@lakutata/math 0.0.0-stage → 3.1.3

package/vendor/boost/math/include/boost/math/distributions/students_t.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+//  Copyright John Maddock 2006.
+//  Copyright Paul A. Bristow 2006, 2012, 2017.
+//  Copyright Thomas Mang 2012.
+//  Copyright Matt Borland 2024.
+//  Use, modification and distribution are subject to the
+//  Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
+//  LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#ifndef BOOST_STATS_STUDENTS_T_HPP
+#define BOOST_STATS_STUDENTS_T_HPP
+
+// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t_distribution
+// http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3664.htm
+
+#include <boost/math/tools/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/tools/tuple.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/tools/cstdint.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/tools/numeric_limits.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/distributions/fwd.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/beta.hpp> // for ibeta(a, b, x).
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/digamma.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/relative_difference.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/distributions/complement.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/distributions/detail/common_error_handling.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/distributions/normal.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/distributions/cauchy.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/policies/policy.hpp>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(push)
+# pragma warning(disable: 4702) // unreachable code (return after domain_error throw).
+#endif
+
+namespace boost { namespace math {
+
+template <class RealType = double, class Policy = policies::policy<> >
+class students_t_distribution
+{
+public:
+   typedef RealType value_type;
+   typedef Policy policy_type;
+
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED students_t_distribution(RealType df) : df_(df)
+   { // Constructor.
+      RealType result;
+      detail::check_df_gt0_to_inf( // Checks that df > 0 or df == inf.
+         "boost::math::students_t_distribution<%1%>::students_t_distribution", df_, &result, Policy());
+   } // students_t_distribution
+
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType degrees_of_freedom()const
+   {
+      return df_;
+   }
+
+   // Parameter estimation:
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED static RealType find_degrees_of_freedom(
+      RealType difference_from_mean,
+      RealType alpha,
+      RealType beta,
+      RealType sd,
+      RealType hint = 0);
+
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED static RealType find_degrees_of_freedom(
+      RealType t,
+      RealType p);
+
+private:
+   // Data member:
+   RealType df_;  // degrees of freedom is a real number > 0 or +infinity.
+};
+
+typedef students_t_distribution<double> students_t; // Convenience typedef for double version.
+
+#ifdef __cpp_deduction_guides
+template <class RealType>
+students_t_distribution(RealType)->students_t_distribution<typename boost::math::tools::promote_args<RealType>::type>;
+#endif
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline const boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType> range(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& /*dist*/)
+{ // Range of permissible values for random variable x.
+  // Now including infinity.
+   using boost::math::tools::max_value;
+   //return boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType>(-max_value<RealType>(), max_value<RealType>());
+   return boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType>(((::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::is_specialized & ::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::has_infinity) ? -boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::infinity() : -max_value<RealType>()), ((::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::is_specialized & ::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::has_infinity) ? +boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::infinity() : +max_value<RealType>()));
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline const boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType> support(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& /*dist*/)
+{ // Range of supported values for random variable x.
+  // Now including infinity.
+   // This is range where cdf rises from 0 to 1, and outside it, the pdf is zero.
+   using boost::math::tools::max_value;
+   //return boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType>(-max_value<RealType>(), max_value<RealType>());
+   return boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType>(((::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::is_specialized & ::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::has_infinity) ? -boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::infinity() : -max_value<RealType>()), ((::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::is_specialized & ::boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::has_infinity) ? +boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::infinity() : +max_value<RealType>()));
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType pdf(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist, const RealType& x)
+{
+   BOOST_FPU_EXCEPTION_GUARD
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING  // for ADL of std functions.
+
+   RealType error_result;
+   if(false == detail::check_x_not_NaN(
+      "boost::math::pdf(const students_t_distribution<%1%>&, %1%)", x, &error_result, Policy()))
+      return error_result;
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if(false == detail::check_df_gt0_to_inf( // Check that df > 0 or == +infinity.
+      "boost::math::pdf(const students_t_distribution<%1%>&, %1%)", df, &error_result, Policy()))
+      return error_result;
+
+   RealType result;
+   if ((boost::math::isinf)(x))
+   { // - or +infinity.
+     result = static_cast<RealType>(0);
+     return result;
+   }
+   RealType limit = policies::get_epsilon<RealType, Policy>();
+   // Use policies so that if policy requests lower precision, 
+   // then get the normal distribution approximation earlier.
+   limit = static_cast<RealType>(1) / limit; // 1/eps
+   // for 64-bit double 1/eps = 4503599627370496
+   if (df > limit)
+   { // Special case for really big degrees_of_freedom > 1 / eps 
+     // - use normal distribution which is much faster and more accurate.
+     normal_distribution<RealType, Policy> n(0, 1); 
+     result = pdf(n, x);
+   }
+   else
+   { // 
+     if (fabs(x) > sqrt(tools::max_value<RealType>()))
+     {
+        // Exact limit: the pdf underflows to zero long before x * x can overflow.
+        return 0;
+     }
+     RealType basem1 = x * x / df;
+     if(basem1 < 0.125)
+     {
+        result = exp(-boost::math::log1p(basem1, Policy()) * (1+df) / 2);
+     }
+     else
+     {
+        result = pow(1 / (1 + basem1), (df + 1) / 2);
+     }
+     result /= sqrt(df) * boost::math::beta(df / 2, RealType(0.5f), Policy());
+   }
+   return result;
+} // pdf
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType cdf(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist, const RealType& x)
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING // for ADL of std functions
+
+   RealType error_result;
+   // degrees_of_freedom > 0 or infinity check:
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if (false == detail::check_df_gt0_to_inf(  // Check that df > 0 or == +infinity.
+     "boost::math::cdf(const students_t_distribution<%1%>&, %1%)", df, &error_result, Policy()))
+   {
+     return error_result;
+   }
+   // Check for bad x first.
+   if(false == detail::check_x_not_NaN(
+      "boost::math::cdf(const students_t_distribution<%1%>&, %1%)", x, &error_result, Policy()))
+   { 
+      return error_result;
+   }
+   if (x == 0)
+   { // Special case with exact result.
+     return static_cast<RealType>(0.5);
+   }
+   if ((boost::math::isinf)(x))
+   { // x == - or + infinity, regardless of df.
+     return ((x < 0) ? static_cast<RealType>(0) : static_cast<RealType>(1));
+   }
+
+   RealType limit = policies::get_epsilon<RealType, Policy>();
+   // Use policies so that if policy requests lower precision, 
+   // then get the normal distribution approximation earlier.
+   limit = static_cast<RealType>(1) / limit; // 1/eps
+   // for 64-bit double 1/eps = 4503599627370496
+   if (df > limit)
+   { // Special case for really big degrees_of_freedom > 1 / eps (perhaps infinite?)
+     // - use normal distribution which is much faster and more accurate.
+     normal_distribution<RealType, Policy> n(0, 1); 
+     RealType result = cdf(n, x);
+     return result;
+   }
+   else
+   { // normal df case.
+     //
+     // Calculate probability of Student's t using the incomplete beta function.
+     // probability = ibeta(degrees_of_freedom / 2, 1/2, degrees_of_freedom / (degrees_of_freedom + t*t))
+     //
+     // However when t is small compared to the degrees of freedom, that formula
+     // suffers from rounding error, use the identity formula to work around
+     // the problem:
+     //
+     // I[x](a,b) = 1 - I[1-x](b,a)
+     //
+     // and:
+     //
+     //     x = df / (df + t^2)
+     //
+     // so:
+     //
+     // 1 - x = t^2 / (df + t^2)
+     //
+     if (fabs(x) > sqrt(tools::max_value<RealType>()))
+     {
+        // Exact tail values: avoids a spurious intermediate overflow in x * x below.
+        return (x < 0) ? static_cast<RealType>(0) : static_cast<RealType>(1);
+     }
+     RealType x2 = x * x;
+     RealType probability;
+     if(df > 2 * x2)
+     {
+        RealType z = x2 / (df + x2);
+        probability = ibetac(static_cast<RealType>(0.5), df / 2, z, Policy()) / 2;
+     }
+     else
+     {
+        RealType z = df / (df + x2);
+        probability = ibeta(df / 2, static_cast<RealType>(0.5), z, Policy()) / 2;
+     }
+     return (x > 0 ? 1   - probability : probability);
+  }
+} // cdf
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType quantile(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist, const RealType& p)
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING // for ADL of std functions
+   //
+   // Obtain parameters:
+   RealType probability = p;
+ 
+   // Check for domain errors:
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   constexpr auto function = "boost::math::quantile(const students_t_distribution<%1%>&, %1%)";
+   RealType error_result;
+   if(false == (detail::check_df_gt0_to_inf( // Check that df > 0 or == +infinity.
+      function, df, &error_result, Policy())
+         && detail::check_probability(function, probability, &error_result, Policy())))
+      return error_result;
+   // Special cases, regardless of degrees_of_freedom.
+   if (probability == 0)
+      return -policies::raise_overflow_error<RealType>(function, 0, Policy());
+   if (probability == 1)
+     return policies::raise_overflow_error<RealType>(function, 0, Policy());
+   if (probability == static_cast<RealType>(0.5))
+     return 0;  //
+   //
+#if 0
+   // This next block is disabled in favour of a faster method than
+   // incomplete beta inverse, but code retained for future reference:
+   //
+   // Calculate quantile of Student's t using the incomplete beta function inverse:
+   probability = (probability > 0.5) ? 1 - probability : probability;
+   RealType t, x, y;
+   x = ibeta_inv(degrees_of_freedom / 2, RealType(0.5), 2 * probability, &y);
+   if(degrees_of_freedom * y > tools::max_value<RealType>() * x)
+      t = tools::overflow_error<RealType>(function);
+   else
+      t = sqrt(degrees_of_freedom * y / x);
+   //
+   // Figure out sign based on the size of p:
+   //
+   if(p < 0.5)
+      t = -t;
+
+   return t;
+#endif
+   //
+   // Depending on how many digits RealType has, this may forward
+   // to the incomplete beta inverse as above.  Otherwise uses a
+   // faster method that is accurate to ~15 digits everywhere
+   // and a couple of epsilon at double precision and in the central 
+   // region where most use cases will occur...
+   //
+   return boost::math::detail::fast_students_t_quantile(df, probability, Policy());
+} // quantile
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType cdf(const complemented2_type<students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>, RealType>& c)
+{
+   return cdf(c.dist, -c.param);
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType quantile(const complemented2_type<students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>, RealType>& c)
+{
+   return -quantile(c.dist, c.param);
+}
+
+//
+// Parameter estimation follows:
+//
+namespace detail{
+
+template <class Distribution, class RealType>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline bool analytical_df_if_cdf_matches(const Distribution& dist, RealType x, RealType p)
+{
+   RealType cdf_val = cdf(dist, x);
+   return epsilon_difference(cdf_val, p) < 4;
+}
+
+// Minimum degrees-of-freedom used as the warm-start fallback when the
+// Edgeworth approximation yields no valid positive root or is inaccurate
+constexpr double df_hint_fallback = 0.01;
+
+//
+// Functors for finding degrees of freedom:
+//
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+struct sample_size_func
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED sample_size_func(RealType a, RealType b, RealType s, RealType d)
+      : alpha(a), beta(b), ratio(s*s/(d*d)) {}
+
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType operator()(const RealType& df)
+   {
+      if(df <= tools::min_value<RealType>())
+      { // 
+         return 1;
+      }
+      students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy> t(df);
+      RealType qa, qb;
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif
+          qa = quantile(complement(t, alpha));
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      }
+      catch (const std::overflow_error&)
+      {
+          // Any arbitrary large value will do, must be positive since we calculate qa * qa below:
+          return tools::max_value<RealType>();
+      }
+#endif
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif
+          qb = quantile(complement(t, beta));
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      }
+      catch (const std::overflow_error&)
+      {
+          // Any arbitrary large value will do, will be negative if beta < 0:
+          return beta < 0 ? -tools::max_value<RealType>() : tools::max_value<RealType>();
+      }
+#endif
+      qa += qb;
+      qa *= qa;
+      qa *= ratio;
+      qa -= (df + 1);
+      return qa;
+   }
+   RealType alpha, beta, ratio;
+};
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+struct cdf_to_df_func
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED cdf_to_df_func(RealType x_val, RealType p_val, bool c)
+      : x(x_val), p(p_val), comp(c) {}
+
+   BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType operator()(const RealType& df)
+   {
+      students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy> t(df);
+      return comp ?
+         RealType(p - cdf(complement(t, x)))
+         : RealType(cdf(t, x) - p);
+   }
+   RealType x, p;
+   bool comp;
+};
+
+//
+// Shared root-finding helper used by find_degrees_of_freedom.
+//
+template <class RealType, class Policy, class Func>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType solve_for_degrees_of_freedom(
+   Func f,
+   RealType hint,
+   bool rising,
+   const char* function,
+   Policy const&)
+{
+   tools::eps_tolerance<RealType> tol(policies::digits<RealType, Policy>());
+   boost::math::uintmax_t max_iter = policies::get_max_root_iterations<Policy>();
+   boost::math::pair<RealType, RealType> r = tools::bracket_and_solve_root(
+      f, hint, RealType(2), rising, tol, max_iter, Policy());
+   RealType result = r.first + (r.second - r.first) / 2;
+   if (max_iter >= policies::get_max_root_iterations<Policy>())
+   {
+      return policies::raise_evaluation_error<RealType>(function, // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+         "Unable to locate solution in a reasonable time: either there is no answer to " // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+         "the degrees of freedom or the answer is infinite. Current best guess is %1%", // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+         result, Policy()); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+   }
+   return result;
+}
+
+//
+// Edgeworth warm-start for find_degrees_of_freedom(t, p).
+// On success writes a df estimate into 'result' and returns true.
+// Returns false when no positive root is found; 'result' is left unchanged.
+//
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED bool approximate_df_with_edgeworth_expansion(RealType x, RealType p, RealType& result)
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING
+   // F(x; nu) ~ cdf_normal(x) - pdf_normal(x)*(x + x^3)/(4*nu) + pdf_normal(x)*(3x + 5x^3 + 7x^5 - 3x^7)/(96*nu^2)
+   // Substituting u = 1/nu and setting F(x; nu) = p gives b*u^2 - a*u + c = 0, where:
+   //   a = pdf_normal(x) * (x + x^3) / 4
+   //   b = pdf_normal(x) * (3x + 5x^3 + 7x^5 - 3x^7) / 96
+   //   c = cdf_normal(x) - p
+   normal_distribution<RealType, Policy> std_normal(0, 1);
+   RealType pdf_val = pdf(std_normal, x);
+   RealType cdf_val = cdf(std_normal, x);
+
+   RealType x2 = x * x;
+   RealType x3 = x2 * x;
+   RealType x5 = x3 * x2;
+   RealType x7 = x5 * x2;
+
+   RealType a = pdf_val * (x + x3) / 4;
+   RealType b = pdf_val * (3 * x + 5 * x3 + 7 * x5 - 3 * x7) / 96;
+   RealType c = cdf_val - p;
+
+   RealType discriminant = a * a - 4 * b * c;
+   if (discriminant >= 0 && b != 0)
+   {
+      RealType sqrt_disc = sqrt(discriminant);
+      // The two roots of b*u^2 - a*u + c = 0. Pick the smallest positive u (= largest df = 1/u).
+      RealType u = (a - sqrt_disc) / (2 * b);
+      if (u <= 0)
+         u = (a + sqrt_disc) / (2 * b);
+      if (u > 0)
+      {
+         result = 1 / u;
+         return true;
+      }
+   }
+   return false;
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType calculate_hill_df_guess(
+   RealType difference_from_mean,
+   RealType alpha,
+   RealType beta,
+   RealType sd)
+
+   // Hill-corrected normal approximation used as an initial guess 
+   // for find_degrees_of_freedom(difference_from_mean, alpha, beta, sd).
+   // t_p,nu approx z_p * (1 + (z_p^2 + 1) / (4*nu))
+   // nu + 1 = (sd/diff)^2 * (t_alpha + t_beta)^2
+
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING
+   normal_distribution<RealType, Policy> n(0, 1);
+   RealType za = quantile(complement(n, alpha));
+   RealType zb = quantile(complement(n, beta));
+
+   RealType v_norm = pow((za + zb) * sd / difference_from_mean, 2) - 1;
+   RealType hint = v_norm + (za * za - za * zb + zb * zb + 1) / 2;
+
+   return (hint <= 0) ? RealType(1) : hint;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>::find_degrees_of_freedom(
+      RealType difference_from_mean,
+      RealType alpha,
+      RealType beta,
+      RealType sd,
+      RealType hint)
+{
+   constexpr auto function = "boost::math::students_t_distribution<%1%>::find_degrees_of_freedom";
+   //
+   // Check for domain errors:
+   //
+   RealType error_result;
+   if(false == detail::check_probability(
+      function, alpha, &error_result, Policy())
+         && detail::check_probability(function, beta, &error_result, Policy()))
+      return error_result;
+
+   if(hint <= 0)
+      hint = detail::calculate_hill_df_guess<RealType, Policy>(difference_from_mean, alpha, beta, sd);
+
+   detail::sample_size_func<RealType, Policy> f(alpha, beta, sd, difference_from_mean);
+   return detail::solve_for_degrees_of_freedom(f, hint, false, function, Policy());
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED RealType students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>::find_degrees_of_freedom(
+      RealType t,
+      RealType p)
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING // for ADL of std functions
+   constexpr auto function = "boost::math::students_t_distribution<%1%>::find_degrees_of_freedom";
+   //
+   // Check for domain errors:
+   //
+   RealType error_result;
+   if (false == detail::check_probability(function, p, &error_result, Policy()))
+      return error_result;
+
+   if (t == 0)
+   {
+      // CDF(0; df) = 0.5 for all df; only solvable when p == 0.5.
+      if (p == static_cast<RealType>(0.5))
+         return policies::raise_overflow_error<RealType>(function, nullptr, Policy());
+      return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+         function,
+         "No degrees of freedom can satisfy CDF(0; df) == %1% (must be 0.5).",
+         p, Policy());
+   }
+
+   // Analytical cases: df = infinity (normal), df = 1 (cauchy)
+   boost::math::normal_distribution<RealType, Policy> norm(0, 1);
+   if (detail::analytical_df_if_cdf_matches(norm, t, p))
+      return policies::raise_overflow_error<RealType>(function, nullptr, Policy());
+   boost::math::cauchy_distribution<RealType, Policy> cauchy(0, 1);
+   if (detail::analytical_df_if_cdf_matches(cauchy, t, p))
+      return RealType(1);
+
+   // Edgeworth warm start: compute a df estimate; fall back to df_hint_fallback if it fails
+   // or is too inaccurate
+   RealType hint = static_cast<RealType>(detail::df_hint_fallback);
+   if (detail::approximate_df_with_edgeworth_expansion<RealType, Policy>(t, p, hint))
+   {
+      // Check that approximation is at least somewhat close;
+      // for small degrees of freedom it does not fail but is very inaccurate.
+      RealType relative_error_threshold = static_cast<RealType>(0.1);
+      students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy> t_approx(hint);
+      RealType p_approx = cdf(t_approx, t);
+      if (relative_difference(p_approx, p) > relative_error_threshold)
+         hint = static_cast<RealType>(detail::df_hint_fallback);
+   }
+   // Root-find on f(df) = CDF(t; df) - p.
+   // CDF(t; df) is strictly increasing in df for t > 0, decreasing for t < 0.
+   // Use the smaller of p and q=1-p to avoid cancellation near 1.
+   RealType q = 1 - p;
+   detail::cdf_to_df_func<RealType, Policy> f(t, p < q ? p : q, p < q ? false : true);
+   return detail::solve_for_degrees_of_freedom(f, hint, t > 0, function, Policy());
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType mode(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& /*dist*/)
+{
+  // Assume no checks on degrees of freedom are useful (unlike mean).
+   return 0; // Always zero by definition.
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType median(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& /*dist*/)
+{
+   // Assume no checks on degrees of freedom are useful (unlike mean).
+   return 0; // Always zero by definition.
+}
+
+// See section 5.1 on moments at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType mean(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{  // Revised for https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/7177
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if(((boost::math::isnan)(df)) || (df <= 1) ) 
+   { // mean is undefined for moment <= 1!
+      return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+      "boost::math::mean(students_t_distribution<%1%> const&, %1%)",
+      "Mean is undefined for degrees of freedom < 1 but got %1%.", df, Policy());
+      return boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::quiet_NaN();
+   }
+   return 0;
+} // mean
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType variance(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{ // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-distribution
+  // Revised for https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/7177
+  RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+  if ((boost::math::isnan)(df) || (df <= 2))
+  { // NaN or undefined for <= 2.
+     return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+      "boost::math::variance(students_t_distribution<%1%> const&, %1%)",
+      "variance is undefined for degrees of freedom <= 2, but got %1%.",
+      df, Policy());
+    return boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::quiet_NaN(); // Undefined.
+  }
+  if ((boost::math::isinf)(df))
+  { // +infinity.
+    return 1;
+  }
+  RealType limit = policies::get_epsilon<RealType, Policy>();
+  // Use policies so that if policy requests lower precision, 
+  // then get the normal distribution approximation earlier.
+  limit = static_cast<RealType>(1) / limit; // 1/eps
+  // for 64-bit double 1/eps = 4503599627370496
+  if (df > limit)
+  { // Special case for really big degrees_of_freedom > 1 / eps.
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return df / (df - 2);
+  }
+} // variance
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType skewness(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{
+    RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if( ((boost::math::isnan)(df)) || (dist.degrees_of_freedom() <= 3))
+   { // Undefined for moment k = 3.
+      return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+         "boost::math::skewness(students_t_distribution<%1%> const&, %1%)",
+         "Skewness is undefined for degrees of freedom <= 3, but got %1%.",
+         dist.degrees_of_freedom(), Policy());
+      return boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::quiet_NaN();
+   }
+   return 0; // For all valid df, including infinity.
+} // skewness
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType kurtosis(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if(((boost::math::isnan)(df)) || (df <= 4))
+   { // Undefined or infinity for moment k = 4.
+      return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+       "boost::math::kurtosis(students_t_distribution<%1%> const&, %1%)",
+       "Kurtosis is undefined for degrees of freedom <= 4, but got %1%.",
+        df, Policy());
+        return boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::quiet_NaN(); // Undefined.
+   }
+   if ((boost::math::isinf)(df))
+   { // +infinity.
+     return 3;
+   }
+   RealType limit = policies::get_epsilon<RealType, Policy>();
+   // Use policies so that if policy requests lower precision, 
+   // then get the normal distribution approximation earlier.
+   limit = static_cast<RealType>(1) / limit; // 1/eps
+   // for 64-bit double 1/eps = 4503599627370496
+   if (df > limit)
+   { // Special case for really big degrees_of_freedom > 1 / eps.
+     return 3;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+     //return 3 * (df - 2) / (df - 4); re-arranged to
+     return 6 / (df - 4) + 3;
+   }
+} // kurtosis
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType kurtosis_excess(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{
+   // see http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Kurtosis.html
+
+   RealType df = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   if(((boost::math::isnan)(df)) || (df <= 4))
+   { // Undefined or infinity for moment k = 4.
+     return policies::raise_domain_error<RealType>(
+       "boost::math::kurtosis_excess(students_t_distribution<%1%> const&, %1%)",
+       "Kurtosis_excess is undefined for degrees of freedom <= 4, but got %1%.",
+      df, Policy());
+     return boost::math::numeric_limits<RealType>::quiet_NaN(); // Undefined.
+   }
+   if ((boost::math::isinf)(df))
+   { // +infinity.
+     return 0;
+   }
+   RealType limit = policies::get_epsilon<RealType, Policy>();
+   // Use policies so that if policy requests lower precision, 
+   // then get the normal distribution approximation earlier.
+   limit = static_cast<RealType>(1) / limit; // 1/eps
+   // for 64-bit double 1/eps = 4503599627370496
+   if (df > limit)
+   { // Special case for really big degrees_of_freedom > 1 / eps.
+     return 0;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+     return 6 / (df - 4);
+   }
+}
+
+template <class RealType, class Policy>
+BOOST_MATH_GPU_ENABLED inline RealType entropy(const students_t_distribution<RealType, Policy>& dist)
+{
+   BOOST_MATH_STD_USING
+   RealType v = dist.degrees_of_freedom();
+   RealType vp1 = (v+1)/2;
+   RealType vd2 = v/2;
+
+   return vp1*(digamma(vp1) - digamma(vd2)) + log(sqrt(v)*beta(vd2, RealType(1)/RealType(2)));
+}
+
+} // namespace math
+} // namespace boost
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+// This include must be at the end, *after* the accessors
+// for this distribution have been defined, in order to
+// keep compilers that support two-phase lookup happy.
+#include <boost/math/distributions/detail/derived_accessors.hpp>
+
+#endif // BOOST_STATS_STUDENTS_T_HPP