@intlayer/docs 9.5.2 → 9.5.4-canary.0
This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
- package/README.md +9 -9
- package/blog/ar/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/ar/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/ar/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +438 -0
- package/blog/ar/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/ar/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/ar/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/ar/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/ar/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ar/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ar/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/ar/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/ar/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/ar/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +9 -5
- package/blog/ar/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/ar/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/ar/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/ar/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ar/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +286 -0
- package/blog/ar/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/de/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/de/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/de/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/de/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/de/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/de/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/de/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/de/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/de/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/de/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/de/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/de/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/de/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/de/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/de/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +415 -0
- package/blog/de/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/de/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/de/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/de/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +355 -0
- package/blog/en/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/en/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/en/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +438 -0
- package/blog/en/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/en/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/en/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/en/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/en/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/en/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/en/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/en/list_i18n_technologies/frameworks/react-router.md +2 -3
- package/blog/en/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/en/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/en/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +415 -0
- package/blog/en/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/en/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/en/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/en/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +361 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/en-GB/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +438 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en-GB/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en-GB/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/en-GB/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/en-GB/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +415 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/en-GB/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/en-GB/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/en-GB/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/en-GB/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +245 -0
- package/blog/es/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/es/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/es/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +446 -0
- package/blog/es/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/es/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/es/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/es/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/es/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/es/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/es/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/es/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/es/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/es/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/es/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/es/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +417 -0
- package/blog/es/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/es/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/es/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/es/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +363 -0
- package/blog/fr/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/fr/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/fr/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +438 -0
- package/blog/fr/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/fr/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/fr/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/fr/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/fr/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/fr/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/fr/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/fr/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/fr/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/fr/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/fr/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/fr/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +417 -0
- package/blog/fr/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/fr/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/fr/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +287 -0
- package/blog/fr/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +39 -0
- package/blog/hi/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/hi/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/hi/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/hi/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/hi/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/hi/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/hi/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/hi/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/hi/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/hi/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/hi/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/hi/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/hi/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +8 -4
- package/blog/hi/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/hi/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/hi/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/hi/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/hi/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/hi/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/id/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/id/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/id/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/id/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/id/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/id/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/id/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/id/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/id/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/id/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/id/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/id/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/id/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/id/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +310 -0
- package/blog/id/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/id/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/id/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/id/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +36 -0
- package/blog/id/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/id/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +41 -0
- package/blog/it/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/it/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +549 -0
- package/blog/it/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/it/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +455 -0
- package/blog/it/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +449 -0
- package/blog/it/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/it/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/it/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/it/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/it/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/it/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/it/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/it/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/it/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/it/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +418 -0
- package/blog/it/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/it/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/it/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/it/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +34 -0
- package/blog/ja/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/ja/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/ja/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/ja/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +457 -0
- package/blog/ja/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/ja/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/ja/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +447 -0
- package/blog/ja/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ja/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ja/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/ja/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/ja/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/ja/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/ja/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +310 -0
- package/blog/ja/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +422 -0
- package/blog/ja/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/ja/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ja/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/ja/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/ja/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/ko/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/ko/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/ko/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/ko/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/ko/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/ko/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/ko/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +447 -0
- package/blog/ko/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ko/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ko/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/ko/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/ko/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/ko/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/ko/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/ko/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/ko/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/ko/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ko/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/ko/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/ko/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +366 -0
- package/blog/pl/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/pl/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +549 -0
- package/blog/pl/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +438 -0
- package/blog/pl/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +460 -0
- package/blog/pl/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +442 -0
- package/blog/pl/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/pl/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/pl/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/pl/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/pl/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/pl/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/pl/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/pl/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/pl/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/pl/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/pl/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/pl/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/pl/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +289 -0
- package/blog/pl/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/pl/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/pt/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/pt/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +549 -0
- package/blog/pt/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/pt/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/pt/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/pt/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/pt/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/pt/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/pt/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/pt/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/pt/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/pt/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/pt/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/pt/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/pt/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +411 -0
- package/blog/pt/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/pt/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/pt/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/pt/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/ru/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/ru/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +553 -0
- package/blog/ru/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/ru/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +459 -0
- package/blog/ru/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +453 -0
- package/blog/ru/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/ru/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/ru/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ru/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/ru/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/ru/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/ru/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/ru/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +9 -5
- package/blog/ru/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/ru/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +417 -0
- package/blog/ru/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/ru/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +5 -1
- package/blog/ru/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/ru/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +54 -0
- package/blog/tr/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/tr/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +548 -0
- package/blog/tr/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/tr/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +454 -0
- package/blog/tr/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/tr/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/tr/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
- package/blog/tr/is_i18next_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/tr/is_next-intl_outdated.md +6 -2
- package/blog/tr/is_vue-i18n_outdated.md +8 -2
- package/blog/tr/lingui_vs_intlayer-lingui.md +304 -0
- package/blog/tr/lingui_vs_intlayer.md +381 -0
- package/blog/tr/next-i18next_vs_next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +10 -6
- package/blog/tr/next-intl_vs_intlayer-next-intl.md +309 -0
- package/blog/tr/next-intl_vs_intlayer.md +397 -0
- package/blog/tr/per-component_vs_centralized_i18n.md +9 -4
- package/blog/tr/react-i18next_vs_react-intl_vs_intlayer.md +6 -2
- package/blog/tr/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer-vue-i18n.md +288 -0
- package/blog/tr/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer.md +1 -1
- package/blog/tr/vue-i18n_vs_intlayer_benchmark.md +0 -0
- package/blog/uk/history_of_i18n.md +54 -54
- package/blog/uk/how_to_pick_react_i18n_library.md +542 -0
- package/blog/uk/how_to_pick_solid_i18n_library.md +451 -0
- package/blog/uk/how_to_pick_svelte_i18n_library.md +448 -0
- package/blog/uk/how_to_pick_vue_i18n_library.md +443 -0
- package/blog/uk/i18next_vs_intlayer-i18next.md +327 -0
- package/blog/uk/i18next_vs_intlayer.md +445 -0
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- package/frequent_questions/ja/claude_code_token_consumption.md +152 -0
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- package/frequent_questions/uk/claude_code_token_consumption.md +152 -0
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createdAt: 2025-09-10
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updatedAt: 2025-09-10
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title: "Per-Component vs. Centralized i18n: Nowe podejście z Intlayer"
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description: Dogłębne porównanie strategii internacjonalizacji w React, porównanie podejść scentralizowanych, per-key i per-component, oraz wprowadzenie Intlayer.
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keywords:
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- i18n
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- React
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- Internationalization
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- Intlayer
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- blog
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- per-component-vs-centralized-i18n
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author:
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name: Aymeric PINEAU
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github: aymericzip
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---
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# Per-Component vs. Centralized i18n
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Jestem twórcą Intlayer, rozwiązania i18n, które przyjmuje **podejście per-component**.
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Podejście per-component nie jest dokładnie nowe.
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Po stronie Vue, `vue-i18n` ma podejście ['Single File Components'](https://vue-i18n.intlify.dev/guide/advanced/sfc.html). Istnieje również w Nuxt z tłumaczeniami per-component [tutaj](https://i18n.nuxtjs.org/docs/guide/per-component-translations).
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Nawet w aplikacji Flutter możemy często znaleźć ten wzorzec:
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```bash
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lib/
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├── features/
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│ ├── login/
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│ │ ├── login_screen.dart
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│ │ └── login_screen.i18n.dart <- Tłumaczenia żyją tutaj
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```
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```dart
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import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';
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extension Localization on String {
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{
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"en_us": "Hello",
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"pt_br": "Olá",
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"es": "Hola",
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};
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String get i18n => localize(this, _t);
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}
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```
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Niemniej jednak, w świecie React, głównie widzimy różne podejścia, które pogrupuję w trzy kategorie:
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1. **Podejście scentralizowane** (i18next, next-intl, react-intl, lingui)
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2. **Podejście per-component** (Intlayer)
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3. **Podejście per-key** (inlang)
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W tym blogu nie będę skupiać się na rozwiązaniach bazujących na kompilatorze, które już omówiłem tutaj: [Compiler vs Declarative i18n](https://github.com/aymericzip/intlayer/blob/main/docs/blog/en/compiler_vs_declarative_i18n.md).
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Zauważ, że compiler-based i18n (np. Lingui) po prostu automatyzuje ekstrakcję i ładowanie zawartości. Za kulisami, często dzielą te same ograniczenia co podejście scentralizowane.
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Co zatem są różnice?
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- **Podejście scentralizowane** (bez namespaces) rozważa pojedyncze źródło do pobierania zawartości. Domyślnie ładujesz zawartość wszystkich stron przy załadowaniu aplikacji.
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- **Podejścia per-component i per-key** drobniutko dzielą pobieranie zawartości.
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> Zauważ, że im bardziej dzielisz jak pobierasz zawartość, tym bardziej ryzykujesz wstawiać dodatkowy stan i logikę do komponentów.
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> Na przykład, strona może łatwo zawierać 500 węzłów tekstu (`<p>`, `<span>`). Podejście per-key efektywnie wstawi 500 nowych instancji komponentu aby obsłużyć tłumaczenie, każde potencjalnie używając własnego `useState`, `useEffect`, lub `useContext`.
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Tutaj jest wizualizacja kompromisu:
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```bash
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Count of useState / Overhead (100 blocks <p> / 10 components)
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100 | x Per-key
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...
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10 | x Per-component
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1 | x Centralized
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|-------------------------------------------------------->
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0 900 1000
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% of unused content (Based on 10 unique pages)
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```
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Równolegle, powinieneś wiedzieć, że gdy dynamicznie ładujesz zawartość (`await import()`), skończysz z dodatkowymi żądaniami do serwera. Jedno dodatkowe `useState` lub hook odnosi się do jednego dodatkowego żądania do serwera.
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> Aby naprawić ten punkt, Intlayer sugeruje grupowanie wielu definicji zawartości pod tym samym kluczem, Intlayer będzie wtedy scalać tę zawartość.
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### Dlaczego zatem podejście scentralizowane jest tak popularne?
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- Najpierw, i18next była pierwszym rozwiązaniem, które stało się szeroko stosowane, podążając za podejściem inspirowanym PHP i Java, które opierają się na wyraźnej separacji obaw (MVP). i18next przybył nawet przed trendem frameworków frontendowych i architektury opartej na komponentach.
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createdAt: 2024-03-07
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updatedAt: 2024-03-07
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title: Benchmark Notes
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description: Detailed notes and observations from the i18n framework benchmark.
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keywords:
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author:
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name: Aymeric PINEAU
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github: aymericzip
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**gt-react** / **gt-next**
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I was not able to test gt-react / gt-next. The libraries are not functional and break the application.
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- I was not able to test the app reactivity.
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- Translations are not rendered; I get the error `Error: <T> used on the client-side outside of <GTProvider>`, which seems to be a bug in the library.
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- While implementing **gt-tanstack-start-react**, I also came across an [issue](https://github.com/generaltranslation/gt/issues/1210#event-24510646961) with the library: `does not provide an export named 'printAST' - @formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser`, which was making the application break. After reporting this issue, the maintainer fixed it within 24 hours.
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- This library requires a dependency on the General Translation server for translation. Even a single translation attempt returned an error: `Quota Exceeded, please upgrade your plan`. The risk of vendor lock-in is high.
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- These libraries use an anti-pattern through the `initializeGT()` function, blocking the bundle from tree-shaking cleanly.
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- For nextjs implementation, the library blocks static rendering of Next.js pages.
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**Lingo.dev**
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- Heavy dependency on the lingo.dev server to generate the translations. Even if they include a more generous free tier than General Translation, the risk of vendor lock-in is high.
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- The setup was not straightforward. I had to reverse engineer their code and force overwriting an environment variable to make it work.
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- Their CLI is buggy and used to rewrite the config file each time I used it.
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- The compiler was missing almost 40% of the translated content. I had to rewrite all `.map` into flat component blocks to make it work.
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- I met reactivity issues with the library. On locale change I had to force rerendering of the provider to make it work.
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- On rebuild it used to randomly remove all generated translations without any reason.
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**next-translate**
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- For Next.js applications, this library was a great discovery; the approach is extremely well thought out and easy to implement, and the results are impressive. The gain in comparison to other libraries using `t()` syntax is significant, such as **next-intl** or **next-i18next**.
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- This library uses a build transformation approach with `react-translate-plugin`: it rewrites your pages and inserts content retrieval using `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps` via a Webpack / Turbopack loader. The result is that you never fetch content from other locales.
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- For namespacing, picking namespaces at the config level is also well thought out: you can define namespaces for each page or route. It makes maintenance much easier than the main alternatives, such as **next-intl** or **next-i18next**.
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- This library supports both Webpack and Turbopack, client and server components, and the Pages and App Router.
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- Even if that solution is >6 years old, the library is still actively maintained.
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- There is no website and no online documentation; they are only available on GitHub. I like finding great libraries and fixing problems in a clean way, without extra marketing layers.
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- All constants are transformed into functions, leading to an anti-pattern. Syntax such as `const t = useTranslation('xx')` + `<>{t('xx.xx')}</>` introduces unnecessary complexity and leads to JavaScript execution overhead.
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- The library blocks static rendering of Next.js pages.
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**Tolgee**
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- The implementation was difficult to get working, especially because the library does not provide type safety. To detect wrong keys, I had to manually rewrite the type-safety logic and reuse my own implementation of the `getTranslation` function.
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- This library supports both Webpack and Turbopack, client and server components, and the Pages and App Router.
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- There is no website and no online documentation; they are only available on GitHub.
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- On tanstack start I also met reactivity issues with the library. On locale change I had to force the rerendering of the provider to make it work. I had to subcribe to the locale change event to make it work when loading the page in another locale.
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- For nextjs implementation, the library blocks static rendering of Next.js pages.
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- I also met issues with the DevTools provided by the library. It used to log errors in the server side console.
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**next-translate**
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- This library uses a build transformation approach with `react-translate-plugin`: it rewrites your pages and inserts content retrieval using `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps`. The result is that you never fetch content from other locales.
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**next-intl** / **use-intl** / **next-i18next** / **react-i18next** / **next-international**
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- Same pros and cons for all these libraries that use a `t()` function syntax.
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- Optimizations are possible but extremely time consuming. Good practices are not clearly highlighted, and it may be easy for agents or junior developers to harm application performance through bad practices. Especially when using namespacing plus dynamic loading, maintaining type safety, and knowing exactly which namespace should be included on which page is a nightmare.
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- All these libraries offer a similar approach, well connected with the React reactivity system. But `next-intl` offers additional features, such as middleware support, formatters, etc.
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- The message formats diverge between libraries. `next-intl` uses the ICU MessageFormat format, while `i18next` uses its own format.
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- **next-intl** is a much lighter solution than **i18next**, but remains heavy and poorly optimized.
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- **next-intl** used to block static rendering of Next.js pages. It provides a fix function named `setRequestLocale()`, that was not easy to understand the cause of the issue or how to fix it. This issue seems to have been solved and no longer blocks static rendering for centralized content such as `en.json` / `fr.json` / `es.json` / etc. Note that it still blocks static rendering when content is scoped into namespaces such as `en/shared.json` / `fr/shared.json` / `es/shared.json` / etc.
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- Both solutions do not offer a way to translate synchronous server components such as design-system navbar, footer, etc. As a result, all components have to be translated on the client side.
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- All constants are transformed into functions, leading to an anti-pattern. Syntax such as `const t = useTranslation('xx')` + `<>{t('xx.xx')}</>` introduces unnecessary complexity and leads to JavaScript execution overhead.
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- **next-international** includes a custom `scopedT()` function that allows you to translate content in a specific namespace which make the refactoring process harder for optimization purpose. But because there is no way to split the jsons in namespaces, this function is quite useless. It only improves the DX, but has no impact on the bundle size.
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**Lingui**
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- Reasonable performance and impact, with good respect for best practices.
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- The flow can be a bit complex to understand on first implementation.
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**Wuchale**
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- Great approach trying to automate the extraction and translation process without any `t()` function syntax.
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- Svelte-first solution. The React adaptation of the library is not as mature as the Svelte version. The React application reactivity did not work. I had to force rerendering of the provider on locale change using a custom `isMounted()` state/effect to make it work.
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**Paraglide**
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- Theoretically for applications including multiple locales, Paraglide includes all messages in the bundle. There is no way to dynamically load the messages. Even if they promote `tree-shaking` optimization, the library is mainly moving the bundling problem somewhere else. A future improvement for dynamic loading seems impossible given the library architecture. Using dynamic loading would lead to thousands of requests to the server.
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- In practice, the result using Paraglide is even worse then expected. On nextjs (Turbopack) as for tanstack start (Rolldown), the bundler does not even tree shake the messages. As a result, the final bundle size includes content from all pages and all locales.
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- Complex flow using JSON declaration files as the source of truth, plus generation of the message files at build time, then manual imports in each component.
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- All constants are transformed into functions, leading to an anti-pattern. Syntax such as `import * as m from '@/messages'` + `<>{m.myContent()}</>` introduces unnecessary complexity and leads to JavaScript execution overhead.
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- In comparison of other solution that use a react context to retrieve in a efficient way the current locale to render the content, Paraglide will read for each content node imported the locale from the localeStorage / cookie etc. It leads to execution of unnecessary logic.
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- Performant implementation, made by the Format.js team.
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- Confusing DX using the `const intl = useIntl()` + `intl.formatMessage({ id: "xx.xx" })` introduces unnecessary complexity, leads to JavaScript execution overhead, and connect the global i18n instance to the all components node.
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---
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createdAt: 2026-04-20
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updatedAt: 2026-04-21
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title: Best i18n solution for Next.js in 2026 - Benchmark Report
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description: Compare Next.js internationalization (i18n) libraries like next-intl, next-i18next, and Intlayer. Detailed performance report on bundle size, leakage, and reactivity.
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keywords:
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author:
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name: Aymeric PINEAU
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github: aymericzip
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history:
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- version: 8.7.5
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date: 2026-01-06
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changes: "Init benchmark"
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---
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# Next.js i18n Libraries - 2026 Benchmark Report
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Cette page est un rapport de benchmark pour les solutions i18n pour Next.js.
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## Table of Contents
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<Toc/>
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## Interactive Benchmark
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<I18nBenchmark framework="nextjs" vertical/>
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## Results reference:
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<ClickToOpenIframe
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src="https://intlayer.org/markdown?url=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fintlayer-org%2Fbenchmark-i18n%2Fmain%2Freport%2Fscripts%2Fsummarize-nextjs.md"
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width="100%"
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height="600px"
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style="border:none;"
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/>
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> [See complete benchmark data](https://intlayer.org/markdown?url=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fintlayer-org%2Fbenchmark-i18n%2Fmain%2Freport%2Fscripts%2Fsummarize-nextjs.md)
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## Introduction
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Les solution d'internationalization sont des librairies impactantes pour votre application. Le risque principal est de faire charger le contenu de toutes les pages et dans toutes les langues pour une seule page consultée.
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Au moment ou votre application grandit, la taille du bundle va evoluer exponentiellement, ce qui peut significativement ralentir les performances de votre application.
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En guise d'example, pour les plus mauvais elèves, une fois internationalisée, votre page peut se retrouver pres de 4x plus volumineuse.
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Un autre impact des solution d'internationalization est le ralentissement du developement. Transformer vos components et organizer vos contenu dans toutes les langues, est chonophage.
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Le probleme etant complexe, un grand nombres de solutions ont vu le jour pour resoudre le probleme de l'i18n. Certaines solutions se focusant sur la DX, d'autres sur la performance, d'autres sur la scalabilite, etc.
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Intlayer est une solution tentant d'optimiser l'ensemble de ces aspects.
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## Teste ton application
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Pour deteacter ces problematiques, j'ai mis en place un scanner gratuit que vous pouvez tester [ici](https://intlayer.org/i18n-seo-scanner).
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## Problematic
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Il existe deux grands aspects pour limiter l'impact d'une application multilingue sur le bundle de l'application:
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- Diviser vos JSON (ou contenu) en plusieurs fichiers / variables / namespaces pour permettre au bundler de tree-shaker le contenu non utilisé dans votre page
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- Loader dynamicement le contenu de votre page uniquement dans la langue de la page
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Comprendre les limitations techniques pour ces approaches:
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**Dynamic loading**
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Meme en declarant vos routes tel que `[locale]/page.tsx`, que ce soit avec Webpack ou Turbopack, et bien que `getStaticParams` soit definie, le bundler de traite pas `locale` comme une variable statique. Cela signifie que le bundler va charger le contenu de toutes les langues pour chaque page. La seule option pour limiter ce probleme est de faire charger le contenu via un import dynamic (e.g. `import('./locales/${locale}.json')`).
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Ce qu'il se passe au moment du build, c'est que Next.js va generer un fichier JS (bundle) pour chaque langue (e.g. `./locales_fr_12345.js`). Puis apres que le site soit envoyé au client, au moment ou la page est executée, c'est le browser qui va se changera d'efectuer une requette HTTP supplémentaire, demandant le fichier JS requis (e.g. `./locales_fr_12345.js`).
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> Un autre moyen de repondre au meme probleme est d'utiliser la methode `fetch()` pour requester le fichier JSON dynamiquement. C'est le cas de `Tolgee` via le fait de placer les JSON dans le docier `/public` ou bien `next-transalte`, qui se base sur la fonction `getStaticProps` pour charger le contenu. Mais le flow reste le meme, le browser va faire une requette HTTP supplémentaire pour charger l'asset.
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**Split du contenu**
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Si vous utiliser une syntax tel que `const t = useTranslation()` + `t('my-object.my-sub-object.my-key')`, le JSON doit etre integralement chargé dans le bundle, pour ensuite etre parsé par la librairie afin d'en deduire la valeur de la clé. Or cela signifie qu'une grande partie du contenu sera chargée dans votre bundle, bien que non utilisé dans la page.
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Pour repondre a ce probleme, certaines librairies suggerent de declarer manuellement pour chaque page quelles namespaces doivent etre chargées. C'est le cas de `next-i18next`, `next-intl`, `lingui`, `next-translate`, `next-international`.
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En compaison, `Paraglide` propose l'ajout d'une etape supplimentaire, avant le build pour transformer le JSON en flat variable, tel que `const en_my_var = () => 'my value'`. Cela permet (en théorie) de tree-shaker le contenu non utilisé dans la page. Mais on le vera, cette methode n'est pas sans compromis.
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Enfin, `Intlayer` propose une opitimization au build-time, permettant replacer l'usage de `useIntlayer('my-key')` et d'y attacher directement le contenu correspondant.
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## Methodology
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Pour ce benchmark, nous avons comparé les librairies suivantes:
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- `Base App` (No i18n library)
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- `next-intlayer` (v8.7.5)
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- `next-i18next` (v16.0.5)
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- `next-intl` (v4.9.1)
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- `@lingui/core` (v5.3.0)
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- `next-translate` (v3.1.2)
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- `next-international` (v1.3.1)
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- `@inlang/paraglide-js` (v2.15.1)
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- `tolgee` (v7.0.0)
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- `@lingo.dev/compiler` (v0.4.0)
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- `wuchale` (v0.22.11)
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- `gt-next` (v6.16.5)
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J'ai utilisé le framework `Next.js` version `16.2.4` avec le mode `app router`.
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J'ai créé une application multilingue avec **10 pages**, dans **10 langues**.
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Et j'ai comparé **4 strategies de chargement**:
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| Stratégie | Pas de Namespaces (Global) | Avec Namespaces (Scoped) |
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| :--------------------- | :------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Chargement Static** | **Static** : Tout en mémoire au démarrage. | **Scoped Static** : Segmenté par namespace, tout chargé au démarrage. |
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| **Chargement Dynamic** | **Dynamic** : Chargement à la demande par locale. | **Scoped Dynamic** : Chargement granulaire par namespace et par locale. |
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## Synthèse des stratégies
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- **Static** : Simple, aucune latence réseau après le chargement initial. Inconvénient : bundle size élevé.
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- **Dynamic** : Réduit le poids initial (lazy-loading). Idéal pour un grand nombre de locales.
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- **Scoped Static** : Permet une organisation propre du code (séparation logique) sans surcoût de requêtes réseau complexes.
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- **Scoped Dynamic** : Approche optimale pour le _Code Splitting_ et la performance. Minimise la charge mémoire en ne chargeant que le strict nécessaire pour la vue courante et la locale active.
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## Details des Resultats
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### 1 - Les solutions a fuire
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Certaines solutions tel que `gt-next` ou `lingo.dev` sont clairement des solutions à éviter. C'est solutions integrent un combo vendor lock-in + poisonning de votre codebase. Et le comble etant que malgré de nombreuse heures a tenrer des les implementer, je n'ai jamais reussi a les faire fonctionner. Que ce soit pour Tanstack start ou Next.js.
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Liste de problemes rencontrés:
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**(General Translation)** (`gt-next@6.16.5`):
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- Pour une application 110kb, `gt-react` y ajoute plus de 440kb additionel.
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- `Quota Exceeded, please upgrade your plan`, dès le premier build avec la solution de general ransaltion.
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- Translations are not rendered; I get the error `Error: <T> used on the client-side outside of <GTProvider>`, which seems to be a bug in the library.
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- While implementing **gt-tanstack-start-react**, I also came across an [issue](https://github.com/generaltranslation/gt/issues/1210#event-24510646961) with the library: `does not provide an export named 'printAST' - @formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser`, which was making the application break. After reporting this issue, the maintainer fixed it within 24 hours.
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- The library blocks static rendering of Next.js pages.
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**(Lingo.dev)** (`@lingo.dev/compiler@0.4.0`):
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- Quota AI dépassé, bloquant totalement le build. Il est alors impossible de push en production sans payer.
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- The compiler was missing almost 40% of the translated content. I had to rewrite all `.map` into flat component blocks to make it work.
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- Their CLI is buggy. and used to rezet the config file with no reason.
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- At build, it totally erase the generated JSONs when there is new content added. As a result, you have only one 3 keys erasing >300 existing keys.
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### 2 - Les solutions experimentales
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**(Wuchale)** (`wuchale@0.22.11`):
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L'idee de `Wuchale` est interessante, mais n'est pas encore au stade de solution viable. J'ai rencontré des problemes de reactivity avec la librairie, et ai du forcer le rerendering de la provider pour faire fonctionner l'application. La documentation est aussi relativement peu claire, complexifant la prise en main.
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**(Paraglide)** (`@inlang/paraglide-js@2.15.1`):
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`Paraglide` est une solution offrant une approache inovante, et bien pensée. Pour autant, dans le cadre de mon benchmark, on se rend compte que le tree-shaking que vend leur entreprise ne fonctionne ni pour mon implementation de Next.js, ni pour Tanstack start. Le flow et la DX est également plus complexe que les autres solutions. Et je ne suis personellement pas fan du fait de devoir regerer des fichiers JS avant chaque push, créant un risque de conflits constant entre les developpeurs via leur PR. Enfin, la solution semble davantage se focaliser sur Vite que sur Next.js.
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### 3 - Les solutions 'ok'
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**(Tolgee)** (`tolgee@7.0.0`):
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`Tolgee` est une solution repondant aux different problemes evoqués plus tot. Mais j'ai trouvé la prise en main de la solution plus complexe que les autres solutions propsant des approches similaires. La solution ne propose pas de typesafety. Ce qui rend aussi la detection des clés manquantes a la compilation bien plus complexe. J'ai du rewraper les functions de Tolgee par les miennes pour y ajouter la detection de clés manquantes.
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**(Next Intl)** (`next-intl@4.9.1`):
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`next-intl` est la solution la plus en vogue, et aussi la plus mise en avant les agent AI, mais selon moi a tord. Le get-started est assez simple. Mais en pratique, le process d'optimization pour limiter le leakage est assez complexe. De meme, la cohabitation du dynamic loading + namespacing + typescript types ralentit enormement le developpement. De plus, librairie est assez lourde (~13kb pour `NextIntlClientProvider` + `useTranslations` hook, ce qui est >2x plus lourde que `next-intlayer`). **next-intl** used to block static rendering of Next.js pages. It provides a fix function named `setRequestLocale()`. This issue seems to have been partially solved for centralized content such as `en.json` / `fr.json` / etc. But the solution still blocks static rendering when content is scoped into namespaces such as `en/shared.json` / `fr/shared.json` / `es/shared.json` / etc.
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**(Next I18next)** (`next-i18next@16.0.5`):
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`next-i18next` est probablement la solution la plus populaire par le fait que ce soit la premiere solution a avoir vu le jour pour repondre aux besoins d'internationalisation d'application Javascript. Cette solution propose aussi un tat de pluggins communautaires pour repondre a certaines problematiques. Pour autant, cette solution presente les exactes meme points noirs que `next-intl`. De plus, librairie est particuliement lourde (~18kb pour `I18nProvider` + `useTranslation` hook, ce qui est 3x plus lourde que `next-intlayer`).
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Aussi, les formats de messages divergent entre les librairies. `next-intl` utilise le format ICU MessageFormat, alors que `i18next` utilise son propre format.
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**(Next International)** (`next-international@1.3.1`):
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`next-international` est une solution repondant aussi aux different problemes evoqués plus tot, mais ne propose pas de difference significatif en rapport a `next-intl`, ou meme `next-i18next`. La solution inclut une fonction `scopedT()` qui permet de traduire le contenu dans un namespace spécifique. Cependant, l'utilisation de cette fonction n'a purement et simplement aucun impact sur la taille du bundle.
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**(Lingui)** (`@lingui/core@5.3.0`):
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`Lingui` est une solution pour laquelle j'ai entendu beaucoup de bien. Mais j'ai personnellement trouvé le flow basé sur l'execution de commandes `lingui extract` / `lingui compile` plus complexe que les autres approches, sans vrai avantage significatif. J'ai aussi noté le mangue d'armonie entre les syntaxes qui porte les IA a confution. (e.g. `t()`, `t''`, `i18n.t()`, `<Trans>`)
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### 4 - Mes recommendations
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**(Next Translate)** (`next-translate@3.1.2`):
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`next-translate` est ici ma principale recommandation pour ceux aimant l'usage d'une fonction `t()` pour traduire leur contenu. Cette solution offre une approche elegante via `next-transalte-plugin`, optimisant le loading de vos namespaces via `getStaticProps` via un loader Webpack / Turbopack. C'est aussi la solution la plus légère de toute (~2.5kb only). For namespacing, picking namespaces at the config level is also well thought out: you can define namespaces for each page or route. It makes maintenance much easier than the main alternatives, such as **next-intl** or **next-i18next**. Cependant j'ai noté qu'en version `3.1.2`, le build en static rendering ne fonctionne pas. Next.js fallback alors sur le dynamic rendering.
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**(Intlayer)** (`next-intlayer@8.7.5`):
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Enfin, je ne jugerais pas personellement `next-intlayer`, par soucis d'objectivité, etant donnée qu'il s'agit de ma propre solution.
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### Personal note
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Cette note est personnelle et n'a pas d'impact sur les resultats du benchmark. Cependant, dans le monde de l'i18n on voit un concensus clair qui est d'utiliser une syntax tel que `const t = useTranslation('xx')` + `<>{t('xx.xx')}</>` pour traduire leur contenu.
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Cependant, dans le cadre d'appplication React, l'injection d'une fonction sous forme de `ReactNode` est selon moi un anti-pattern. De plus, cela introduit une complexité additionnel, pouvant etre evitée, et un overhead de JavaScript execution (bien qu'imperceptible).
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- solid primitive is extreamly light and efficient, i recommand that solution for light project, but can quickly become lacking feature for professional solution including cooky management, proxy redirection, formatters etc.
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Also miss lazy loading and scoping namespaces for page size optimization
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**(solid-i18next)** (`solid-i18next@17.0.2`):
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`solid-i18next` is probably the most popular option because it was among the first to serve JavaScript app i18n needs. It also has a wide set of community plugins for specific problems.
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Still, it shares the same major downsides as stacks built on `t('a.b.c')`: optimizations are possible but very time-consuming, and large projects risk bad practices (namespaces + dynamic loading + types).
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**(Intlayer)** (`svelte-intlayer@8.7.12`):
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I will not personally judge `svelte-intlayer` for objectivity’s sake, since it is my own solution.
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**(Paraglide)** (`@inlang/paraglide-js@2.15.1`):
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`Paraglide` offers an innovative, well-thought-out approach.
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In the context of a vite+svelte app, the tree-shaking their company advertises work as expected, wich is great.
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But in the case of a react + tanstack/start, the tree-shaking did not work as expected, same for next.js. That's say I would be double chechking the usage of paraglide in a svelte and tanstack/start project.
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The workflow and DX are also more complex than other options.
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Personally I dislike having to regenerate JS files before every push, which creates constant merge conflict risk via PRs. The tool also seems more focused on Vite than on Next.js.
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Finally, in comparison with other solutions, Paraglide does not use a store (e.g. Svelte store) to retrieve the current locale to render the content. For each node parsed, it will request the locale from the localStorage / cookie etc. It leads to execution of unnecessary logic that impacts the component reactivity.
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- svelte-i18n
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that solutions answers all needs for i18n in a svelte project. But as it's the case for i18next or other main i18n solution it's a bit heavy (15kb gzip in comparison with 2.3kb for intlayer once the app bundled).
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**(Intlayer)** (`svelte-intlayer@8.7.12`):
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I will not personally judge `svelte-intlayer` for objectivity’s sake, since it is my own solution.
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---
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createdAt: 2026-04-20
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updatedAt: 2026-04-21
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title: Best i18n solution for TanStack Start in 2026 - Benchmark Report
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description: Compare TanStack Start internationalization libraries like react-i18next, use-intl, and Intlayer. Detailed performance report on bundle size, leakage, and reactivity.
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keywords:
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- benchmark
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slugs:
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- benchmark
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- tanstack
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history:
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- version: 8.7.5
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date: 2026-01-06
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changes: "Init benchmark"
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author:
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name: Aymeric PINEAU
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github: aymericzip
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---
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# TanStack Start i18n Libraries - 2026 Benchmark Report
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Cette page est un rapport de benchmark pour les solutions i18n pour TanStack Start.
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## Table of Contents
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<Toc/>
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## Interactive Benchmark
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<I18nBenchmark framework="tanstack" vertical/>
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## Results reference:
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<ClickToOpenIframe
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src="https://intlayer.org/markdown?url=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fintlayer-org%2Fbenchmark-i18n%2Fmain%2Freport%2Fscripts%2Fsummarize-tanstack.md"
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width="100%"
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height="600px"
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style="border:none;"
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/>
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> [See complete benchmark data](https://intlayer.org/markdown?url=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2Fintlayer-org%2Fbenchmark-i18n%2Fmain%2Freport%2Fscripts%2Fsummarize-tanstack.md)
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## Introduction
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Les solutions d'internationalisation font partie des dependances les plus impactantes pour une application React. Sur TanStack Start, le risque principal est de charger du contenu inutile: des traductions d'autres pages et d'autres locales dans le bundle d'une seule route.
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Au fur et a mesure que votre application grandit, ce probleme peut vite faire exploser le JavaScript envoye au client et ralentir la navigation.
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En pratique, pour les implementations les moins optimisees, une page internationalisee peut devenir plusieurs fois plus lourde que la version sans i18n.
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L'autre impact est sur la DX: declaration des contenus, types, organisation par namespaces, chargement dynamique, et gestion de la reactivite au changement de locale.
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## Teste ton application
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Pour detecter rapidement les problemes de leakage i18n, j'ai mis en place un scanner gratuit disponible [ici](https://intlayer.org/i18n-seo-scanner).
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## Problematic
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Deux axes sont essentiels pour limiter l'impact d'une application multilingue:
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- Splitter le contenu par page / namespace pour eviter de charger des dictionnaires entiers inutilement
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- Charger dynamiquement la bonne locale uniquement quand necessaire
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Comprendre les limitations techniques de ces approches:
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**Dynamic loading**
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Sans chargement dynamique, la plupart des solutions incluent les messages en memoire des le premier rendu, ce qui cree un surcout important pour les applications avec beaucoup de routes et de locales.
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Avec un chargement dynamique, il faut accepter un compromis: moins de JS initial, mais parfois une requete additionnelle au changement de langue.
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**Split du contenu**
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Les syntaxes basees sur `const t = useTranslation()` + `t('a.b.c')` sont tres pratiques mais poussent souvent a conserver de gros objets JSON en runtime. Ce modele rend le tree-shaking difficile si la bibliotheque ne propose pas une vraie strategie de split par page.
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## Methodology
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Pour ce benchmark, nous avons compare les librairies suivantes:
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- `Base App` (No i18n library)
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- `react-intlayer` (v8.7.5-canary.0)
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- `react-i18next` (v17.0.2)
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- `use-intl` (v4.9.1)
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- `@lingui/core` (v5.3.0)
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- `@inlang/paraglide-js` (v2.15.1)
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- `tolgee` (v7.0.0)
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- `react-intl` (v10.1.1)
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- `wuchale` (v0.22.11)
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- `gt-react` (vlatest)
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- `lingo.dev` (v0.133.9)
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Le framework utilise est `TanStack Start` avec une application multilingue de **10 pages** et **10 langues**.
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Et nous avons comparé **4 stratégies de chargement** :
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| Stratégie | Pas de Namespaces (Global) | Avec Namespaces (Scoped) |
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| :--------------------- | :------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Chargement Static** | **Static** : Tout en mémoire au démarrage. | **Scoped Static** : Segmenté par namespace, tout chargé au démarrage. |
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| **Chargement Dynamic** | **Dynamic** : Chargement à la demande par locale. | **Scoped Dynamic** : Chargement granulaire par namespace et par locale. |
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## Synthèse des stratégies
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- **Static** : Simple, aucune latence réseau après le chargement initial. Inconvénient : bundle size élevé.
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- **Dynamic** : Réduit le poids initial (lazy-loading). Idéal pour un grand nombre de locales.
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- **Scoped Static** : Permet une organisation propre du code (séparation logique) sans surcoût de requêtes réseau complexes.
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- **Scoped Dynamic** : Approche optimale pour le _Code Splitting_ et la performance. Minimise la charge mémoire en ne chargeant que le strict nécessaire pour la vue courante et la locale active.
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## Details des Resultats
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### 1 - Les solutions a fuire
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Certaines solutions tel que `gt-react` ou `lingo.dev` sont clairement des solutions à éviter. Ces solutions intègrent un combo vendor lock-in + empoisonnement de votre codebase. Et le comble étant que malgré de nombreuses heures à tenter de les implémenter, je n'ai jamais réussi à les faire fonctionner correctement sur TanStack Start (comme sur Next.js pour `gt-next`).
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Liste de problèmes rencontrés :
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**(General Translation)** (`gt-react@latest`) :
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- Pour une application ~110kb, `gt-react` peut y ajouter plus de 440kb additionnel (ordre de grandeur observé sur l'implémentation Next.js du même benchmark).
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- `Quota Exceeded, please upgrade your plan`, dès le premier build avec la solution General Translation.
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- Translations are not rendered; I get the error `Error: <T> used on the client-side outside of <GTProvider>`, which seems to be a bug in the library.
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- While implementing **gt-tanstack-start-react**, I also came across an [issue](https://github.com/generaltranslation/gt/issues/1210#event-24510646961) with the library: `does not provide an export named 'printAST' - @formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser`, which was making the application break. After reporting this issue, the maintainer fixed it within 24 hours.
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- These libraries use an anti-pattern through the `initializeGT()` function, blocking the bundle from tree-shaking cleanly.
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**(Lingo.dev)** (`lingo.dev@0.133.9`) :
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- Quota AI dépassé (ou dépendance serveur bloquante), rendant le flux de build / prod risqué sans payer.
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133
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- The compiler was missing almost 40% of the translated content. I had to rewrite all `.map` into flat component blocks to make it work.
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- Their CLI is buggy and used to reset the config file with no reason.
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- At build, it totally erased the generated JSONs when there was new content added. As a result, you could end up with only a few keys erasing hundreds of existing keys.
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- I met reactivity issues with the library on TanStack Start: on locale change I had to force rerendering of the provider to make it work.
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### 2 - Les solutions experimentales
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**(Wuchale)** (`wuchale@0.22.11`) :
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L'idée de `Wuchale` est intéressante, mais n'est pas encore au stade de solution viable. J'ai rencontré des problèmes de réactivité avec la librairie, et ai dû forcer le rerendering de la provider pour faire fonctionner l'application sur TanStack Start. La documentation est aussi relativement peu claire, complexifiant la prise en main.
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### 3 - Les solutions 'ok'
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**(Paraglide)** (`@inlang/paraglide-js@2.15.1`) :
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`Paraglide` est une solution offrant une approche innovante, et bien pensée. Pour autant, dans le cadre de mon benchmark, on se rend compte que le tree-shaking que vend leur entreprise ne fonctionne ni pour mon implémentation Next.js, ni pour TanStack Start. Le flow et la DX est également plus complexe que les autres solutions. Et je ne suis personnellement pas fan du fait de devoir régénérer des fichiers JS avant chaque push, créant un risque de conflits constant entre les développeurs via leur PR.
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**(Tolgee)** (`tolgee@7.0.0`) :
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`Tolgee` est une solution répondant aux différents problèmes évoqués plus tôt. Mais j'ai trouvé la prise en main de la solution plus complexe que les autres solutions proposant des approches similaires. La solution ne propose pas de typesafety. Ce qui rend aussi la détection des clés manquantes à la compilation bien plus complexe. J'ai dû ré-encapsuler les fonctions de Tolgee par les miennes pour y ajouter la détection de clés manquantes.
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Sur TanStack Start, j'ai aussi rencontré des problèmes de réactivité : au changement de locale j'ai dû forcer le rerendering du provider, et m'abonner aux événements de changement de locale pour que le chargement dans une autre langue se comporte correctement.
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**(use-intl)** (`use-intl@4.9.1`) :
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`use-intl` est la brique « intl » la plus en vogue dans l'écosystème React (même famille que `next-intl`), et aussi une des plus mise en avant par les agents AI, mais selon moi à tort dans un contexte performance-first. Le get-started est assez simple. Mais en pratique, le process d'optimisation pour limiter le leakage est assez complexe. De même, la cohabitation du dynamic loading + namespacing + TypeScript types ralentit énormément le développement.
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Sur TanStack Start, vous n'avez pas les pièges spécifiques à Next.js (`setRequestLocale`, static rendering), mais vous gardez le même coeur du problème : sans discipline stricte, le bundle embarque vite trop de messages et la maintenance des namespaces par route devient vite pénible.
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**(react-i18next)** (`react-i18next@17.0.2`) :
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`react-i18next` est probablement la solution la plus populaire par le fait que ce soit l'une des premières à avoir répondu aux besoins d'internationalisation d'applications JavaScript. Cette solution propose aussi tout un tas de plugins communautaires pour répondre à certaines problématiques.
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Pour autant, cette solution présente les mêmes grands points noirs que les stacks basées sur une fonction `t('a.b.c')` : optimisations possibles mais extrêmement chronophages, et risque élevé de mauvaises pratiques sur les gros projets (namespaces + chargement dynamique + types).
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De plus, les formats de messages divergent : `use-intl` s'appuie sur le format ICU MessageFormat, alors que `i18next` utilise son propre format - ce qui complique encore plus si vous mélangez outillage ou migrations.
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**(Lingui)** (`@lingui/core@5.3.0`) :
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`Lingui` est une solution pour laquelle j'ai entendu beaucoup de bien. Mais j'ai personnellement trouvé le flow basé sur l'exécution de commandes `lingui extract` / `lingui compile` plus complexe que les autres approches, sans vrai avantage significatif dans ce benchmark TanStack Start. J'ai aussi noté le manque d'harmonie entre les syntaxes qui porte les IA à confusion (e.g. `t()`, `t''`, `i18n.t()`, `<Trans>`).
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**(react-intl)** (`react-intl@10.1.1`) :
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`react-intl` est une implémentation performante, produite par l'équipe Format.js. En revanche, la DX reste verbeuse : `const intl = useIntl()` + `intl.formatMessage({ id: "xx.xx" })` introduit de la complexité, un surcoût d'exécution JavaScript, et connecte l'instance i18n globale à beaucoup de nœuds du graphe React.
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### 4 - Mes recommendations
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Ce benchmark TanStack Start ne contient pas d'équivalent direct à `next-translate` (plugin Next.js + `getStaticProps`). Pour les équipes qui veulent absolument une API `t()` avec un écosystème mature, `react-i18next` et `use-intl` restent des choix « raisonnables », mais attendez-vous à investir beaucoup de temps dans l'optimisation pour éviter le leakage.
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**(Intlayer)** (`react-intlayer@8.7.5-canary.0`) :
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Enfin, je ne jugerais pas personnellement `react-intlayer`, par souci d'objectivité, étant donné qu'il s'agit de ma propre solution.
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### Personal note
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Cette note est personnelle et n'a pas d'impact sur les résultats du benchmark. Cependant, dans le monde de l'i18n on voit un consensus clair qui est d'utiliser une syntaxe telle que `const t = useTranslation('xx')` + `<>{t('xx.xx')}</>` pour traduire leur contenu.
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Cependant, dans le cadre d'applications React, l'injection d'une fonction sous forme de `ReactNode` est selon moi un anti-pattern. De plus, cela introduit une complexité additionnelle, pouvant être évitée, et un overhead de JavaScript execution (bien qu'imperceptible).
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@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
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- vue-i18n is without contestation the most used i18n library for vue, it has a lot of features and a huge ecosystem. but under the hood the solution is quite heavy. even if vue-i18n integrate lazy loading for messages, it miss a scoping feature. In the case of a classic Vue SPA app there is no issue, but for a nuxt app, using @nuxt/i18n, it leads to including the messages from all pages into a single one. For a big nuxt app including more than 10 pages, it can become really problematic.
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- fluent-vue offer one inovation attempt thought the .ftl format. the message organization is great, easier to get started. but in practice, the lack of typesafty increase the risk of error and can quickly become time consuming to debug. Moreever, that solution load the messages using a vite plugin that force the loading of all the content in all languages into each page. Additionally this is an extreamly heavy solution (92kb gziped in comparison of 24kb gzipped for vue-i18n and 2.7kb gzipped for intlayer once the app bundled on a vue app)
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**(Intlayer)** (`vue-intlayer@8.7.12`):
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I will not personally judge `vue-intlayer` for objectivity’s sake, since it is my own solution.
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