + by*nbx + bz*nbx*nby` in the
- * producer's grid coordinate system. Producers and consumers must agree on
- * the grid dimensions; the buffer itself is dimension-agnostic.
- */
-export class BlockMaskBuffer {
-    constructor() {
-        this.solidIdx = new Float64Array(0);
-        this.solidCountValue = 0;
-        this.solidCap = 0;
-        this.mixedIdx = new Float64Array(0);
-        this.mixedCountValue = 0;
-        this.mixedCap = 0;
-        this.mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(0);
-    }
-    addBlock(blockIdx, lo, hi) {
-        if ((lo | hi) === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if ((lo >>> 0) === SOLID_MASK && (hi >>> 0) === SOLID_MASK) {
-            if (this.solidCountValue === this.solidCap) {
-                this.solidCap = this.solidCap === 0 ? INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY : this.solidCap * 2;
-                this.solidIdx = growFloat64(this.solidIdx, this.solidCap);
-            }
-            this.solidIdx[this.solidCountValue++] = blockIdx;
-            return;
-        }
-        if (this.mixedCountValue === this.mixedCap) {
-            this.mixedCap = this.mixedCap === 0 ? INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY : this.mixedCap * 2;
-            this.mixedIdx = growFloat64(this.mixedIdx, this.mixedCap);
-            this.mixedMasks = growUint32(this.mixedMasks, this.mixedCap * 2);
-        }
-        this.mixedIdx[this.mixedCountValue] = blockIdx;
-        this.mixedMasks[this.mixedCountValue * 2] = lo >>> 0;
-        this.mixedMasks[this.mixedCountValue * 2 + 1] = hi >>> 0;
-        this.mixedCountValue++;
-    }
-    getMixedBlocks() {
-        return {
-            blockIdx: this.mixedIdx.subarray(0, this.mixedCountValue),
-            masks: this.mixedMasks.subarray(0, this.mixedCountValue * 2)
-        };
-    }
-    getSolidBlocks() {
-        return this.solidIdx.subarray(0, this.solidCountValue);
-    }
-    get count() {
-        return this.mixedCountValue + this.solidCountValue;
-    }
-    get mixedCount() {
-        return this.mixedCountValue;
-    }
-    get solidCount() {
-        return this.solidCountValue;
-    }
-    clear() {
-        this.solidIdx = new Float64Array(0);
-        this.solidCountValue = 0;
-        this.solidCap = 0;
-        this.mixedIdx = new Float64Array(0);
-        this.mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(0);
-        this.mixedCountValue = 0;
-        this.mixedCap = 0;
-    }
-}
-const BLOCK_EMPTY = 0;
-const BLOCK_SOLID = 1;
-const BLOCK_MIXED = 2;
-const TYPE_MASK = 0x3;
-const BLOCKS_PER_WORD = 16;
-const EVEN_BITS = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
-const readBlockType = (types, blockIdx) => {
-    const word = blockIdx >>> 4;
-    const shift = (blockIdx & 15) << 1;
-    return (types[word] >>> shift) & TYPE_MASK;
-};
-const writeBlockType = (types, blockIdx, blockType) => {
-    const word = blockIdx >>> 4;
-    const shift = (blockIdx & 15) << 1;
-    const mask = TYPE_MASK << shift;
-    types[word] = (types[word] & (~mask)) | ((blockType & TYPE_MASK) << shift);
-};
-const EMPTY = -1;
-class BlockMaskMap {
-    constructor(initialCapacity = 4096) {
-        const cap = 1 << (32 - Math.clz32(Math.max(15, initialCapacity - 1)));
-        this._capacity = cap;
-        this._mask = cap - 1;
-        this._size = 0;
-        this.keys = new Int32Array(cap).fill(EMPTY);
-        this.lo = new Uint32Array(cap);
-        this.hi = new Uint32Array(cap);
-    }
-    slot(key) {
-        const mask = this._mask;
-        let i = (Math.imul(key, 0x9E3779B9) >>> 0) & mask;
-        while (true) {
-            const k = this.keys[i];
-            if (k === key || k === EMPTY) {
-                return i;
-            }
-            i = (i + 1) & mask;
-        }
-    }
-    set(key, loVal, hiVal) {
-        let s = this.slot(key);
-        if (this.keys[s] === EMPTY) {
-            this.keys[s] = key;
-            this._size++;
-            if (this._size > ((this._capacity * 0.7) | 0)) {
-                this._grow();
-                s = this.slot(key);
-            }
-        }
-        this.lo[s] = loVal;
-        this.hi[s] = hiVal;
-    }
-    removeAt(slot) {
-        this._size--;
-        const mask = this._mask;
-        let i = slot;
-        let j = slot;
-        while (true) {
-            j = (j + 1) & mask;
-            if (this.keys[j] === EMPTY) {
-                break;
-            }
-            const k = ((Math.imul(this.keys[j], 0x9E3779B9) >>> 0) & mask);
-            if ((i < j) ? (k <= i || k > j) : (k <= i && k > j)) {
-                this.keys[i] = this.keys[j];
-                this.lo[i] = this.lo[j];
-                this.hi[i] = this.hi[j];
-                i = j;
-            }
-        }
-        this.keys[i] = EMPTY;
-    }
-    clear() {
-        this.keys.fill(EMPTY);
-        this._size = 0;
-    }
-    get size() {
-        return this._size;
-    }
-    releaseStorage() {
-        this.keys = new Int32Array(0);
-        this.lo = new Uint32Array(0);
-        this.hi = new Uint32Array(0);
-        this._size = 0;
-        this._capacity = 0;
-        this._mask = 0;
-    }
-    clone() {
-        const c = new BlockMaskMap(this._capacity);
-        c.keys.set(this.keys);
-        c.lo.set(this.lo);
-        c.hi.set(this.hi);
-        c._size = this._size;
-        return c;
-    }
-    _grow() {
-        const oldKeys = this.keys;
-        const oldLo = this.lo;
-        const oldHi = this.hi;
-        const oldCap = this._capacity;
-        this._capacity *= 2;
-        this._mask = this._capacity - 1;
-        this.keys = new Int32Array(this._capacity).fill(EMPTY);
-        this.lo = new Uint32Array(this._capacity);
-        this.hi = new Uint32Array(this._capacity);
-        this._size = 0;
-        for (let i = 0; i < oldCap; i++) {
-            if (oldKeys[i] !== EMPTY) {
-                const s = this.slot(oldKeys[i]);
-                this.keys[s] = oldKeys[i];
-                this.lo[s] = oldLo[i];
-                this.hi[s] = oldHi[i];
-                this._size++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-class SparseVoxelGrid {
-    constructor(nx, ny, nz) {
-        this.nx = nx;
-        this.ny = ny;
-        this.nz = nz;
-        this.nbx = nx >> 2;
-        this.nby = ny >> 2;
-        this.nbz = nz >> 2;
-        this.bStride = this.nbx * this.nby;
-        const totalBlocks = this.nbx * this.nby * this.nbz;
-        this.types = new Uint32Array((totalBlocks + BLOCKS_PER_WORD - 1) >>> 4);
-        this.masks = new BlockMaskMap();
-    }
-    getVoxel(ix, iy, iz) {
-        const blockIdx = (ix >> 2) + (iy >> 2) * this.nbx + (iz >> 2) * this.bStride;
-        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
-        if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-            return 1;
-        }
-        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-        const bitIdx = (ix & 3) + ((iy & 3) << 2) + ((iz & 3) << 4);
-        return bitIdx < 32 ? (this.masks.lo[s] >>> bitIdx) & 1 : (this.masks.hi[s] >>> (bitIdx - 32)) & 1;
-    }
-    setVoxel(ix, iy, iz) {
-        const blockIdx = (ix >> 2) + (iy >> 2) * this.nbx + (iz >> 2) * this.bStride;
-        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
-        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const bitIdx = (ix & 3) + ((iy & 3) << 2) + ((iz & 3) << 4);
-        if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-            const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-            if (bitIdx < 32) {
-                this.masks.lo[s] = (this.masks.lo[s] | (1 << bitIdx)) >>> 0;
-            }
-            else {
-                this.masks.hi[s] = (this.masks.hi[s] | (1 << (bitIdx - 32))) >>> 0;
-            }
-            if (this.masks.lo[s] === SOLID_LO && this.masks.hi[s] === SOLID_HI) {
-                this.masks.removeAt(s);
-                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
-            this.masks.set(blockIdx, bitIdx < 32 ? (1 << bitIdx) >>> 0 : 0, bitIdx >= 32 ? (1 << (bitIdx - 32)) >>> 0 : 0);
-        }
-    }
-    orBlock(blockIdx, lo, hi) {
-        if (lo === 0 && hi === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
-        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-            const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-            this.masks.lo[s] = (this.masks.lo[s] | lo) >>> 0;
-            this.masks.hi[s] = (this.masks.hi[s] | hi) >>> 0;
-            if (this.masks.lo[s] === SOLID_LO && this.masks.hi[s] === SOLID_HI) {
-                this.masks.removeAt(s);
-                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            if ((lo >>> 0) === SOLID_LO && (hi >>> 0) === SOLID_HI) {
-                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
-            }
-            else {
-                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
-                this.masks.set(blockIdx, lo >>> 0, hi >>> 0);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    clear() {
-        this.types.fill(0);
-        this.masks.clear();
-    }
-    releaseStorage() {
-        this.types = new Uint32Array(0);
-        this.masks.releaseStorage();
-    }
-    clone() {
-        const g = new SparseVoxelGrid(this.nx, this.ny, this.nz);
-        g.types.set(this.types);
-        g.masks = this.masks.clone();
-        return g;
-    }
-    cropTo(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, onProgress) {
-        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
-        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
-        const outNbz = cropMaxBz - cropMinBz;
-        const out = new SparseVoxelGrid(outNbx * 4, outNby * 4, outNbz * 4);
-        const outBStride = outNbx * outNby;
-        const { nbx, nby } = this;
-        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
-        const types = this.types;
-        const masks = this.masks;
-        const outTypes = out.types;
-        const outMasks = out.masks;
-        if (out.nbx * out.nby * out.nbz === 0) {
-            if (onProgress) {
-                onProgress(0, 0);
-            }
-            return out;
-        }
-        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
-        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-        for (let w = 0; w < types.length; w++) {
-            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
-                onProgress(w, types.length);
-                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-            }
-            const word = types[w];
-            if (word === 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
-            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
-            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
-            let by = byBz % nby;
-            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
-            let coordLane = 0;
-            while (nonEmpty) {
-                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
-                const lane = bp >>> 1;
-                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
-                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
-                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                bx += lane - coordLane;
-                coordLane = lane;
-                while (bx >= nbx) {
-                    bx -= nbx;
-                    by++;
-                    if (by >= nby) {
-                        by = 0;
-                        bz++;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (bx < cropMinBx || bx >= cropMaxBx ||
-                    by < cropMinBy || by >= cropMaxBy ||
-                    bz < cropMinBz || bz >= cropMaxBz) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const outIdx = (bx - cropMinBx) + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outBStride;
-                const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
-                writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, bt);
-                if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-                    const s = masks.slot(blockIdx);
-                    outMasks.set(outIdx, masks.lo[s], masks.hi[s]);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (onProgress) {
-            onProgress(types.length, types.length);
-        }
-        return out;
-    }
-    cropToInverted(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, onProgress) {
-        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
-        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
-        const outNbz = cropMaxBz - cropMinBz;
-        const out = new SparseVoxelGrid(outNbx * 4, outNby * 4, outNbz * 4);
-        const outBStride = outNbx * outNby;
-        const outTotalBlocks = outNbx * outNby * outNbz;
-        const outTypes = out.types;
-        const outMasks = out.masks;
-        if (outTotalBlocks === 0) {
-            if (onProgress) {
-                onProgress(0, 0);
-            }
-            return out;
-        }
-        const SOLID_WORD = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
-        outTypes.fill(SOLID_WORD);
-        const lastWord = outTypes.length - 1;
-        const lastLanes = outTotalBlocks - lastWord * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-        if (lastLanes < BLOCKS_PER_WORD) {
-            const validBits = (1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1;
-            outTypes[lastWord] = (outTypes[lastWord] & validBits) >>> 0;
-        }
-        const { nbx, nby } = this;
-        const types = this.types;
-        const masks = this.masks;
-        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
-        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
-        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-        for (let w = 0; w < types.length; w++) {
-            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
-                onProgress(w, types.length);
-                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-            }
-            const word = types[w];
-            if (word === 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
-            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
-            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
-            let by = byBz % nby;
-            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
-            let coordLane = 0;
-            while (nonEmpty) {
-                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
-                const lane = bp >>> 1;
-                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
-                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
-                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                bx += lane - coordLane;
-                coordLane = lane;
-                while (bx >= nbx) {
-                    bx -= nbx;
-                    by++;
-                    if (by >= nby) {
-                        by = 0;
-                        bz++;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (bx < cropMinBx || bx >= cropMaxBx ||
-                    by < cropMinBy || by >= cropMaxBy ||
-                    bz < cropMinBz || bz >= cropMaxBz) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const outIdx = (bx - cropMinBx) + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outBStride;
-                const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
-                if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                    writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, BLOCK_EMPTY);
-                }
-                else {
-                    writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
-                    const s = masks.slot(blockIdx);
-                    outMasks.set(outIdx, (~masks.lo[s]) >>> 0, (~masks.hi[s]) >>> 0);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (onProgress) {
-            onProgress(types.length, types.length);
-        }
-        return out;
-    }
-    static fromBuffer(acc, nx, ny, nz) {
-        const g = new SparseVoxelGrid(nx, ny, nz);
-        const solidBlocks = acc.getSolidBlocks();
-        const totalBlocks = g.nbx * g.nby * g.nbz;
-        for (let i = 0; i < solidBlocks.length; i++) {
-            const blockIdx = solidBlocks[i];
-            if (blockIdx < 0 || blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            writeBlockType(g.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
-        }
-        const mixed = acc.getMixedBlocks();
-        for (let i = 0; i < mixed.blockIdx.length; i++) {
-            const blockIdx = mixed.blockIdx[i];
-            if (blockIdx < 0 || blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (readBlockType(g.types, blockIdx) === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            writeBlockType(g.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
-            g.masks.set(blockIdx, mixed.masks[i * 2], mixed.masks[i * 2 + 1]);
-        }
-        return g;
-    }
-    toBuffer(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, defaultSolid = false) {
-        const out = new BlockMaskBuffer();
-        for (let bz = cropMinBz; bz < cropMaxBz; bz++) {
-            for (let by = cropMinBy; by < cropMaxBy; by++) {
-                for (let bx = cropMinBx; bx < cropMaxBx; bx++) {
-                    const blockIdx = bx + by * this.nbx + bz * this.bStride;
-                    const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
-                    let lo;
-                    let hi;
-                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                        lo = SOLID_LO;
-                        hi = SOLID_HI;
-                    }
-                    else if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-                        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-                        lo = this.masks.lo[s];
-                        hi = this.masks.hi[s];
-                    }
-                    else if (defaultSolid) {
-                        lo = SOLID_LO;
-                        hi = SOLID_HI;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if ((lo | hi) !== 0) {
-                        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
-                        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
-                        out.addBlock((bx - cropMinBx) + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outNbx * outNby, lo, hi);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return out;
-    }
-    toBufferInverted(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz) {
-        const out = new BlockMaskBuffer();
-        for (let bz = cropMinBz; bz < cropMaxBz; bz++) {
-            for (let by = cropMinBy; by < cropMaxBy; by++) {
-                for (let bx = cropMinBx; bx < cropMaxBx; bx++) {
-                    const blockIdx = bx + by * this.nbx + bz * this.bStride;
-                    const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
-                    let lo;
-                    let hi;
-                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-                        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-                        lo = (~this.masks.lo[s]) >>> 0;
-                        hi = (~this.masks.hi[s]) >>> 0;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        lo = SOLID_LO;
-                        hi = SOLID_HI;
-                    }
-                    if ((lo | hi) !== 0) {
-                        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
-                        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
-                        out.addBlock((bx - cropMinBx) + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outNbx * outNby, lo, hi);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return out;
-    }
-    getOccupiedBlockBounds(onProgress) {
-        const { nbx, nby } = this;
-        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
-        let minBx = nbx, minBy = nby, minBz = this.nbz;
-        let maxBx = 0, maxBy = 0, maxBz = 0;
-        let found = false;
-        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
-        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-        for (let w = 0; w < this.types.length; w++) {
-            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
-                onProgress(w, this.types.length);
-                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-            }
-            const word = this.types[w];
-            if (word === 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
-            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
-            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
-            let by = byBz % nby;
-            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
-            let coordLane = 0;
-            while (nonEmpty) {
-                const bitPos = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
-                const lane = bitPos >>> 1;
-                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
-                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                    nonEmpty = 0;
-                    break;
-                }
-                bx += lane - coordLane;
-                coordLane = lane;
-                while (bx >= nbx) {
-                    bx -= nbx;
-                    by++;
-                    if (by >= nby) {
-                        by = 0;
-                        bz++;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (bx < minBx) {
-                    minBx = bx;
-                }
-                if (bx > maxBx) {
-                    maxBx = bx;
-                }
-                if (by < minBy) {
-                    minBy = by;
-                }
-                if (by > maxBy) {
-                    maxBy = by;
-                }
-                if (bz < minBz) {
-                    minBz = bz;
-                }
-                if (bz > maxBz) {
-                    maxBz = bz;
-                }
-                found = true;
-                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if (onProgress) {
-            onProgress(this.types.length, this.types.length);
-        }
-        return found ? { minBx, minBy, minBz, maxBx, maxBy, maxBz } : null;
-    }
-    getNavigableBlockBounds(onProgress) {
-        const { nbx, nby } = this;
-        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
-        if (totalBlocks === 0) {
-            if (onProgress) {
-                onProgress(0, 0);
-            }
-            return null;
-        }
-        const SOLID_WORD = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
-        const lastWordIdx = this.types.length - 1;
-        const lastLanes = totalBlocks - lastWordIdx * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-        const lastNonEmptyMask = lastLanes >= BLOCKS_PER_WORD ? EVEN_BITS : ((((1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1) >>> 0) & EVEN_BITS);
-        let minBx = nbx, minBy = nby, minBz = this.nbz;
-        let maxBx = -1, maxBy = 0, maxBz = 0;
-        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
-        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-        for (let w = 0; w < this.types.length; w++) {
-            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
-                onProgress(w, this.types.length);
-                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
-            }
-            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-            const word = this.types[w];
-            const flipped = (word ^ SOLID_WORD) >>> 0;
-            let navMask = ((flipped & EVEN_BITS) | ((flipped >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
-            if (w === lastWordIdx) {
-                navMask &= lastNonEmptyMask;
-            }
-            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
-            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
-            let by = byBz % nby;
-            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
-            let coordLane = 0;
-            while (navMask) {
-                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(navMask & -navMask);
-                const lane = bp >>> 1;
-                bx += lane - coordLane;
-                coordLane = lane;
-                while (bx >= nbx) {
-                    bx -= nbx;
-                    by++;
-                    if (by >= nby) {
-                        by = 0;
-                        bz++;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (bx < minBx) {
-                    minBx = bx;
-                }
-                if (bx > maxBx) {
-                    maxBx = bx;
-                }
-                if (by < minBy) {
-                    minBy = by;
-                }
-                if (by > maxBy) {
-                    maxBy = by;
-                }
-                if (bz < minBz) {
-                    minBz = bz;
-                }
-                if (bz > maxBz) {
-                    maxBz = bz;
-                }
-                navMask &= navMask - 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if (onProgress) {
-            onProgress(this.types.length, this.types.length);
-        }
-        return maxBx >= 0 ? { minBx, minBy, minBz, maxBx, maxBy, maxBz } : null;
-    }
-    static findNearestFreeCell(blocked, seedIx, seedIy, seedIz, maxRadius) {
-        const { nx, ny, nz } = blocked;
-        for (let r = 1; r <= maxRadius; r++) {
-            for (let dz = -r; dz <= r; dz++) {
-                for (let dy = -r; dy <= r; dy++) {
-                    for (let dx = -r; dx <= r; dx++) {
-                        if (Math.abs(dx) !== r && Math.abs(dy) !== r && Math.abs(dz) !== r) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        const ix = seedIx + dx;
-                        const iy = seedIy + dy;
-                        const iz = seedIz + dz;
-                        if (ix < 0 || ix >= nx || iy < 0 || iy >= ny || iz < 0 || iz >= nz) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if (!blocked.getVoxel(ix, iy, iz)) {
-                            return { ix, iy, iz };
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-}
-export const SOLID_LEAF_MARKER = 0xFF000000 >>> 0;
-const MAX_24BIT_OFFSET = 0x00FFFFFF;
-const DENSE_SOLID_STREAM_THRESHOLD = 8_000_000;
-export const getChildOffset = (mask, octant) => {
-    const prefix = mask & ((1 << octant) - 1);
-    let n = prefix >>> 0;
-    n -= ((n >>> 1) & 0x55555555);
-    n = (n & 0x33333333) + ((n >>> 2) & 0x33333333);
-    return (((n + (n >>> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F) * 0x01010101) >>> 24;
-};
-const bitCount = (n) => {
-    let v = n >>> 0;
-    v -= ((v >>> 1) & 0x55555555);
-    v = (v & 0x33333333) + ((v >>> 2) & 0x33333333);
-    return (((v + (v >>> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F) * 0x01010101) >>> 24;
-};
-const sortMixedByMorton = (mortons, masks, n = mortons.length) => {
-    if (n <= 1) {
-        return;
-    }
-    const stackLo = [0];
-    const stackHi = [n - 1];
-    const swap = (a, b) => {
-        const km = mortons[a];
-        mortons[a] = mortons[b];
-        mortons[b] = km;
-        const alo = masks[a * 2];
-        const ahi = masks[a * 2 + 1];
-        masks[a * 2] = masks[b * 2];
-        masks[a * 2 + 1] = masks[b * 2 + 1];
-        masks[b * 2] = alo;
-        masks[b * 2 + 1] = ahi;
-    };
-    while (stackLo.length > 0) {
-        const lo = stackLo.pop();
-        const hi = stackHi.pop();
-        if (hi - lo < 16) {
-            for (let i = lo + 1; i <= hi; i++) {
-                const km = mortons[i];
-                const m0 = masks[i * 2];
-                const m1 = masks[i * 2 + 1];
-                let j = i - 1;
-                while (j >= lo && mortons[j] > km) {
-                    mortons[j + 1] = mortons[j];
-                    masks[(j + 1) * 2] = masks[j * 2];
-                    masks[(j + 1) * 2 + 1] = masks[j * 2 + 1];
-                    j--;
-                }
-                mortons[j + 1] = km;
-                masks[(j + 1) * 2] = m0;
-                masks[(j + 1) * 2 + 1] = m1;
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-        const mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-        if (mortons[mid] < mortons[lo]) {
-            swap(mid, lo);
-        }
-        if (mortons[hi] < mortons[lo]) {
-            swap(hi, lo);
-        }
-        if (mortons[hi] < mortons[mid]) {
-            swap(hi, mid);
-        }
-        const pivot = mortons[mid];
-        let i = lo;
-        let j = hi;
-        while (i <= j) {
-            while (mortons[i] < pivot) {
-                i++;
-            }
-            while (mortons[j] > pivot) {
-                j--;
-            }
-            if (i <= j) {
-                if (i !== j) {
-                    swap(i, j);
-                }
-                i++;
-                j--;
-            }
-        }
-        if (j - lo > hi - i) {
-            if (lo < j) {
-                stackLo.push(lo);
-                stackHi.push(j);
-            }
-            if (i < hi) {
-                stackLo.push(i);
-                stackHi.push(hi);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            if (i < hi) {
-                stackLo.push(i);
-                stackHi.push(hi);
-            }
-            if (lo < j) {
-                stackLo.push(lo);
-                stackHi.push(j);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-};
-const createInteriorWave = (initialCapacity) => {
-    const cap = Math.max(16, initialCapacity);
-    return { pos: new Uint32Array(cap), li: new Uint32Array(cap), ii: new Uint32Array(cap), length: 0 };
-};
-const pushInteriorWave = (wave, pos, li, ii) => {
-    if (wave.length === wave.pos.length) {
-        const cap = wave.pos.length * 2;
-        const grownPos = new Uint32Array(cap);
-        const grownLi = new Uint32Array(cap);
-        const grownIi = new Uint32Array(cap);
-        grownPos.set(wave.pos);
-        grownLi.set(wave.li);
-        grownIi.set(wave.ii);
-        wave.pos = grownPos;
-        wave.li = grownLi;
-        wave.ii = grownIi;
-    }
-    const i = wave.length++;
-    wave.pos[i] = pos;
-    wave.li[i] = li;
-    wave.ii[i] = ii;
-};
-const shouldUseDenseMipBuild = (totalBlocks, nSolid, nMixed) => {
-    return nSolid >= DENSE_SOLID_STREAM_THRESHOLD &&
-        nSolid > nMixed * 4 &&
-        nSolid > totalBlocks * 0.25;
-};
-const buildDenseTypeLevels = (grid, maxDepth) => {
-    const levels = [{
-            types: grid.types,
-            nbx: grid.nbx,
-            nby: grid.nby,
-            nbz: grid.nbz,
-            nonEmptyCount: 0
-        }];
-    for (let li = 1; li <= maxDepth; li++) {
-        const prev = levels[li - 1];
-        const nbx = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nbx / 2));
-        const nby = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nby / 2));
-        const nbz = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nbz / 2));
-        const total = nbx * nby * nbz;
-        const types = new Uint32Array((total + BLOCKS_PER_WORD - 1) >>> 4);
-        const prevStride = prev.nbx * prev.nby;
-        const stride = nbx * nby;
-        let nonEmptyCount = 0;
-        for (let pz = 0; pz < nbz; pz++) {
-            const childZ0 = pz << 1;
-            for (let py = 0; py < nby; py++) {
-                const childY0 = py << 1;
-                for (let px = 0; px < nbx; px++) {
-                    const childX0 = px << 1;
-                    let childMask = 0;
-                    let allSolid = true;
-                    let childCount = 0;
-                    for (let oct = 0; oct < 8; oct++) {
-                        const cx = childX0 + (oct & 1);
-                        const cy = childY0 + ((oct >> 1) & 1);
-                        const cz = childZ0 + ((oct >> 2) & 1);
-                        if (cx >= prev.nbx || cy >= prev.nby || cz >= prev.nbz) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        const childIdx = cx + cy * prev.nbx + cz * prevStride;
-                        const bt = readBlockType(prev.types, childIdx);
-                        if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        childMask |= 1 << oct;
-                        childCount++;
-                        if (bt !== BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                            allSolid = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (childMask !== 0) {
-                        const parentIdx = px + py * nbx + pz * stride;
-                        writeBlockType(types, parentIdx, allSolid && childCount === 8 ? BLOCK_SOLID : BLOCK_MIXED);
-                        nonEmptyCount++;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        levels.push({ types, nbx, nby, nbz, nonEmptyCount });
-        if (nonEmptyCount === 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        if (nonEmptyCount === 1 && readBlockType(types, 0) !== BLOCK_EMPTY) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    return levels;
-};
-const lowerBoundF64 = (arr, target, n) => {
-    let lo = 0;
-    let hi = n;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-        const mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-        if (arr[mid] < target) {
-            lo = mid + 1;
-        }
-        else {
-            hi = mid;
-        }
-    }
-    return lo;
-};
-const flattenTreeFromLevels = (interiorLevels, solidStream, mixedStream, mixedMasks, nSolid, nMixed, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, treeDepth) => {
-    if (interiorLevels.length === 0) {
-        return {
-            gridBounds,
-            sceneBounds,
-            voxelResolution,
-            leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
-            treeDepth,
-            numInteriorNodes: 0,
-            numMixedLeaves: 0,
-            nodes: new Uint32Array(0),
-            leafData: new Uint32Array(0)
-        };
-    }
-    const rootLevel = interiorLevels[interiorLevels.length - 1];
-    let maxNodes = nSolid + nMixed;
-    for (let l = 0; l < interiorLevels.length; l++) {
-        maxNodes += interiorLevels[l].mortons.length;
-    }
-    const nodes = new Uint32Array(maxNodes);
-    const leafData = new Uint32Array(nMixed * 2);
-    let leafDataLen = 0;
-    let numInteriorNodes = 0;
-    let numMixedLeaves = 0;
-    let emitPos = 0;
-    let waveLi = [];
-    let waveIi = [];
-    const rootLi = interiorLevels.length - 1;
-    for (let i = 0; i < rootLevel.mortons.length; i++) {
-        waveLi.push(rootLi);
-        waveIi.push(i);
-    }
-    const intPos = [];
-    const intLi = [];
-    const intIi = [];
-    const intMask = [];
-    while (waveLi.length > 0) {
-        intPos.length = 0;
-        intLi.length = 0;
-        intIi.length = 0;
-        intMask.length = 0;
-        for (let w = 0; w < waveLi.length; w++) {
-            const li = waveLi[w];
-            const ii = waveIi[w];
-            if (li === -1) {
-                if (ii < nMixed) {
-                    const leafDataIndex = leafDataLen >> 1;
-                    if (leafDataIndex > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
-                        throw new Error(`Sparse octree mixed-leaf count (${leafDataIndex + 1}) exceeds the Laine-Karras 24-bit baseOffset limit (${MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1}). Reduce the grid size or split the scene.`);
-                    }
-                    leafData[leafDataLen++] = mixedMasks[ii * 2];
-                    leafData[leafDataLen++] = mixedMasks[ii * 2 + 1];
-                    nodes[emitPos] = leafDataIndex;
-                    numMixedLeaves++;
-                }
-                else {
-                    nodes[emitPos] = SOLID_LEAF_MARKER;
-                }
-                emitPos++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            const level = interiorLevels[li];
-            const type = level.types[ii];
-            if (type === 1 /* OctreeNodeType.Solid */) {
-                nodes[emitPos] = SOLID_LEAF_MARKER;
-            }
-            else {
-                intPos.push(emitPos);
-                intLi.push(li);
-                intIi.push(ii);
-                intMask.push(level.childMasks[ii]);
-                numInteriorNodes++;
-                nodes[emitPos] = 0;
-            }
-            emitPos++;
-        }
-        const nextWaveLi = [];
-        const nextWaveIi = [];
-        let nextChildStart = emitPos;
-        for (let j = 0; j < intPos.length; j++) {
-            const childMask = intMask[j];
-            const childCount = bitCount(childMask);
-            if (nextChildStart > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
-                throw new Error(`Sparse octree node count (${nextChildStart + 1}) exceeds the Laine-Karras 24-bit baseOffset limit (${MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1}). Reduce the grid size or split the scene.`);
-            }
-            nodes[intPos[j]] = ((childMask & 0xFF) << 24) | nextChildStart;
-            const myLi = intLi[j];
-            const myMorton = interiorLevels[myLi].mortons[intIi[j]];
-            const childMortonBase = myMorton * 8;
-            const childMortonEnd = childMortonBase + 8;
-            if (myLi === 0) {
-                let sIdx = lowerBoundF64(solidStream, childMortonBase, nSolid);
-                let mIdx = lowerBoundF64(mixedStream, childMortonBase, nMixed);
-                while (true) {
-                    const sM = sIdx < nSolid && solidStream[sIdx] < childMortonEnd ? solidStream[sIdx] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-                    const mM = mIdx < nMixed && mixedStream[mIdx] < childMortonEnd ? mixedStream[mIdx] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-                    if (!isFinite(sM) && !isFinite(mM)) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    if (sM < mM) {
-                        nextWaveLi.push(-1);
-                        nextWaveIi.push(nMixed + sIdx);
-                        sIdx++;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        nextWaveLi.push(-1);
-                        nextWaveIi.push(mIdx);
-                        mIdx++;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                const childLi = myLi - 1;
-                const childLevel = interiorLevels[childLi];
-                const childMortons = childLevel.mortons;
-                let lo = 0;
-                let hi = childMortons.length;
-                while (lo < hi) {
-                    const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
-                    if (childMortons[mid] < childMortonBase) {
-                        lo = mid + 1;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        hi = mid;
-                    }
-                }
-                while (lo < childMortons.length && childMortons[lo] < childMortonEnd) {
-                    nextWaveLi.push(childLi);
-                    nextWaveIi.push(lo);
-                    lo++;
-                }
-            }
-            nextChildStart += childCount;
-        }
-        waveLi = nextWaveLi;
-        waveIi = nextWaveIi;
-    }
-    return {
-        gridBounds,
-        sceneBounds,
-        voxelResolution,
-        leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
-        treeDepth,
-        numInteriorNodes,
-        numMixedLeaves,
-        nodes: emitPos === maxNodes ? nodes : nodes.slice(0, emitPos),
-        leafData: leafDataLen === leafData.length ? leafData : leafData.slice(0, leafDataLen)
-    };
-};
-const flattenDenseLevels = (levels, grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution) => {
-    const treeDepth = Math.max(1, levels.length - 1);
-    const rootLi = levels.length - 1;
-    const rootLevel = levels[rootLi];
-    const rootType = readBlockType(rootLevel.types, 0);
-    if (rootType === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
-        return {
-            gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, leafSize: LEAF_SIZE, treeDepth,
-            numInteriorNodes: 0, numMixedLeaves: 0, nodes: new Uint32Array(0), leafData: new Uint32Array(0)
-        };
-    }
-    let nodes = new Uint32Array(Math.max(1024, Math.min(MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1, grid.masks.size * 3)));
-    let nodeLen = 0;
-    let leafData = new Uint32Array(Math.max(1024, grid.masks.size * 2));
-    let leafDataLen = 0;
-    let numInteriorNodes = 0;
-    let numMixedLeaves = 0;
-    const appendNode = (value) => {
-        if (nodeLen === nodes.length) {
-            const grown = new Uint32Array(nodes.length * 2);
-            grown.set(nodes);
-            nodes = grown;
-        }
-        nodes[nodeLen] = value >>> 0;
-        return nodeLen++;
-    };
-    const appendMixedLeaf = (blockIdx) => {
-        const leafDataIndex = leafDataLen >> 1;
-        if (leafDataIndex > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
-            throw new Error(`Sparse octree mixed-leaf count (${leafDataIndex + 1}) exceeds the Laine-Karras 24-bit baseOffset limit (${MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1}). Reduce the grid size or split the scene.`);
-        }
-        if (leafDataLen + 2 > leafData.length) {
-            const grown = new Uint32Array(leafData.length * 2);
-            grown.set(leafData);
-            leafData = grown;
-        }
-        const s = grid.masks.slot(blockIdx);
-        leafData[leafDataLen++] = grid.masks.lo[s];
-        leafData[leafDataLen++] = grid.masks.hi[s];
-        appendNode(leafDataIndex);
-        numMixedLeaves++;
-    };
-    let curWave = createInteriorWave(1);
-    let nextWave = createInteriorWave(1024);
-    const appendDenseNode = (li, idx, wave) => {
-        const level = levels[li];
-        const bt = readBlockType(level.types, idx);
-        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-            appendNode(SOLID_LEAF_MARKER);
-        }
-        else if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
-            const pos = appendNode(0);
-            pushInteriorWave(wave, pos, li, idx);
-            numInteriorNodes++;
-        }
-    };
-    appendDenseNode(rootLi, 0, curWave);
-    while (curWave.length > 0) {
-        nextWave.length = 0;
-        const currentLi = curWave.li[0];
-        for (let w = 0; w < curWave.length; w++) {
-            const li = curWave.li[w];
-            const parentLevel = levels[li];
-            const childLevel = levels[li - 1];
-            const parentIdx = curWave.ii[w];
-            const px = parentIdx % parentLevel.nbx;
-            const pyBz = (parentIdx / parentLevel.nbx) | 0;
-            const py = pyBz % parentLevel.nby;
-            const pz = (pyBz / parentLevel.nby) | 0;
-            const childX0 = px << 1;
-            const childY0 = py << 1;
-            const childZ0 = pz << 1;
-            const childStride = childLevel.nbx * childLevel.nby;
-            const childStart = nodeLen;
-            let childMask = 0;
-            if (childStart > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
-                throw new Error(`Sparse octree node count (${childStart + 1}) exceeds the Laine-Karras 24-bit baseOffset limit (${MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1}). Reduce the grid size or split the scene.`);
-            }
-            for (let oct = 0; oct < 8; oct++) {
-                const cx = childX0 + (oct & 1);
-                const cy = childY0 + ((oct >> 1) & 1);
-                const cz = childZ0 + ((oct >> 2) & 1);
-                if (cx >= childLevel.nbx || cy >= childLevel.nby || cz >= childLevel.nbz) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const childIdx = cx + cy * childLevel.nbx + cz * childStride;
-                const bt = readBlockType(childLevel.types, childIdx);
-                if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                childMask |= 1 << oct;
-                if (li === 1) {
-                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
-                        appendNode(SOLID_LEAF_MARKER);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        appendMixedLeaf(childIdx);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    appendDenseNode(li - 1, childIdx, nextWave);
-                }
-            }
-            nodes[curWave.pos[w]] = ((childMask & 0xFF) << 24) | childStart;
-        }
-        levels[currentLi] = null;
-        const tmp = curWave;
-        curWave = nextWave;
-        nextWave = tmp;
-    }
-    return {
-        gridBounds,
-        sceneBounds,
-        voxelResolution,
-        leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
-        treeDepth,
-        numInteriorNodes,
-        numMixedLeaves,
-        nodes: nodes.slice(0, nodeLen),
-        leafData: leafData.slice(0, leafDataLen)
-    };
-};
-const buildSparseOctreeDense = (grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, maxDepth, consumeGrid) => {
-    const levels = buildDenseTypeLevels(grid, maxDepth);
-    const result = flattenDenseLevels(levels, grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution);
-    if (consumeGrid) {
-        grid.releaseStorage();
-    }
-    return result;
-};
-/**
- * Build a sparse octree from block masks using:
- * 1) mixed+solid SoA merge and Morton sort
- * 2) bottom-up level construction by parent Morton grouping
- * 3) BFS flatten to node/leafData arrays.
- */
-export const buildSparseOctree = (grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, options = {}) => {
-    const { nbx, nby, nbz, types: gridTypes, masks: gridMasks } = grid;
-    const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * nbz;
-    const blocksPerAxis = Math.max(nbx, nby, nbz);
-    const treeDepth = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(Math.log2(blocksPerAxis)));
-    const lastWordIdx = gridTypes.length - 1;
-    const lastLanes = totalBlocks - lastWordIdx * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-    const lastValidWordMask = lastLanes >= BLOCKS_PER_WORD ? 0xFFFFFFFF >>> 0 : ((1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1) >>> 0;
-    let nSolid = 0;
-    let nMixed = 0;
-    for (let w = 0; w < gridTypes.length; w++) {
-        let word = gridTypes[w];
-        if (w === lastWordIdx) {
-            word = (word & lastValidWordMask) >>> 0;
-        }
-        if (word === 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        const solidMask = (word & EVEN_BITS) & ~((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS);
-        const mixedMask = ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS) & ~(word & EVEN_BITS);
-        nSolid += bitCount(solidMask >>> 0);
-        nMixed += bitCount(mixedMask >>> 0);
-    }
-    if (nSolid + nMixed === 0) {
-        return {
-            gridBounds,
-            sceneBounds,
-            voxelResolution,
-            leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
-            treeDepth: 1,
-            numInteriorNodes: 0,
-            numMixedLeaves: 0,
-            nodes: new Uint32Array(0),
-            leafData: new Uint32Array(0)
-        };
-    }
-    if (options.dense || shouldUseDenseMipBuild(totalBlocks, nSolid, nMixed)) {
-        return buildSparseOctreeDense(grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, treeDepth, !!options.consumeGrid);
-    }
-    const solidStream = new Float64Array(nSolid);
-    const mixedStream = new Float64Array(nMixed);
-    const mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(nMixed * 2);
-    let solidWriteIdx = 0;
-    let mixedWriteIdx = 0;
-    for (let w = 0; w < gridTypes.length; w++) {
-        let word = gridTypes[w];
-        if (w === lastWordIdx) {
-            word = (word & lastValidWordMask) >>> 0;
-        }
-        if (word === 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
-        const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
-        while (nonEmpty) {
-            const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
-            const lane = bp >>> 1;
-            nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
-            const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
-            if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
-                break;
-            }
-            const bx = blockIdx % nbx;
-            const byBz = (blockIdx / nbx) | 0;
-            const by = byBz % nby;
-            const bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
-            const morton = encodeMorton3(bx, by, bz);
-            const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
-            if (bt === 1 /* OctreeNodeType.Solid */) {
-                solidStream[solidWriteIdx++] = morton;
-            }
-            else if (bt === 2 /* OctreeNodeType.Mixed */) {
-                mixedStream[mixedWriteIdx] = morton;
-                const s = gridMasks.slot(blockIdx);
-                mixedMasks[mixedWriteIdx * 2] = gridMasks.lo[s];
-                mixedMasks[mixedWriteIdx * 2 + 1] = gridMasks.hi[s];
-                mixedWriteIdx++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (options.consumeGrid) {
-        grid.releaseStorage();
-    }
-    if (nSolid > 1) {
-        solidStream.sort();
-    }
-    if (nMixed > 1) {
-        sortMixedByMorton(mixedStream, mixedMasks, nMixed);
-    }
-    const interiorLevels = [];
-    let curMortons = [];
-    let curTypes = [];
-    let curChildMasks = [];
-    {
-        let sI = 0;
-        let mI = 0;
-        while (sI < nSolid || mI < nMixed) {
-            const sM0 = sI < nSolid ? solidStream[sI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-            const mM0 = mI < nMixed ? mixedStream[mI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-            const minMorton = sM0 < mM0 ? sM0 : mM0;
-            const parentMorton = Math.floor(minMorton / 8);
-            let childMask = 0;
-            let allSolid = true;
-            let childCount = 0;
-            while (true) {
-                const sM = sI < nSolid ? solidStream[sI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-                const mM = mI < nMixed ? mixedStream[mI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-                const cur = sM < mM ? sM : mM;
-                if (!isFinite(cur) || Math.floor(cur / 8) !== parentMorton) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                childMask |= 1 << (cur % 8);
-                childCount++;
-                if (sM < mM) {
-                    sI++;
-                }
-                else {
-                    allSolid = false;
-                    mI++;
-                }
-            }
-            curMortons.push(parentMorton);
-            if (allSolid && childCount === 8) {
-                curTypes.push(1 /* OctreeNodeType.Solid */);
-                curChildMasks.push(0);
-            }
-            else {
-                curTypes.push(2 /* OctreeNodeType.Mixed */);
-                curChildMasks.push(childMask);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    let actualDepth = treeDepth;
-    if (curMortons.length === 0) {
-        actualDepth = 1;
-    }
-    else if (curMortons.length === 1 && curMortons[0] === 0) {
-        actualDepth = 1;
-        interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
-    }
-    else {
-        for (let level = 1; level < treeDepth; level++) {
-            interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
-            const n = curMortons.length;
-            const nextMortons = [];
-            const nextTypes = [];
-            const nextChildMasks = [];
-            let i = 0;
-            while (i < n) {
-                const parentMorton = Math.floor(curMortons[i] / 8);
-                let childMask = 0;
-                let allSolid = true;
-                let childCount = 0;
-                while (i < n && Math.floor(curMortons[i] / 8) === parentMorton) {
-                    const octant = curMortons[i] % 8;
-                    childMask |= (1 << octant);
-                    if (curTypes[i] !== 1 /* OctreeNodeType.Solid */) {
-                        allSolid = false;
-                    }
-                    childCount++;
-                    i++;
-                }
-                nextMortons.push(parentMorton);
-                if (allSolid && childCount === 8) {
-                    nextTypes.push(1 /* OctreeNodeType.Solid */);
-                    nextChildMasks.push(0);
-                }
-                else {
-                    nextTypes.push(2 /* OctreeNodeType.Mixed */);
-                    nextChildMasks.push(childMask);
-                }
-            }
-            curMortons = nextMortons;
-            curTypes = nextTypes;
-            curChildMasks = nextChildMasks;
-            if (curMortons.length === 1 && curMortons[0] === 0) {
-                actualDepth = level + 1;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
-    }
-    return flattenTreeFromLevels(interiorLevels, solidStream, mixedStream, mixedMasks, nSolid, nMixed, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, actualDepth);
-};
-export { BLOCK_EMPTY, BLOCK_SOLID, BLOCK_MIXED, BLOCKS_PER_WORD, TYPE_MASK, EVEN_BITS, readBlockType, writeBlockType, SOLID_LO, SOLID_HI, SparseVoxelGrid };
+/** 3D Morton (Z-order) for integer block coordinates. */
+export function encodeMorton3(x, y, z) {
+    let result = 0;
+    let shift = 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 17; i++) {
+        if (x & 1) {
+            result += shift;
+        }
+        if (y & 1) {
+            result += shift * 2;
+        }
+        if (z & 1) {
+            result += shift * 4;
+        }
+        x >>>= 1;
+        y >>>= 1;
+        z >>>= 1;
+        shift *= 8;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+export function decodeMorton3(m) {
+    let x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
+    let bit = 1;
+    while (m > 0) {
+        const triplet = m % 8;
+        if (triplet & 1) {
+            x |= bit;
+        }
+        if (triplet & 2) {
+            y |= bit;
+        }
+        if (triplet & 4) {
+            z |= bit;
+        }
+        bit <<= 1;
+        m = Math.trunc(m / 8);
+    }
+    return [x, y, z];
+}
+/** Voxel leaf edge length in voxels (4³ block). */
+export const LEAF_SIZE = 4;
+export const ALPHA_THRESHOLD = 1 / 255;
+export function alignGridBounds(bounds, voxelResolution) {
+    const blockSize = LEAF_SIZE * voxelResolution;
+    return {
+        min: {
+            x: Math.floor(bounds.min.x / blockSize) * blockSize,
+            y: Math.floor(bounds.min.y / blockSize) * blockSize,
+            z: Math.floor(bounds.min.z / blockSize) * blockSize,
+        },
+        max: {
+            x: Math.ceil(bounds.max.x / blockSize) * blockSize,
+            y: Math.ceil(bounds.max.y / blockSize) * blockSize,
+            z: Math.ceil(bounds.max.z / blockSize) * blockSize,
+        },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Max linear block index (signed 32-bit): BlockMaskMap keys, worker `blockIdx >>> 0`,
+ * and types bitmap indexing. Implies types bitmap <= ceil(MAX / 16) * 4 ~= 512 MB.
+ */
+export const MAX_VOXEL_BLOCK_COUNT_INT32 = 0x7fff_ffff;
+/** Preflight hard grid limits before voxelization allocates the types bitmap. */
+export function checkVoxelGridCapacity(gridBounds, voxelResolution) {
+    const blockSize = LEAF_SIZE * voxelResolution;
+    const nbx = Math.round((gridBounds.max.x - gridBounds.min.x) / blockSize);
+    const nby = Math.round((gridBounds.max.y - gridBounds.min.y) / blockSize);
+    const nbz = Math.round((gridBounds.max.z - gridBounds.min.z) / blockSize);
+    const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * nbz;
+    if (totalBlocks > MAX_VOXEL_BLOCK_COUNT_INT32) {
+        throw new Error(`voxel grid block count ${totalBlocks} exceeds limit ${MAX_VOXEL_BLOCK_COUNT_INT32} ` +
+            `(linear block index must fit in 31 bits). ` +
+            `Tighten the box parameter or increase voxelResolution. grid blocks=${nbx}x${nby}x${nbz}`);
+    }
+}
+/** Opacity-aware AABB half-extents from scale + unit quaternion. */
+export function extentsFromQuatScale(sx, sy, sz, qx, qy, qz, qw, opacity, opacityThreshold = ALPHA_THRESHOLD) {
+    let extend = 3;
+    if (opacity !== undefined && opacity > opacityThreshold) {
+        // Tight bound from opacity threshold, clamped by default 3-sigma bound.
+        const opacityAware = Math.sqrt(2 * Math.log(opacity / opacityThreshold));
+        if (Number.isFinite(opacityAware)) {
+            extend = Math.min(extend, opacityAware);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (opacity !== undefined && opacity <= opacityThreshold) {
+        return { ex: 0, ey: 0, ez: 0 };
+    }
+    const sX = extend * sx;
+    const sY = extend * sy;
+    const sZ = extend * sz;
+    const xx = qx * qx;
+    const yy = qy * qy;
+    const zz = qz * qz;
+    const xy = qx * qy;
+    const xz = qx * qz;
+    const yz = qy * qz;
+    const wx = qw * qx;
+    const wy = qw * qy;
+    const wz = qw * qz;
+    const m00 = 1 - 2 * (yy + zz);
+    const m01 = 2 * (xy - wz);
+    const m02 = 2 * (xz + wy);
+    const m10 = 2 * (xy + wz);
+    const m11 = 1 - 2 * (xx + zz);
+    const m12 = 2 * (yz - wx);
+    const m20 = 2 * (xz - wy);
+    const m21 = 2 * (yz + wx);
+    const m22 = 1 - 2 * (xx + yy);
+    const abs00 = Math.abs(m00);
+    const abs01 = Math.abs(m01);
+    const abs02 = Math.abs(m02);
+    const abs10 = Math.abs(m10);
+    const abs11 = Math.abs(m11);
+    const abs12 = Math.abs(m12);
+    const abs20 = Math.abs(m20);
+    const abs21 = Math.abs(m21);
+    const abs22 = Math.abs(m22);
+    const ex = abs00 * sX + abs01 * sY + abs02 * sZ;
+    const ey = abs10 * sX + abs11 * sY + abs12 * sZ;
+    const ez = abs20 * sX + abs21 * sY + abs22 * sZ;
+    return { ex, ey, ez };
+}
+function boundsOverlap(a, bMinX, bMinY, bMinZ, bMaxX, bMaxY, bMaxZ) {
+    return !(a.maxX < bMinX || a.minX > bMaxX || a.maxY < bMinY || a.minY > bMaxY || a.maxZ < bMinZ || a.minZ > bMaxZ);
+}
+function quickselect(axisData, idx, k) {
+    function valAt(p) {
+        return axisData[idx[p]];
+    }
+    function swap(i, j) {
+        const t = idx[i];
+        idx[i] = idx[j];
+        idx[j] = t;
+    }
+    const n = idx.length;
+    let l = 0;
+    let r = n - 1;
+    while (true) {
+        if (r <= l + 1) {
+            if (r === l + 1 && valAt(r) < valAt(l)) {
+                swap(l, r);
+            }
+            return idx[k];
+        }
+        const mid = (l + r) >>> 1;
+        swap(mid, l + 1);
+        if (valAt(l) > valAt(r)) {
+            swap(l, r);
+        }
+        if (valAt(l + 1) > valAt(r)) {
+            swap(l + 1, r);
+        }
+        if (valAt(l) > valAt(l + 1)) {
+            swap(l, l + 1);
+        }
+        let i = l + 1;
+        let j = r;
+        const pivotIdxVal = valAt(l + 1);
+        const pivotIdx = idx[l + 1];
+        while (true) {
+            do {
+                i++;
+            } while (i <= r && valAt(i) < pivotIdxVal);
+            do {
+                j--;
+            } while (j >= l && valAt(j) > pivotIdxVal);
+            if (j < i) {
+                break;
+            }
+            swap(i, j);
+        }
+        idx[l + 1] = idx[j];
+        idx[j] = pivotIdx;
+        if (j >= k) {
+            r = j - 1;
+        }
+        if (j <= k) {
+            l = i;
+        }
+    }
+}
+export class GaussianBVH {
+    static { this.MAX_LEAF_SIZE = 64; }
+    constructor(x, y, z, extents) {
+        this.x = x;
+        this.y = y;
+        this.z = z;
+        this.extents = extents;
+        const indices = new Uint32Array(x.length);
+        for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+            indices[i] = i;
+        }
+        this.root = this.buildNode(indices);
+    }
+    queryOverlappingRaw(minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ) {
+        const result = [];
+        this.queryNode(this.root, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
+        return result;
+    }
+    queryOverlappingRawInto(minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset = 0) {
+        return this.queryNodeInto(this.root, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, 0);
+    }
+    computeBounds(indices) {
+        let minX = Infinity, minY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
+        let maxX = -Infinity, maxY = -Infinity, maxZ = -Infinity;
+        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++) {
+            const idx = indices[i];
+            const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
+            const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
+            if (gx - ex < minX) {
+                minX = gx - ex;
+            }
+            if (gy - ey < minY) {
+                minY = gy - ey;
+            }
+            if (gz - ez < minZ) {
+                minZ = gz - ez;
+            }
+            if (gx + ex > maxX) {
+                maxX = gx + ex;
+            }
+            if (gy + ey > maxY) {
+                maxY = gy + ey;
+            }
+            if (gz + ez > maxZ) {
+                maxZ = gz + ez;
+            }
+        }
+        return { minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ };
+    }
+    buildNode(indices) {
+        const bounds = this.computeBounds(indices);
+        if (indices.length <= GaussianBVH.MAX_LEAF_SIZE) {
+            return { bounds, indices };
+        }
+        let minCx = Infinity, minCy = Infinity, minCz = Infinity;
+        let maxCx = -Infinity, maxCy = -Infinity, maxCz = -Infinity;
+        for (let i = 0; i < indices.length; i++) {
+            const idx = indices[i];
+            const cx = this.x[idx], cy = this.y[idx], cz = this.z[idx];
+            if (cx < minCx) {
+                minCx = cx;
+            }
+            if (cy < minCy) {
+                minCy = cy;
+            }
+            if (cz < minCz) {
+                minCz = cz;
+            }
+            if (cx > maxCx) {
+                maxCx = cx;
+            }
+            if (cy > maxCy) {
+                maxCy = cy;
+            }
+            if (cz > maxCz) {
+                maxCz = cz;
+            }
+        }
+        const ex = maxCx - minCx, ey = maxCy - minCy, ez = maxCz - minCz;
+        const axis = ex >= ey && ex >= ez ? this.x : ey >= ez ? this.y : this.z;
+        const mid = indices.length >>> 1;
+        quickselect(axis, indices, mid);
+        return { bounds, left: this.buildNode(indices.subarray(0, mid)), right: this.buildNode(indices.subarray(mid)) };
+    }
+    queryNode(node, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result) {
+        if (!boundsOverlap(node.bounds, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (node.indices) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < node.indices.length; i++) {
+                const idx = node.indices[i];
+                const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
+                const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
+                if (!(gx + ex < minX ||
+                    gx - ex > maxX ||
+                    gy + ey < minY ||
+                    gy - ey > maxY ||
+                    gz + ez < minZ ||
+                    gz - ez > maxZ)) {
+                    result.push(idx);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (node.left) {
+            this.queryNode(node.left, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
+        }
+        if (node.right) {
+            this.queryNode(node.right, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, result);
+        }
+    }
+    queryNodeInto(node, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count) {
+        if (!boundsOverlap(node.bounds, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ)) {
+            return count;
+        }
+        if (node.indices) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < node.indices.length; i++) {
+                const idx = node.indices[i];
+                const ex = this.extents[idx * 3], ey = this.extents[idx * 3 + 1], ez = this.extents[idx * 3 + 2];
+                const gx = this.x[idx], gy = this.y[idx], gz = this.z[idx];
+                if (!(gx + ex < minX ||
+                    gx - ex > maxX ||
+                    gy + ey < minY ||
+                    gy - ey > maxY ||
+                    gz + ez < minZ ||
+                    gz - ez > maxZ)) {
+                    if (offset + count < output.length) {
+                        output[offset + count] = idx;
+                    }
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+            return count;
+        }
+        if (node.left) {
+            count = this.queryNodeInto(node.left, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count);
+        }
+        if (node.right) {
+            count = this.queryNodeInto(node.right, minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ, output, offset, count);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+}
+const SOLID_LO = 0xffffffff >>> 0;
+const SOLID_HI = 0xffffffff >>> 0;
+const SOLID_MASK = 0xffffffff >>> 0;
+const INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY = 1024;
+function growFloat64(src, newCap) {
+    const grown = new Float64Array(newCap);
+    grown.set(src);
+    return grown;
+}
+function growUint32(src, newCap) {
+    const grown = new Uint32Array(newCap);
+    grown.set(src);
+    return grown;
+}
+/**
+ * Append-only buffer for streaming voxelization results.
+ * Stores (linear blockIdx, voxel mask) pairs for non-empty 4x4x4 blocks.
+ *
+ * Block keys are linear block indices `bx + by*nbx + bz*nbx*nby` in the
+ * producer's grid coordinate system. Producers and consumers must agree on
+ * the grid dimensions; the buffer itself is dimension-agnostic.
+ */
+export class BlockMaskBuffer {
+    constructor() {
+        this.solidIdx = new Float64Array(0);
+        this.solidCountValue = 0;
+        this.solidCap = 0;
+        this.mixedIdx = new Float64Array(0);
+        this.mixedCountValue = 0;
+        this.mixedCap = 0;
+        this.mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(0);
+    }
+    addBlock(blockIdx, lo, hi) {
+        if ((lo | hi) === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (lo >>> 0 === SOLID_MASK && hi >>> 0 === SOLID_MASK) {
+            if (this.solidCountValue === this.solidCap) {
+                this.solidCap = this.solidCap === 0 ? INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY : this.solidCap * 2;
+                this.solidIdx = growFloat64(this.solidIdx, this.solidCap);
+            }
+            this.solidIdx[this.solidCountValue++] = blockIdx;
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.mixedCountValue === this.mixedCap) {
+            this.mixedCap = this.mixedCap === 0 ? INITIAL_BLOCK_BUFFER_CAPACITY : this.mixedCap * 2;
+            this.mixedIdx = growFloat64(this.mixedIdx, this.mixedCap);
+            this.mixedMasks = growUint32(this.mixedMasks, this.mixedCap * 2);
+        }
+        this.mixedIdx[this.mixedCountValue] = blockIdx;
+        this.mixedMasks[this.mixedCountValue * 2] = lo >>> 0;
+        this.mixedMasks[this.mixedCountValue * 2 + 1] = hi >>> 0;
+        this.mixedCountValue++;
+    }
+    getMixedBlocks() {
+        return {
+            blockIdx: this.mixedIdx.subarray(0, this.mixedCountValue),
+            masks: this.mixedMasks.subarray(0, this.mixedCountValue * 2),
+        };
+    }
+    getSolidBlocks() {
+        return this.solidIdx.subarray(0, this.solidCountValue);
+    }
+    get count() {
+        return this.mixedCountValue + this.solidCountValue;
+    }
+    get mixedCount() {
+        return this.mixedCountValue;
+    }
+    get solidCount() {
+        return this.solidCountValue;
+    }
+    clear() {
+        this.solidIdx = new Float64Array(0);
+        this.solidCountValue = 0;
+        this.solidCap = 0;
+        this.mixedIdx = new Float64Array(0);
+        this.mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(0);
+        this.mixedCountValue = 0;
+        this.mixedCap = 0;
+    }
+}
+const BLOCK_EMPTY = 0;
+const BLOCK_SOLID = 1;
+const BLOCK_MIXED = 2;
+const TYPE_MASK = 0x3;
+const BLOCKS_PER_WORD = 16;
+const EVEN_BITS = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
+function getBlockTypeWordIndex(blockIdx) {
+    return Math.floor(blockIdx / BLOCKS_PER_WORD);
+}
+function getBlockTypeBitShift(blockIdx) {
+    return (blockIdx % BLOCKS_PER_WORD) << 1;
+}
+function getBlockTypeWordCount(totalBlocks) {
+    return Math.ceil(totalBlocks / BLOCKS_PER_WORD);
+}
+function readBlockType(types, blockIdx) {
+    const word = getBlockTypeWordIndex(blockIdx);
+    const shift = getBlockTypeBitShift(blockIdx);
+    return (types[word] >>> shift) & TYPE_MASK;
+}
+function writeBlockType(types, blockIdx, blockType) {
+    const word = getBlockTypeWordIndex(blockIdx);
+    const shift = getBlockTypeBitShift(blockIdx);
+    const mask = TYPE_MASK << shift;
+    types[word] = (types[word] & ~mask) | ((blockType & TYPE_MASK) << shift);
+}
+const EMPTY = -1;
+class BlockMaskMap {
+    constructor(initialCapacity = 4096) {
+        const cap = 1 << (32 - Math.clz32(Math.max(15, initialCapacity - 1)));
+        this._capacity = cap;
+        this._mask = cap - 1;
+        this._size = 0;
+        this.keys = new Int32Array(cap).fill(EMPTY);
+        this.lo = new Uint32Array(cap);
+        this.hi = new Uint32Array(cap);
+    }
+    slot(key) {
+        const mask = this._mask;
+        let i = (Math.imul(key, 0x9e3779b9) >>> 0) & mask;
+        while (true) {
+            const k = this.keys[i];
+            if (k === key || k === EMPTY) {
+                return i;
+            }
+            i = (i + 1) & mask;
+        }
+    }
+    set(key, loVal, hiVal) {
+        let s = this.slot(key);
+        if (this.keys[s] === EMPTY) {
+            this.keys[s] = key;
+            this._size++;
+            if (this._size > ((this._capacity * 0.7) | 0)) {
+                this._grow();
+                s = this.slot(key);
+            }
+        }
+        this.lo[s] = loVal;
+        this.hi[s] = hiVal;
+    }
+    removeAt(slot) {
+        this._size--;
+        const mask = this._mask;
+        let i = slot;
+        let j = slot;
+        while (true) {
+            j = (j + 1) & mask;
+            if (this.keys[j] === EMPTY) {
+                break;
+            }
+            const k = (Math.imul(this.keys[j], 0x9e3779b9) >>> 0) & mask;
+            if (i < j ? k <= i || k > j : k <= i && k > j) {
+                this.keys[i] = this.keys[j];
+                this.lo[i] = this.lo[j];
+                this.hi[i] = this.hi[j];
+                i = j;
+            }
+        }
+        this.keys[i] = EMPTY;
+    }
+    clear() {
+        this.keys.fill(EMPTY);
+        this._size = 0;
+    }
+    get size() {
+        return this._size;
+    }
+    releaseStorage() {
+        this.keys = new Int32Array(0);
+        this.lo = new Uint32Array(0);
+        this.hi = new Uint32Array(0);
+        this._size = 0;
+        this._capacity = 0;
+        this._mask = 0;
+    }
+    clone() {
+        const c = new BlockMaskMap(this._capacity);
+        c.keys.set(this.keys);
+        c.lo.set(this.lo);
+        c.hi.set(this.hi);
+        c._size = this._size;
+        return c;
+    }
+    _grow() {
+        const oldKeys = this.keys;
+        const oldLo = this.lo;
+        const oldHi = this.hi;
+        const oldCap = this._capacity;
+        this._capacity *= 2;
+        this._mask = this._capacity - 1;
+        this.keys = new Int32Array(this._capacity).fill(EMPTY);
+        this.lo = new Uint32Array(this._capacity);
+        this.hi = new Uint32Array(this._capacity);
+        this._size = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < oldCap; i++) {
+            if (oldKeys[i] !== EMPTY) {
+                const s = this.slot(oldKeys[i]);
+                this.keys[s] = oldKeys[i];
+                this.lo[s] = oldLo[i];
+                this.hi[s] = oldHi[i];
+                this._size++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+class SparseVoxelGrid {
+    constructor(nx, ny, nz) {
+        this.nx = nx;
+        this.ny = ny;
+        this.nz = nz;
+        this.nbx = nx >> 2;
+        this.nby = ny >> 2;
+        this.nbz = nz >> 2;
+        this.bStride = this.nbx * this.nby;
+        const totalBlocks = this.nbx * this.nby * this.nbz;
+        this.types = new Uint32Array(getBlockTypeWordCount(totalBlocks));
+        this.masks = new BlockMaskMap();
+    }
+    getVoxel(ix, iy, iz) {
+        const blockIdx = (ix >> 2) + (iy >> 2) * this.nbx + (iz >> 2) * this.bStride;
+        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
+        if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+        const bitIdx = (ix & 3) + ((iy & 3) << 2) + ((iz & 3) << 4);
+        return bitIdx < 32 ? (this.masks.lo[s] >>> bitIdx) & 1 : (this.masks.hi[s] >>> (bitIdx - 32)) & 1;
+    }
+    setVoxel(ix, iy, iz) {
+        const blockIdx = (ix >> 2) + (iy >> 2) * this.nbx + (iz >> 2) * this.bStride;
+        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
+        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const bitIdx = (ix & 3) + ((iy & 3) << 2) + ((iz & 3) << 4);
+        if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+            const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+            if (bitIdx < 32) {
+                this.masks.lo[s] = (this.masks.lo[s] | (1 << bitIdx)) >>> 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.masks.hi[s] = (this.masks.hi[s] | (1 << (bitIdx - 32))) >>> 0;
+            }
+            if (this.masks.lo[s] === SOLID_LO && this.masks.hi[s] === SOLID_HI) {
+                this.masks.removeAt(s);
+                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
+            this.masks.set(blockIdx, bitIdx < 32 ? (1 << bitIdx) >>> 0 : 0, bitIdx >= 32 ? (1 << (bitIdx - 32)) >>> 0 : 0);
+        }
+    }
+    orBlock(blockIdx, lo, hi) {
+        if (lo === 0 && hi === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
+        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+            const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+            this.masks.lo[s] = (this.masks.lo[s] | lo) >>> 0;
+            this.masks.hi[s] = (this.masks.hi[s] | hi) >>> 0;
+            if (this.masks.lo[s] === SOLID_LO && this.masks.hi[s] === SOLID_HI) {
+                this.masks.removeAt(s);
+                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (lo >>> 0 === SOLID_LO && hi >>> 0 === SOLID_HI) {
+                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
+            }
+            else {
+                writeBlockType(this.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
+                this.masks.set(blockIdx, lo >>> 0, hi >>> 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    clear() {
+        this.types.fill(0);
+        this.masks.clear();
+    }
+    releaseStorage() {
+        this.types = new Uint32Array(0);
+        this.masks.releaseStorage();
+    }
+    clone() {
+        const g = new SparseVoxelGrid(this.nx, this.ny, this.nz);
+        g.types.set(this.types);
+        g.masks = this.masks.clone();
+        return g;
+    }
+    cropTo(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, onProgress) {
+        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
+        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
+        const outNbz = cropMaxBz - cropMinBz;
+        const out = new SparseVoxelGrid(outNbx * 4, outNby * 4, outNbz * 4);
+        const outBStride = outNbx * outNby;
+        const { nbx, nby } = this;
+        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
+        const types = this.types;
+        const masks = this.masks;
+        const outTypes = out.types;
+        const outMasks = out.masks;
+        if (out.nbx * out.nby * out.nbz === 0) {
+            if (onProgress) {
+                onProgress(0, 0);
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
+        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+        for (let w = 0; w < types.length; w++) {
+            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
+                onProgress(w, types.length);
+                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+            }
+            const word = types[w];
+            if (word === 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
+            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
+            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
+            let by = byBz % nby;
+            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
+            let coordLane = 0;
+            while (nonEmpty) {
+                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
+                const lane = bp >>> 1;
+                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
+                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
+                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                bx += lane - coordLane;
+                coordLane = lane;
+                while (bx >= nbx) {
+                    bx -= nbx;
+                    by++;
+                    if (by >= nby) {
+                        by = 0;
+                        bz++;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (bx < cropMinBx ||
+                    bx >= cropMaxBx ||
+                    by < cropMinBy ||
+                    by >= cropMaxBy ||
+                    bz < cropMinBz ||
+                    bz >= cropMaxBz) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const outIdx = bx - cropMinBx + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outBStride;
+                const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
+                writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, bt);
+                if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+                    const s = masks.slot(blockIdx);
+                    outMasks.set(outIdx, masks.lo[s], masks.hi[s]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (onProgress) {
+            onProgress(types.length, types.length);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    cropToInverted(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, onProgress) {
+        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
+        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
+        const outNbz = cropMaxBz - cropMinBz;
+        const out = new SparseVoxelGrid(outNbx * 4, outNby * 4, outNbz * 4);
+        const outBStride = outNbx * outNby;
+        const outTotalBlocks = outNbx * outNby * outNbz;
+        const outTypes = out.types;
+        const outMasks = out.masks;
+        if (outTotalBlocks === 0) {
+            if (onProgress) {
+                onProgress(0, 0);
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        const SOLID_WORD = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
+        outTypes.fill(SOLID_WORD);
+        const lastWord = outTypes.length - 1;
+        const lastLanes = outTotalBlocks - lastWord * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+        if (lastLanes < BLOCKS_PER_WORD) {
+            const validBits = (1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1;
+            outTypes[lastWord] = (outTypes[lastWord] & validBits) >>> 0;
+        }
+        const { nbx, nby } = this;
+        const types = this.types;
+        const masks = this.masks;
+        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
+        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
+        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+        for (let w = 0; w < types.length; w++) {
+            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
+                onProgress(w, types.length);
+                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+            }
+            const word = types[w];
+            if (word === 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
+            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
+            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
+            let by = byBz % nby;
+            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
+            let coordLane = 0;
+            while (nonEmpty) {
+                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
+                const lane = bp >>> 1;
+                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
+                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
+                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                bx += lane - coordLane;
+                coordLane = lane;
+                while (bx >= nbx) {
+                    bx -= nbx;
+                    by++;
+                    if (by >= nby) {
+                        by = 0;
+                        bz++;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (bx < cropMinBx ||
+                    bx >= cropMaxBx ||
+                    by < cropMinBy ||
+                    by >= cropMaxBy ||
+                    bz < cropMinBz ||
+                    bz >= cropMaxBz) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const outIdx = bx - cropMinBx + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outBStride;
+                const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
+                if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                    writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, BLOCK_EMPTY);
+                }
+                else {
+                    writeBlockType(outTypes, outIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
+                    const s = masks.slot(blockIdx);
+                    outMasks.set(outIdx, ~masks.lo[s] >>> 0, ~masks.hi[s] >>> 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (onProgress) {
+            onProgress(types.length, types.length);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    static fromBuffer(acc, nx, ny, nz) {
+        const g = new SparseVoxelGrid(nx, ny, nz);
+        const solidBlocks = acc.getSolidBlocks();
+        const totalBlocks = g.nbx * g.nby * g.nbz;
+        for (let i = 0; i < solidBlocks.length; i++) {
+            const blockIdx = solidBlocks[i];
+            if (blockIdx < 0 || blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            writeBlockType(g.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_SOLID);
+        }
+        const mixed = acc.getMixedBlocks();
+        for (let i = 0; i < mixed.blockIdx.length; i++) {
+            const blockIdx = mixed.blockIdx[i];
+            if (blockIdx < 0 || blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (readBlockType(g.types, blockIdx) === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            writeBlockType(g.types, blockIdx, BLOCK_MIXED);
+            g.masks.set(blockIdx, mixed.masks[i * 2], mixed.masks[i * 2 + 1]);
+        }
+        return g;
+    }
+    toBuffer(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz, defaultSolid = false) {
+        const out = new BlockMaskBuffer();
+        for (let bz = cropMinBz; bz < cropMaxBz; bz++) {
+            for (let by = cropMinBy; by < cropMaxBy; by++) {
+                for (let bx = cropMinBx; bx < cropMaxBx; bx++) {
+                    const blockIdx = bx + by * this.nbx + bz * this.bStride;
+                    const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
+                    let lo;
+                    let hi;
+                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                        lo = SOLID_LO;
+                        hi = SOLID_HI;
+                    }
+                    else if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+                        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+                        lo = this.masks.lo[s];
+                        hi = this.masks.hi[s];
+                    }
+                    else if (defaultSolid) {
+                        lo = SOLID_LO;
+                        hi = SOLID_HI;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if ((lo | hi) !== 0) {
+                        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
+                        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
+                        out.addBlock(bx - cropMinBx + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outNbx * outNby, lo, hi);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    toBufferInverted(cropMinBx, cropMinBy, cropMinBz, cropMaxBx, cropMaxBy, cropMaxBz) {
+        const out = new BlockMaskBuffer();
+        for (let bz = cropMinBz; bz < cropMaxBz; bz++) {
+            for (let by = cropMinBy; by < cropMaxBy; by++) {
+                for (let bx = cropMinBx; bx < cropMaxBx; bx++) {
+                    const blockIdx = bx + by * this.nbx + bz * this.bStride;
+                    const bt = readBlockType(this.types, blockIdx);
+                    let lo;
+                    let hi;
+                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+                        const s = this.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+                        lo = ~this.masks.lo[s] >>> 0;
+                        hi = ~this.masks.hi[s] >>> 0;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        lo = SOLID_LO;
+                        hi = SOLID_HI;
+                    }
+                    if ((lo | hi) !== 0) {
+                        const outNbx = cropMaxBx - cropMinBx;
+                        const outNby = cropMaxBy - cropMinBy;
+                        out.addBlock(bx - cropMinBx + (by - cropMinBy) * outNbx + (bz - cropMinBz) * outNbx * outNby, lo, hi);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    getOccupiedBlockBounds(onProgress) {
+        const { nbx, nby } = this;
+        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
+        let minBx = nbx, minBy = nby, minBz = this.nbz;
+        let maxBx = 0, maxBy = 0, maxBz = 0;
+        let found = false;
+        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
+        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+        for (let w = 0; w < this.types.length; w++) {
+            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
+                onProgress(w, this.types.length);
+                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+            }
+            const word = this.types[w];
+            if (word === 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
+            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
+            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
+            let by = byBz % nby;
+            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
+            let coordLane = 0;
+            while (nonEmpty) {
+                const bitPos = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
+                const lane = bitPos >>> 1;
+                const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
+                if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                    nonEmpty = 0;
+                    break;
+                }
+                bx += lane - coordLane;
+                coordLane = lane;
+                while (bx >= nbx) {
+                    bx -= nbx;
+                    by++;
+                    if (by >= nby) {
+                        by = 0;
+                        bz++;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (bx < minBx) {
+                    minBx = bx;
+                }
+                if (bx > maxBx) {
+                    maxBx = bx;
+                }
+                if (by < minBy) {
+                    minBy = by;
+                }
+                if (by > maxBy) {
+                    maxBy = by;
+                }
+                if (bz < minBz) {
+                    minBz = bz;
+                }
+                if (bz > maxBz) {
+                    maxBz = bz;
+                }
+                found = true;
+                nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (onProgress) {
+            onProgress(this.types.length, this.types.length);
+        }
+        return found ? { minBx, minBy, minBz, maxBx, maxBy, maxBz } : null;
+    }
+    getNavigableBlockBounds(onProgress) {
+        const { nbx, nby } = this;
+        const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * this.nbz;
+        if (totalBlocks === 0) {
+            if (onProgress) {
+                onProgress(0, 0);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+        const SOLID_WORD = 0x55555555 >>> 0;
+        const lastWordIdx = this.types.length - 1;
+        const lastLanes = totalBlocks - lastWordIdx * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+        const lastNonEmptyMask = lastLanes >= BLOCKS_PER_WORD ? EVEN_BITS : (((1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1) >>> 0) & EVEN_BITS;
+        let minBx = nbx, minBy = nby, minBz = this.nbz;
+        let maxBx = -1, maxBy = 0, maxBz = 0;
+        const PROGRESS_INTERVAL = 1 << 13;
+        let nextTick = PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+        for (let w = 0; w < this.types.length; w++) {
+            if (onProgress && w >= nextTick) {
+                onProgress(w, this.types.length);
+                nextTick = w + PROGRESS_INTERVAL;
+            }
+            const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+            const word = this.types[w];
+            const flipped = (word ^ SOLID_WORD) >>> 0;
+            let navMask = ((flipped & EVEN_BITS) | ((flipped >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
+            if (w === lastWordIdx) {
+                navMask &= lastNonEmptyMask;
+            }
+            let bx = baseIdx % nbx;
+            const byBz = (baseIdx / nbx) | 0;
+            let by = byBz % nby;
+            let bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
+            let coordLane = 0;
+            while (navMask) {
+                const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(navMask & -navMask);
+                const lane = bp >>> 1;
+                bx += lane - coordLane;
+                coordLane = lane;
+                while (bx >= nbx) {
+                    bx -= nbx;
+                    by++;
+                    if (by >= nby) {
+                        by = 0;
+                        bz++;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (bx < minBx) {
+                    minBx = bx;
+                }
+                if (bx > maxBx) {
+                    maxBx = bx;
+                }
+                if (by < minBy) {
+                    minBy = by;
+                }
+                if (by > maxBy) {
+                    maxBy = by;
+                }
+                if (bz < minBz) {
+                    minBz = bz;
+                }
+                if (bz > maxBz) {
+                    maxBz = bz;
+                }
+                navMask &= navMask - 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (onProgress) {
+            onProgress(this.types.length, this.types.length);
+        }
+        return maxBx >= 0 ? { minBx, minBy, minBz, maxBx, maxBy, maxBz } : null;
+    }
+    static findNearestFreeCell(blocked, seedIx, seedIy, seedIz, maxRadius) {
+        const { nx, ny, nz } = blocked;
+        for (let r = 1; r <= maxRadius; r++) {
+            for (let dz = -r; dz <= r; dz++) {
+                for (let dy = -r; dy <= r; dy++) {
+                    for (let dx = -r; dx <= r; dx++) {
+                        if (Math.abs(dx) !== r && Math.abs(dy) !== r && Math.abs(dz) !== r) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        const ix = seedIx + dx;
+                        const iy = seedIy + dy;
+                        const iz = seedIz + dz;
+                        if (ix < 0 || ix >= nx || iy < 0 || iy >= ny || iz < 0 || iz >= nz) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (!blocked.getVoxel(ix, iy, iz)) {
+                            return { ix, iy, iz };
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+export const SOLID_LEAF_MARKER = 0xff000000 >>> 0;
+export const MAX_24BIT_OFFSET = 0x00ffffff;
+const DENSE_SOLID_STREAM_THRESHOLD = 8_000_000;
+export class SparseOctree24BitOverflowError extends Error {
+    constructor(kind, actual, limit) {
+        super(`Sparse octree ${kind} count (${actual}) exceeds the Laine-Karras 24-bit baseOffset limit (${limit}). Reduce the grid size or split the scene.`);
+        this.name = 'SparseOctree24BitOverflowError';
+        this.kind = kind;
+        this.actual = actual;
+        this.limit = limit;
+    }
+}
+export function getChildOffset(mask, octant) {
+    const prefix = mask & ((1 << octant) - 1);
+    let n = prefix >>> 0;
+    n -= (n >>> 1) & 0x55555555;
+    n = (n & 0x33333333) + ((n >>> 2) & 0x33333333);
+    return (((n + (n >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f) * 0x01010101) >>> 24;
+}
+function bitCount(n) {
+    let v = n >>> 0;
+    v -= (v >>> 1) & 0x55555555;
+    v = (v & 0x33333333) + ((v >>> 2) & 0x33333333);
+    return (((v + (v >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f) * 0x01010101) >>> 24;
+}
+function sortMixedByMorton(mortons, masks, n = mortons.length) {
+    if (n <= 1) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const stackLo = [0];
+    const stackHi = [n - 1];
+    function swap(a, b) {
+        const km = mortons[a];
+        mortons[a] = mortons[b];
+        mortons[b] = km;
+        const alo = masks[a * 2];
+        const ahi = masks[a * 2 + 1];
+        masks[a * 2] = masks[b * 2];
+        masks[a * 2 + 1] = masks[b * 2 + 1];
+        masks[b * 2] = alo;
+        masks[b * 2 + 1] = ahi;
+    }
+    while (stackLo.length > 0) {
+        const lo = stackLo.pop();
+        const hi = stackHi.pop();
+        if (hi - lo < 16) {
+            for (let i = lo + 1; i <= hi; i++) {
+                const km = mortons[i];
+                const m0 = masks[i * 2];
+                const m1 = masks[i * 2 + 1];
+                let j = i - 1;
+                while (j >= lo && mortons[j] > km) {
+                    mortons[j + 1] = mortons[j];
+                    masks[(j + 1) * 2] = masks[j * 2];
+                    masks[(j + 1) * 2 + 1] = masks[j * 2 + 1];
+                    j--;
+                }
+                mortons[j + 1] = km;
+                masks[(j + 1) * 2] = m0;
+                masks[(j + 1) * 2 + 1] = m1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        const mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
+        if (mortons[mid] < mortons[lo]) {
+            swap(mid, lo);
+        }
+        if (mortons[hi] < mortons[lo]) {
+            swap(hi, lo);
+        }
+        if (mortons[hi] < mortons[mid]) {
+            swap(hi, mid);
+        }
+        const pivot = mortons[mid];
+        let i = lo;
+        let j = hi;
+        while (i <= j) {
+            while (mortons[i] < pivot) {
+                i++;
+            }
+            while (mortons[j] > pivot) {
+                j--;
+            }
+            if (i <= j) {
+                if (i !== j) {
+                    swap(i, j);
+                }
+                i++;
+                j--;
+            }
+        }
+        if (j - lo > hi - i) {
+            if (lo < j) {
+                stackLo.push(lo);
+                stackHi.push(j);
+            }
+            if (i < hi) {
+                stackLo.push(i);
+                stackHi.push(hi);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (i < hi) {
+                stackLo.push(i);
+                stackHi.push(hi);
+            }
+            if (lo < j) {
+                stackLo.push(lo);
+                stackHi.push(j);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+var OctreeNodeType;
+(function (OctreeNodeType) {
+    OctreeNodeType[OctreeNodeType["Empty"] = 0] = "Empty";
+    OctreeNodeType[OctreeNodeType["Solid"] = 1] = "Solid";
+    OctreeNodeType[OctreeNodeType["Mixed"] = 2] = "Mixed";
+})(OctreeNodeType || (OctreeNodeType = {}));
+function createInteriorWave(initialCapacity) {
+    const cap = Math.max(16, initialCapacity);
+    return { pos: new Uint32Array(cap), li: new Uint32Array(cap), ii: new Uint32Array(cap), length: 0 };
+}
+function pushInteriorWave(wave, pos, li, ii) {
+    if (wave.length === wave.pos.length) {
+        const cap = wave.pos.length * 2;
+        const grownPos = new Uint32Array(cap);
+        const grownLi = new Uint32Array(cap);
+        const grownIi = new Uint32Array(cap);
+        grownPos.set(wave.pos);
+        grownLi.set(wave.li);
+        grownIi.set(wave.ii);
+        wave.pos = grownPos;
+        wave.li = grownLi;
+        wave.ii = grownIi;
+    }
+    const i = wave.length++;
+    wave.pos[i] = pos;
+    wave.li[i] = li;
+    wave.ii[i] = ii;
+}
+function shouldUseDenseMipBuild(totalBlocks, nSolid, nMixed) {
+    return nSolid >= DENSE_SOLID_STREAM_THRESHOLD && nSolid > nMixed * 4 && nSolid > totalBlocks * 0.25;
+}
+function buildDenseTypeLevels(grid, maxDepth) {
+    const levels = [
+        {
+            types: grid.types,
+            nbx: grid.nbx,
+            nby: grid.nby,
+            nbz: grid.nbz,
+            nonEmptyCount: 0,
+        },
+    ];
+    for (let li = 1; li <= maxDepth; li++) {
+        const prev = levels[li - 1];
+        const nbx = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nbx / 2));
+        const nby = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nby / 2));
+        const nbz = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(prev.nbz / 2));
+        const total = nbx * nby * nbz;
+        const types = new Uint32Array(getBlockTypeWordCount(total));
+        const prevStride = prev.nbx * prev.nby;
+        const stride = nbx * nby;
+        let nonEmptyCount = 0;
+        for (let pz = 0; pz < nbz; pz++) {
+            const childZ0 = pz << 1;
+            for (let py = 0; py < nby; py++) {
+                const childY0 = py << 1;
+                for (let px = 0; px < nbx; px++) {
+                    const childX0 = px << 1;
+                    let childMask = 0;
+                    let allSolid = true;
+                    let childCount = 0;
+                    for (let oct = 0; oct < 8; oct++) {
+                        const cx = childX0 + (oct & 1);
+                        const cy = childY0 + ((oct >> 1) & 1);
+                        const cz = childZ0 + ((oct >> 2) & 1);
+                        if (cx >= prev.nbx || cy >= prev.nby || cz >= prev.nbz) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        const childIdx = cx + cy * prev.nbx + cz * prevStride;
+                        const bt = readBlockType(prev.types, childIdx);
+                        if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        childMask |= 1 << oct;
+                        childCount++;
+                        if (bt !== BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                            allSolid = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (childMask !== 0) {
+                        const parentIdx = px + py * nbx + pz * stride;
+                        writeBlockType(types, parentIdx, allSolid && childCount === 8 ? BLOCK_SOLID : BLOCK_MIXED);
+                        nonEmptyCount++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        levels.push({ types, nbx, nby, nbz, nonEmptyCount });
+        if (nonEmptyCount === 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (nonEmptyCount === 1 && readBlockType(types, 0) !== BLOCK_EMPTY) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return levels;
+}
+function lowerBoundF64(arr, target, n) {
+    let lo = 0;
+    let hi = n;
+    while (lo < hi) {
+        const mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
+        if (arr[mid] < target) {
+            lo = mid + 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            hi = mid;
+        }
+    }
+    return lo;
+}
+function flattenTreeFromLevels(interiorLevels, solidStream, mixedStream, mixedMasks, nSolid, nMixed, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, treeDepth) {
+    if (interiorLevels.length === 0) {
+        return {
+            gridBounds,
+            sceneBounds,
+            voxelResolution,
+            leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
+            treeDepth,
+            numInteriorNodes: 0,
+            numMixedLeaves: 0,
+            nodes: new Uint32Array(0),
+            leafData: new Uint32Array(0),
+        };
+    }
+    const rootLevel = interiorLevels[interiorLevels.length - 1];
+    let maxNodes = nSolid + nMixed;
+    for (let l = 0; l < interiorLevels.length; l++) {
+        maxNodes += interiorLevels[l].mortons.length;
+    }
+    const nodes = new Uint32Array(maxNodes);
+    const leafData = new Uint32Array(nMixed * 2);
+    let leafDataLen = 0;
+    let numInteriorNodes = 0;
+    let numMixedLeaves = 0;
+    let emitPos = 0;
+    let waveLi = [];
+    let waveIi = [];
+    const rootLi = interiorLevels.length - 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < rootLevel.mortons.length; i++) {
+        waveLi.push(rootLi);
+        waveIi.push(i);
+    }
+    const intPos = [];
+    const intLi = [];
+    const intIi = [];
+    const intMask = [];
+    while (waveLi.length > 0) {
+        intPos.length = 0;
+        intLi.length = 0;
+        intIi.length = 0;
+        intMask.length = 0;
+        for (let w = 0; w < waveLi.length; w++) {
+            const li = waveLi[w];
+            const ii = waveIi[w];
+            if (li === -1) {
+                if (ii < nMixed) {
+                    const leafDataIndex = leafDataLen >> 1;
+                    if (leafDataIndex > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
+                        throw new SparseOctree24BitOverflowError('mixed-leaf', leafDataIndex + 1, MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1);
+                    }
+                    leafData[leafDataLen++] = mixedMasks[ii * 2];
+                    leafData[leafDataLen++] = mixedMasks[ii * 2 + 1];
+                    nodes[emitPos] = leafDataIndex;
+                    numMixedLeaves++;
+                }
+                else {
+                    nodes[emitPos] = SOLID_LEAF_MARKER;
+                }
+                emitPos++;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const level = interiorLevels[li];
+            const type = level.types[ii];
+            if (type === OctreeNodeType.Solid) {
+                nodes[emitPos] = SOLID_LEAF_MARKER;
+            }
+            else {
+                intPos.push(emitPos);
+                intLi.push(li);
+                intIi.push(ii);
+                intMask.push(level.childMasks[ii]);
+                numInteriorNodes++;
+                nodes[emitPos] = 0;
+            }
+            emitPos++;
+        }
+        const nextWaveLi = [];
+        const nextWaveIi = [];
+        let nextChildStart = emitPos;
+        for (let j = 0; j < intPos.length; j++) {
+            const childMask = intMask[j];
+            const childCount = bitCount(childMask);
+            if (nextChildStart > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
+                throw new SparseOctree24BitOverflowError('node', nextChildStart + 1, MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1);
+            }
+            nodes[intPos[j]] = ((childMask & 0xff) << 24) | nextChildStart;
+            const myLi = intLi[j];
+            const myMorton = interiorLevels[myLi].mortons[intIi[j]];
+            const childMortonBase = myMorton * 8;
+            const childMortonEnd = childMortonBase + 8;
+            if (myLi === 0) {
+                let sIdx = lowerBoundF64(solidStream, childMortonBase, nSolid);
+                let mIdx = lowerBoundF64(mixedStream, childMortonBase, nMixed);
+                while (true) {
+                    const sM = sIdx < nSolid && solidStream[sIdx] < childMortonEnd
+                        ? solidStream[sIdx]
+                        : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                    const mM = mIdx < nMixed && mixedStream[mIdx] < childMortonEnd
+                        ? mixedStream[mIdx]
+                        : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                    if (!isFinite(sM) && !isFinite(mM)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (sM < mM) {
+                        nextWaveLi.push(-1);
+                        nextWaveIi.push(nMixed + sIdx);
+                        sIdx++;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        nextWaveLi.push(-1);
+                        nextWaveIi.push(mIdx);
+                        mIdx++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                const childLi = myLi - 1;
+                const childLevel = interiorLevels[childLi];
+                const childMortons = childLevel.mortons;
+                let lo = 0;
+                let hi = childMortons.length;
+                while (lo < hi) {
+                    const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
+                    if (childMortons[mid] < childMortonBase) {
+                        lo = mid + 1;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        hi = mid;
+                    }
+                }
+                while (lo < childMortons.length && childMortons[lo] < childMortonEnd) {
+                    nextWaveLi.push(childLi);
+                    nextWaveIi.push(lo);
+                    lo++;
+                }
+            }
+            nextChildStart += childCount;
+        }
+        waveLi = nextWaveLi;
+        waveIi = nextWaveIi;
+    }
+    return {
+        gridBounds,
+        sceneBounds,
+        voxelResolution,
+        leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
+        treeDepth,
+        numInteriorNodes,
+        numMixedLeaves,
+        nodes: emitPos === maxNodes ? nodes : nodes.slice(0, emitPos),
+        leafData: leafDataLen === leafData.length ? leafData : leafData.slice(0, leafDataLen),
+    };
+}
+function flattenDenseLevels(levels, grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution) {
+    const treeDepth = Math.max(1, levels.length - 1);
+    const rootLi = levels.length - 1;
+    const rootLevel = levels[rootLi];
+    const rootType = readBlockType(rootLevel.types, 0);
+    if (rootType === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
+        return {
+            gridBounds,
+            sceneBounds,
+            voxelResolution,
+            leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
+            treeDepth,
+            numInteriorNodes: 0,
+            numMixedLeaves: 0,
+            nodes: new Uint32Array(0),
+            leafData: new Uint32Array(0),
+        };
+    }
+    let nodes = new Uint32Array(Math.max(1024, Math.min(MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1, grid.masks.size * 3)));
+    let nodeLen = 0;
+    let leafData = new Uint32Array(Math.max(1024, grid.masks.size * 2));
+    let leafDataLen = 0;
+    let numInteriorNodes = 0;
+    let numMixedLeaves = 0;
+    function appendNode(value) {
+        if (nodeLen === nodes.length) {
+            const grown = new Uint32Array(nodes.length * 2);
+            grown.set(nodes);
+            nodes = grown;
+        }
+        nodes[nodeLen] = value >>> 0;
+        return nodeLen++;
+    }
+    function appendMixedLeaf(blockIdx) {
+        const leafDataIndex = leafDataLen >> 1;
+        if (leafDataIndex > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
+            throw new SparseOctree24BitOverflowError('mixed-leaf', leafDataIndex + 1, MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1);
+        }
+        if (leafDataLen + 2 > leafData.length) {
+            const grown = new Uint32Array(leafData.length * 2);
+            grown.set(leafData);
+            leafData = grown;
+        }
+        const s = grid.masks.slot(blockIdx);
+        leafData[leafDataLen++] = grid.masks.lo[s];
+        leafData[leafDataLen++] = grid.masks.hi[s];
+        appendNode(leafDataIndex);
+        numMixedLeaves++;
+    }
+    let curWave = createInteriorWave(1);
+    let nextWave = createInteriorWave(1024);
+    function appendDenseNode(li, idx, wave) {
+        const level = levels[li];
+        const bt = readBlockType(level.types, idx);
+        if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+            appendNode(SOLID_LEAF_MARKER);
+        }
+        else if (bt === BLOCK_MIXED) {
+            const pos = appendNode(0);
+            pushInteriorWave(wave, pos, li, idx);
+            numInteriorNodes++;
+        }
+    }
+    appendDenseNode(rootLi, 0, curWave);
+    while (curWave.length > 0) {
+        nextWave.length = 0;
+        const currentLi = curWave.li[0];
+        for (let w = 0; w < curWave.length; w++) {
+            const li = curWave.li[w];
+            const parentLevel = levels[li];
+            const childLevel = levels[li - 1];
+            const parentIdx = curWave.ii[w];
+            const px = parentIdx % parentLevel.nbx;
+            const pyBz = (parentIdx / parentLevel.nbx) | 0;
+            const py = pyBz % parentLevel.nby;
+            const pz = (pyBz / parentLevel.nby) | 0;
+            const childX0 = px << 1;
+            const childY0 = py << 1;
+            const childZ0 = pz << 1;
+            const childStride = childLevel.nbx * childLevel.nby;
+            const childStart = nodeLen;
+            let childMask = 0;
+            if (childStart > MAX_24BIT_OFFSET) {
+                throw new SparseOctree24BitOverflowError('node', childStart + 1, MAX_24BIT_OFFSET + 1);
+            }
+            for (let oct = 0; oct < 8; oct++) {
+                const cx = childX0 + (oct & 1);
+                const cy = childY0 + ((oct >> 1) & 1);
+                const cz = childZ0 + ((oct >> 2) & 1);
+                if (cx >= childLevel.nbx || cy >= childLevel.nby || cz >= childLevel.nbz) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const childIdx = cx + cy * childLevel.nbx + cz * childStride;
+                const bt = readBlockType(childLevel.types, childIdx);
+                if (bt === BLOCK_EMPTY) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                childMask |= 1 << oct;
+                if (li === 1) {
+                    if (bt === BLOCK_SOLID) {
+                        appendNode(SOLID_LEAF_MARKER);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        appendMixedLeaf(childIdx);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    appendDenseNode(li - 1, childIdx, nextWave);
+                }
+            }
+            nodes[curWave.pos[w]] = ((childMask & 0xff) << 24) | childStart;
+        }
+        levels[currentLi] = null;
+        const tmp = curWave;
+        curWave = nextWave;
+        nextWave = tmp;
+    }
+    return {
+        gridBounds,
+        sceneBounds,
+        voxelResolution,
+        leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
+        treeDepth,
+        numInteriorNodes,
+        numMixedLeaves,
+        nodes: nodes.slice(0, nodeLen),
+        leafData: leafData.slice(0, leafDataLen),
+    };
+}
+function buildSparseOctreeDense(grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, maxDepth, consumeGrid) {
+    const levels = buildDenseTypeLevels(grid, maxDepth);
+    const result = flattenDenseLevels(levels, grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution);
+    if (consumeGrid) {
+        grid.releaseStorage();
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+/**
+ * Build a sparse octree from block masks using:
+ * 1) mixed+solid SoA merge and Morton sort
+ * 2) bottom-up level construction by parent Morton grouping
+ * 3) BFS flatten to node/leafData arrays.
+ */
+export function buildSparseOctree(grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, options = {}) {
+    const { nbx, nby, nbz, types: gridTypes, masks: gridMasks } = grid;
+    const totalBlocks = nbx * nby * nbz;
+    const blocksPerAxis = Math.max(nbx, nby, nbz);
+    const treeDepth = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(Math.log2(blocksPerAxis)));
+    const lastWordIdx = gridTypes.length - 1;
+    const lastLanes = totalBlocks - lastWordIdx * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+    const lastValidWordMask = lastLanes >= BLOCKS_PER_WORD ? 0xffffffff >>> 0 : ((1 << (lastLanes * 2)) - 1) >>> 0;
+    let nSolid = 0;
+    let nMixed = 0;
+    for (let w = 0; w < gridTypes.length; w++) {
+        let word = gridTypes[w];
+        if (w === lastWordIdx) {
+            word = (word & lastValidWordMask) >>> 0;
+        }
+        if (word === 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const solidMask = word & EVEN_BITS & ~((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS);
+        const mixedMask = (word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS & ~(word & EVEN_BITS);
+        nSolid += bitCount(solidMask >>> 0);
+        nMixed += bitCount(mixedMask >>> 0);
+    }
+    if (nSolid + nMixed === 0) {
+        return {
+            gridBounds,
+            sceneBounds,
+            voxelResolution,
+            leafSize: LEAF_SIZE,
+            treeDepth: 1,
+            numInteriorNodes: 0,
+            numMixedLeaves: 0,
+            nodes: new Uint32Array(0),
+            leafData: new Uint32Array(0),
+        };
+    }
+    if (options.dense || shouldUseDenseMipBuild(totalBlocks, nSolid, nMixed)) {
+        return buildSparseOctreeDense(grid, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, treeDepth, !!options.consumeGrid);
+    }
+    const solidStream = new Float64Array(nSolid);
+    const mixedStream = new Float64Array(nMixed);
+    const mixedMasks = new Uint32Array(nMixed * 2);
+    let solidWriteIdx = 0;
+    let mixedWriteIdx = 0;
+    for (let w = 0; w < gridTypes.length; w++) {
+        let word = gridTypes[w];
+        if (w === lastWordIdx) {
+            word = (word & lastValidWordMask) >>> 0;
+        }
+        if (word === 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let nonEmpty = ((word & EVEN_BITS) | ((word >>> 1) & EVEN_BITS)) >>> 0;
+        const baseIdx = w * BLOCKS_PER_WORD;
+        while (nonEmpty) {
+            const bp = 31 - Math.clz32(nonEmpty & -nonEmpty);
+            const lane = bp >>> 1;
+            nonEmpty &= nonEmpty - 1;
+            const blockIdx = baseIdx + lane;
+            if (blockIdx >= totalBlocks) {
+                break;
+            }
+            const bx = blockIdx % nbx;
+            const byBz = (blockIdx / nbx) | 0;
+            const by = byBz % nby;
+            const bz = (byBz / nby) | 0;
+            const morton = encodeMorton3(bx, by, bz);
+            const bt = (word >>> (lane << 1)) & TYPE_MASK;
+            if (bt === OctreeNodeType.Solid) {
+                solidStream[solidWriteIdx++] = morton;
+            }
+            else if (bt === OctreeNodeType.Mixed) {
+                mixedStream[mixedWriteIdx] = morton;
+                const s = gridMasks.slot(blockIdx);
+                mixedMasks[mixedWriteIdx * 2] = gridMasks.lo[s];
+                mixedMasks[mixedWriteIdx * 2 + 1] = gridMasks.hi[s];
+                mixedWriteIdx++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (options.consumeGrid) {
+        grid.releaseStorage();
+    }
+    if (nSolid > 1) {
+        solidStream.sort();
+    }
+    if (nMixed > 1) {
+        sortMixedByMorton(mixedStream, mixedMasks, nMixed);
+    }
+    const interiorLevels = [];
+    let curMortons = [];
+    let curTypes = [];
+    let curChildMasks = [];
+    {
+        let sI = 0;
+        let mI = 0;
+        while (sI < nSolid || mI < nMixed) {
+            const sM0 = sI < nSolid ? solidStream[sI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+            const mM0 = mI < nMixed ? mixedStream[mI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+            const minMorton = sM0 < mM0 ? sM0 : mM0;
+            const parentMorton = Math.floor(minMorton / 8);
+            let childMask = 0;
+            let allSolid = true;
+            let childCount = 0;
+            while (true) {
+                const sM = sI < nSolid ? solidStream[sI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                const mM = mI < nMixed ? mixedStream[mI] : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                const cur = sM < mM ? sM : mM;
+                if (!isFinite(cur) || Math.floor(cur / 8) !== parentMorton) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                childMask |= 1 << (cur % 8);
+                childCount++;
+                if (sM < mM) {
+                    sI++;
+                }
+                else {
+                    allSolid = false;
+                    mI++;
+                }
+            }
+            curMortons.push(parentMorton);
+            if (allSolid && childCount === 8) {
+                curTypes.push(OctreeNodeType.Solid);
+                curChildMasks.push(0);
+            }
+            else {
+                curTypes.push(OctreeNodeType.Mixed);
+                curChildMasks.push(childMask);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let actualDepth = treeDepth;
+    if (curMortons.length === 0) {
+        actualDepth = 1;
+    }
+    else if (curMortons.length === 1 && curMortons[0] === 0) {
+        actualDepth = 1;
+        interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
+    }
+    else {
+        for (let level = 1; level < treeDepth; level++) {
+            interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
+            const n = curMortons.length;
+            const nextMortons = [];
+            const nextTypes = [];
+            const nextChildMasks = [];
+            let i = 0;
+            while (i < n) {
+                const parentMorton = Math.floor(curMortons[i] / 8);
+                let childMask = 0;
+                let allSolid = true;
+                let childCount = 0;
+                while (i < n && Math.floor(curMortons[i] / 8) === parentMorton) {
+                    const octant = curMortons[i] % 8;
+                    childMask |= 1 << octant;
+                    if (curTypes[i] !== OctreeNodeType.Solid) {
+                        allSolid = false;
+                    }
+                    childCount++;
+                    i++;
+                }
+                nextMortons.push(parentMorton);
+                if (allSolid && childCount === 8) {
+                    nextTypes.push(OctreeNodeType.Solid);
+                    nextChildMasks.push(0);
+                }
+                else {
+                    nextTypes.push(OctreeNodeType.Mixed);
+                    nextChildMasks.push(childMask);
+                }
+            }
+            curMortons = nextMortons;
+            curTypes = nextTypes;
+            curChildMasks = nextChildMasks;
+            if (curMortons.length === 1 && curMortons[0] === 0) {
+                actualDepth = level + 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        interiorLevels.push({ mortons: curMortons, types: curTypes, childMasks: curChildMasks });
+    }
+    return flattenTreeFromLevels(interiorLevels, solidStream, mixedStream, mixedMasks, nSolid, nMixed, gridBounds, sceneBounds, voxelResolution, actualDepth);
+}
+export { BLOCK_EMPTY, BLOCK_SOLID, BLOCK_MIXED, BLOCKS_PER_WORD, TYPE_MASK, EVEN_BITS, readBlockType, writeBlockType, SOLID_LO, SOLID_HI, SparseVoxelGrid, };