@inventure71/paddockjs 4.2.0 → 4.3.1

package/src/simulation/track/trackNearestQueries.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@
+import { clamp, wrapDistance } from '../simMath.js';
+import { candidateIdsFromGrid, candidateIdsFromGridBounds, gridCellForPoint } from './trackQueryGrid.js';
+import { ensureQueryScratch, ensureScratchArray, nextScratchEpoch } from './trackQueryScratch.js';
+import { recordFallback, recordStat } from './trackQueryStats.js';
+import { getPrecomputedSegmentNeighborhood, projectIndexedSegment, segmentFromIndex, writeProjectionCandidate } from './trackQuerySegments.js';
+import { finitePoint } from './trackMath.js';
+import { AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON, HINTED_RUNOFF_WIDE_SEGMENT_RADIUS, LOW_DENSITY_HINT_RING1_SEGMENT_THRESHOLD } from './trackQueryConstants.js';
+
+const GRID_NEIGHBOR_LIMIT = 2;
+
+export function queryNearestTrackProjection(track, position, progressHint = null) {
+  return queryNearestTrackProjectionInto(track, position, progressHint);
+}
+
+export function queryNearestTrackProjectionInto(track, position, progressHint = null, target = null) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount) {
+    recordFallback(index, 'nearestFallbackReasons', 'missing-index');
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (!finitePoint(position)) {
+    recordFallback(index, 'nearestFallbackReasons', 'invalid-position');
+    return null;
+  }
+  index.stats.nearestQueries += 1;
+
+  const { projection, path, reason } = bestProjectionFromIndex(index, position, progressHint, target);
+  if (!projection) {
+    recordFallback(index, 'nearestFallbackReasons', reason ?? 'unknown');
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  recordStat(index, 'nearestPaths', path);
+  return projection;
+}
+
+export function queryHintedTrackProjection(track, position, progressHint, { radius = 2 } = {}) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount || !finitePoint(position) || !Number.isFinite(progressHint)) return null;
+  const local = bestProjectionFromHintedSegmentNeighborhood(
+    index,
+    progressHint,
+    Math.max(0, Math.floor(radius)),
+    position,
+    progressHint,
+  );
+  if (local.projection && local.projection.crossTrackError <= index.bands.gravelEdge) {
+    index.stats.hintedSegmentFastPathQueries += 1;
+    recordStat(index, 'hintedArcPaths', local.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'segment-hint-local-tie-resolved' : 'segment-hint-local');
+    return local.projection;
+  }
+  if (local.projection) {
+    index.stats.hintedSegmentWideRadiusQueries += 1;
+    const refined = bestProjectionFromHintedSegmentNeighborhood(
+      index,
+      progressHint,
+      HINTED_RUNOFF_WIDE_SEGMENT_RADIUS,
+      position,
+      progressHint,
+    );
+    if (refined.projection) {
+      if (!projectionMatches(local.projection, refined.projection)) {
+        index.stats.hintedSegmentWideRadiusHits += 1;
+      }
+      recordStat(
+        index,
+        'hintedArcPaths',
+        refined.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'segment-hint-runoff-wide-radius-tie-resolved' : 'segment-hint-runoff-wide-radius',
+      );
+      return refined.projection;
+    }
+  }
+  const { projection, reason } = bestProjectionFromArcBuckets(
+    index,
+    progressHint,
+    Math.max(0, Math.floor(radius)),
+    position,
+    progressHint,
+  );
+  if (!projection) return null;
+  index.stats.hintedArcQueries += 1;
+  recordStat(index, 'hintedArcPaths', reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'arc-hint-local-tie-resolved' : 'arc-hint-local');
+  return projection;
+}
+
+export function querySegmentNeighborhoodProjection(
+  track,
+  position,
+  segmentId,
+  { radius = 3, preferredDistance = null, target = null } = {},
+) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount || !finitePoint(position) || !Number.isInteger(segmentId)) return null;
+  const { projection, reason } = bestProjectionFromSegmentNeighborhood(
+    index.centerline,
+    segmentId,
+    Math.max(0, Math.floor(radius)),
+    position,
+    preferredDistance,
+    target,
+  );
+  if (!projection) return null;
+  index.stats.segmentNeighborhoodQueries += 1;
+  recordStat(
+    index,
+    'segmentNeighborhoodPaths',
+    reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'segment-neighborhood-tie-resolved' : 'segment-neighborhood',
+  );
+  return projection;
+}
+
+export function querySegmentNeighborhoodProjections(
+  track,
+  positions,
+  segmentId,
+  { radius = 3, preferredDistance = null, target = null } = {},
+) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount || !Array.isArray(positions) || !Number.isInteger(segmentId)) return null;
+  index.stats.segmentNeighborhoodBatchCalls += 1;
+  const projections = target ?? new Array(positions.length);
+  const tieResolvedFlags = bestProjectionBatchFromSegmentNeighborhood(
+    index,
+    positions,
+    segmentId,
+    Math.max(0, Math.floor(radius)),
+    preferredDistance,
+    projections,
+  );
+  for (let indexPosition = 0; indexPosition < positions.length; indexPosition += 1) {
+    const projection = projections[indexPosition];
+    if (!projection) continue;
+    index.stats.segmentNeighborhoodQueries += 1;
+    recordStat(
+      index,
+      'segmentNeighborhoodPaths',
+      tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] ? 'segment-neighborhood-tie-resolved' : 'segment-neighborhood',
+    );
+  }
+  return projections;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromIndex(index, position, progressHint, target = null) {
+  if (Number.isFinite(progressHint)) {
+    const isolatedHint = bestProjectionFromHintedSegmentNeighborhood(
+      index,
+      progressHint,
+      2,
+      position,
+      progressHint,
+      target,
+    );
+    if (
+      isolatedHint.projection &&
+      isolatedHint.projection.crossTrackError <= index.bands.kerbEdge &&
+      hintedQueryStaysInLocalCorridor(index, position, progressHint, index.bands.kerbEdge)
+    ) {
+      if (isHintProjectionDistanceSafe(index, isolatedHint.projection)) {
+        index.stats.nearestIsolatedHintQueries += 1;
+        return {
+          projection: isolatedHint.projection,
+          path: isolatedHint.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'segment-hint-distance-gated-tie-resolved' : 'segment-hint-distance-gated',
+        };
+      }
+      if (isHintProjectionLowDensitySafe(index, position)) {
+        index.stats.nearestLowDensityHintQueries += 1;
+        return {
+          projection: isolatedHint.projection,
+          path: isolatedHint.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'segment-hint-density-gated-tie-resolved' : 'segment-hint-density-gated',
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    const lowDensityExact = bestProjectionFromLowDensityCellNeighborhood(index, position, progressHint, target);
+    if (lowDensityExact.projection) {
+      index.stats.nearestLowDensityCellExactQueries += 1;
+      index.stats.nearestLowDensityCellDirectQueries += 1;
+      return {
+        projection: lowDensityExact.projection,
+        path: lowDensityExact.reason === 'tie-resolved'
+          ? 'low-density-cell-exact-tie-resolved'
+          : 'low-density-cell-exact',
+      };
+    }
+    if (!hintedQueryStaysInLocalCorridor(index, position, progressHint, index.bands.runoffEdge)) {
+      const sparseExact = bestProjectionFromCellSearch(index, position, progressHint, null, target);
+      if (sparseExact.projection) {
+        index.stats.nearestSparseGridExactQueries += 1;
+        return {
+          projection: sparseExact.projection,
+          path: sparseExact.reason === 'tie-resolved'
+            ? 'sparse-grid-exact-tie-resolved'
+            : 'sparse-grid-exact',
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    const hinted = bestProjectionFromArcBuckets(index, progressHint, 2, position, progressHint, target);
+    if (hinted.projection) {
+      let initialProjection = hinted.projection;
+      if (
+        hinted.projection.crossTrackError > index.bands.gravelEdge &&
+        hinted.projection.crossTrackError <= index.bands.runoffEdge + AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON
+      ) {
+        // Runoff-adjacent accurate-hint queries often converge inside the local radius-2 segment
+        // neighborhood; ring-3 cell lower bounds are enough to prove no outside segment can tie or beat it.
+        const ring2NeighborhoodExact = bestProjectionFromRing2Neighborhood(index, position, progressHint, target);
+        if (ring2NeighborhoodExact.projection) {
+          index.stats.nearestRing2NeighborhoodExactQueries += 1;
+          return {
+            projection: ring2NeighborhoodExact.projection,
+            path: ring2NeighborhoodExact.reason === 'tie-resolved'
+              ? 'arc-hint-ring2-neighborhood-exact-tie-resolved'
+              : 'arc-hint-ring2-neighborhood-exact',
+          };
+        }
+        if (ring2NeighborhoodExact.bestProjection) {
+          initialProjection = ring2NeighborhoodExact.bestProjection;
+        }
+      }
+      const exact = bestProjectionFromCellSearch(index, position, progressHint, initialProjection);
+      if (exact.projection) {
+        const path = projectionMatches(hinted.projection, exact.projection)
+          ? (hinted.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'arc-hint-tie-resolved' : 'arc-hint')
+          : 'arc-hint-refined';
+        return {
+          projection: exact.projection,
+          path: exact.reason === 'tie-resolved' && !path.endsWith('tie-resolved') ? `${path}-tie-resolved` : path,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  let local = { projection: null, path: null };
+  const gridCandidateIds = candidateIdsFromGrid(index, index.grid, position, GRID_NEIGHBOR_LIMIT);
+  const grid = bestProjectionFromCandidates(index.centerline, gridCandidateIds, position, progressHint, target);
+  if (grid.projection) {
+    local = chooseBetterProjectionResult(local, grid, 'spatial-grid', progressHint);
+    if (grid.projection.distanceSquared <= index.nearestGridExpansion * index.nearestGridExpansion) {
+      return local;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (local.projection) {
+    const exact = bestProjectionFromCellSearch(index, position, progressHint, local.projection);
+    if (exact.projection) {
+      const path = projectionMatches(local.projection, exact.projection)
+        ? local.path
+        : `${local.path}-refined`;
+      return {
+        projection: exact.projection,
+        path: exact.reason === 'tie-resolved' && !path.endsWith('tie-resolved') ? `${path}-tie-resolved` : path,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return {
+      projection: local.projection,
+      path: local.path,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const exact = bestProjectionFromCellSearch(index, position, progressHint);
+  const global = exact.projection ? exact : bestProjectionFromAllSegments(index.centerline, position, progressHint, target);
+  return global.projection
+    ? {
+      projection: global.projection,
+      path: exact.projection
+        ? (global.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'exact-grid-tie-resolved' : 'exact-grid')
+        : (global.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? 'global-index-tie-resolved' : 'global-index'),
+    }
+    : { projection: null, reason: `global-index-${global.reason}` };
+}
+
+function chooseBetterProjectionResult(current, candidate, source, preferredDistance) {
+  if (!candidate.projection) return current;
+  const path = candidate.reason === 'tie-resolved' ? `${source}-tie-resolved` : source;
+  if (!current.projection) return { projection: candidate.projection, path };
+  if (candidate.projection.distanceSquared < current.projection.distanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+    return { projection: candidate.projection, path };
+  }
+  if (Math.abs(candidate.projection.distanceSquared - current.projection.distanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+    const candidateTie = projectionTieScore(candidate.projection, preferredDistance);
+    const currentTie = projectionTieScore(current.projection, preferredDistance);
+    if (projectionTieBeats(candidate.projection, candidateTie, current.projection, currentTie)) {
+      return { projection: candidate.projection, path: `${path}-tie-resolved` };
+    }
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromCellSearch(index, position, preferredDistance, initialProjection = null, target = null) {
+  const grid = index.segmentGrid ?? index.grid;
+  const center = gridCellForPoint(grid, position, true);
+  const startCellIndex = center.row * grid.columns + center.column;
+  const startRadius = index.nearestOccupiedCellRadiusByCell?.[startCellIndex] ?? 0;
+  if (startRadius > 0) {
+    index.stats.nearestEmptyCellSkippedRings += startRadius;
+  }
+
+  const scratch = ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  const segmentMarks = ensureScratchArray(scratch, 'exactSegmentMarks', index.centerline.segmentCount);
+  const cellMarks = ensureScratchArray(scratch, 'exactCellMarks', grid.columns * grid.rows);
+  const segmentEpoch = nextScratchEpoch(scratch, 'exactSegmentEpoch', segmentMarks);
+  const cellEpoch = nextScratchEpoch(scratch, 'exactCellEpoch', cellMarks);
+  const maxRadius = Math.max(grid.columns, grid.rows);
+  let bestSegmentId = initialProjection?.segmentId ?? null;
+  let bestX = initialProjection?.x ?? 0;
+  let bestY = initialProjection?.y ?? 0;
+  let bestDistance = initialProjection?.distance ?? 0;
+  let bestHeading = initialProjection?.heading ?? 0;
+  let bestNormalX = initialProjection?.normalX ?? 0;
+  let bestNormalY = initialProjection?.normalY ?? 0;
+  let bestCurvature = initialProjection?.curvature ?? 0;
+  let bestSignedOffset = initialProjection?.signedOffset ?? 0;
+  let bestDistanceSquared = initialProjection?.distanceSquared ?? Infinity;
+  let bestTieScore = initialProjection ? projectionTieScore(initialProjection, preferredDistance) : Infinity;
+  let secondBestDistance = Infinity;
+  let tieResolved = false;
+  if (Number.isInteger(bestSegmentId)) {
+    segmentMarks[bestSegmentId] = segmentEpoch;
+  }
+
+  for (let radius = startRadius; radius <= maxRadius; radius += 1) {
+    let ringCanImprove = bestSegmentId == null;
+    forEachRingCell(grid, center, radius, (cellIndex, row, column) => {
+      if (cellMarks[cellIndex] === cellEpoch) return;
+      cellMarks[cellIndex] = cellEpoch;
+      const lowerBound = cellDistanceSquared(grid, row, column, position);
+      if (bestSegmentId != null && lowerBound > bestDistanceSquared + AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+        return;
+      }
+      ringCanImprove = true;
+      const cell = grid.cells[cellIndex];
+      if (!cell) return;
+      for (const segmentId of cell) {
+        if (segmentMarks[segmentId] === segmentEpoch) continue;
+        segmentMarks[segmentId] = segmentEpoch;
+        const ax = index.centerline.startX[segmentId];
+        const ay = index.centerline.startY[segmentId];
+        const dx = index.centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+        const dy = index.centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+        const amount = index.centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId] > 0
+          ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / index.centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId], 0, 1)
+          : 0;
+        const x = ax + dx * amount;
+        const y = ay + dy * amount;
+        const distance = index.centerline.startDistance[segmentId] +
+          index.centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId] * amount;
+        const normalX = index.centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+        const normalY = index.centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+        const px = position.x - x;
+        const py = position.y - y;
+        const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+        const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+        const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+        if (bestSegmentId == null || distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+          secondBestDistance = bestSegmentId == null ? Infinity : bestDistanceSquared;
+          bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+          bestX = x;
+          bestY = y;
+          bestDistance = distance;
+          bestHeading = index.centerline.heading[segmentId];
+          bestNormalX = normalX;
+          bestNormalY = normalY;
+          bestCurvature = index.centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+          bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+          bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+          bestTieScore = tieScore;
+        } else if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+          tieResolved = true;
+          secondBestDistance = Math.min(secondBestDistance, distanceSquared);
+          if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, bestSegmentId, bestTieScore)) {
+            bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+            bestX = x;
+            bestY = y;
+            bestDistance = distance;
+            bestHeading = index.centerline.heading[segmentId];
+            bestNormalX = normalX;
+            bestNormalY = normalY;
+            bestCurvature = index.centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+            bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+            bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+            bestTieScore = tieScore;
+          }
+        } else if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistance) {
+          secondBestDistance = distanceSquared;
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    if (bestSegmentId != null && !ringCanImprove) break;
+  }
+
+  if (bestSegmentId == null) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const projection = initialProjection ?? target ?? {};
+  writeProjectionCandidate(projection, {
+    segmentId: bestSegmentId,
+    x: bestX,
+    y: bestY,
+    distance: bestDistance,
+    heading: bestHeading,
+    normalX: bestNormalX,
+    normalY: bestNormalY,
+    curvature: bestCurvature,
+    signedOffset: bestSignedOffset,
+    distanceSquared: bestDistanceSquared,
+  });
+  const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistance) &&
+    Math.abs(secondBestDistance - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+  return { projection, reason: ambiguous || tieResolved ? 'tie-resolved' : 'ok' };
+}
+
+function projectionMatches(first, second) {
+  return first.segmentId === second.segmentId &&
+    Math.abs(first.distanceSquared - second.distanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+}
+
+function forEachRingCell(grid, center, radius, visitor) {
+  const minRow = Math.max(0, center.row - radius);
+  const maxRow = Math.min(grid.rows - 1, center.row + radius);
+  const minColumn = Math.max(0, center.column - radius);
+  const maxColumn = Math.min(grid.columns - 1, center.column + radius);
+  for (let row = minRow; row <= maxRow; row += 1) {
+    for (let column = minColumn; column <= maxColumn; column += 1) {
+      if (
+        radius > 0 &&
+        row !== minRow &&
+        row !== maxRow &&
+        column !== minColumn &&
+        column !== maxColumn
+      ) continue;
+      visitor(row * grid.columns + column, row, column);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function cellDistanceSquared(grid, row, column, position) {
+  const minX = grid.bounds.minX + column * grid.cellSize;
+  const minY = grid.bounds.minY + row * grid.cellSize;
+  const maxX = Math.min(grid.bounds.maxX, minX + grid.cellSize);
+  const maxY = Math.min(grid.bounds.maxY, minY + grid.cellSize);
+  const dx = position.x < minX ? minX - position.x : position.x > maxX ? position.x - maxX : 0;
+  const dy = position.y < minY ? minY - position.y : position.y > maxY ? position.y - maxY : 0;
+  return dx * dx + dy * dy;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromCandidates(centerline, candidateIds, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  if (!candidateIds.length) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  let bestSegmentId = null;
+  let bestX = 0;
+  let bestY = 0;
+  let bestDistance = 0;
+  let bestHeading = 0;
+  let bestNormalX = 0;
+  let bestNormalY = 0;
+  let bestCurvature = 0;
+  let bestSignedOffset = 0;
+  let bestDistanceSquared = Infinity;
+  let bestTieScore = Infinity;
+  let secondBestDistance = Infinity;
+  let tieResolved = false;
+  for (const segmentId of candidateIds) {
+    const ax = centerline.startX[segmentId];
+    const ay = centerline.startY[segmentId];
+    const dx = centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+    const dy = centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+    const amount = centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId] > 0
+      ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId], 0, 1)
+      : 0;
+    const x = ax + dx * amount;
+    const y = ay + dy * amount;
+    const distance = centerline.startDistance[segmentId] +
+      centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId] * amount;
+    const normalX = centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+    const normalY = centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+    const px = position.x - x;
+    const py = position.y - y;
+    const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+    const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+    const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+    if (bestSegmentId == null || distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      secondBestDistance = bestSegmentId == null ? Infinity : bestDistanceSquared;
+      bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+      bestX = x;
+      bestY = y;
+      bestDistance = distance;
+      bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+      bestNormalX = normalX;
+      bestNormalY = normalY;
+      bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+      bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+      bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+      bestTieScore = tieScore;
+    } else if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      tieResolved = true;
+      secondBestDistance = Math.min(secondBestDistance, distanceSquared);
+      if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, bestSegmentId, bestTieScore)) {
+        bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+        bestX = x;
+        bestY = y;
+        bestDistance = distance;
+        bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+        bestNormalX = normalX;
+        bestNormalY = normalY;
+        bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+        bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+        bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+        bestTieScore = tieScore;
+      }
+    } else if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistance) {
+      secondBestDistance = distanceSquared;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bestSegmentId == null) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-best' };
+  const projection = writeProjectionCandidate(target ?? {}, {
+    segmentId: bestSegmentId,
+    x: bestX,
+    y: bestY,
+    distance: bestDistance,
+    heading: bestHeading,
+    normalX: bestNormalX,
+    normalY: bestNormalY,
+    curvature: bestCurvature,
+    signedOffset: bestSignedOffset,
+    distanceSquared: bestDistanceSquared,
+  });
+
+  const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistance) &&
+    Math.abs(secondBestDistance - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+  return { projection, reason: ambiguous || tieResolved ? 'tie-resolved' : 'ok' };
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromAllSegments(centerline, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  const segmentCount = centerline?.segmentCount ?? 0;
+  if (segmentCount <= 0) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  let bestSegmentId = null;
+  let bestX = 0;
+  let bestY = 0;
+  let bestDistance = 0;
+  let bestHeading = 0;
+  let bestNormalX = 0;
+  let bestNormalY = 0;
+  let bestCurvature = 0;
+  let bestSignedOffset = 0;
+  let bestDistanceSquared = Infinity;
+  let bestTieScore = Infinity;
+  let secondBestDistance = Infinity;
+  let tieResolved = false;
+
+  for (let segmentId = 0; segmentId < segmentCount; segmentId += 1) {
+    const ax = centerline.startX[segmentId];
+    const ay = centerline.startY[segmentId];
+    const dx = centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+    const dy = centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+    const amount = centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId] > 0
+      ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId], 0, 1)
+      : 0;
+    const x = ax + dx * amount;
+    const y = ay + dy * amount;
+    const distance = centerline.startDistance[segmentId] +
+      centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId] * amount;
+    const normalX = centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+    const normalY = centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+    const px = position.x - x;
+    const py = position.y - y;
+    const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+    const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+    const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+    if (bestSegmentId == null || distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      secondBestDistance = bestSegmentId == null ? Infinity : bestDistanceSquared;
+      bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+      bestX = x;
+      bestY = y;
+      bestDistance = distance;
+      bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+      bestNormalX = normalX;
+      bestNormalY = normalY;
+      bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+      bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+      bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+      bestTieScore = tieScore;
+    } else if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      tieResolved = true;
+      secondBestDistance = Math.min(secondBestDistance, distanceSquared);
+      if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, bestSegmentId, bestTieScore)) {
+        bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+        bestX = x;
+        bestY = y;
+        bestDistance = distance;
+        bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+        bestNormalX = normalX;
+        bestNormalY = normalY;
+        bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+        bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+        bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+        bestTieScore = tieScore;
+      }
+    } else if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistance) {
+      secondBestDistance = distanceSquared;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bestSegmentId == null) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-best' };
+  const projection = writeProjectionCandidate(target ?? {}, {
+    segmentId: bestSegmentId,
+    x: bestX,
+    y: bestY,
+    distance: bestDistance,
+    heading: bestHeading,
+    normalX: bestNormalX,
+    normalY: bestNormalY,
+    curvature: bestCurvature,
+    signedOffset: bestSignedOffset,
+    distanceSquared: bestDistanceSquared,
+  });
+  const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistance) &&
+    Math.abs(secondBestDistance - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+  return { projection, reason: ambiguous || tieResolved ? 'tie-resolved' : 'ok' };
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromSegmentNeighborhood(
+  centerline,
+  centerSegmentId,
+  radius,
+  position,
+  preferredDistance = null,
+  target = null,
+) {
+  const segmentCount = centerline?.segmentCount ?? 0;
+  if (segmentCount <= 0) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  let bestSegmentId = null;
+  let bestX = 0;
+  let bestY = 0;
+  let bestDistance = 0;
+  let bestHeading = 0;
+  let bestNormalX = 0;
+  let bestNormalY = 0;
+  let bestCurvature = 0;
+  let bestSignedOffset = 0;
+  let bestDistanceSquared = Infinity;
+  let bestTieScore = Infinity;
+  let secondBestDistance = Infinity;
+  let tieResolved = false;
+
+  const precomputedNeighborhood = getPrecomputedSegmentNeighborhood(centerline, centerSegmentId, radius);
+  const segmentIds = precomputedNeighborhood ?? null;
+  if (centerline?.stats && segmentIds) centerline.stats.precomputedSegmentNeighborhoodHits += 1;
+  const segmentIdCount = segmentIds?.length ?? (radius * 2 + 1);
+  for (let index = 0; index < segmentIdCount; index += 1) {
+    const segmentId = segmentIds
+      ? segmentIds[index]
+      : ((centerSegmentId + (index - radius)) % segmentCount + segmentCount) % segmentCount;
+    const ax = centerline.startX[segmentId];
+    const ay = centerline.startY[segmentId];
+    const dx = centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+    const dy = centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+    const amount = centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId] > 0
+      ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId], 0, 1)
+      : 0;
+    const x = ax + dx * amount;
+    const y = ay + dy * amount;
+    const distance = centerline.startDistance[segmentId] +
+      centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId] * amount;
+    const normalX = centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+    const normalY = centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+    const px = position.x - x;
+    const py = position.y - y;
+    const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+    const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+    const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+
+    if (bestSegmentId == null || distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      secondBestDistance = bestSegmentId == null ? Infinity : bestDistanceSquared;
+      bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+      bestX = x;
+      bestY = y;
+      bestDistance = distance;
+      bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+      bestNormalX = normalX;
+      bestNormalY = normalY;
+      bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+      bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+      bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+      bestTieScore = tieScore;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      tieResolved = true;
+      secondBestDistance = Math.min(secondBestDistance, distanceSquared);
+      if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, bestSegmentId, bestTieScore)) {
+        bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+        bestX = x;
+        bestY = y;
+        bestDistance = distance;
+        bestHeading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+        bestNormalX = normalX;
+        bestNormalY = normalY;
+        bestCurvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+        bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+        bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+        bestTieScore = tieScore;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistance) {
+      secondBestDistance = distanceSquared;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bestSegmentId == null) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-best' };
+  const projection = target ?? {};
+  projection.segmentId = bestSegmentId;
+  projection.x = bestX;
+  projection.y = bestY;
+  projection.distance = bestDistance;
+  projection.heading = bestHeading;
+  projection.normalX = bestNormalX;
+  projection.normalY = bestNormalY;
+  projection.curvature = bestCurvature;
+  projection.signedOffset = bestSignedOffset;
+  projection.crossTrackError = Math.abs(bestSignedOffset);
+  projection.distanceSquared = bestDistanceSquared;
+  const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistance) &&
+    Math.abs(secondBestDistance - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+  return { projection, reason: ambiguous || tieResolved ? 'tie-resolved' : 'ok' };
+}
+
+function bestProjectionBatchFromSegmentNeighborhood(
+  index,
+  positions,
+  centerSegmentId,
+  radius,
+  preferredDistance = null,
+  target = null,
+) {
+  const centerline = index.centerline;
+  const projections = target ?? new Array(positions.length);
+  projections.length = positions.length;
+  const scratch = ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  const tieResolvedFlags = ensureUint8ScratchArray(scratch, 'segmentNeighborhoodTieResolved', positions.length);
+  const validFlags = ensureUint8ScratchArray(scratch, 'segmentNeighborhoodValid', positions.length);
+  const bestTieScores = ensureFloat64ScratchArray(scratch, 'segmentNeighborhoodBestTieScores', positions.length);
+  const secondBestDistances = ensureFloat64ScratchArray(scratch, 'segmentNeighborhoodSecondBestDistances', positions.length);
+
+  for (let indexPosition = 0; indexPosition < positions.length; indexPosition += 1) {
+    const position = positions[indexPosition];
+    if (!finitePoint(position)) {
+      projections[indexPosition] = null;
+      validFlags[indexPosition] = 0;
+      tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] = 0;
+      bestTieScores[indexPosition] = Infinity;
+      secondBestDistances[indexPosition] = Infinity;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const projection = projections[indexPosition] ?? {};
+    projections[indexPosition] = projection;
+    projection.segmentId = -1;
+    projection.distanceSquared = Infinity;
+    validFlags[indexPosition] = 1;
+    tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] = 0;
+    bestTieScores[indexPosition] = Infinity;
+    secondBestDistances[indexPosition] = Infinity;
+  }
+
+  const segmentCount = centerline.segmentCount;
+  const precomputedNeighborhood = getPrecomputedSegmentNeighborhood(centerline, centerSegmentId, radius);
+  if (centerline?.stats && precomputedNeighborhood) centerline.stats.precomputedSegmentNeighborhoodHits += positions.length;
+  const segmentIds = precomputedNeighborhood ?? null;
+  const segmentIdCount = segmentIds?.length ?? (radius * 2 + 1);
+  for (let index = 0; index < segmentIdCount; index += 1) {
+    const segmentId = segmentIds
+      ? segmentIds[index]
+      : ((centerSegmentId + (index - radius)) % segmentCount + segmentCount) % segmentCount;
+    const ax = centerline.startX[segmentId];
+    const ay = centerline.startY[segmentId];
+    const dx = centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+    const dy = centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+    const lengthSquared = centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId];
+    const distanceBase = centerline.startDistance[segmentId];
+    const distanceSpan = centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId];
+    const heading = centerline.heading[segmentId];
+    const normalX = centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+    const normalY = centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+    const curvature = centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+
+    for (let indexPosition = 0; indexPosition < positions.length; indexPosition += 1) {
+      if (!validFlags[indexPosition]) continue;
+      const position = positions[indexPosition];
+      const amount = lengthSquared > 0
+        ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / lengthSquared, 0, 1)
+        : 0;
+      const x = ax + dx * amount;
+      const y = ay + dy * amount;
+      const distance = distanceBase + distanceSpan * amount;
+      const px = position.x - x;
+      const py = position.y - y;
+      const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+      const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+      const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+      const projection = projections[indexPosition];
+
+      if (projection.segmentId < 0 || distanceSquared < projection.distanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+        secondBestDistances[indexPosition] = projection.segmentId < 0 ? Infinity : projection.distanceSquared;
+        writeProjectionCandidate(projection, {
+          segmentId,
+          x,
+          y,
+          distance,
+          heading,
+          normalX,
+          normalY,
+          curvature,
+          signedOffset,
+          distanceSquared,
+        });
+        bestTieScores[indexPosition] = tieScore;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - projection.distanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+        tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] = 1;
+        secondBestDistances[indexPosition] = Math.min(secondBestDistances[indexPosition], distanceSquared);
+        if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, projection.segmentId, bestTieScores[indexPosition])) {
+          writeProjectionCandidate(projection, {
+            segmentId,
+            x,
+            y,
+            distance,
+            heading,
+            normalX,
+            normalY,
+            curvature,
+            signedOffset,
+            distanceSquared,
+          });
+          bestTieScores[indexPosition] = tieScore;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistances[indexPosition]) {
+        secondBestDistances[indexPosition] = distanceSquared;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (let indexPosition = 0; indexPosition < positions.length; indexPosition += 1) {
+    if (!validFlags[indexPosition]) continue;
+    const projection = projections[indexPosition];
+    if (projection.segmentId < 0) {
+      projections[indexPosition] = null;
+      tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistances[indexPosition]) &&
+      Math.abs(secondBestDistances[indexPosition] - projection.distanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+    if (ambiguous) tieResolvedFlags[indexPosition] = 1;
+  }
+
+  return tieResolvedFlags;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromHintedSegmentNeighborhood(index, distanceAlong, radius, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  const centerSegmentId = segmentIdAtDistance(index, distanceAlong);
+  if (!Number.isInteger(centerSegmentId)) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  return bestProjectionFromSegmentNeighborhood(
+    index.centerline,
+    centerSegmentId,
+    radius,
+    position,
+    preferredDistance,
+    target,
+  );
+}
+
+function segmentIdAtDistance(index, distanceAlong) {
+  const centerline = index?.centerline;
+  const segmentCount = centerline?.segmentCount ?? 0;
+  const totalLength = index?.arcBuckets?.totalLength;
+  if (segmentCount <= 0 || !Number.isFinite(distanceAlong) || !Number.isFinite(totalLength) || totalLength <= 0) return null;
+  const scratch = ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  if (scratch.hintDistanceCacheDistance === distanceAlong && Number.isInteger(scratch.hintDistanceCacheSegmentId) && scratch.hintDistanceCacheSegmentId >= 0) {
+    index.stats.hintDistanceCacheHits += 1;
+    return scratch.hintDistanceCacheSegmentId;
+  }
+  const wrapped = wrapDistance(distanceAlong, totalLength);
+  let low = 0;
+  let high = segmentCount - 1;
+  while (low < high) {
+    const mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+    if (centerline.endDistance[mid] < wrapped) low = mid + 1;
+    else high = mid;
+  }
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheDistance = distanceAlong;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheWrappedDistance = wrapped;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheSegmentId = low;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCachePointX = Number.NaN;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCachePointY = Number.NaN;
+  return low;
+}
+
+function projectionTieScore(projection, preferredDistance) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(preferredDistance)) return projection.segmentId;
+  return Math.abs(projection.distance - preferredDistance);
+}
+
+function projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(preferredDistance)) return segmentId;
+  return Math.abs(distance - preferredDistance);
+}
+
+function projectionTieBeats(candidate, candidateTieScore, current, currentTieScore) {
+  if (candidateTieScore < currentTieScore - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) return true;
+  if (Math.abs(candidateTieScore - currentTieScore) > AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) return false;
+  return candidate.segmentId < current.segmentId;
+}
+
+function projectionTieBeatsCandidate(candidateSegmentId, candidateTieScore, currentSegmentId, currentTieScore) {
+  if (candidateTieScore < currentTieScore - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) return true;
+  if (Math.abs(candidateTieScore - currentTieScore) > AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) return false;
+  return candidateSegmentId < currentSegmentId;
+}
+
+function ensureFloat64ScratchArray(scratch, key, minimumLength) {
+  if (!(scratch[key] instanceof Float64Array) || scratch[key].length < minimumLength) {
+    scratch[key] = new Float64Array(Math.max(1, minimumLength));
+  }
+  return scratch[key];
+}
+
+function ensureUint8ScratchArray(scratch, key, minimumLength) {
+  if (!(scratch[key] instanceof Uint8Array) || scratch[key].length < minimumLength) {
+    scratch[key] = new Uint8Array(Math.max(1, minimumLength));
+  }
+  return scratch[key];
+}
+
+export function queryNearbyTrackProjections(track, position, { neighborLimit = GRID_NEIGHBOR_LIMIT } = {}) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount || !finitePoint(position)) return null;
+  const ids = candidateIdsFromGrid(index, index.grid, position, neighborLimit);
+  if (!ids.length) return [];
+  return ids.map((segmentId) => projectIndexedSegment(index.centerline, segmentId, position));
+}
+
+export function queryTrackSegmentsInBounds(track, bounds) {
+  const index = track?.queryIndex;
+  const grid = index?.segmentGrid ?? index?.grid;
+  if (!index?.centerline?.segmentCount || !grid || !finiteBounds(bounds)) return null;
+  const ids = candidateIdsFromGridBounds(index, grid, bounds);
+  if (!ids.length) return [];
+  return ids.map((segmentId) => segmentFromIndex(index.centerline, segmentId));
+}
+
+function isHintProjectionDistanceSafe(index, projection) {
+  const safeDistanceSquared = index.nearestNonLocalHintDistanceSquared?.[projection.segmentId] ?? 0;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(safeDistanceSquared)) return true;
+  return 4 * projection.crossTrackError * projection.crossTrackError < safeDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+}
+
+function hintedQueryStaysInLocalCorridor(index, position, progressHint, maxOffset) {
+  const hintPoint = pointAtIndexedDistance(index, progressHint);
+  if (!hintPoint) return false;
+  const dx = position.x - hintPoint.x;
+  const dy = position.y - hintPoint.y;
+  return dx * dx + dy * dy <= maxOffset * maxOffset + AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+}
+
+function pointAtIndexedDistance(index, distanceAlong) {
+  const centerline = index?.centerline;
+  const scratch = ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  const segmentId = segmentIdAtDistance(index, distanceAlong);
+  if (!centerline || !Number.isInteger(segmentId)) return null;
+  if (
+    scratch.hintDistanceCacheDistance === distanceAlong &&
+    Number.isFinite(scratch.hintDistanceCachePointX) &&
+    Number.isFinite(scratch.hintDistanceCachePointY)
+  ) {
+    return {
+      x: scratch.hintDistanceCachePointX,
+      y: scratch.hintDistanceCachePointY,
+    };
+  }
+  const startDistance = centerline.startDistance[segmentId];
+  const endDistance = centerline.endDistance[segmentId];
+  const span = Math.max(AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON, endDistance - startDistance);
+  const wrappedDistance = scratch.hintDistanceCacheDistance === distanceAlong &&
+    Number.isFinite(scratch.hintDistanceCacheWrappedDistance)
+    ? scratch.hintDistanceCacheWrappedDistance
+    : wrapDistance(distanceAlong, index.arcBuckets.totalLength);
+  const amount = clamp((wrappedDistance - startDistance) / span, 0, 1);
+  const point = {
+    x: centerline.startX[segmentId] + (centerline.endX[segmentId] - centerline.startX[segmentId]) * amount,
+    y: centerline.startY[segmentId] + (centerline.endY[segmentId] - centerline.startY[segmentId]) * amount,
+  };
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheDistance = distanceAlong;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheWrappedDistance = wrappedDistance;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCacheSegmentId = segmentId;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCachePointX = point.x;
+  scratch.hintDistanceCachePointY = point.y;
+  return point;
+}
+
+function isHintProjectionLowDensitySafe(index, position) {
+  const grid = index?.segmentGrid ?? index?.grid;
+  const counts = index?.lowDensityHintRing1SegmentCounts;
+  if (!grid || !counts?.length || !finitePoint(position)) return false;
+  const cell = gridCellForPoint(grid, position, false);
+  if (!cell) return false;
+  const count = counts[cell.row * grid.columns + cell.column] ?? Infinity;
+  return count <= LOW_DENSITY_HINT_RING1_SEGMENT_THRESHOLD;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromLowDensityCellNeighborhood(index, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  const grid = index?.segmentGrid ?? index?.grid;
+  const counts = index?.lowDensityHintRing1SegmentCounts;
+  const candidateIdsByCell = index?.lowDensityHintRing1CandidateIdsByCell;
+  if (!grid || !counts?.length || !candidateIdsByCell?.length || !finitePoint(position)) {
+    return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  }
+  const center = gridCellForPoint(grid, position, false);
+  if (!center) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const cellIndex = center.row * grid.columns + center.column;
+  if ((counts[cellIndex] ?? Infinity) > LOW_DENSITY_HINT_RING1_SEGMENT_THRESHOLD) {
+    return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  }
+  const candidateIds = candidateIdsByCell[cellIndex];
+  if (!candidateIds?.length) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const local = bestProjectionFromCandidates(index.centerline, candidateIds, position, preferredDistance, target);
+  if (!local.projection) return local;
+  forEachRingCell(grid, center, 2, (_ringCellIndex, row, column) => {
+    if (local.projection == null) return;
+    if (
+      row >= center.row - 1 &&
+      row <= center.row + 1 &&
+      column >= center.column - 1 &&
+      column <= center.column + 1
+    ) return;
+    const cell = grid.cells[row * grid.columns + column];
+    if (!cell?.length) return;
+    const lowerBound = cellDistanceSquared(grid, row, column, position);
+    if (lowerBound <= local.projection.distanceSquared + AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      local.projection = null;
+    }
+  });
+  return local.projection ? local : { projection: null, reason: 'needs-wider-search' };
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromRing2Neighborhood(index, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  const grid = index?.segmentGrid ?? index?.grid;
+  if (!grid || !finitePoint(position)) {
+    return { projection: null, bestProjection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  }
+  const center = gridCellForPoint(grid, position, false);
+  if (!center) return { projection: null, bestProjection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const candidateIds = candidateIdsFromCellNeighborhood(index, grid, center, 2);
+  if (!candidateIds.length) return { projection: null, bestProjection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const local = bestProjectionFromCandidates(index.centerline, candidateIds, position, preferredDistance, target);
+  if (!local.projection) return { projection: null, bestProjection: null, reason: local.reason ?? 'no-candidates' };
+  const bestProjection = local.projection;
+  forEachRingCell(grid, center, 3, (_cellIndex, row, column) => {
+    if (local.projection == null) return;
+    const cell = grid.cells[row * grid.columns + column];
+    if (!cell?.length) return;
+    const lowerBound = cellDistanceSquared(grid, row, column, position);
+    if (lowerBound <= local.projection.distanceSquared + AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      local.projection = null;
+    }
+  });
+  return local.projection
+    ? local
+    : { projection: null, bestProjection, reason: 'needs-wider-search' };
+}
+
+function candidateIdsFromCellNeighborhood(index, grid, center, radius) {
+  const scratch = ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  const segmentMarks = ensureScratchArray(scratch, 'cellNeighborhoodSegmentMarks', index.centerline.segmentCount);
+  const segmentEpoch = nextScratchEpoch(scratch, 'cellNeighborhoodSegmentEpoch', segmentMarks);
+  const ids = scratch.cellNeighborhoodSegmentIds ?? [];
+  ids.length = 0;
+  for (let row = Math.max(0, center.row - radius); row <= Math.min(grid.rows - 1, center.row + radius); row += 1) {
+    for (let column = Math.max(0, center.column - radius); column <= Math.min(grid.columns - 1, center.column + radius); column += 1) {
+      const cell = grid.cells[row * grid.columns + column];
+      if (!cell) continue;
+      for (const segmentId of cell) {
+        if (segmentMarks[segmentId] === segmentEpoch) continue;
+        segmentMarks[segmentId] = segmentEpoch;
+        ids.push(segmentId);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  scratch.cellNeighborhoodSegmentIds = ids;
+  return ids;
+}
+
+function bestProjectionFromArcBuckets(index, distanceAlong, radius, position, preferredDistance = null, target = null) {
+  const arcBuckets = index?.arcBuckets;
+  if (!arcBuckets?.count || !Number.isFinite(distanceAlong)) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-candidates' };
+  const wrapped = wrapDistance(distanceAlong, arcBuckets.totalLength);
+  const center = Math.floor(wrapped / arcBuckets.bucketLength);
+  const precomputedRadius2Candidates = radius === 2
+    ? arcBuckets.radius2CandidateIdsByBucket?.[center] ?? null
+    : null;
+  const scratch = precomputedRadius2Candidates ? null : ensureQueryScratch(index);
+  const segmentMarks = precomputedRadius2Candidates
+    ? null
+    : ensureScratchArray(scratch, 'candidateMarks', index.centerline.segmentCount);
+  const candidateEpoch = precomputedRadius2Candidates
+    ? 0
+    : nextScratchEpoch(scratch, 'candidateEpoch', segmentMarks);
+  let bestSegmentId = null;
+  let bestX = 0;
+  let bestY = 0;
+  let bestDistance = 0;
+  let bestHeading = 0;
+  let bestNormalX = 0;
+  let bestNormalY = 0;
+  let bestCurvature = 0;
+  let bestSignedOffset = 0;
+  let bestDistanceSquared = Infinity;
+  let bestTieScore = Infinity;
+  let secondBestDistance = Infinity;
+  let tieResolved = false;
+
+  const visitCandidate = (segmentId) => {
+    if (segmentMarks) {
+      if (segmentMarks[segmentId] === candidateEpoch) return;
+      segmentMarks[segmentId] = candidateEpoch;
+    }
+    const ax = index.centerline.startX[segmentId];
+    const ay = index.centerline.startY[segmentId];
+    const dx = index.centerline.deltaX[segmentId];
+    const dy = index.centerline.deltaY[segmentId];
+    const amount = index.centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId] > 0
+      ? clamp(((position.x - ax) * dx + (position.y - ay) * dy) / index.centerline.lengthSquared[segmentId], 0, 1)
+      : 0;
+    const x = ax + dx * amount;
+    const y = ay + dy * amount;
+    const distance = index.centerline.startDistance[segmentId] +
+      index.centerline.distanceSpan[segmentId] * amount;
+    const normalX = index.centerline.normalX[segmentId];
+    const normalY = index.centerline.normalY[segmentId];
+    const px = position.x - x;
+    const py = position.y - y;
+    const signedOffset = px * normalX + py * normalY;
+    const distanceSquared = px * px + py * py;
+    const tieScore = projectionTieScoreForCandidate(distance, segmentId, preferredDistance);
+    if (bestSegmentId == null || distanceSquared < bestDistanceSquared - AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      secondBestDistance = bestSegmentId == null ? Infinity : bestDistanceSquared;
+      bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+      bestX = x;
+      bestY = y;
+      bestDistance = distance;
+      bestHeading = index.centerline.heading[segmentId];
+      bestNormalX = normalX;
+      bestNormalY = normalY;
+      bestCurvature = index.centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+      bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+      bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+      bestTieScore = tieScore;
+    } else if (Math.abs(distanceSquared - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON) {
+      tieResolved = true;
+      secondBestDistance = Math.min(secondBestDistance, distanceSquared);
+      if (projectionTieBeatsCandidate(segmentId, tieScore, bestSegmentId, bestTieScore)) {
+        bestSegmentId = segmentId;
+        bestX = x;
+        bestY = y;
+        bestDistance = distance;
+        bestHeading = index.centerline.heading[segmentId];
+        bestNormalX = normalX;
+        bestNormalY = normalY;
+        bestCurvature = index.centerline.curvature[segmentId];
+        bestSignedOffset = signedOffset;
+        bestDistanceSquared = distanceSquared;
+        bestTieScore = tieScore;
+      }
+    } else if (distanceSquared < secondBestDistance) {
+      secondBestDistance = distanceSquared;
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (precomputedRadius2Candidates) {
+    index.stats.arcBucketRadius2PrecomputedQueries += 1;
+    for (const segmentId of precomputedRadius2Candidates) visitCandidate(segmentId);
+  } else {
+    for (let offset = -radius; offset <= radius; offset += 1) {
+      const bucket = ((center + offset) % arcBuckets.count + arcBuckets.count) % arcBuckets.count;
+      for (const segmentId of arcBuckets.buckets[bucket]) visitCandidate(segmentId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bestSegmentId == null) return { projection: null, reason: 'no-best' };
+  const projection = writeProjectionCandidate(target ?? {}, {
+    segmentId: bestSegmentId,
+    x: bestX,
+    y: bestY,
+    distance: bestDistance,
+    heading: bestHeading,
+    normalX: bestNormalX,
+    normalY: bestNormalY,
+    curvature: bestCurvature,
+    signedOffset: bestSignedOffset,
+    distanceSquared: bestDistanceSquared,
+  });
+  const ambiguous = Number.isFinite(secondBestDistance) &&
+    Math.abs(secondBestDistance - bestDistanceSquared) <= AMBIGUOUS_DISTANCE_EPSILON;
+  return { projection, reason: ambiguous || tieResolved ? 'tie-resolved' : 'ok' };
+}
+
+function finiteBounds(bounds) {
+  return Number.isFinite(bounds?.minX) &&
+    Number.isFinite(bounds?.maxX) &&
+    Number.isFinite(bounds?.minY) &&
+    Number.isFinite(bounds?.maxY) &&
+    bounds.minX <= bounds.maxX &&
+    bounds.minY <= bounds.maxY;
+}