@lix-js/sdk 0.5.0-preview.1 → 0.5.0

package/src/engine/preprocessor/sql-parser/parse.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1984 @@
+import type { CstNode, IToken } from "chevrotain";
+import type {
+	BinaryExpressionNode,
+	BinaryOperator,
+	ColumnReferenceNode,
+	DeleteStatementNode,
+	FunctionCallArgumentNode,
+	InsertStatementNode,
+	InsertValuesNode,
+	InsertDefaultValuesNode,
+	OnConflictActionNode,
+	OnConflictClauseNode,
+	OnConflictTargetNode,
+	ExpressionNode,
+	FromClauseNode,
+	GroupedExpressionNode,
+	IdentifierNode,
+	JoinClauseNode,
+	JoinType,
+	OrderByItemNode,
+	LiteralNode,
+	ObjectNameNode,
+	ParameterExpressionNode,
+	WindowSpecificationNode,
+	WindowFrameNode,
+	WindowFrameBoundNode,
+	WindowReferenceNode,
+	RelationNode,
+	SelectItemNode,
+	SelectQualifiedStarNode,
+	SelectStarNode,
+	SelectStatementNode,
+	CompoundSelectNode,
+	CompoundOperator,
+	SegmentedStatementNode,
+	SetClauseNode,
+	StatementNode,
+	StatementSegmentNode,
+	SubqueryNode,
+	TableReferenceNode,
+	UnaryExpressionNode,
+	UnaryOperator,
+	UpdateStatementNode,
+	InListExpressionNode,
+	BetweenExpressionNode,
+	FunctionCallExpressionNode,
+	RawFragmentNode,
+	SqlNode,
+	WithClauseNode,
+	CommonTableExpressionNode,
+	SubqueryExpressionNode,
+	CaseExpressionNode,
+	ExistsExpressionNode,
+} from "./nodes.js";
+import { identifier } from "./nodes.js";
+import { parseCst, parserInstance } from "./cst.js";
+
+const BaseVisitor: new (...args: unknown[]) => {
+	visit: (node: CstNode | CstNode[]) => unknown;
+	validateVisitor: () => void;
+} = parserInstance.getBaseCstVisitorConstructorWithDefaults() as any;
+
+class ToAstVisitor extends BaseVisitor {
+	public constructor() {
+		super();
+		this.validateVisitor();
+	}
+
+	public select_statement(ctx: {
+		select?: CstNode[];
+		insert?: CstNode[];
+		update?: CstNode[];
+		delete?: CstNode[];
+	}): StatementNode {
+		const select = ctx.select?.[0];
+		if (select) {
+			return this.visit(select) as StatementNode;
+		}
+		const insert = ctx.insert?.[0];
+		if (insert) {
+			return this.visit(insert) as InsertStatementNode;
+		}
+		const update = ctx.update?.[0];
+		if (update) {
+			return this.visit(update) as UpdateStatementNode;
+		}
+		const del = ctx.delete?.[0];
+		if (del) {
+			return this.visit(del) as DeleteStatementNode;
+		}
+		throw new Error("statement missing recognized root");
+	}
+
+	public select_compound(ctx: {
+		with_clause?: CstNode[];
+		cores?: CstNode[];
+		operators?: CstNode[];
+		order_by?: CstNode[];
+		limit?: CstNode[];
+		offset?: CstNode[];
+	}): SelectStatementNode | CompoundSelectNode {
+		const coreNodes = ctx.cores ?? [];
+		if (coreNodes.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("compound select requires at least one core");
+		}
+
+		const selectNodes = coreNodes.map(
+			(core) => this.visit(core) as SelectStatementNode
+		);
+
+		const withClause = ctx.with_clause?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.with_clause[0]!) as WithClauseNode)
+			: null;
+
+		const orderByItems = ctx.order_by?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.order_by[0]!) as OrderByItemNode[])
+			: [];
+
+		const limitNode = ctx.limit?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.limit[0]!) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		const offsetNode = ctx.offset?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.offset[0]!) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+
+		const operatorNodes = ctx.operators ?? [];
+		if (operatorNodes.length === 0) {
+			const single = { ...selectNodes[0]! };
+			return {
+				...single,
+				order_by: orderByItems,
+				limit: limitNode,
+				offset: offsetNode,
+				with_clause: withClause,
+			};
+		}
+
+		if (operatorNodes.length !== selectNodes.length - 1) {
+			throw new Error("compound select operator mismatch");
+		}
+
+		const compounds = selectNodes.slice(1).map((select, index) => {
+			const op = this.visit(operatorNodes[index]!) as CompoundOperator;
+			return {
+				operator: op,
+				select,
+			};
+		});
+
+		const first = { ...selectNodes[0]! };
+		first.order_by = [];
+		first.limit = null;
+		first.offset = null;
+
+		return {
+			node_kind: "compound_select",
+			first,
+			compounds,
+			order_by: orderByItems,
+			limit: limitNode,
+			offset: offsetNode,
+			with_clause: withClause,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public select_core(ctx: {
+		distinct?: IToken[];
+		select_list: CstNode[];
+		from: CstNode[];
+		joins?: CstNode[];
+		where_clause?: CstNode[];
+		group_by?: CstNode[];
+	}): SelectStatementNode {
+		const selectList = ctx.select_list?.[0];
+		if (!selectList) {
+			throw new Error("select list is missing");
+		}
+		const projection = this.visit(selectList) as SelectItemNode[];
+		const fromNode = ctx.from?.[0];
+		const fromClauses: FromClauseNode[] = [];
+		if (fromNode) {
+			const relation = this.visit(fromNode) as RelationNode;
+			const joins =
+				ctx.joins?.map((join) => this.visit(join) as JoinClauseNode) ?? [];
+			fromClauses.push({
+				node_kind: "from_clause",
+				relation,
+				joins,
+			});
+		}
+		const whereNode = ctx.where_clause?.[0];
+		const whereClause = whereNode
+			? (this.visit(whereNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		const groupBy =
+			ctx.group_by?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode) ?? [];
+		return {
+			node_kind: "select_statement",
+			distinct: Boolean(ctx.distinct?.length),
+			projection,
+			from_clauses: fromClauses,
+			where_clause: whereClause,
+			group_by: groupBy,
+			order_by: [],
+			limit: null,
+			offset: null,
+			with_clause: null,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public with_clause(ctx: {
+		recursive?: IToken[];
+		ctes?: CstNode[];
+	}): WithClauseNode {
+		const expressions = ctx.ctes?.map(
+			(cte) => this.visit(cte) as CommonTableExpressionNode
+		);
+		return {
+			node_kind: "with_clause",
+			recursive: Boolean(ctx.recursive?.length),
+			ctes: expressions ?? [],
+		};
+	}
+
+	public common_table_expression(ctx: {
+		name: CstNode[];
+		columns?: CstNode[];
+		statement: CstNode[];
+	}): CommonTableExpressionNode {
+		const name = this.visit(ctx.name[0]!) as IdentifierNode;
+		const columns = ctx.columns?.map(
+			(column) => this.visit(column) as IdentifierNode
+		);
+		const statement = this.visit(ctx.statement[0]!) as
+			| SelectStatementNode
+			| CompoundSelectNode;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "common_table_expression",
+			name,
+			columns: columns ?? [],
+			statement,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public compound_operator(ctx: {
+		Union?: IToken[];
+		All?: IToken[];
+		Intersect?: IToken[];
+		Except?: IToken[];
+	}): CompoundOperator {
+		if (ctx.Union?.length) {
+			return ctx.All?.length ? "union_by_version" : "union";
+		}
+		if (ctx.Intersect?.length) {
+			return "intersect";
+		}
+		if (ctx.Except?.length) {
+			return "except";
+		}
+		throw new Error("unrecognised compound operator");
+	}
+
+	public insert_statement(ctx: {
+		table?: CstNode[];
+		columns?: CstNode[];
+		rows?: CstNode[];
+		conflict?: CstNode[];
+		default_keyword?: IToken[];
+		default_values?: IToken[];
+	}): InsertStatementNode {
+		const tableNode = ctx.table?.[0];
+		if (!tableNode) {
+			throw new Error("insert statement missing target table");
+		}
+		const target = this.visit(tableNode) as ObjectNameNode;
+		const columnNodes =
+			ctx.columns?.map((column) => this.visit(column) as IdentifierNode) ?? [];
+		const hasDefaultValues = (ctx.default_keyword?.length ?? 0) > 0;
+		let source: InsertValuesNode | InsertDefaultValuesNode;
+		if (hasDefaultValues) {
+			source = { node_kind: "insert_default_values" };
+		} else {
+			const valuesListNode = ctx.rows?.[0];
+			if (!valuesListNode) {
+				throw new Error("insert statement missing values list");
+			}
+			const rowNodes = this.visit(valuesListNode) as ExpressionNode[][];
+			source = {
+				node_kind: "insert_values",
+				rows: rowNodes,
+			};
+		}
+		const conflictNode = ctx.conflict?.[0];
+		const onConflict = conflictNode
+			? (this.visit(conflictNode) as OnConflictClauseNode)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "insert_statement",
+			target,
+			columns: columnNodes,
+			source,
+			on_conflict: onConflict,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public on_conflict_clause(ctx: {
+		target_expressions?: CstNode[];
+		target_where?: CstNode[];
+		do_nothing?: IToken[];
+		do_update?: IToken[];
+		assignments?: CstNode[];
+		action_where?: CstNode[];
+	}): OnConflictClauseNode {
+		const expressionNodes = ctx.target_expressions ?? [];
+		const expressions = expressionNodes.map(
+			(node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode
+		);
+		const targetWhereNode = ctx.target_where?.[0];
+		const targetWhere = targetWhereNode
+			? (this.visit(targetWhereNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		const target: OnConflictTargetNode | null =
+			expressions.length > 0 || targetWhere
+				? {
+						node_kind: "on_conflict_target",
+						expressions,
+						where: targetWhere,
+					}
+				: null;
+
+		let action: OnConflictActionNode;
+		if (ctx.do_nothing?.length) {
+			action = { node_kind: "on_conflict_do_nothing" };
+		} else {
+			const assignmentNodes = ctx.assignments ?? [];
+			const assignments = assignmentNodes.map(
+				(node) => this.visit(node) as SetClauseNode
+			);
+			if (assignments.length === 0) {
+				throw new Error("ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE requires assignments");
+			}
+			const actionWhereNode = ctx.action_where?.[0];
+			const actionWhere = actionWhereNode
+				? (this.visit(actionWhereNode) as ExpressionNode)
+				: null;
+			action = {
+				node_kind: "on_conflict_do_update",
+				assignments,
+				where: actionWhere,
+			};
+		}
+
+		return {
+			node_kind: "on_conflict_clause",
+			target,
+			action,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public limit_clause(ctx: { value: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const expressionNode = ctx.value?.[0];
+		if (!expressionNode) {
+			throw new Error("limit clause missing value");
+		}
+		return this.visit(expressionNode) as ExpressionNode;
+	}
+
+	public offset_clause(ctx: { value: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const expressionNode = ctx.value?.[0];
+		if (!expressionNode) {
+			throw new Error("offset clause missing value");
+		}
+		return this.visit(expressionNode) as ExpressionNode;
+	}
+
+	public select_list(ctx: { items?: CstNode[] }): SelectItemNode[] {
+		const items = ctx.items ?? [];
+		if (items.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("select list is missing");
+		}
+		return items.map((item) => this.visit(item) as SelectItemNode);
+	}
+
+	public select_item(ctx: {
+		expression?: CstNode[];
+		alias?: CstNode[];
+		star?: IToken[];
+		qualifier?: CstNode[];
+		qualifiedStar?: IToken[];
+	}): SelectItemNode {
+		if (ctx.star?.[0]) {
+			const star: SelectStarNode = { node_kind: "select_star" };
+			return star;
+		}
+
+		if (ctx.qualifiedStar?.[0]) {
+			const qualifiers =
+				ctx.qualifier?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as IdentifierNode) ?? [];
+			const qualified: SelectQualifiedStarNode = {
+				node_kind: "select_qualified_star",
+				qualifier: qualifiers,
+			};
+			return qualified;
+		}
+
+		const expressionNode = ctx.expression?.[0];
+		if (!expressionNode) {
+			throw new Error("select item missing expression");
+		}
+		const expression = this.visit(expressionNode) as ExpressionNode;
+		const aliasNode = ctx.alias?.[0];
+		const alias = aliasNode ? (this.visit(aliasNode) as IdentifierNode) : null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "select_expression",
+			expression,
+			alias,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public table_reference(ctx: {
+		table?: CstNode[];
+		alias?: CstNode[];
+		nested?: CstNode[];
+		select?: CstNode[];
+	}): RelationNode {
+		const nestedNode = ctx.nested?.[0];
+		if (nestedNode) {
+			const relation = this.visit(nestedNode) as RelationNode;
+			const aliasToken = ctx.alias?.[0] ?? null;
+			if (!aliasToken) {
+				return relation;
+			}
+			const aliasIdentifier = this.visit(aliasToken) as IdentifierNode;
+			if (relation.node_kind === "table_reference") {
+				return {
+					...relation,
+					alias: aliasIdentifier,
+				};
+			}
+			if (relation.node_kind === "subquery") {
+				return {
+					...relation,
+					alias: aliasIdentifier,
+				};
+			}
+			return relation;
+		}
+		const selectNode = ctx.select?.[0];
+		if (selectNode) {
+			const aliasToken = ctx.alias?.[0] ?? null;
+			const alias = aliasToken
+				? (this.visit(aliasToken) as IdentifierNode)
+				: null;
+			const statement = this.visit(selectNode) as
+				| SelectStatementNode
+				| CompoundSelectNode;
+			const subquery: SubqueryNode = {
+				node_kind: "subquery",
+				statement,
+				alias,
+			};
+			return subquery;
+		}
+		const tableNode = ctx.table?.[0];
+		if (!tableNode) {
+			throw new Error("table reference is missing");
+		}
+		const name = this.visit(tableNode) as ObjectNameNode;
+		const aliasNode = ctx.alias?.[0];
+		const alias = aliasNode ? (this.visit(aliasNode) as IdentifierNode) : null;
+		const tableRef: TableReferenceNode = {
+			node_kind: "table_reference",
+			name,
+			alias,
+		};
+		return tableRef;
+	}
+
+	public table_name(ctx: { parts?: CstNode[] }): ObjectNameNode {
+		const parts =
+			ctx.parts?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as IdentifierNode) ?? [];
+		if (parts.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("table name is missing");
+		}
+		return {
+			node_kind: "object_name",
+			parts,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public join_clause(ctx: {
+		join_type?: IToken[];
+		table?: CstNode[];
+		on_expression?: CstNode[];
+	}): JoinClauseNode {
+		const tableNode = ctx.table?.[0];
+		if (!tableNode) {
+			throw new Error("join clause is missing table reference");
+		}
+		const relation = this.visit(tableNode) as RelationNode;
+		const joinTypeToken = ctx.join_type?.[0];
+		const joinType = joinTypeToken
+			? normalizeJoinType(joinTypeToken.image)
+			: "inner";
+		const onNode = ctx.on_expression?.[0];
+		const onExpression = onNode ? (this.visit(onNode) as ExpressionNode) : null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "join_clause",
+			join_type: joinType,
+			relation,
+			on_expression: onExpression,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public where_clause(ctx: { expression: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const expression = ctx.expression?.[0];
+		if (!expression) {
+			throw new Error("where clause is empty");
+		}
+		return this.visit(expression) as ExpressionNode;
+	}
+
+	public or_expression(ctx: { operands?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const operands =
+			ctx.operands?.map((operand) => this.visit(operand) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (operands.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("logical expression missing operands");
+		}
+		return foldBinaryExpression("or", operands);
+	}
+
+	public and_expression(ctx: { operands?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const operands =
+			ctx.operands?.map((operand) => this.visit(operand) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (operands.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("logical expression missing operands");
+		}
+		return foldBinaryExpression("and", operands);
+	}
+
+	public atomic_predicate(ctx: {
+		unary_not?: IToken[];
+		negated?: CstNode[];
+		left_expression?: CstNode[];
+		comparison_operator?: CstNode[];
+		comparison_value?: CstNode[];
+		is_not?: IToken[];
+		is_operator?: IToken[];
+		between_start?: CstNode[];
+		between_end?: CstNode[];
+		in_list?: CstNode[];
+		in_subquery?: CstNode[];
+		in_not?: IToken[];
+		like_pattern?: CstNode[];
+		like_not?: IToken[];
+		inner?: CstNode[];
+		exists?: IToken[];
+		exists_subquery?: CstNode[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		if (ctx.unary_not?.[0]) {
+			const inner = ctx.negated?.[0];
+			if (!inner) {
+				throw new Error("not predicate missing operand");
+			}
+			const expression = this.visit(inner) as ExpressionNode;
+			return createUnaryExpression("not", expression);
+		}
+
+		if ((ctx as { exists?: IToken[] }).exists?.[0]) {
+			const subqueryNode = (ctx as { exists_subquery?: CstNode[] })
+				.exists_subquery?.[0];
+			if (!subqueryNode) {
+				throw new Error("exists predicate missing subquery");
+			}
+			const statement = this.visit(subqueryNode) as
+				| SelectStatementNode
+				| CompoundSelectNode;
+			return createExistsExpression(statement);
+		}
+
+		const leftExpressionNode = ctx.left_expression?.[0];
+		if (leftExpressionNode) {
+			const leftOperand = this.visit(leftExpressionNode) as ExpressionNode;
+			const comparisonOperatorNode = ctx.comparison_operator?.[0];
+			if (comparisonOperatorNode) {
+				const comparisonValueNode = ctx.comparison_value?.[0];
+				if (!comparisonValueNode) {
+					throw new Error("comparison predicate missing right operand");
+				}
+				const operator = this.visit(comparisonOperatorNode) as BinaryOperator;
+				const rightOperand = this.visit(comparisonValueNode) as ExpressionNode;
+				return createBinaryExpression(leftOperand, operator, rightOperand);
+			}
+			const betweenStartNode = ctx.between_start?.[0];
+			const betweenEndNode = ctx.between_end?.[0];
+			if (betweenStartNode && betweenEndNode) {
+				const start = this.visit(betweenStartNode) as ExpressionNode;
+				const end = this.visit(betweenEndNode) as ExpressionNode;
+				return createBetweenExpression(leftOperand, start, end, false);
+			}
+			const inListNode = ctx.in_list?.[0];
+			if (inListNode) {
+				const listItems = this.visit(inListNode) as ExpressionNode[];
+				return createInListExpression(
+					leftOperand,
+					listItems,
+					Boolean(ctx.in_not?.length)
+				);
+			}
+			const inSubqueryNode = ctx.in_subquery?.[0];
+			if (inSubqueryNode) {
+				const statement = this.visit(inSubqueryNode) as
+					| SelectStatementNode
+					| CompoundSelectNode;
+				const subqueryExpression: SubqueryExpressionNode = {
+					node_kind: "subquery_expression",
+					statement,
+				};
+				return createInListExpression(
+					leftOperand,
+					[subqueryExpression],
+					Boolean(ctx.in_not?.length)
+				);
+			}
+			const likePatternNode = ctx.like_pattern?.[0];
+			if (likePatternNode) {
+				const pattern = this.visit(likePatternNode) as ExpressionNode;
+				const operator: BinaryOperator = ctx.like_not?.length
+					? "not_like"
+					: "like";
+				return createBinaryExpression(leftOperand, operator, pattern);
+			}
+			if (ctx.is_operator?.length) {
+				const operator: BinaryOperator = ctx.is_not?.length ? "is_not" : "is";
+				const nullLiteral = createLiteralNode(null);
+				return createBinaryExpression(leftOperand, operator, nullLiteral);
+			}
+			return leftOperand;
+		}
+		const inner = ctx.inner?.[0];
+		if (!inner) {
+			throw new Error("predicate is neither comparison nor grouped expression");
+		}
+		const expression = this.visit(inner) as ExpressionNode;
+		return expression.node_kind === "grouped_expression"
+			? expression
+			: ({
+					node_kind: "grouped_expression",
+					expression,
+				} satisfies GroupedExpressionNode);
+	}
+
+	public additive_expression(ctx: {
+		operands?: CstNode[];
+		operators?: IToken[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		const operands =
+			ctx.operands?.map((operand) => this.visit(operand) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (operands.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("additive expression missing operands");
+		}
+		const operators = ctx.operators ?? [];
+		let current = operands[0]!;
+		for (let index = 0; index < operators.length; index += 1) {
+			const operatorToken = operators[index]!;
+			const operator = mapArithmeticOperator(operatorToken.image);
+			const right = operands[index + 1]!;
+			current = createBinaryExpression(current, operator, right);
+		}
+		return current;
+	}
+
+	public expression(ctx: { expression?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode {
+		const node = ctx.expression?.[0];
+		if (!node) {
+			throw new Error("expression node missing");
+		}
+		return this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode;
+	}
+
+	public multiplicative_expression(ctx: {
+		operands?: CstNode[];
+		operators?: IToken[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		const operands =
+			ctx.operands?.map((operand) => this.visit(operand) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (operands.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("multiplicative expression missing operands");
+		}
+		const operators = ctx.operators ?? [];
+		let current = operands[0]!;
+		for (let index = 0; index < operators.length; index += 1) {
+			const operatorToken = operators[index]!;
+			const operator = mapArithmeticOperator(operatorToken.image);
+			const right = operands[index + 1]!;
+			current = createBinaryExpression(current, operator, right);
+		}
+		return current;
+	}
+
+	public concatenation_expression(ctx: {
+		operands?: CstNode[];
+		operators?: IToken[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		const operands =
+			ctx.operands?.map((operand) => this.visit(operand) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (operands.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("concatenation expression missing operands");
+		}
+		const operators = ctx.operators ?? [];
+		let current = operands[0]!;
+		for (let index = 0; index < operators.length; index += 1) {
+			const operatorToken = operators[index]!;
+			const operator = mapArithmeticOperator(operatorToken.image);
+			const right = operands[index + 1]!;
+			current = createBinaryExpression(current, operator, right);
+		}
+		return current;
+	}
+
+	public unary_expression(ctx: {
+		unaryOperator?: IToken[];
+		operand?: CstNode[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		const operandNode = ctx.operand?.[0];
+		if (!operandNode) {
+			throw new Error("unary expression missing operand");
+		}
+		const operand = this.visit(operandNode) as ExpressionNode;
+		const operatorToken = ctx.unaryOperator?.[0];
+		if (!operatorToken) {
+			return operand;
+		}
+		const image = operatorToken.image.toLowerCase();
+		let unaryOperator: UnaryOperator;
+		if (image === "-") {
+			unaryOperator = "minus";
+		} else if (image === "not") {
+			unaryOperator = "not";
+		} else {
+			throw new Error("unsupported unary operator");
+		}
+		return createUnaryExpression(unaryOperator, operand);
+	}
+
+	public primary_expression(ctx: {
+		parameter?: IToken[];
+		string?: IToken[];
+		number?: IToken[];
+		nullLiteral?: IToken[];
+		reference?: CstNode[];
+		callIdentifier?: IToken[];
+		callArguments?: CstNode[];
+		subselect?: CstNode[];
+		inner?: CstNode[];
+		caseExpression?: CstNode[];
+	}): ExpressionNode {
+		const parameter = ctx.parameter?.[0];
+		if (parameter) {
+			const parameterNode: ParameterExpressionNode = {
+				node_kind: "parameter",
+				placeholder: parameter.image ?? "?",
+				position: -1,
+			};
+			return parameterNode;
+		}
+		const stringLiteral = ctx.string?.[0];
+		if (stringLiteral?.image) {
+			return createLiteralNode(normalizeStringLiteral(stringLiteral.image));
+		}
+		const numberLiteral = ctx.number?.[0];
+		if (numberLiteral?.image) {
+			return createLiteralNode(Number(numberLiteral.image));
+		}
+		const nullLiteral = ctx.nullLiteral?.[0];
+		if (nullLiteral) {
+			return createLiteralNode(null);
+		}
+		const caseExpression = ctx.caseExpression?.[0];
+		if (caseExpression) {
+			return this.visit(caseExpression) as ExpressionNode;
+		}
+		const callIdentifier = ctx.callIdentifier?.[0];
+		if (callIdentifier?.image) {
+			let args: FunctionCallArgumentNode[] = [];
+			const starToken = (ctx as { callStar?: IToken[] }).callStar?.[0];
+			if (starToken) {
+				args = [{ node_kind: "all_columns" }];
+			} else {
+				args =
+					ctx.callArguments?.map(
+						(argument) => this.visit(argument) as ExpressionNode
+					) ?? [];
+			}
+			const overClause = (ctx as { overClause?: CstNode[] }).overClause?.[0];
+			const over = overClause
+				? (this.visit(overClause) as
+						| WindowSpecificationNode
+						| WindowReferenceNode)
+				: null;
+			const functionCall: FunctionCallExpressionNode = {
+				node_kind: "function_call",
+				name: identifier(callIdentifier.image),
+				arguments: args,
+				over,
+			};
+			return functionCall;
+		}
+		const reference = ctx.reference?.[0];
+		if (reference) {
+			return this.visit(reference) as ExpressionNode;
+		}
+		const subselect = ctx.subselect?.[0];
+		if (subselect) {
+			const statement = this.visit(subselect) as
+				| SelectStatementNode
+				| CompoundSelectNode;
+			return {
+				node_kind: "subquery_expression",
+				statement,
+			};
+		}
+		const inner = ctx.inner?.[0];
+		if (!inner) {
+			throw new Error("primary expression is empty");
+		}
+		const expression = this.visit(inner) as ExpressionNode;
+		if (expression.node_kind === "grouped_expression") {
+			return expression;
+		}
+		const grouped: GroupedExpressionNode = {
+			node_kind: "grouped_expression",
+			expression,
+		};
+		return grouped;
+	}
+
+	public over_clause(ctx: {
+		windowName?: IToken[];
+		windowSpec?: CstNode[];
+	}): WindowSpecificationNode | WindowReferenceNode {
+		const nameToken = ctx.windowName?.[0];
+		if (nameToken?.image) {
+			return {
+				node_kind: "window_reference",
+				name: identifier(nameToken.image),
+			};
+		}
+		const specNode = ctx.windowSpec?.[0];
+		if (specNode) {
+			return this.visit(specNode) as WindowSpecificationNode;
+		}
+		return {
+			node_kind: "window_specification",
+			name: null,
+			partition_by: [],
+			order_by: [],
+			frame: null,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public window_specification(ctx: {
+		name?: CstNode[];
+		partitionBy?: CstNode[];
+		orderBy?: CstNode[];
+		frame?: CstNode[];
+	}): WindowSpecificationNode {
+		const nameNode = ctx.name?.[0];
+		const name = nameNode ? (this.visit(nameNode) as IdentifierNode) : null;
+		const partitionExpressions =
+			ctx.partitionBy?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode) ?? [];
+		const orderNodes = ctx.orderBy?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.orderBy[0]!) as OrderByItemNode[])
+			: [];
+		const frameNode = ctx.frame?.[0]
+			? (this.visit(ctx.frame[0]!) as WindowFrameNode)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "window_specification",
+			name,
+			partition_by: partitionExpressions,
+			order_by: orderNodes,
+			frame: frameNode,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public window_frame(ctx: {
+		units: IToken[];
+		start?: CstNode[];
+		end?: CstNode[];
+	}): WindowFrameNode {
+		const unitToken = ctx.units[0];
+		const unitImage = unitToken?.image?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+		const units: WindowFrameNode["units"] =
+			unitImage === "range"
+				? "range"
+				: unitImage === "groups"
+					? "groups"
+					: "rows";
+		const startNode = ctx.start?.[0];
+		if (!startNode) {
+			throw new Error("window frame requires a starting bound");
+		}
+		const start = this.visit(startNode) as WindowFrameBoundNode;
+		const endNode = ctx.end?.[0];
+		const end = endNode ? (this.visit(endNode) as WindowFrameBoundNode) : null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "window_frame",
+			units,
+			start,
+			end,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public window_frame_bound(ctx: {
+		unbounded?: IToken[];
+		direction?: IToken[];
+		current?: IToken[];
+		offset?: CstNode[];
+	}): WindowFrameBoundNode {
+		const directionToken = ctx.direction?.[0];
+		if (ctx.unbounded?.length) {
+			if (!directionToken?.image) {
+				throw new Error("UNBOUNDED bound requires direction");
+			}
+			const direction = directionToken.image.toLowerCase();
+			return {
+				node_kind: "window_frame_bound",
+				type:
+					direction === "following"
+						? "unbounded_following"
+						: "unbounded_preceding",
+				offset: null,
+			};
+		}
+		if (ctx.current?.length) {
+			return {
+				node_kind: "window_frame_bound",
+				type: "current_row",
+				offset: null,
+			};
+		}
+		const offsetNode = ctx.offset?.[0];
+		if (!offsetNode || !directionToken?.image) {
+			throw new Error("window frame bound requires offset and direction");
+		}
+		const direction = directionToken.image.toLowerCase();
+		const offset = this.visit(offsetNode) as ExpressionNode;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "window_frame_bound",
+			type: direction === "following" ? "following" : "preceding",
+			offset,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public case_expression(ctx: {
+		operand?: CstNode[];
+		when_condition?: CstNode[];
+		when_value?: CstNode[];
+		then_expression: CstNode[];
+		else_expression?: CstNode[];
+	}): CaseExpressionNode {
+		const operandNode = ctx.operand?.[0];
+		const operand = operandNode
+			? (this.visit(operandNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		const conditions =
+			ctx.when_condition?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			ctx.when_value?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		const results =
+			ctx.then_expression?.map((node) => this.visit(node) as ExpressionNode) ??
+			[];
+		if (conditions.length !== results.length) {
+			throw new Error(
+				"CASE expression requires matching WHEN and THEN clauses"
+			);
+		}
+		const branches = conditions.map((condition, index) => ({
+			condition,
+			result: results[index]!,
+		}));
+		const elseNode = ctx.else_expression?.[0];
+		const elseExpression = elseNode
+			? (this.visit(elseNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "case_expression",
+			operand,
+			branches,
+			else_result: elseExpression,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public column_reference(ctx: { parts?: CstNode[] }): ColumnReferenceNode {
+		const parts =
+			ctx.parts?.map((part) => this.visit(part) as IdentifierNode) ?? [];
+		if (parts.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("column reference is missing");
+		}
+		if (parts.length === 1 || parts.length === 2) {
+			return {
+				node_kind: "column_reference",
+				path: parts,
+			};
+		}
+		throw new Error(
+			"column references with nested paths are not supported yet"
+		);
+	}
+
+	public assignment_item(ctx: {
+		column?: CstNode[];
+		value?: CstNode[];
+	}): SetClauseNode {
+		const columnNode = ctx.column?.[0];
+		if (!columnNode) {
+			throw new Error("assignment missing column");
+		}
+		const valueNode = ctx.value?.[0];
+		if (!valueNode) {
+			throw new Error("assignment missing value");
+		}
+		const column = this.visit(columnNode) as ColumnReferenceNode;
+		const value = this.visit(valueNode) as ExpressionNode;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "set_clause",
+			column,
+			value,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public update_statement(ctx: {
+		table?: CstNode[];
+		assignments?: CstNode[];
+		where_clause?: CstNode[];
+	}): UpdateStatementNode {
+		const tableNode = ctx.table?.[0];
+		if (!tableNode) {
+			throw new Error("update statement missing table reference");
+		}
+		const targetRelation = this.visit(tableNode) as RelationNode;
+		if (targetRelation.node_kind !== "table_reference") {
+			throw new Error("update statement requires a base table reference");
+		}
+		const assignments =
+			ctx.assignments?.map(
+				(assignment) => this.visit(assignment) as SetClauseNode
+			) ?? [];
+		if (assignments.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("update statement missing assignments");
+		}
+		const whereNode = ctx.where_clause?.[0];
+		const whereClause = whereNode
+			? (this.visit(whereNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "update_statement",
+			target: targetRelation,
+			assignments,
+			where_clause: whereClause,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public delete_statement(ctx: {
+		table?: CstNode[];
+		where_clause?: CstNode[];
+	}): DeleteStatementNode {
+		const tableNode = ctx.table?.[0];
+		if (!tableNode) {
+			throw new Error("delete statement missing table reference");
+		}
+		const targetRelation = this.visit(tableNode) as RelationNode;
+		if (targetRelation.node_kind !== "table_reference") {
+			throw new Error("delete statement requires a base table reference");
+		}
+		const whereNode = ctx.where_clause?.[0];
+		const whereClause = whereNode
+			? (this.visit(whereNode) as ExpressionNode)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "delete_statement",
+			target: targetRelation,
+			where_clause: whereClause,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public expression_list(ctx: { items?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode[] {
+		return ctx.items?.map((item) => this.visit(item) as ExpressionNode) ?? [];
+	}
+
+	public values_list(ctx: { rows?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode[][] {
+		const rows = ctx.rows ?? [];
+		if (rows.length === 0) {
+			throw new Error("values list is empty");
+		}
+		return rows.map((row) => this.visit(row) as ExpressionNode[]);
+	}
+
+	public values_clause(ctx: { values?: CstNode[] }): ExpressionNode[] {
+		const valuesNode = ctx.values?.[0];
+		if (!valuesNode) {
+			throw new Error("values clause missing expressions");
+		}
+		return this.visit(valuesNode) as ExpressionNode[];
+	}
+
+	public order_by_clause(ctx: { items?: CstNode[] }): OrderByItemNode[] {
+		return ctx.items?.map((item) => this.visit(item) as OrderByItemNode) ?? [];
+	}
+
+	public order_by_item(ctx: {
+		expression?: CstNode[];
+		direction?: IToken[];
+	}): OrderByItemNode {
+		const expressionNode = ctx.expression?.[0];
+		if (!expressionNode) {
+			throw new Error("order by item missing expression");
+		}
+		const expression = this.visit(expressionNode) as ExpressionNode;
+		const directionToken = ctx.direction?.[0];
+		const direction = directionToken
+			? normalizeOrderDirection(directionToken.image)
+			: null;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "order_by_item",
+			expression,
+			direction,
+		};
+	}
+
+	public comparison_operator(ctx: { operator?: IToken[] }): BinaryOperator {
+		const token = ctx.operator?.[0];
+		if (!token) {
+			throw new Error("comparison operator token missing");
+		}
+		return mapComparisonOperator(token.image);
+	}
+
+	public identifier(ctx: {
+		Identifier?: IToken[];
+		QuotedIdentifier?: IToken[];
+	}): IdentifierNode {
+		const token = ctx.Identifier?.[0] ?? ctx.QuotedIdentifier?.[0];
+		if (!token?.image) {
+			throw new Error("identifier token missing");
+		}
+		const isQuoted = token.tokenType?.name === "QuotedIdentifier";
+		const value = isQuoted
+			? token.image.slice(1, -1).replace(/""/g, '"')
+			: token.image;
+		return {
+			node_kind: "identifier",
+			value,
+			quoted: isQuoted,
+		};
+	}
+}
+
+const visitor = new ToAstVisitor();
+
+function createLiteralNode(
+	value: string | number | boolean | null
+): LiteralNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "literal",
+		value,
+	};
+}
+
+function createBinaryExpression(
+	left: ExpressionNode,
+	operator: BinaryOperator,
+	right: ExpressionNode
+): BinaryExpressionNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "binary_expression",
+		left,
+		operator,
+		right,
+	};
+}
+
+function foldBinaryExpression(
+	operator: BinaryOperator,
+	operands: readonly ExpressionNode[]
+): ExpressionNode {
+	let current = operands[0]!;
+	for (let index = 1; index < operands.length; index += 1) {
+		current = createBinaryExpression(current, operator, operands[index]!);
+	}
+	return current;
+}
+
+function createInListExpression(
+	operand: ExpressionNode,
+	items: readonly ExpressionNode[],
+	negated: boolean
+): InListExpressionNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "in_list_expression",
+		operand,
+		items,
+		negated,
+	};
+}
+
+function createExistsExpression(
+	statement: SelectStatementNode | CompoundSelectNode
+): ExistsExpressionNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "exists_expression",
+		statement,
+	};
+}
+
+function createBetweenExpression(
+	operand: ExpressionNode,
+	start: ExpressionNode,
+	end: ExpressionNode,
+	negated: boolean
+): BetweenExpressionNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "between_expression",
+		operand,
+		start,
+		end,
+		negated,
+	};
+}
+
+function createUnaryExpression(
+	operator: UnaryOperator,
+	operand: ExpressionNode
+): UnaryExpressionNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "unary_expression",
+		operator,
+		operand,
+	};
+}
+
+function mapArithmeticOperator(image: string): BinaryOperator {
+	switch (image) {
+		case "||":
+		case "+":
+		case "-":
+		case "*":
+		case "/":
+		case "%":
+		case "->":
+		case "->>":
+			return image as BinaryOperator;
+		default:
+			throw new Error(`unsupported arithmetic operator '${image}'`);
+	}
+}
+
+function mapComparisonOperator(image: string): BinaryOperator {
+	switch (image) {
+		case "=":
+		case "!=":
+		case "<>":
+		case ">":
+		case ">=":
+		case "<":
+		case "<=":
+			return image as BinaryOperator;
+	}
+
+	const keyword = image.toLowerCase();
+	if (keyword === "match" || keyword === "glob" || keyword === "regexp") {
+		return keyword as BinaryOperator;
+	}
+
+	throw new Error(`unsupported comparison operator '${image}'`);
+}
+
+function normalizeJoinType(value: string): JoinType {
+	switch (value.toLowerCase()) {
+		case "inner":
+			return "inner";
+		case "left":
+			return "left";
+		case "right":
+			return "right";
+		case "full":
+			return "full";
+		default:
+			return "inner";
+	}
+}
+
+function normalizeOrderDirection(value: string): "asc" | "desc" {
+	const normalized = value.toLowerCase();
+	if (normalized === "asc" || normalized === "desc") {
+		return normalized;
+	}
+	throw new Error(`unsupported order by direction '${value}'`);
+}
+
+function normalizeStringLiteral(image: string): string {
+	const inner = image.slice(1, -1);
+	return inner.replace(/''/g, "'");
+}
+
+function toStatementNode(root: CstNode): StatementNode {
+	return visitor.visit(root) as StatementNode;
+}
+
+function assignParameterPositions<T extends StatementNode>(statement: T): T {
+	const state = { nextSequential: 0 };
+	assignPositionsInStatement(statement, state);
+	return statement;
+}
+
+function resolveParameterPosition(
+	placeholder: string,
+	state: { nextSequential: number }
+): number {
+	if (isSequentialPlaceholder(placeholder)) {
+		const position = state.nextSequential;
+		state.nextSequential += 1;
+		return position;
+	}
+	const numericMatch = placeholder.match(/^\?(\d+)$/);
+	if (numericMatch) {
+		const numeric = Number(numericMatch[1]) - 1;
+		if (Number.isInteger(numeric) && numeric >= 0) {
+			if (numeric + 1 > state.nextSequential) {
+				state.nextSequential = numeric + 1;
+			}
+			return numeric;
+		}
+	}
+	// Fall back to sequential ordering for unsupported placeholder formats.
+	const position = state.nextSequential;
+	state.nextSequential += 1;
+	return position;
+}
+
+function isSequentialPlaceholder(placeholder: string): boolean {
+	if (placeholder === "" || placeholder === "?") {
+		return true;
+	}
+	if (placeholder.startsWith("?")) {
+		const rest = placeholder.slice(1);
+		return rest.length === 0 || /\D/.test(rest);
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+function countSequentialPlaceholders(sql: string): number {
+	let count = 0;
+	let index = 0;
+	let inSingle = false;
+	let inDouble = false;
+	let inBracket = false;
+	let inLineComment = false;
+	let inBlockComment = false;
+
+	const advance = (step = 1): void => {
+		index += step;
+	};
+
+	while (index < sql.length) {
+		const ch = sql[index]!;
+		const next = sql[index + 1];
+
+		if (inLineComment) {
+			if (ch === "\n") {
+				inLineComment = false;
+			}
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (inBlockComment) {
+			if (ch === "*" && next === "/") {
+				inBlockComment = false;
+				advance(2);
+				continue;
+			}
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!inSingle && !inDouble && !inBracket) {
+			if (ch === "-" && next === "-") {
+				inLineComment = true;
+				advance(2);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (ch === "/" && next === "*") {
+				inBlockComment = true;
+				advance(2);
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!inDouble && !inBracket && ch === "'") {
+			if (inSingle && next === "'") {
+				advance(2);
+				continue;
+			}
+			inSingle = !inSingle;
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!inSingle && !inBracket && ch === '"') {
+			if (inDouble && next === '"') {
+				advance(2);
+				continue;
+			}
+			inDouble = !inDouble;
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!inSingle && !inDouble && ch === "[" && !inBracket) {
+			inBracket = true;
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (inBracket) {
+			if (ch === "]") {
+				inBracket = false;
+			}
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (!inSingle && !inDouble && !inBracket && ch === "?") {
+			let j = index + 1;
+			while (j < sql.length && /\d/.test(sql[j]!)) {
+				j += 1;
+			}
+			if (j === index + 1) {
+				count += 1;
+				advance();
+				continue;
+			}
+			index = j;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		advance();
+	}
+
+	return count;
+}
+
+type ParameterTraversalState = {
+	nextSequential: number;
+};
+
+function assignPositionsInStatement(
+	statement: StatementNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	switch (statement.node_kind) {
+		case "select_statement":
+			assignPositionsInSelect(statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "compound_select":
+			assignPositionsInCompound(statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "insert_statement":
+			assignPositionsInInsert(statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "update_statement":
+			assignPositionsInUpdate(statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "delete_statement":
+			assignPositionsInDelete(statement, state);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+}
+function assignPositionsInSelect(
+	select: SelectStatementNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	if (select.with_clause) {
+		assignPositionsInWithClause(select.with_clause, state);
+	}
+	for (const item of select.projection) {
+		assignPositionsInSelectItem(item, state);
+	}
+	for (const clause of select.from_clauses) {
+		assignPositionsInFromClause(clause, state);
+	}
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(select.where_clause, state);
+	for (const order of select.order_by) {
+		assignPositionsInExpression(order.expression, state);
+	}
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(select.limit, state);
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(select.offset, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInCompound(
+	compound: CompoundSelectNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	if (compound.with_clause) {
+		assignPositionsInWithClause(compound.with_clause, state);
+	}
+	assignPositionsInSelect(compound.first, state);
+	for (const branch of compound.compounds) {
+		assignPositionsInSelect(branch.select, state);
+	}
+	for (const item of compound.order_by) {
+		assignPositionsInExpression(item.expression, state);
+	}
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(compound.limit, state);
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(compound.offset, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInWithClause(
+	withClause: WithClauseNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	for (const cte of withClause.ctes) {
+		assignPositionsInStatement(cte.statement, state);
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInSelectItem(
+	item: SelectItemNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	if (item.node_kind === "select_expression") {
+		assignPositionsInExpression(item.expression, state);
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInFromClause(
+	clause: FromClauseNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	assignPositionsInRelation(clause.relation, state);
+	for (const join of clause.joins) {
+		assignPositionsInJoin(join, state);
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInJoin(
+	join: JoinClauseNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	assignPositionsInRelation(join.relation, state);
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(join.on_expression, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInRelation(
+	relation: RelationNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	switch (relation.node_kind) {
+		case "subquery":
+			assignPositionsInStatement(relation.statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "raw_fragment":
+			state.nextSequential += countSequentialPlaceholders(relation.sql_text);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInInsert(
+	statement: InsertStatementNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	assignPositionsInInsertSource(statement.source, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInInsertSource(
+	source: InsertValuesNode | InsertDefaultValuesNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	if (source.node_kind === "insert_default_values") {
+		return;
+	}
+	for (const row of source.rows) {
+		for (const expression of row) {
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression, state);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInUpdate(
+	statement: UpdateStatementNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	for (const clause of statement.assignments) {
+		assignPositionsInExpression(clause.value, state);
+	}
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(statement.where_clause, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInDelete(
+	statement: DeleteStatementNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(statement.where_clause, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInExpressionOrFragment(
+	expression: ExpressionNode | RawFragmentNode | null,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	if (!expression) {
+		return;
+	}
+	if ("sql_text" in expression) {
+		state.nextSequential += countSequentialPlaceholders(expression.sql_text);
+		return;
+	}
+	assignPositionsInExpression(expression, state);
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInExpression(
+	expression: ExpressionNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	switch (expression.node_kind) {
+		case "parameter":
+			assignPositionToParameter(expression, state);
+			break;
+		case "grouped_expression":
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.expression, state);
+			break;
+		case "binary_expression":
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.left, state);
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.right, state);
+			break;
+		case "unary_expression":
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.operand, state);
+			break;
+		case "in_list_expression":
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.operand, state);
+			for (const item of expression.items) {
+				assignPositionsInExpression(item, state);
+			}
+			break;
+		case "between_expression":
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.operand, state);
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.start, state);
+			assignPositionsInExpression(expression.end, state);
+			break;
+		case "function_call":
+			for (const argument of expression.arguments) {
+				if (argument.node_kind === "all_columns") {
+					continue;
+				}
+				assignPositionsInExpression(argument, state);
+			}
+			break;
+		case "subquery_expression":
+			assignPositionsInStatement(expression.statement, state);
+			break;
+		case "raw_fragment":
+			state.nextSequential += countSequentialPlaceholders(expression.sql_text);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+function assignPositionToParameter(
+	parameter: ParameterExpressionNode,
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	const position = resolveParameterPosition(
+		parameter.placeholder ?? "?",
+		state
+	);
+	(parameter as ParameterExpressionNode & { position: number }).position =
+		position;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses SQL text into one or more segmented statements, falling back to raw
+ * fragments when the grammar cannot represent portions of the input.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const [statement] = parse("SELECT 1");
+ * ```
+ */
+export function parse(sql: string): readonly SegmentedStatementNode[] {
+	const program = parseWithGrammar(sql);
+	if (program.length > 0) {
+		return program;
+	}
+
+	const segmentedFallback = parseWithSegmentation(sql);
+	if (segmentedFallback.length > 0) {
+		return segmentedFallback;
+	}
+
+	return [createSegmentedStatement([createRawFragment(sql)])];
+}
+
+export { parseCst } from "./cst.js";
+
+function parseWithGrammar(sql: string): SegmentedStatementNode[] {
+	const root = parseCst(sql);
+	if (!root) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	const statement = toStatementNode(root);
+	return [createSegmentedStatement([statement])];
+}
+
+function parseWithSegmentation(sql: string): SegmentedStatementNode[] {
+	const segments = segmentSelectStatements(sql);
+	if (!segments) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	return [createSegmentedStatement(segments)];
+}
+
+function createSegmentedStatement(
+	segments: StatementSegmentNode[]
+): SegmentedStatementNode {
+	const state: ParameterTraversalState = { nextSequential: 0 };
+	assignPositionsInSegments(segments, state);
+	return {
+		node_kind: "segmented_statement",
+		segments,
+	};
+}
+
+export function normalizeSegmentedStatement(
+	statement: SegmentedStatementNode
+): SegmentedStatementNode {
+	const segments = [...statement.segments] as StatementSegmentNode[];
+	const state: ParameterTraversalState = { nextSequential: 0 };
+	assignPositionsInSegments(segments, state);
+	return {
+		...statement,
+		segments,
+	};
+}
+
+export function normalizeSegmentedStatements(
+	statements: readonly SegmentedStatementNode[]
+): SegmentedStatementNode[] {
+	return statements.map((statement) => normalizeSegmentedStatement(statement));
+}
+
+function assignPositionsInSegments(
+	segments: StatementSegmentNode[],
+	state: ParameterTraversalState
+): void {
+	for (const segment of segments) {
+		if (segment.node_kind === "raw_fragment") {
+			state.nextSequential += countSequentialPlaceholders(segment.sql_text);
+			continue;
+		}
+		assignPositionsInStatement(segment, state);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extracts SELECT statements that appear within parenthesised regions while
+ * preserving surrounding fragments as raw nodes.
+ */
+function segmentSelectStatements(sql: string): StatementSegmentNode[] | null {
+	const segments: StatementSegmentNode[] = [];
+	let cursor = 0;
+	let depth = 0;
+	let inSingleQuotedString = false;
+
+	for (let index = 0; index < sql.length; index += 1) {
+		const ch = sql[index]!;
+
+		if (inSingleQuotedString) {
+			if (ch === "'") {
+				const next = sql[index + 1];
+				if (next === "'") {
+					index += 1;
+					continue;
+				}
+				inSingleQuotedString = false;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "'") {
+			inSingleQuotedString = true;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "(") {
+			depth += 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === ")") {
+			if (depth > 0) {
+				depth -= 1;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const isSelectKeyword = isKeywordAt(sql, index, "select");
+		if (!isSelectKeyword || !isIdentifierBoundary(sql, index - 1)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const interstitial = sql.slice(cursor, index).trim().toLowerCase();
+		const isAfterUnion = /(?:^|\s)union(?:\s+all)?$/.test(interstitial);
+		if (!(depth > 0 || segments.length === 0 || isAfterUnion)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		{
+			const endIndex = findSelectBoundary(sql, index, depth);
+			if (endIndex === null || endIndex <= index) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			if (index > cursor) {
+				const fragmentSql = sql.slice(cursor, index);
+				if (fragmentSql.length > 0) {
+					segments.push(createRawFragment(fragmentSql));
+				}
+			}
+
+			const selectSql = sql.slice(index, endIndex);
+			const parsed = parseSimpleStatement(selectSql);
+			if (!parsed || parsed.node_kind !== "select_statement") {
+				return null;
+			}
+			segments.push(parsed);
+
+			cursor = endIndex;
+			index = endIndex - 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (segments.length === 0) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	if (cursor < sql.length) {
+		const trailing = sql.slice(cursor);
+		if (trailing.length > 0) {
+			segments.push(createRawFragment(trailing));
+		}
+	}
+
+	return segments;
+}
+
+function parseSimpleStatement(sql: string): StatementNode | null {
+	const root = parseCst(sql);
+	if (!root) {
+		return null;
+	}
+	return toStatementNode(root);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locates the end of a SELECT segment, stopping at UNION keywords or the
+ * closing parenthesis that owns the statement.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const end = findSelectBoundary("SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 2", 0, 0);
+ * ```
+ */
+function findSelectBoundary(
+	sql: string,
+	startIndex: number,
+	startDepth: number
+): number | null {
+	let depth = startDepth;
+	let inSingleQuotedString = false;
+
+	for (let index = startIndex; index < sql.length; index += 1) {
+		const ch = sql[index]!;
+
+		if (inSingleQuotedString) {
+			if (ch === "'") {
+				const next = sql[index + 1];
+				if (next === "'") {
+					index += 1;
+					continue;
+				}
+				inSingleQuotedString = false;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "'") {
+			inSingleQuotedString = true;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "(") {
+			depth += 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === ")") {
+			depth -= 1;
+			if (depth < startDepth) {
+				return index;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (depth === startDepth && isKeywordAt(sql, index, "union")) {
+			return index;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sql.length;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether the given keyword appears at the specified index.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * isKeywordAt("UNION", 0, "union") === true;
+ * ```
+ */
+function isKeywordAt(sql: string, index: number, keyword: string): boolean {
+	if (index < 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	const remaining = sql.length - index;
+	if (remaining < keyword.length) {
+		return false;
+	}
+	const candidate = sql.slice(index, index + keyword.length).toLowerCase();
+	return candidate === keyword;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether the character at a position can precede an identifier.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * isIdentifierBoundary(" SELECT", 0) === true;
+ * ```
+ */
+function isIdentifierBoundary(sql: string, index: number): boolean {
+	if (index < 0) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	const ch = sql[index]!;
+	return !/[a-zA-Z0-9_]/.test(ch);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wraps SQL text in a raw fragment node.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const fragment = createRawFragment("UNSUPPORTED()");
+ * ```
+ */
+function createRawFragment(sql: string): RawFragmentNode {
+	return {
+		node_kind: "raw_fragment",
+		sql_text: sql,
+	};
+}