@hydranium/core 1.0.0-next.22 → 1.0.0-next.220

package/src/lsp/lsp-latency.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/********************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 CrossBreeze, EclipseSource and others.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the MIT License which is available in the project root.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ ********************************************************************************/
+
+import type { LatencyCollector } from '@hydranium/protocol';
+import type { ConnectionOptions, Message } from 'vscode-jsonrpc';
+
+/**
+ * Connection options that time every inbound LSP message into `latency` under
+ * its method name — the LSP analog of the data-server RPC chokepoint.
+ *
+ * Pass the result to `createConnection` where the head builds its connection:
+ * `createConnection(ProposedFeatures.all, lspLatencyOptions(latency))`. The
+ * transport is untouched, so a head keeps whatever `--stdio` / `--socket`
+ * selection its arguments make.
+ *
+ * **`messageStrategy` is the seam because it is the only one the handlers
+ * actually pass through.** `vscode-languageserver` builds its `Connection` as an
+ * object whose `onHover`, `onCompletion` and every other named helper register
+ * against the inner protocol connection captured in their closure — not against
+ * the returned object's own `onRequest`. Langium registers exclusively through
+ * those helpers, so decorating the `Connection` reaches none of them and reports
+ * an empty LSP half no matter how much traffic ran. `handleMessage` sits on the
+ * dispatch path itself, which every request and notification crosses, so it also
+ * catches `initialize` — special-cased into `onInitialize` and invisible to any
+ * `onRequest` decoration.
+ *
+ * What it measures is **dispatch plus handler**, not handler alone: the wait a
+ * client actually experiences, including time queued behind other work.
+ *
+ * When `latency` is `undefined` the seam is off and this returns `undefined`, so
+ * a head can pass the result of an env-gated factory (`latencyFromEnv()`)
+ * straight through and pay nothing when timing is not enabled.
+ */
+export function lspLatencyOptions(latency: LatencyCollector | undefined): ConnectionOptions | undefined {
+   if (!latency) {
+      return undefined;
+   }
+   return {
+      messageStrategy: {
+         handleMessage: (message: Message, next: (message: Message) => void | Promise<void>) => {
+            // Responses to requests the SERVER sent carry no method and are not
+            // work this head performed; timing them would report the client's
+            // latency under a name this collector cannot supply.
+            if (!hasMethod(message)) {
+               return next(message);
+            }
+            return latency.time(message.method, () => next(message));
+         }
+      }
+   };
+}
+
+/** Narrow to the messages that name an operation — requests and notifications. */
+function hasMethod(message: Message): message is Message & { method: string } {
+   return typeof (message as { method?: unknown }).method === 'string';
+}

package/src/lsp/semantic-token-provider.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ import {
    CstUtils,
    GrammarAST,
    interruptAndCheck,
+   isLeafCstNode,
    type LangiumDocument,
+   type LeafCstNode,
    type ReferenceInfo
 } from '@hydranium/langium';
 import { AbstractSemanticTokenProvider, type SemanticTokenAcceptor } from '@hydranium/langium/lsp';
@@ -54,6 +56,23 @@ export interface HydraniumSemanticTokenProviderOptions {
     * render in the editor's default foreground.
     */
    readonly highlightKeywords?: boolean;
+
+   /**
+    * Also emit a `comment` token for every comment leaf of the CST.
+    *
+    * OFF by default for the same reason as {@link highlightKeywords}, and the
+    * loss is larger: a TextMate grammar distinguishes `comment.line` from
+    * `comment.block` and scopes the delimiters separately, where a semantic
+    * token carries one flat `comment` that overrides all of them. It exists
+    * for the host that ships no client-side grammar, where a comment otherwise
+    * renders in the editor's default foreground.
+    *
+    * What counts as a comment is every hidden terminal the lexer retains,
+    * which is every hidden terminal whose pattern is not whitespace. A grammar
+    * whose hidden non-whitespace terminal means something other than a comment
+    * is miscoloured, and this option is the place to say no.
+    */
+   readonly highlightComments?: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -133,7 +152,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractHydraniumSemanticTokenProvider extends AbstractSem
       cancelToken: CancellationToken
    ): Promise<void> {
       await super.computeHighlighting(document, acceptor, cancelToken);
-      if (this.options.highlightKeywords !== true) {
+      const keywords = this.options.highlightKeywords === true;
+      const comments = this.options.highlightComments === true;
+      if (!keywords && !comments) {
          return;
       }
       const root = document.parseResult.value.$cstNode;
@@ -142,14 +163,60 @@ export abstract class AbstractHydraniumSemanticTokenProvider extends AbstractSem
       }
       for (const cst of CstUtils.streamCst(root)) {
          await interruptAndCheck(cancelToken);
-         // The grammar source is the whole filter. A keyword is always a leaf,
-         // and the hidden leaves a comment or a run of whitespace contributes
-         // are sourced from a terminal rule rather than a `Keyword` — so
-         // neither a composite-node check nor a hidden-token check adds
-         // anything here.
-         if (GrammarAST.isKeyword(cst.grammarSource)) {
+         // A keyword is always a leaf with a `Keyword` grammar source, so that
+         // check alone separates it from everything else in the walk.
+         if (keywords && GrammarAST.isKeyword(cst.grammarSource)) {
             acceptor({ cst, type: SemanticTokenTypes.keyword });
          }
+         // A comment leaf cannot be recognised the same way — the CST builder
+         // adds hidden nodes from the token alone, so `grammarSource` is
+         // undefined, which is also why the keyword filter never matches one.
+         //
+         // `hidden` alone IS the comment test, and nothing narrower is needed:
+         // the token builder groups a hidden terminal as `Lexer.SKIPPED` when
+         // its pattern matches whitespace and as `hidden` otherwise, so the
+         // lexer discards whitespace before a CST node is ever built and every
+         // hidden leaf that survives is a comment. Classifying the terminal
+         // again here would be a second guard for the same property, which no
+         // test could then distinguish. An adopter whose token builder RETAINS
+         // whitespace breaks that equivalence and would colour its gaps.
+         if (comments && isLeafCstNode(cst) && cst.hidden) {
+            this.acceptComment(cst, acceptor);
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Emit a comment as ONE TOKEN PER LINE, never as one multi-line range.
+    *
+    * A block comment is the first token this provider emits that can span
+    * lines, and the upstream encoder mishandles that for a client which does
+    * not advertise `multilineTokenSupport` — the split path computes the first
+    * line's length as `nextLineOffset - range.start.character - 1`, subtracting
+    * a COLUMN from a document OFFSET, so the length is right only for a token
+    * starting on line 0 and overruns its line everywhere else. No client in
+    * this repository advertises that capability, so the broken path is the one
+    * taken. Splitting here means every range handed over starts and ends on one
+    * line and the arithmetic is never reached.
+    *
+    * Lines come from the leaf's own text rather than from the document, so
+    * nothing has to re-derive where the comment ends.
+    */
+   protected acceptComment(cst: LeafCstNode, acceptor: SemanticTokenAcceptor): void {
+      const lines = cst.text.split('\n');
+      for (let index = 0; index < lines.length; index++) {
+         // A `\r\n` document leaves the carriage return on the line's end;
+         // colouring it would extend the token past the visible text.
+         const length = lines[index].replace(/\r$/, '').length;
+         const character = index === 0 ? cst.range.start.character : 0;
+         if (length === 0) {
+            continue;
+         }
+         const line = cst.range.start.line + index;
+         acceptor({
+            range: { start: { line, character }, end: { line, character: character + length } },
+            type: SemanticTokenTypes.comment
+         });
       }
    }
 

package/src/lsp/shared-module.ts

@@ -28,14 +28,10 @@ import { HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler } from './hydranium-document-update-hand
  *   (an output channel, a structured logger) override the slot after this
  *   module.
  *
- * - {@link HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler} wraps `didChangeWatchedFiles` to
- *   suppress echo events for the server's own writes via the shared
- *   `SelfSaveRegistry` slot, debounces `didChangeContent`, stamps build
- *   reasons through `markNextReason`, and dispatches a rebuild when the last
- *   client closes a document.
- *   Adopters with their own update-handler subclass should extend
- *   `HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler` (not Langium's
- *   `DefaultDocumentUpdateHandler`) to preserve those behaviours.
+ * - {@link HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler} carries the framework's handling of
+ *   the LSP document events. Adopters with their own update-handler subclass
+ *   should extend it (not Langium's `DefaultDocumentUpdateHandler`) to keep
+ *   that handling.
  *
  * **Why this is a shared slot and not a per-language one.** Langium declares
  * `DocumentUpdateHandler` in `LangiumSharedLSPServices` — there is exactly one

package/src/lsp/start-language-server.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
    type ServiceRequirements
 } from '@hydranium/langium/lsp';
 import { HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler } from './hydranium-document-update-handler.js';
+import { guardDiagnosticsConnection } from './diagnostics-connection.js';
 
 /**
  * Fail the LSP head's start when its shared module was never composed.
@@ -21,10 +22,9 @@ import { HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler } from './hydranium-document-update-hand
  * SHARED slot, so the head binds it in `createLspServerSharedModule` — a
  * separate module from `createLspServerLanguageModule`. An adopter who adds
  * only the language module gets a server that boots, links and serves
- * completion, and quietly runs Langium's `DefaultDocumentUpdateHandler`: echo
- * suppression for the server's own writes, the `didChangeContent` debounce,
- * `markNextReason` stamping and the last-client-close rebuild are all absent,
- * with nothing in the log to say so.
+ * completion, and quietly runs Langium's `DefaultDocumentUpdateHandler`: every
+ * behaviour `HydraniumDocumentUpdateHandler` adds, the editor save gate
+ * included, is absent, with nothing in the log to say so.
  *
  * The type system does not catch it. `createIntegrationServices` returns
  * `inject(...) as unknown as TShared`, so widening `TShared` with
@@ -58,11 +58,17 @@ export function assertLspHeadComposed(services: LangiumSharedServices): void {
 
 /**
  * The framework's LSP server entry point: {@link assertLspHeadComposed}, then
- * Langium's `startLanguageServer` unchanged. Signature-compatible with
- * Langium's, so it is a drop-in for adopters importing from
- * `@hydranium/core/lsp`.
+ * {@link guardDiagnosticsConnection} on the tree's connection, then Langium's
+ * `startLanguageServer`. Signature-compatible with Langium's, so it is a
+ * drop-in for adopters importing from `@hydranium/core/lsp`. Calling Langium's
+ * directly skips both: the composition check, and the guard without which a
+ * publish racing teardown fails the build that validated the document.
  */
 export function startLanguageServer(services: LangiumSharedServices, serviceRequirements: Partial<ServiceRequirements> = {}): void {
    assertLspHeadComposed(services);
+   const connection = services.lsp.Connection;
+   if (connection) {
+      guardDiagnosticsConnection(connection);
+   }
    startLangiumLanguageServer(services, serviceRequirements);
 }

package/src/messages/carriers.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/********************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 CrossBreeze, EclipseSource and others.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the MIT License which is available in the project root.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ ********************************************************************************/
+
+import {
+   hasMessageIdentity,
+   messageData,
+   type HydraniumMessageData,
+   type MessageDefinition,
+   type ParamsArg,
+   type ResolvedMessage
+} from '@hydranium/protocol';
+import type { AstNode, DiagnosticData, DiagnosticInfo, Properties, ValidationAcceptor } from '@hydranium/langium';
+import { Diagnostic } from 'vscode-languageserver-protocol';
+
+/**
+ * Raise a validation diagnostic from a declaration, so the call site never
+ * restates the code or the sentence.
+ *
+ * `code` is omitted from `info` because this owns it — the framework claims LSP
+ * `Diagnostic.code` for framework codes, which collides with no adopter today
+ * and is a stated rule rather than an accident. `data` is deliberately NOT
+ * omitted: Langium owns `data.code` for code-action dispatch, so a caller has to
+ * be able to request a quick fix. The identity is merged OVER whatever they
+ * pass, which makes the two conventions co-exist rather than compete.
+ *
+ * `data` admits adopter-owned keys beside Langium's, which is why the index
+ * signature is there rather than a bare `Partial<DiagnosticData>`. Langium's
+ * shape is closed, and a diagnostic that carries a COMPANION payload for its own
+ * surface to read — the field a form must highlight, say — has nowhere else to
+ * put it: an encoder projecting that payload reads `diagnostic.data`, so the
+ * narrower type made the identity and the companion mutually exclusive.
+ *
+ * The identity lands in both `code` and `data.hydranium` on purpose. `code` is
+ * what survives to the editor surface; Theia's converter drops `data` before the
+ * squiggle, so a parameterised diagnostic falls back to the server's English
+ * there while any adopter-owned surface can still render the parameterised form
+ * from the marker store.
+ *
+ * `DiagnosticInfo` must be Langium's own type: a `Parameters<ValidationAcceptor>[2]`
+ * shortcut compiles but loses the `property?: Properties<N>` relation. The `data`
+ * re-type has to be an intersection rather than an `Omit` alone, because Langium
+ * declares `data?: unknown` and an `unknown` cannot be spread.
+ */
+export function acceptMessage<S extends string, N extends AstNode, P extends Properties<N> = Properties<N>>(
+   accept: ValidationAcceptor,
+   severity: 'error' | 'warning' | 'info' | 'hint',
+   message: MessageDefinition<S>,
+   info: Omit<DiagnosticInfo<N, P>, 'code' | 'data'> & { data?: Partial<DiagnosticData> & Record<string, unknown> },
+   ...params: ParamsArg<S>
+): void {
+   const data: HydraniumMessageData & Partial<DiagnosticData> & Record<string, unknown> = {
+      ...info.data,
+      ...messageData(message, ...params)
+   };
+   accept(severity, message.format(...params), { ...info, code: message.code, data });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recover the identity from a published diagnostic, for a surface that
+ * identifies or renders diagnostics itself.
+ *
+ * `Diagnostic.message` is `string | MarkupContent` in LSP 3.17+, so the text
+ * comes from upstream's own `Diagnostic.getMessageString` rather than a
+ * hand-rolled narrowing — consuming the library in its style, and one fewer
+ * place restating the union.
+ */
+export function resolvedFromDiagnostic(diagnostic: Diagnostic): ResolvedMessage | undefined {
+   if (!hasMessageIdentity(diagnostic.data)) {
+      return undefined;
+   }
+   return { ...diagnostic.data.hydranium, text: Diagnostic.getMessageString(diagnostic) };
+}

package/src/messages/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/********************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 CrossBreeze, EclipseSource and others.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the MIT License which is available in the project root.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ ********************************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * Every user-facing message `@hydranium/core` raises, plus the carrier helpers
+ * that attach an identity to one.
+ *
+ * Declarations stay beside their call sites and are re-exported here, so this is
+ * enumeration rather than centralization: a code's package segment has to name
+ * the package that raises it. The English is a fallback, not a contract; the
+ * code is the contract, and renaming one is a breaking change.
+ */
+
+export * from './carriers.js';
+export * from './renderer.js';
+
+export { MODEL_UPDATE_EDIT } from '../langium/model-service/model-service.js';
+export { SEPARATOR_IN_NAME } from '../langium/naming/name-separator-validation.js';
+export {
+   INVALID_DEDENT,
+   UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER,
+   MISSING_ITERATION,
+   NO_VIABLE_ALTERNATIVE,
+   TRAILING_INPUT,
+   UNEXPECTED_TOKEN,
+   UNPOPPABLE_LEXER_MODE,
+   UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE
+} from '../langium/validation/document-validator.js';
+export { NO_LOADABLE_CONTENT } from '../langium/workspace/langium-documents.js';
+export { NO_SUCH_FILE, NO_SUCH_PATH, UNSUPPORTED_WRITE } from '../langium/workspace/in-memory-file-system-provider.js';

package/src/messages/renderer.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/********************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 CrossBreeze, EclipseSource and others.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the MIT License which is available in the project root.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ ********************************************************************************/
+
+import {
+   describeError,
+   renderFrameworkMessage,
+   resolve,
+   resolvedFromResponseError,
+   type Locale,
+   type MessageCatalogue,
+   type MessageDefinition,
+   type ParamsArg,
+   type ResolvedMessage,
+   type Tracer
+} from '@hydranium/protocol';
+import { SimpleCache } from '@hydranium/langium';
+import type { ResponseError } from 'vscode-jsonrpc';
+import { Diagnostic } from 'vscode-languageserver-protocol';
+import { type LogNameOptions } from '../langium/diagnostics/logger.js';
+import type { ServerSharedServicesMinimal } from '../langium/shared-services.js';
+import type { ServerLocale } from '../locale/server-locale.js';
+import { resolvedFromDiagnostic } from './carriers.js';
+
+/** Construction options for {@link DefaultMessageRenderer}. */
+export type MessageRendererOptions = LogNameOptions;
+
+/**
+ * The render contract the `MessageRenderer` slot holds, implemented by
+ * {@link DefaultMessageRenderer}.
+ *
+ * An interface rather than the class, so the slot is compared STRUCTURALLY. A
+ * class-typed slot carries its `protected` members into every assignability
+ * check and TypeScript compares those nominally — which makes the slot
+ * unsatisfiable by a subclass declared against a second physical copy of this
+ * package, which any duplicated install produces. It also
+ * lets an adopter REPLACE this declaration rather than intersect with it, so
+ * slot resolution does not depend on the order a services type is written in.
+ *
+ * Every method carries a no-throw contract; see the implementation.
+ */
+export interface MessageRenderer {
+   renderDiagnostic(diagnostic: Diagnostic): string;
+   renderError(error: ResponseError<unknown>): string;
+   renderMessage<S extends string>(message: MessageDefinition<S>, ...params: ParamsArg<S>): string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Renders every user-facing message the server sends, in the locale the server
+ * was handed at init. The framework ships no catalogue, so its own behaviour is
+ * a pass-through.
+ *
+ * Adopters override {@link translationsFor}: the public render methods carry
+ * the no-throw contract, and the catalogue lookup they wrap is what can fail.
+ *
+ * Two render methods rather than one, because what is useful to an adopter is
+ * the carrier's structured fields and the two carriers have different ones. A
+ * single `render(text)` would force an adopter to match English prose, which
+ * breaks on the first Langium reword.
+ */
+export class DefaultMessageRenderer implements MessageRenderer {
+   protected readonly tracer: Tracer;
+   protected readonly serverLocale: ServerLocale;
+   /**
+    * {@link translationsFor}'s answer per locale, `undefined` answers included —
+    * a `SimpleCache` distinguishes "absent" from "cached as none", which matters
+    * because shipping no catalogue is the framework's own hot path.
+    *
+    * `SimpleCache` rather than Langium's `WorkspaceCache`: the eviction axis
+    * there is document change, and a catalogue does not depend on documents, so
+    * it would evict on every build AND put a `DocumentBuilder` dependency on a
+    * service the shared tier declares free of one. Nothing evicts this: the
+    * locale arrives once per process. A subclass whose catalogue can change
+    * clears it.
+    */
+   protected readonly catalogues = new SimpleCache<Locale | undefined, MessageCatalogue | undefined>();
+
+   constructor(services: ServerSharedServicesMinimal, options: MessageRendererOptions = {}) {
+      this.serverLocale = services.ServerLocale;
+      this.tracer = services.Tracer.for(options.logName ?? 'MessageRenderer').trace('instantiated');
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * The sentence to publish for `diagnostic`, replacing its current `message`.
+    * Sees lexer and parser errors too, which Langium pushes onto the document
+    * without routing them through `toDiagnostic`.
+    *
+    * **Must not throw**, which is why the guard is here and not at the call
+    * site: this runs inside the `Validated` phase, and Langium's
+    * `notifyDocumentPhase` rethrows anything that is not a cancellation — so an
+    * escaping error leaves the document AT `Validated` with the phase's
+    * listeners never run, and the client receives no diagnostics for that file.
+    * A subclass overriding this method takes that contract on itself.
+    */
+   renderDiagnostic(diagnostic: Diagnostic): string {
+      try {
+         const resolved = resolvedFromDiagnostic(diagnostic);
+         return resolved ? this.render(resolved) : Diagnostic.getMessageString(diagnostic);
+      } catch (err: unknown) {
+         this.reportFailure(err, 'a diagnostic');
+         return Diagnostic.getMessageString(diagnostic);
+      }
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * The sentence to send for `error`, replacing its current `message`. Same
+    * no-throw contract as {@link renderDiagnostic}: an escaping error replaces a
+    * typed rejection the caller can handle with one it cannot.
+    */
+   renderError(error: ResponseError<unknown>): string {
+      try {
+         const resolved = resolvedFromResponseError(error);
+         return resolved ? this.render(resolved) : error.message;
+      } catch (err: unknown) {
+         this.reportFailure(err, 'an RPC error');
+         return error.message;
+      }
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * The sentence for a declaration the caller holds directly, for a carrier
+    * with no slot to put an identity in.
+    *
+    * GLSP's action protocol is the case: every member of its message, status
+    * and reject actions is prose or an enum, so a code cannot travel and the
+    * raise site is the last place that still knows which message this is.
+    * Prefer {@link renderDiagnostic} / {@link renderError} wherever a carrier
+    * does hold the identity — they keep the render off the raise site, so an
+    * adopter's own messages ride the same one binding.
+    *
+    * Same no-throw contract as the carrier methods.
+    */
+   renderMessage<S extends string>(message: MessageDefinition<S>, ...params: ParamsArg<S>): string {
+      // `resolve` is inside the guard with the render, not before it: it calls
+      // the declaration's own `format`, which for an adopter declaration is
+      // arbitrary code, and a throw there would escape a method whose contract
+      // says it cannot.
+      let resolved: ResolvedMessage | undefined;
+      try {
+         resolved = resolve(message, ...params);
+         return this.render(resolved);
+      } catch (err: unknown) {
+         this.reportFailure(err, `the message '${message.code}'`);
+         // Unset only when `format` ITSELF threw, which leaves the
+         // uninterpolated template as the only text there is. A failed render
+         // still has the resolved English.
+         return resolved?.text ?? message.text;
+      }
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * The catalogue for the current locale, or `undefined` for none — the
+    * framework's answer, shipping none. Overriding this leaves every identity
+    * decision, every pass-through and the no-throw guard in place.
+    *
+    * **Called once per locale, not once per message**, so an override may load
+    * a file or build a map without that cost landing per diagnostic. The
+    * corollary is that a catalogue mutated in place afterwards is not seen;
+    * clear {@link catalogues} to invalidate.
+    *
+    * **An override merges its entries over the inherited answer rather than
+    * replacing it.** Returning only its own map shadows every entry a base
+    * class supplies, and a shadowed entry renders the English — byte-identical
+    * to a code deliberately left untranslated, so neither the render path nor a
+    * catalogue audit can report it.
+    *
+    * An adopter wanting Langium's own uncoded sentences instead matches
+    * `Diagnostic.data.code` from an overridden {@link renderDiagnostic}, never
+    * the sentence.
+    */
+   protected translationsFor(_locale: Locale | undefined): MessageCatalogue | undefined {
+      return undefined;
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Resolve one identity against the current locale's catalogue.
+    *
+    * Reads the locale per call. Copying it into a field at construction pins
+    * whatever was there before init ran, which is always `undefined` — services
+    * compose first.
+    *
+    * The catalogue behind it is memoized, because a workspace-wide validation
+    * renders once per diagnostic and the naive override — parse a JSON file,
+    * build a map — then pays that per diagnostic rather than per locale.
+    */
+   protected render(message: ResolvedMessage): string {
+      const locale = this.serverLocale.value;
+      return renderFrameworkMessage(
+         message,
+         this.catalogues.get(locale, () => this.translationsFor(locale))
+      );
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Emit a failed render. Logged rather than swallowed: the fallback output is
+    * byte-identical to a correctly-configured default, so a throwing catalogue
+    * is otherwise invisible.
+    */
+   protected reportFailure(err: unknown, carrier: string): void {
+      this.tracer.error(this.formatRenderFailure(err, carrier));
+   }
+
+   /** Format the failed-render line. Override to name the adopter's catalogue entry. */
+   protected formatRenderFailure(err: unknown, carrier: string): string {
+      return `rendering ${carrier} failed; falling back to the server's own text. ${describeError(err)}`;
+   }
+}