@lakutata/math 0.0.0-stage → 3.1.3

package/vendor/boost/math/include/boost/math/statistics/univariate_statistics.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1184 @@
+//  (C) Copyright Nick Thompson 2018.
+//  (C) Copyright Matt Borland 2020.
+//  Use, modification and distribution are subject to the
+//  Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
+//  LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_STATISTICS_UNIVARIATE_STATISTICS_HPP
+#define BOOST_MATH_STATISTICS_UNIVARIATE_STATISTICS_HPP
+
+#include <boost/math/statistics/detail/single_pass.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/tools/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/tools/assert.hpp>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <vector>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <list>
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MATH_EXEC_COMPATIBLE
+#include <execution>
+
+namespace boost::math::statistics {
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto mean(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(first != last, "At least one sample is required to compute the mean.");
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            return detail::mean_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return std::reduce(exec, first, last, 0.0) / std::distance(first, last);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            return detail::mean_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return std::reduce(exec, first, last, Real(0.0)) / Real(std::distance(first, last));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto mean(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return mean(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto mean(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return mean(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto mean(Container const & v)
+{
+    return mean(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+           return std::get<2>(detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double>>(first, last));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+            return std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            return std::get<2>(detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+            return std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return variance(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto variance(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return variance(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto variance(Container const & v)
+{
+    return variance(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto sample_variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(n > 1, "At least two samples are required to compute the sample variance.");
+    return n*variance(exec, first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto sample_variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return sample_variance(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto sample_variance(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return sample_variance(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto sample_variance(Container const & v)
+{
+    return sample_variance(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto mean_and_sample_variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<2>(results)*std::get<3>(results)/(std::get<3>(results)-1.0));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / (std::get<4>(results)-1.0));
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<2>(results)*std::get<3>(results)/(std::get<3>(results)-Real(1)));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / (std::get<4>(results)-Real(1)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto mean_and_sample_variance(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return mean_and_sample_variance(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto mean_and_sample_variance(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return mean_and_sample_variance(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto mean_and_sample_variance(Container const & v)
+{
+    return mean_and_sample_variance(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto first_four_moments(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                                std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                                   std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                                   std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_parallel_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+            return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                                   std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto first_four_moments(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return first_four_moments(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto first_four_moments(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return first_four_moments(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto first_four_moments(Container const & v)
+{
+    return first_four_moments(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+// https://prod.sandia.gov/techlib-noauth/access-control.cgi/2008/086212.pdf
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto skewness(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+    using std::sqrt;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+        {
+            return detail::skewness_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return detail::skewness_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const auto [M1, M2, M3, M4] = first_four_moments(exec, first, last);
+        const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+        const auto var = M2/(n-1);
+
+        if (M2 == 0)
+        {
+            // The limit is technically undefined, but the interpretation here is clear:
+            // A constant dataset has no skewness.
+            if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+            {
+                return static_cast<double>(0);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return Real(0);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return M3/(M2*sqrt(var)) / Real(2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto skewness(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container & v)
+{
+    return skewness(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto skewness(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return skewness(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto skewness(Container const & v)
+{
+    return skewness(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+// Follows equation 1.6 of:
+// https://prod.sandia.gov/techlib-noauth/access-control.cgi/2008/086212.pdf
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto kurtosis(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto [M1, M2, M3, M4] = first_four_moments(exec, first, last);
+    if (M2 == 0)
+    {
+        return M2;
+    }
+    return M4/(M2*M2);
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto kurtosis(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return kurtosis(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto kurtosis(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return kurtosis(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto kurtosis(Container const & v)
+{
+    return kurtosis(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto excess_kurtosis(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return kurtosis(exec, first, last) - 3;
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto excess_kurtosis(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container const & v)
+{
+    return excess_kurtosis(exec, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto excess_kurtosis(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return excess_kurtosis(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto excess_kurtosis(Container const & v)
+{
+    return excess_kurtosis(std::execution::seq, std::cbegin(v), std::cend(v));
+}
+
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessIterator>
+auto median(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    const auto num_elems = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(num_elems > 0, "The median of a zero length vector is undefined.");
+    if (num_elems & 1)
+    {
+        auto middle = first + (num_elems - 1)/2;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, middle, last);
+        return *middle;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto middle = first + num_elems/2 - 1;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, middle, last);
+        std::nth_element(exec, middle, middle+1, last);
+        return (*middle + *(middle+1))/2;
+    }
+}
+
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto median(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return median(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto median(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    return median(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto median(RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return median(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+#if 0
+//
+// Parallel gini calculation is curently broken, see:
+// https://github.com/boostorg/math/issues/585
+// We will fix this at a later date, for now just use a serial implementation:
+//
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto gini_coefficient(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+
+    if(!std::is_sorted(exec, first, last))
+    {
+        std::sort(exec, first, last);
+    }
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(exec)>, decltype(std::execution::seq)>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+        {
+            return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+        }
+    }
+
+    else if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+    {
+        return detail::gini_coefficient_parallel_impl<double>(exec, first, last);
+    }
+
+    else
+    {
+        return detail::gini_coefficient_parallel_impl<Real>(exec, first, last);
+    }
+}
+#else
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto gini_coefficient(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+   using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+
+   if (!std::is_sorted(exec, first, last))
+   {
+      std::sort(exec, first, last);
+   }
+
+   if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<Real>)
+   {
+      return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+   }
+}
+#endif
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto gini_coefficient(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return gini_coefficient(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    return gini_coefficient(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return gini_coefficient(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto sample_gini_coefficient(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    return n*gini_coefficient(exec, first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto sample_gini_coefficient(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return sample_gini_coefficient(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    return sample_gini_coefficient(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return sample_gini_coefficient(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessIterator>
+auto median_absolute_deviation(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+    typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    using std::abs;
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+    using std::isnan;
+    if (isnan(center))
+    {
+        center = boost::math::statistics::median(exec, first, last);
+    }
+    const auto num_elems = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(num_elems > 0, "The median of a zero-length vector is undefined.");
+    auto comparator = [&center](Real a, Real b) { return abs(a-center) < abs(b-center);};
+    if (num_elems & 1)
+    {
+        auto middle = first + (num_elems - 1)/2;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, middle, last, comparator);
+        return abs(*middle-center);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto middle = first + num_elems/2 - 1;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, middle, last, comparator);
+        std::nth_element(exec, middle, middle+1, last, comparator);
+        return (abs(*middle-center) + abs(*(middle+1)-center))/abs(static_cast<Real>(2));
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto median_absolute_deviation(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessContainer & v,
+    typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    return median_absolute_deviation(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v), center);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto median_absolute_deviation(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+    typename RandomAccessIterator::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename RandomAccessIterator::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    return median_absolute_deviation(std::execution::seq, first, last, center);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto median_absolute_deviation(RandomAccessContainer & v,
+    typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    return median_absolute_deviation(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v), center);
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
+auto interquartile_range(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    using Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+    static_assert(!std::is_integral_v<Real>, "Integer values have not yet been implemented.");
+    auto m = std::distance(first,last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(m >= 3, "At least 3 samples are required to compute the interquartile range.");
+    auto k = m/4;
+    auto j = m - (4*k);
+    // m = 4k+j.
+    // If j = 0 or j = 1, then there are an even number of samples below the median, and an even number above the median.
+    //    Then we must average adjacent elements to get the quartiles.
+    // If j = 2 or j = 3, there are an odd number of samples above and below the median, these elements may be directly extracted to get the quartiles.
+
+    if (j==2 || j==3)
+    {
+        auto q1 = first + k;
+        auto q3 = first + 3*k + j - 1;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, q1, last);
+        Real Q1 = *q1;
+        std::nth_element(exec, q1, q3, last);
+        Real Q3 = *q3;
+        return Q3 - Q1;
+    } else {
+        // j == 0 or j==1:
+        auto q1 = first + k - 1;
+        auto q3 = first + 3*k - 1 + j;
+        std::nth_element(exec, first, q1, last);
+        Real a = *q1;
+        std::nth_element(exec, q1, q1 + 1, last);
+        Real b = *(q1 + 1);
+        Real Q1 = (a+b)/2;
+        std::nth_element(exec, q1, q3, last);
+        a = *q3;
+        std::nth_element(exec, q3, q3 + 1, last);
+        b = *(q3 + 1);
+        Real Q3 = (a+b)/2;
+        return Q3 - Q1;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto interquartile_range(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return interquartile_range(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+inline auto interquartile_range(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    return interquartile_range(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer>
+inline auto interquartile_range(RandomAccessContainer & v)
+{
+    return interquartile_range(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
+inline OutputIterator mode(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    if(!std::is_sorted(exec, first, last))
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::iterator_category(), std::random_access_iterator_tag>)
+        {
+            std::sort(exec, first, last);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            BOOST_MATH_ASSERT("Data must be sorted for sequential mode calculation");
+        }
+    }
+
+    return detail::mode_impl(first, last, output);
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container, class OutputIterator>
+inline OutputIterator mode(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container & v, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    return mode(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v), output);
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
+inline OutputIterator mode(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    return mode(std::execution::seq, first, last, output);
+}
+
+// Requires enable_if_t to not clash with impl that returns std::list
+// Very ugly. std::is_execution_policy_v returns false for the std::execution objects and decltype of the objects (e.g. std::execution::seq)
+template<class Container, class OutputIterator, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_convertible_v<std::execution::sequenced_policy, Container> &&
+                                                                 !std::is_convertible_v<std::execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy, Container> &&
+                                                                 !std::is_convertible_v<std::execution::parallel_policy, Container>
+                                                                 #if __cpp_lib_execution > 201900
+                                                                 && !std::is_convertible_v<std::execution::unsequenced_policy, Container>
+                                                                 #endif
+                                                                 , bool> = true>
+inline OutputIterator mode(Container & v, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    return mode(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v), output);
+}
+
+// std::list is the return type for the proposed STL stats library
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type>
+inline auto mode(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    std::list<Real> modes;
+    mode(exec, first, last, std::inserter(modes, modes.begin()));
+    return modes;
+}
+
+template<class ExecutionPolicy, class Container>
+inline auto mode(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, Container & v)
+{
+    return mode(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+inline auto mode(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return mode(std::execution::seq, first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container>
+inline auto mode(Container & v)
+{
+    return mode(std::execution::seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));
+}
+
+} // Namespace boost::math::statistics
+
+#else // Backwards compatible bindings for C++11 or execution is not implemented
+
+namespace boost { namespace math { namespace statistics {
+
+template<bool B, class T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double mean(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(first != last, "At least one sample is required to compute the mean.");
+    return detail::mean_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double mean(const Container& c)
+{
+    return mean(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real mean(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(first != last, "At least one sample is required to compute the mean.");
+    return detail::mean_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real mean(const Container& c)
+{
+    return mean(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return std::get<2>(detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double>>(first, last));
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return std::get<2>(detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last));
+
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double sample_variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(n > 1, "At least two samples are required to compute the sample variance.");
+    return n*variance(first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double sample_variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return sample_variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real sample_variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(n > 1, "At least two samples are required to compute the sample variance.");
+    return n*variance(first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real sample_variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return sample_variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::pair<double, double> mean_and_sample_variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto results = detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+    return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<3>(results)*std::get<2>(results)/(std::get<3>(results)-1.0));
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::pair<double, double> mean_and_sample_variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return mean_and_sample_variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::pair<Real, Real> mean_and_sample_variance(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto results = detail::variance_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+    return std::make_pair(std::get<0>(results), std::get<3>(results)*std::get<2>(results)/(std::get<3>(results)-Real(1)));
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::pair<Real, Real> mean_and_sample_variance(const Container& c)
+{
+    return mean_and_sample_variance(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::tuple<double, double, double, double> first_four_moments(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_sequential_impl<std::tuple<double, double, double, double, double>>(first, last);
+    return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                           std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::tuple<double, double, double, double> first_four_moments(const Container& c)
+{
+    return first_four_moments(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real> first_four_moments(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    const auto results = detail::first_four_moments_sequential_impl<std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real, Real>>(first, last);
+    return std::make_tuple(std::get<0>(results), std::get<1>(results) / std::get<4>(results), std::get<2>(results) / std::get<4>(results),
+                           std::get<3>(results) / std::get<4>(results));
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real> first_four_moments(const Container& c)
+{
+    return first_four_moments(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double skewness(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return detail::skewness_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double skewness(const Container& c)
+{
+    return skewness(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real skewness(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return detail::skewness_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real skewness(const Container& c)
+{
+    return skewness(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double kurtosis(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    std::tuple<double, double, double, double> M = first_four_moments(first, last);
+
+    if(std::get<1>(M) == 0)
+    {
+        return std::get<1>(M);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return std::get<3>(M)/(std::get<1>(M)*std::get<1>(M));
+    }
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double kurtosis(const Container& c)
+{
+    return kurtosis(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real kurtosis(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    std::tuple<Real, Real, Real, Real> M = first_four_moments(first, last);
+
+    if(std::get<1>(M) == 0)
+    {
+        return std::get<1>(M);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return std::get<3>(M)/(std::get<1>(M)*std::get<1>(M));
+    }
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real kurtosis(const Container& c)
+{
+    return kurtosis(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double excess_kurtosis(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return kurtosis(first, last) - 3;
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double excess_kurtosis(const Container& c)
+{
+    return excess_kurtosis(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real excess_kurtosis(const ForwardIterator first, const ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    return kurtosis(first, last) - 3;
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real excess_kurtosis(const Container& c)
+{
+    return excess_kurtosis(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>
+Real median(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    const auto num_elems = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(num_elems > 0, "The median of a zero length vector is undefined.");
+    if (num_elems & 1)
+    {
+        auto middle = first + (num_elems - 1)/2;
+        std::nth_element(first, middle, last);
+        return *middle;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto middle = first + num_elems/2 - 1;
+        std::nth_element(first, middle, last);
+        std::nth_element(middle, middle+1, last);
+        return (*middle + *(middle+1))/2;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type>
+inline Real median(RandomAccessContainer& c)
+{
+    return median(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    if(!std::is_sorted(first, last))
+    {
+        std::sort(first, last);
+    }
+
+    return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<double>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer& c)
+{
+    return gini_coefficient(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    if(!std::is_sorted(first, last))
+    {
+        std::sort(first, last);
+    }
+
+    return detail::gini_coefficient_sequential_impl<Real>(first, last);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer& c)
+{
+    return gini_coefficient(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    return n*gini_coefficient(first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline double sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer& c)
+{
+    return sample_gini_coefficient(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
+{
+    const auto n = std::distance(first, last);
+    return n*gini_coefficient(first, last)/(n-1);
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type,
+         enable_if_t<!std::is_integral<Real>::value, bool> = true>
+inline Real sample_gini_coefficient(RandomAccessContainer& c)
+{
+    return sample_gini_coefficient(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>
+Real median_absolute_deviation(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+    typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    using std::abs;
+    using std::isnan;
+    if (isnan(center))
+    {
+        center = boost::math::statistics::median(first, last);
+    }
+    const auto num_elems = std::distance(first, last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(num_elems > 0, "The median of a zero-length vector is undefined.");
+    auto comparator = [&center](Real a, Real b) { return abs(a-center) < abs(b-center);};
+    if (num_elems & 1)
+    {
+        auto middle = first + (num_elems - 1)/2;
+        std::nth_element(first, middle, last, comparator);
+        return abs(*middle-center);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto middle = first + num_elems/2 - 1;
+        std::nth_element(first, middle, last, comparator);
+        std::nth_element(middle, middle+1, last, comparator);
+        return (abs(*middle-center) + abs(*(middle+1)-center))/abs(static_cast<Real>(2));
+    }
+}
+
+template<class RandomAccessContainer, typename Real = typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type>
+inline Real median_absolute_deviation(RandomAccessContainer& c,
+    typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type center=std::numeric_limits<typename RandomAccessContainer::value_type>::quiet_NaN())
+{
+    return median_absolute_deviation(std::begin(c), std::end(c), center);
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type>
+Real interquartile_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    static_assert(!std::is_integral<Real>::value, "Integer values have not yet been implemented.");
+    auto m = std::distance(first,last);
+    BOOST_MATH_ASSERT_MSG(m >= 3, "At least 3 samples are required to compute the interquartile range.");
+    auto k = m/4;
+    auto j = m - (4*k);
+    // m = 4k+j.
+    // If j = 0 or j = 1, then there are an even number of samples below the median, and an even number above the median.
+    //    Then we must average adjacent elements to get the quartiles.
+    // If j = 2 or j = 3, there are an odd number of samples above and below the median, these elements may be directly extracted to get the quartiles.
+
+    if (j==2 || j==3)
+    {
+        auto q1 = first + k;
+        auto q3 = first + 3*k + j - 1;
+        std::nth_element(first, q1, last);
+        Real Q1 = *q1;
+        std::nth_element(q1, q3, last);
+        Real Q3 = *q3;
+        return Q3 - Q1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // j == 0 or j==1:
+        auto q1 = first + k - 1;
+        auto q3 = first + 3*k - 1 + j;
+        std::nth_element(first, q1, last);
+        Real a = *q1;
+        std::nth_element(q1, q1 + 1, last);
+        Real b = *(q1 + 1);
+        Real Q1 = (a+b)/2;
+        std::nth_element(q1, q3, last);
+        a = *q3;
+        std::nth_element(q3, q3 + 1, last);
+        b = *(q3 + 1);
+        Real Q3 = (a+b)/2;
+        return Q3 - Q1;
+    }
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type>
+Real interquartile_range(Container& c)
+{
+    return interquartile_range(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator,
+    enable_if_t<std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::iterator_category(), std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value, bool> = true>
+inline OutputIterator mode(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    if(!std::is_sorted(first, last))
+    {
+        std::sort(first, last);
+    }
+
+    return detail::mode_impl(first, last, output);
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator,
+    enable_if_t<!std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::iterator_category(), std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value, bool> = true>
+inline OutputIterator mode(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    if(!std::is_sorted(first, last))
+    {
+        BOOST_MATH_ASSERT("Data must be sorted for mode calculation");
+    }
+
+    return detail::mode_impl(first, last, output);
+}
+
+template<class Container, class OutputIterator>
+inline OutputIterator mode(Container& c, OutputIterator output)
+{
+    return mode(std::begin(c), std::end(c), output);
+}
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, typename Real = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type>
+inline std::list<Real> mode(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
+{
+    std::list<Real> modes;
+    mode(first, last, std::inserter(modes, modes.begin()));
+    return modes;
+}
+
+template<class Container, typename Real = typename Container::value_type>
+inline std::list<Real> mode(Container& c)
+{
+    return mode(std::begin(c), std::end(c));
+}
+}}}
+#endif
+#endif // BOOST_MATH_STATISTICS_UNIVARIATE_STATISTICS_HPP